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https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks
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100 lines
3.4 KiB
Markdown
100 lines
3.4 KiB
Markdown
# Pentesting Kubernetes from the outside
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There different ways to find exposed **Kubernetes** Pods to the internet.
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## Finding exposed pods with OSINT
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One way could be searching for `Identity LIKE "k8s.%.com"` in [crt.sh](https://crt.sh/) to find subdomains related to kubernetes. Another way might be to search `"k8s.%.com"` in github and search for **YAML files** containing the string.
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## Finding Exposed pods via port scanning
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The following ports might be open in a Kubernetes cluster:
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| Port | Process | Description |
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| :--- | :--- | :--- |
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| 443/TCP | kube-apiserver | Kubernetes API port |
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| 2379/TCP | etcd | |
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| 6666/TCP | etcd | etcd |
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| 4194/TCP | cAdvisor | Container metrics |
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| 6443/TCP | kube-apiserver | Kubernetes API port |
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| 8443/TCP | kube-apiserver | Minikube API port |
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| 8080/TCP | kube-apiserver | Insecure API port |
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| 10250/TCP | kubelet | HTTPS API which allows full mode access |
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| 10255/TCP | kubelet | Unauthenticated read-only HTTP port: pods, running pods and node state |
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| 10256/TCP | kube-proxy | Kube Proxy health check server |
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| 9099/TCP | calico-felix | Health check server for Calico |
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| 6782-4/TCP | weave | Metrics and endpoints |
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#### cAdvisor
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```text
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curl -k https://<IP Address>:4194
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```
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#### Insecure API server
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```text
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curl -k https://<IP Address>:8080
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```
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#### Secure API Server
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```text
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curl -k https://<IP Address>:(8|6)443/swaggerapi
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curl -k https://<IP Address>:(8|6)443/healthz
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curl -k https://<IP Address>:(8|6)443/api/v1
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```
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#### etcd API
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```text
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curl -k https://<IP address>:2379
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curl -k https://<IP address>:2379/version
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etcdctl --endpoints=http://<MASTER-IP>:2379 get / --prefix --keys-only
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```
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#### Kubelet API
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```text
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curl -k https://<IP address>:10250
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curl -k https://<IP address>:10250/metrics
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curl -k https://<IP address>:10250/pods
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```
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#### kubelet \(Read only\)
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```text
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curl -k https://<IP Address>:10255
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http://<external-IP>:10255/pods
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```
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### Remote Cluster Misconfigurations
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By **default**, API endpoints are **forbidden** to **anonymous** access. But it’s always a good idea to check if there are any **insecure endpoints that expose sensitive information**:
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### **Checking for ETCD Anonymous Access**
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The ETCD stores the cluster secrets, configuration files and more **sensitive data**. By **default**, the ETCD **cannot** be accessed **anonymously**, but it always good to check.
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If the ETCD can be accessed anonymously, you may need to use the [etcdctl](https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/blob/master/etcdctl/READMEv2.md) tool. The following command will get all the keys stored:
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```text
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etcdctl --ndpoints=http://<MASTER-IP>:2379 get / –prefix –keys-only
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```
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### **Checking Kubelet \(Read Only Port\) Information Exposure**
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When the “kubelet” read-only port is exposed, the attacker can retrieve information from the API. This exposes **cluster configuration elements, such as pods names, location of internal files and other configurations**. This is not critical information, but it still should not be exposed to the internet.
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For example, a remote attacker can abuse this by accessing the following URL: `http://<external-IP>:10255/pods`
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## References
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{% embed url="https://www.cyberark.com/resources/threat-research-blog/kubernetes-pentest-methodology-part-2" %}
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