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494 lines
23 KiB
Markdown
494 lines
23 KiB
Markdown
# Phishing Methodology
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<details>
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<summary><strong>Support HackTricks and get benefits!</strong></summary>
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* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
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* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
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</details>
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## Methodology
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1. Recon the victim
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1. Select the **victim domain**.
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2. Perform some basic web enumeration **searching for login portals** used by the victim and **decide** which one you will **impersonate**.
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3. Use some **OSINT** to **find emails**.
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2. Prepare the environment
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1. **Buy the domain** you are going to use for the phishing assessment
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2. **Configure the email service** related records (SPF, DMARC, DKIM, rDNS)
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3. Configure the VPS with **gophish**
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3. Prepare the campaign
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1. Prepare the **email template**
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2. Prepare the **web page** to steal the credentials
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4. Launch the campaign!
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## Generate similar domain names or buy a trusted domain
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### Domain Name Variation Techniques
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* **Keyword**: The domain name **contains** an important **keyword** of the original domain (e.g., zelster.com-management.com).
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* **hypened subdomain**: Change the **dot for a hyphen** of a subdomain (e.g., www-zelster.com).
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* **New TLD**: Same domain using a **new TLD** (e.g., zelster.org)
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* **Homoglyph**: It **replaces** a letter in the domain name with **letters that look similar** (e.g., zelfser.com).
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* **Transposition:** It **swaps two letters** within the domain name (e.g., zelster.com).
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* **Singularization/Pluralization**: Adds or removes “s” at the end of the domain name (e.g., zeltsers.com).
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* **Omission**: It **removes one** of the letters from the domain name (e.g., zelser.com).
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* **Repetition:** It **repeats one** of the letters in the domain name (e.g., zeltsser.com).
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* **Replacement**: Like homoglyph but less stealthy. It replaces one of the letters in the domain name, perhaps with a letter in proximity of the original letter on the keyboard (e.g, zektser.com).
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* **Subdomained**: Introduce a **dot** inside the domain name (e.g., ze.lster.com).
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* **Insertion**: It **inserts a letter** into the domain name (e.g., zerltser.com).
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* **Missing dot**: Append the TLD to the domain name. (e.g., zelstercom.com)
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**Automatic Tools**
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* [**dnstwist**](https://github.com/elceef/dnstwist)
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* [**urlcrazy**](https://github.com/urbanadventurer/urlcrazy)
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**Websites**
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* [https://dnstwist.it/](https://dnstwist.it)
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* [https://dnstwister.report/](https://dnstwister.report)
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* [https://www.internetmarketingninjas.com/tools/free-tools/domain-typo-generator/](https://www.internetmarketingninjas.com/tools/free-tools/domain-typo-generator/)
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### Bitflipping
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In the world of computing, everything is stored in bits (zeros and ones) in memory behind the scenes.\
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This applies to domains too. For example, _windows.com_ becomes _01110111..._ in the volatile memory of your computing device.\
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However, what if one of these bits got automatically flipped due to a solar flare, cosmic rays, or a hardware error? That is one of the 0's becomes a 1 and vice versa.\
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Applying this concept to DNS request, it's possible that the **domain requested** that arrives to the DNS server **isn't the same as the domain initially requested.**
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For example a 1 bit modification in the domain microsoft.com can transform it into _windnws.com._\
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**Attackers may register as many bit-flipping domains as possible related to the victim in order to redirect legitimate users to their infrastructure**.
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For more information read [https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/hijacking-traffic-to-microsoft-s-windowscom-with-bitflipping/](https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/hijacking-traffic-to-microsoft-s-windowscom-with-bitflipping/)
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### Buy a trusted domain
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You can search in [https://www.expireddomains.net/](https://www.expireddomains.net) for a expired domain that you could use.\
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In order to make sure that the expired domain that you are going to buy **has already a good SEO** you could search how is it categorized in:
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* [http://www.fortiguard.com/webfilter](http://www.fortiguard.com/webfilter)
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* [https://urlfiltering.paloaltonetworks.com/query/](https://urlfiltering.paloaltonetworks.com/query/)
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## Discovering Emails
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* [https://github.com/laramies/theHarvester](https://github.com/laramies/theHarvester) (100% free)
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* [https://phonebook.cz/](https://phonebook.cz) (100% free)
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* [https://maildb.io/](https://maildb.io)
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* [https://hunter.io/](https://hunter.io)
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* [https://anymailfinder.com/](https://anymailfinder.com)
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In order to **discover more** valid email addresses or **verify the ones** you have already discovered you can check if you can brute-force them smtp servers of the victim. [Learn how to verify/discover email address here](../../network-services-pentesting/pentesting-smtp/#username-bruteforce-enumeration).\
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Moreover, don't forget that if the users use **any web portal to access their mails**, you can check if it's vulnerable to **username brute force**, and exploit the vulnerability if possible.
