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248 lines
13 KiB
Markdown
248 lines
13 KiB
Markdown
# macOS Sandbox
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<details>
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<summary><a href="https://cloud.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-cloud/pentesting-cloud-methodology"><strong>☁️ HackTricks Cloud ☁️</strong></a> -<a href="https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch 🎙️</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
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* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
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* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) **and** [**hacktricks-cloud repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud).
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</details>
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## Basic Information
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MacOS Sandbox (initially called Seatbelt) **limits applications** running inside the sandbox to the **allowed actions specified in the Sandbox profile** the app is running with. This helps to ensure that **the application will be accessing only expected resources**.
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Any app with the **entitlement** **`com.apple.security.app-sandbox`** will be executed inside the sandbox. **Apple binaries** are usually executed inside a Sanbox and in order to publish inside the **App Store**, **this entitlement is mandatory**. So most applications will be executed inside the sandbox.
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In order to control what a process can or cannot do the **Sandbox has hooks** in all **syscalls** across the kernel. **Depending** on the **entitlements** of the app the Sandbox will **allow** certain actions.
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Some important components of the Sandbox are:
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* The **kernel extension** `/System/Library/Extensions/Sandbox.kext`
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* The **private framework** `/System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/AppSandbox.framework`
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* A **daemon** running in userland `/usr/libexec/sandboxd`
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* The **containers** `~/Library/Containers`
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Inside the containers folder you can find **a folder for each app executed sanboxed** with the name of the bundle id:
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```bash
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ls -l ~/Library/Containers
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total 0
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drwx------@ 4 username staff 128 May 23 20:20 com.apple.AMPArtworkAgent
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drwx------@ 4 username staff 128 May 23 20:13 com.apple.AMPDeviceDiscoveryAgent
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drwx------@ 4 username staff 128 Mar 24 18:03 com.apple.AVConference.Diagnostic
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drwx------@ 4 username staff 128 Mar 25 14:14 com.apple.Accessibility-Settings.extension
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drwx------@ 4 username staff 128 Mar 25 14:10 com.apple.ActionKit.BundledIntentHandler
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[...]
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```
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Inside each bundle id folder you can find the **plist** and the **Data directory** of the App:
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```bash
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cd /Users/username/Library/Containers/com.apple.Safari
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ls -la
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total 104
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drwx------@ 4 username staff 128 Mar 24 18:08 .
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drwx------ 348 username staff 11136 May 23 20:57 ..
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-rw-r--r-- 1 username staff 50214 Mar 24 18:08 .com.apple.containermanagerd.metadata.plist
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drwx------ 13 username staff 416 Mar 24 18:05 Data
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ls -l Data
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total 0
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drwxr-xr-x@ 8 username staff 256 Mar 24 18:08 CloudKit
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lrwxr-xr-x 1 username staff 19 Mar 24 18:02 Desktop -> ../../../../Desktop
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drwx------ 2 username staff 64 Mar 24 18:02 Documents
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lrwxr-xr-x 1 username staff 21 Mar 24 18:02 Downloads -> ../../../../Downloads
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drwx------ 35 username staff 1120 Mar 24 18:08 Library
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lrwxr-xr-x 1 username staff 18 Mar 24 18:02 Movies -> ../../../../Movies
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lrwxr-xr-x 1 username staff 17 Mar 24 18:02 Music -> ../../../../Music
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lrwxr-xr-x 1 username staff 20 Mar 24 18:02 Pictures -> ../../../../Pictures
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drwx------ 2 username staff 64 Mar 24 18:02 SystemData
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drwx------ 2 username staff 64 Mar 24 18:02 tmp
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```
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{% hint style="danger" %}
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Note that even if the symlinks are there to "escape" from the Sandbox and access other folders, the App still needs to **have permissions** to access them. These permissions are inside the **`.plist`**.
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{% endhint %}
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```bash
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# Get permissions
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plutil -convert xml1 .com.apple.containermanagerd.metadata.plist -o -
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# In this file you can find the entitlements:
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<key>Entitlements</key>
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<dict>
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<key>com.apple.MobileAsset.PhishingImageClassifier2</key>
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<true/>
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<key>com.apple.accounts.appleaccount.fullaccess</key>
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<true/>
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<key>com.apple.appattest.spi</key>
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<true/>
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[...]
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# Some parameters
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<key>Parameters</key>
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<dict>
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<key>_HOME</key>
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<string>/Users/username</string>
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<key>_UID</key>
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<string>501</string>
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<key>_USER</key>
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<string>username</string>
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[...]
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# The paths it can access
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<key>RedirectablePaths</key>
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<array>
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<string>/Users/username/Downloads</string>
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<string>/Users/username/Documents</string>
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<string>/Users/username/Library/Calendars</string>
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<string>/Users/username/Desktop</string>
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[...]
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```
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### Sandbox Profiles
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The Sandbox profiles are configuration files that indicates what is going to be **allowed/forbidden** in that **Sandbox**. It uses the **Sandbox Profile Language (SBPL)**, which uses the [**Scheme**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheme\_\(programming\_language\)) programming language.