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## Configuring GoPhish
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### Installation
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You can download it from [https://github.com/gophish/gophish/releases/tag/v0.11.0](https://github.com/gophish/gophish/releases/tag/v0.11.0)
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Download and decompress it inside `/opt/gophish` and execute `/opt/gophish/gophish`\
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You will be given a password for the admin user in port 3333 in the output. Therefore, access that port and use those credentials to change the admin password. You may need to tunnel that port to local:
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```bash
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ssh -L 3333:127.0.0.1:3333 <user>@<ip>
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```
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### Configuration
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**TLS certificate configuration**
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Before this step you should have **already bought the domain** you are going to use and it must be **pointing** to the **IP of the VPS** where you are configuring **gophish**.
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```bash
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DOMAIN="<domain>"
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wget https://dl.eff.org/certbot-auto
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chmod +x certbot-auto
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sudo apt install snapd
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sudo snap install core
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sudo snap refresh core
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sudo apt-get remove certbot
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sudo snap install --classic certbot
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sudo ln -s /snap/bin/certbot /usr/bin/certbot
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certbot certonly --standalone -d "$DOMAIN"
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mkdir /opt/gophish/ssl_keys
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cp "/etc/letsencrypt/live/$DOMAIN/privkey.pem" /opt/gophish/ssl_keys/key.pem
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cp "/etc/letsencrypt/live/$DOMAIN/fullchain.pem" /opt/gophish/ssl_keys/key.crt
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```
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**Mail configuration**
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Start installing: `apt-get install postfix`
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Then add the domain to the following files:
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* **/etc/postfix/virtual\_domains**
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* **/etc/postfix/transport**
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* **/etc/postfix/virtual\_regexp**
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**Change also the values of the following variables inside /etc/postfix/main.cf**
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`myhostname = <domain>`\
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`mydestination = $myhostname, <domain>, localhost.com, localhost`
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Finally modify the files **`/etc/hostname`** and **`/etc/mailname`** to your domain name and **restart your VPS.**
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Now, create a **DNS A record** of `mail.<domain>` pointing to the **ip address** of the VPS and a **DNS MX** record pointing to `mail.<domain>`
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Now lets test to send an email:
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```bash
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apt install mailutils
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echo "This is the body of the email" | mail -s "This is the subject line" test@email.com
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```
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**Gophish configuration**
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Stop the execution of gophish and lets configure it.\
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Modify `/opt/gophish/config.json` to the following (note the use of https):
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```bash
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{
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"admin_server": {
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"listen_url": "127.0.0.1:3333",
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"use_tls": true,
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"cert_path": "gophish_admin.crt",
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"key_path": "gophish_admin.key"
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},
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"phish_server": {
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"listen_url": "0.0.0.0:443",
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"use_tls": true,
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"cert_path": "/opt/gophish/ssl_keys/key.crt",
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"key_path": "/opt/gophish/ssl_keys/key.pem"
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},
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"db_name": "sqlite3",
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"db_path": "gophish.db",
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"migrations_prefix": "db/db_",
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"contact_address": "",
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"logging": {
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"filename": "",
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"level": ""
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}
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}
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```
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**Configure gophish service**
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In order to create the gophish service so it can be started automatically and managed a service you can create the file `/etc/init.d/gophish` with the following content:
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```bash
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#!/bin/bash
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# /etc/init.d/gophish
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# initialization file for stop/start of gophish application server
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#
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# chkconfig: - 64 36
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# description: stops/starts gophish application server
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# processname:gophish
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# config:/opt/gophish/config.json
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# From https://github.com/gophish/gophish/issues/586
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# define script variables
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processName=Gophish
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process=gophish
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appDirectory=/opt/gophish
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logfile=/var/log/gophish/gophish.log
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errfile=/var/log/gophish/gophish.error
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start() {
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echo 'Starting '${processName}'...'
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cd ${appDirectory}
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nohup ./$process >>$logfile 2>>$errfile &
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sleep 1
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}
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stop() {
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echo 'Stopping '${processName}'...'
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pid=$(/bin/pidof ${process})
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kill ${pid}
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sleep 1
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}
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status() {
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pid=$(/bin/pidof ${process})
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if [["$pid" != ""| "$pid" != "" ]]; then
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echo ${processName}' is running...'
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else
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echo ${processName}' is not running...'
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fi
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}
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case $1 in
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start|stop|status) "$1" ;;
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esac
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```
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Finish configuring the service and checking it doing:
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```bash
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mkdir /var/log/gophish
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chmod +x /etc/init.d/gophish
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update-rc.d gophish defaults
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#Check the service
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service gophish start
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service gophish status
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ss -l | grep "3333\|443"
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service gophish stop
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```
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## Configuring mail server and domain
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### Wait
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The older a domain is the less probable it's going to be caught as spam. Then you should wait as much time as possible (at least 1week) before the phishing assessment.\
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Note that even if you have to wait a week you can finish configuring everything now.
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### Configure Reverse DNS (rDNS) record
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Set a rDNS (PTR) record that resolves the IP address of the VPS to the domain name.
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### Sender Policy Framework (SPF) Record
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You must **configure a SPF record for the new domain**. If you don't know what is a SPF record [**read this page**](../../network-services-pentesting/pentesting-smtp/#spf).
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You can use [https://www.spfwizard.net/](https://www.spfwizard.net) to generate your SPF policy (use the IP of the VPS machine)
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.png>)
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This is the content that must be set inside a TXT record inside the domain:
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```bash
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v=spf1 mx a ip4:ip.ip.ip.ip ?all
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```
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### Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting & Conformance (DMARC) Record
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You must **configure a DMARC record for the new domain**. If you don't know what is a DMARC record [**read this page**](../../network-services-pentesting/pentesting-smtp/#dmarc).
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You have to create a new DNS TXT record pointing the hostname `_dmarc.<domain>` with the following content:
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```bash
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v=DMARC1; p=none
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```
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### DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM)
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You must **configure a DKIM for the new domain**. If you don't know what is a DMARC record [**read this page**](../../network-services-pentesting/pentesting-smtp/#dkim).
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This tutorial is based on: [https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-install-and-configure-dkim-with-postfix-on-debian-wheezy](https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-install-and-configure-dkim-with-postfix-on-debian-wheezy)
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{% hint style="info" %}
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You need to concatenate both B64 values that the DKIM key generates:
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```
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v=DKIM1; h=sha256; k=rsa; p=MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEA0wPibdqPtzYk81njjQCrChIcHzxOp8a1wjbsoNtka2X9QXCZs+iXkvw++QsWDtdYu3q0Ofnr0Yd/TmG/Y2bBGoEgeE+YTUG2aEgw8Xx42NLJq2D1pB2lRQPW4IxefROnXu5HfKSm7dyzML1gZ1U0pR5X4IZCH0wOPhIq326QjxJZm79E1nTh3xj" "Y9N/Dt3+fVnIbMupzXE216TdFuifKM6Tl6O/axNsbswMS1TH812euno8xRpsdXJzFlB9q3VbMkVWig4P538mHolGzudEBg563vv66U8D7uuzGYxYT4WS8NVm3QBMg0QKPWZaKp+bADLkOSB9J2nUpk4Aj9KB5swIDAQAB
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```
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{% endhint %}
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### Test your email configuration score
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You can do that using [https://www.mail-tester.com/](https://www.mail-tester.com)\
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Just access the page and send an email to the address they give you:
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```bash
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echo "This is the body of the email" | mail -s "This is the subject line" test-iimosa79z@srv1.mail-tester.com
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```
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You can also c**heck your email configuration** sending an email to `check-auth@verifier.port25.com` and **reading the response** (for this you will need to **open** port **25** and see the response in the file _/var/mail/root_ if you send the email a as root).\
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Check that you pass all the tests:
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```bash
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==========================================================
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Summary of Results
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==========================================================
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SPF check: pass
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DomainKeys check: neutral
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DKIM check: pass
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Sender-ID check: pass
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SpamAssassin check: ham
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```
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Alternatively, you can send a **message to a Gmail address that you control**, **view** the received **email’s headers** in your Gmail inbox, `dkim=pass` should be present in the `Authentication-Results` header field.