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Here you can find an example:
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```scheme
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(version 1) ; First you get the version
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(deny default) ; Then you shuold indicate the default action when no rule applies
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(allow network*) ; You can use wildcards and allow everything
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(allow file-read* ; You can specify where to apply the rule
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(subpath "/Users/username/")
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(literal "/tmp/afile")
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(regex #"^/private/etc/.*")
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)
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(allow mach-lookup
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(global-name "com.apple.analyticsd")
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)
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```
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{% hint style="success" %}
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Check this [**research**](https://reverse.put.as/2011/09/14/apple-sandbox-guide-v1-0/) **to check more actions that could be allowed or denied.**
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{% endhint %}
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Important **system services** also run inside their own custom **sandbox** such as the `mdnsresponder` service. You can view these custom **sandbox profiles** inside:
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* **`/usr/share/sandbox`**
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* **`/System/Library/Sandbox/Profiles`** 
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* Other sandbox profiles can be checked in [https://github.com/s7ephen/OSX-Sandbox--Seatbelt--Profiles](https://github.com/s7ephen/OSX-Sandbox--Seatbelt--Profiles).
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**App Store** apps use the **profile** **`/System/Library/Sandbox/Profiles/application.sb`**. You can check in this profile how entitlements such as **`com.apple.security.network.server`** allows a process to use the network.
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SIP is a Sandbox profile called platform\_profile in /System/Library/Sandbox/rootless.conf
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### Sandbox Profile Examples
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To start an application with an **specific sandbox profile** you can use:
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```bash
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sandbox-exec -f example.sb /Path/To/The/Application
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```
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{% tabs %}
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{% tab title="touch" %}
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{% code title="touch.sb" %}
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```scheme
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(version 1)
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(deny default)
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(allow file* (literal "/tmp/hacktricks.txt"))
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```
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{% endcode %}
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```bash
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# This will fail because default is denied, so it cannot execute touch
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sandbox-exec -f touch.sb touch /tmp/hacktricks.txt
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# Check logs
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log show --style syslog --predicate 'eventMessage contains[c] "sandbox"' --last 30s
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[...]
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2023-05-26 13:42:44.136082+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: sandbox-exec(41398) deny(1) process-exec* /usr/bin/touch
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2023-05-26 13:42:44.136100+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: sandbox-exec(41398) deny(1) file-read-metadata /usr/bin/touch
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2023-05-26 13:42:44.136321+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: sandbox-exec(41398) deny(1) file-read-metadata /var
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2023-05-26 13:42:52.701382+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) 5 duplicate reports for Sandbox: sandbox-exec(41398) deny(1) file-read-metadata /var
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[...]
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```
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{% code title="touch2.sb" %}
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```scheme
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(version 1)
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(deny default)
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(allow file* (literal "/tmp/hacktricks.txt"))
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(allow process* (literal "/usr/bin/touch"))
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; This will also fail because:
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; 2023-05-26 13:44:59.840002+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: touch(41575) deny(1) file-read-metadata /usr/bin/touch
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; 2023-05-26 13:44:59.840016+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: touch(41575) deny(1) file-read-data /usr/bin/touch
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; 2023-05-26 13:44:59.840028+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: touch(41575) deny(1) file-read-data /usr/bin
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; 2023-05-26 13:44:59.840034+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: touch(41575) deny(1) file-read-metadata /usr/lib/dyld
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; 2023-05-26 13:44:59.840050+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: touch(41575) deny(1) sysctl-read kern.bootargs
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; 2023-05-26 13:44:59.840061+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: touch(41575) deny(1) file-read-data /
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```
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{% endcode %}
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{% code title="touch3.sb" %}
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```scheme
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(version 1)
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(deny default)
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(allow file* (literal "/private/tmp/hacktricks.txt"))
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(allow process* (literal "/usr/bin/touch"))
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(allow file-read-data (literal "/"))
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; This one will work
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```
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{% endcode %}
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{% endtab %}
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{% endtabs %}
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{% hint style="info" %}
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Note that the **Apple-authored** **software** that runs on **Windows** **doesn’t have additional security precautions**, such as application sandboxing.
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{% endhint %}
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Bypasses examples:
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* [https://lapcatsoftware.com/articles/sandbox-escape.html](https://lapcatsoftware.com/articles/sandbox-escape.html)
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* [https://desi-jarvis.medium.com/office365-macos-sandbox-escape-fcce4fa4123c](https://desi-jarvis.medium.com/office365-macos-sandbox-escape-fcce4fa4123c) (they are able to write files outside the sandbox whose name starts with `~$`).
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### Debug & Bypass Sandbox
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**Processes are not born sandboxed on macOS: unlike iOS**, where the sandbox is applied by the kernel before the first instruction of a program executes, on macOS **a process must elect to place itself into the sandbox.**
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Processes are automatically Sandboxed from userland when they start if they have the entitlement: `com.apple.security.app-sandbox`. For a detailed explanation of this process check:
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{% content-ref url="macos-sandbox-debug-and-bypass.md" %}
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[macos-sandbox-debug-and-bypass.md](macos-sandbox-debug-and-bypass.md)
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{% endcontent-ref %}
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### **Check PID Privileges**
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[According to this](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mG715HcDgO8\&t=3011s), the **`sandbox_check`** (it's a `__mac_syscall`), can check **if an operation is allowed or not** by the sandbox in a certain PID.
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The [**tool sbtool**](http://newosxbook.com/src.jl?tree=listings\&file=sbtool.c) can check if a PID can perform a certain action:
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```bash
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sbtool <pid> mach #Check mac-ports (got from launchd with an api)
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sbtool <pid> file /tmp #Check file access
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sbtool <pid> inspect #Gives you an explaination of the sandbox profile
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sbtool <pid> all
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```
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<details>
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<summary><a href="https://cloud.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-cloud/pentesting-cloud-methodology"><strong>☁️ HackTricks Cloud ☁️</strong></a> -<a href="https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch 🎙️</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
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* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
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* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
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* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
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* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
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* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) **and** [**hacktricks-cloud repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud).
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</details>
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