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```
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Authentication-Results: mx.google.com;
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spf=pass (google.com: domain of contact@example.com designates --- as permitted sender) smtp.mail=contact@example.com;
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dkim=pass header.i=@example.com;
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```
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### Removing from Spamhouse Blacklist
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The page www.mail-tester.com can indicate you if you your domain is being blocked by spamhouse. You can request your domain/IP to be removed at: [https://www.spamhaus.org/lookup/](https://www.spamhaus.org/lookup/)
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### Removing from Microsoft Blacklist
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You can request your domain/IP to be removed at [https://sender.office.com/](https://sender.office.com).
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## Create & Launch GoPhish Campaign
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### Sending Profile
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* Set some **name to identify** the sender profile
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* Decide from which account are you going to send the phishing emails. Suggestions: _noreply, support, servicedesk, salesforce..._
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* You can leave blank the username and password, but make sure to check the Ignore Certificate Errors
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 (1) (2) (1) (1) (2) (2) (3) (3) (5) (3) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (10).png>)
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{% hint style="info" %}
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It's recommended to use the "**Send Test Email**" functionality to test that everything is working.\
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I would recommend to **send the test emails to 10min mails addresses** in order to avoid getting blacklisted making tests.
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{% endhint %}
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### Email Template
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* Set some **name to identify** the template
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* Then write a **subject** (nothing estrange, just something you could expect to read in a regular email)
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* Make sure you have checked "**Add Tracking Image**"
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* Write the **email template** (you can use variables like in the following example):
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```markup
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<html>
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<head>
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<title></title>
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</head>
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<body>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif;color:black">Dear {{.FirstName}} {{.LastName}},</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif;color:black">As you may be aware, due to the large number of employees working from home, the "PLATFORM NAME" platform is being migrated to a new domain with an improved and more secure version. To finalize account migration, please use the following link to log into the new HR portal and move your account to the new site: <a href="{{.URL}}"> "PLATFORM NAME" login portal </a><br />
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<br />
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Please Note: We require all users to move their accounts by 04/01/2021. Failure to confirm account migration may prevent you from logging into the application after the migration process is complete.<br />
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<br />
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Regards,</span></p>
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WRITE HERE SOME SIGNATURE OF SOMEONE FROM THE COMPANY
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<p>{{.Tracker}}</p>
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</body>
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</html>
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```
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Note that **in order to increase the credibility of the email**, it's recommended to use some signature from an email from the client. Suggestions:
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* Send an email to a **non existent address** and check if the response has any signature.
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* Search for **public emails** like info@ex.com or press@ex.com or public@ex.com and send them an email and wait for the response.
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* Try to contact **some valid discovered** email and wait for the response
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 (1).png>)
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{% hint style="info" %}
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The Email Template also allows to **attach files to send**. If you would also like to steal NTLM challenges using some specially crafted files/documents [read this page](../../windows-hardening/ntlm/places-to-steal-ntlm-creds.md).
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{% endhint %}
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### Landing Page
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* Write a **name**
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* **Write the HTML code** of the web page. Note that you can **import** web pages.
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* Mark **Capture Submitted Data** and **Capture Passwords**
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* Set a **redirection**
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.png>)
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{% hint style="info" %}
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Usually you will need to modify the HTML code of the page and make some tests in local (maybe using some Apache server) **until you like the results.** Then, write that HTML code in the box.\
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Note that if you need to **use some static resources** for the HTML (maybe some CSS and JS pages) you can save them in _**/opt/gophish/static/endpoint**_ and then access them from _**/static/\<filename>**_
|
||
{% endhint %}
|
||
|
||
{% hint style="info" %}
|
||
For the redirection you could **redirect the users to the legit main web page** of the victim, or redirect them to _/static/migration.html_ for example, put some **spinning wheel (**[**https://loading.io/**](https://loading.io)**) for 5 seconds and then indicate that the process was successful**.
|
||
{% endhint %}
|
||
|
||
### Users & Groups
|
||
|
||
* Set a name
|
||
* **Import the data** (note that in order to use the template for the example you need the firstname, last name and email address of each user)
|
||
|
||
.png>)
|
||
|
||
### Campaign
|
||
|
||
Finally, create a campaign selecting a name, the email template, the landing page, the URL, the sending profile and the group. Note that the URL will be the link sent to the victims
|
||
|
||
Note that the **Sending Profile allow to send a test email to see how will the final phishing email looks like**:
|
||
|
||
.png>)
|
||
|
||
{% hint style="info" %}
|
||
I would recommend to **send the test emails to 10min mails addresses** in order to avoid getting blacklisted making tests.
|
||
{% endhint %}
|
||
|
||
Once everything is ready, just launch the campaign!
|
||
|
||
## Website Cloning
|
||
|
||
If for any reason you want to clone the website check the following page:
|
||
|
||
{% content-ref url="clone-a-website.md" %}
|
||
[clone-a-website.md](clone-a-website.md)
|
||
{% endcontent-ref %}
|
||
|
||
## Backdoored Documents & Files
|
||
|
||
In some phishing assessments (mainly for Red Teams) you will want to also **send files containing some kind of backdoor** (maybe a C2 or maybe just something that will trigger an authentication).\
|
||
Check out the following page for some examples:
|
||
|
||
{% content-ref url="phishing-documents.md" %}
|
||
[phishing-documents.md](phishing-documents.md)
|
||
{% endcontent-ref %}
|
||
|
||
## Phishing MFA
|
||
|
||
### Via Proxy MitM
|
||
|
||
The previous attack is pretty clever as you are faking a real website and gathering the information set by the user. Unfortunately, if the user didn't put the correct password or if the application you faked is configured with 2FA, **this information won't allow you to impersonate the tricked user**.
|
||
|
||
This is where tools like [**evilginx2**](https://github.com/kgretzky/evilginx2) or [**CredSniper**](https://github.com/ustayready/CredSniper) are useful. This tool will allow you to generate a MitM like attack. Basically, the attacks works in the following way:
|
||
|
||
1. You **impersonate the login** form of the real webpage.
|
||
2. The user **send** his **credentials** to your fake page and the tool send those to the real webpage, **checking if the credentials work**.
|
||
3. If the account is configured with **2FA**, the MitM page will ask for it and once the **user introduces** it the tool will send it to the real web page.
|
||
4. Once the user is authenticated you (as attacker) will have **captured the credentials, the 2FA, the cookie and any information** of every interaction your while the tool is performing a MitM.
|
||
|
||
### Via VNC
|
||
|
||
What if instead of **sending the victim to a malicious page** with the same looks as the original one, you send him to a **VNC session with a browser connected to the real web page**? You will be able to see what he does, steal the password, the MFA used, the cookies...\
|
||
You can do this with [**EvilnVNC**](https://github.com/JoelGMSec/EvilnoVNC)
|
||
|
||
## Detecting the detection
|
||
|
||
Obviously one of the best ways to know if you have been busted is to **search your domain inside blacklists**. If it appears listed, somehow your domain was detected as suspicions.\
|
||
One easy way to check if you domain appears in any blacklist is to use [https://malwareworld.com/](https://malwareworld.com)
|
||
|
||
However, there are other ways to know if the victim is **actively looking for suspicions phishing activity in the wild** as explained in:
|
||
|
||
{% content-ref url="detecting-phising.md" %}
|
||
[detecting-phising.md](detecting-phising.md)
|
||
{% endcontent-ref %}
|
||
|
||
You can **buy a domain with a very similar name** to the victims domain **and/or generate a certificate** for a **subdomain** of a domain controlled by you **containing** the **keyword** of the victim's domain. If the **victim** perform any kind of **DNS or HTTP interaction** with them, you will know that **he is actively looking** for suspicious domains and you will need to be very stealth.
|
||
|
||
### Evaluate the phishing
|
||
|
||
Use [**Phishious** ](https://github.com/Rices/Phishious)to evaluate if your email is going to end in the spam folder or if it's going to be blocked or successful.
|
||
|
||
## References
|
||
|
||
* [https://zeltser.com/domain-name-variations-in-phishing/](https://zeltser.com/domain-name-variations-in-phishing/)
|
||
* [https://0xpatrik.com/phishing-domains/](https://0xpatrik.com/phishing-domains/)
|
||
* [https://darkbyte.net/robando-sesiones-y-bypasseando-2fa-con-evilnovnc/](https://darkbyte.net/robando-sesiones-y-bypasseando-2fa-con-evilnovnc/)
|
||
|
||
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||
* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
|
||
|
||
</details>
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