2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
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# macOS通用二进制文件和Mach-O格式
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2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
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<details>
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2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
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<summary><a href="https://cloud.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-cloud/pentesting-cloud-methodology"><strong>☁️ HackTricks云 ☁️</strong></a> -<a href="https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live"><strong>🐦 推特 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch 🎙️</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 YouTube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
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2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
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2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
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* 你在一家**网络安全公司**工作吗?想要在HackTricks中看到你的**公司广告**吗?或者你想要**获取PEASS的最新版本或下载PDF格式的HackTricks**吗?请查看[**订阅计划**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
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* 发现我们的独家[NFT收藏品**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
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* 获取[**官方PEASS和HackTricks周边产品**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
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* **加入**[**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord群组**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) 或 [**Telegram群组**](https://t.me/peass) 或 **关注**我在**Twitter**上的[**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**。**
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* **通过向**[**hacktricks repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) **和**[**hacktricks-cloud repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) **提交PR来分享你的黑客技巧。**
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2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
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</details>
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2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
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## 基本信息
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2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
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2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
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Mac OS二进制文件通常被编译为**通用二进制文件**。**通用二进制文件**可以在同一个文件中**支持多个架构**。
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2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
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2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
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这些二进制文件遵循**Mach-O结构**,基本上由以下部分组成:
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2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
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2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
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* 头部(Header)
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* 载入命令(Load Commands)
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* 数据(Data)
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2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
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![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (559).png>)
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## Fat Header
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2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
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使用以下命令搜索文件:`mdfind fat.h | grep -i mach-o | grep -E "fat.h$"`
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2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
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<pre class="language-c"><code class="lang-c"><strong>#define FAT_MAGIC 0xcafebabe
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</strong><strong>#define FAT_CIGAM 0xbebafeca /* NXSwapLong(FAT_MAGIC) */
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</strong>
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struct fat_header {
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<strong> uint32_t magic; /* FAT_MAGIC or FAT_MAGIC_64 */
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</strong><strong> uint32_t nfat_arch; /* 后面跟随的结构体数量 */
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</strong>};
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struct fat_arch {
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cpu_type_t cputype; /* CPU类型(int) */
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cpu_subtype_t cpusubtype; /* 机器类型(int) */
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uint32_t offset; /* 该目标文件的文件偏移量 */
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uint32_t size; /* 该目标文件的大小 */
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uint32_t align; /* 2的幂次方对齐 */
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};
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</code></pre>
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2023-08-22 10:47:40 +00:00
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头部包含**魔数**(magic)字节,后面是文件包含的**架构数**(`nfat_arch`),每个架构都有一个`fat_arch`结构体。
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2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
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2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
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使用以下命令进行检查:
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<pre class="language-shell-session"><code class="lang-shell-session">% file /bin/ls
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/bin/ls: Mach-O universal binary with 2 architectures: [x86_64:Mach-O 64-bit executable x86_64] [arm64e:Mach-O 64-bit executable arm64e]
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/bin/ls (for architecture x86_64): Mach-O 64-bit executable x86_64
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/bin/ls (for architecture arm64e): Mach-O 64-bit executable arm64e
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% otool -f -v /bin/ls
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Fat headers
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fat_magic FAT_MAGIC
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<strong>nfat_arch 2
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</strong><strong>architecture x86_64
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</strong> cputype CPU_TYPE_X86_64
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cpusubtype CPU_SUBTYPE_X86_64_ALL
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capabilities 0x0
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<strong> offset 16384
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</strong><strong> size 72896
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</strong> align 2^14 (16384)
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<strong>architecture arm64e
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</strong> cputype CPU_TYPE_ARM64
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cpusubtype CPU_SUBTYPE_ARM64E
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capabilities PTR_AUTH_VERSION USERSPACE 0
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<strong> offset 98304
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</strong><strong> size 88816
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</strong> align 2^14 (16384)
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</code></pre>
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2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
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或者使用[Mach-O View](https://sourceforge.net/projects/machoview/)工具:
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2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
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2023-08-16 05:11:08 +00:00
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<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (5) (1) (1) (3).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
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2023-08-16 05:11:08 +00:00
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正如你可能想到的,通常编译为2个架构的通用二进制文件**会使文件大小增加一倍**,相比只编译为1个架构的文件。
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2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
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## **Mach-O Header**
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2023-08-22 10:47:40 +00:00
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头部包含文件的基本信息,例如用于识别它为Mach-O文件的魔数字节以及有关目标架构的信息。你可以在以下位置找到它:`mdfind loader.h | grep -i mach-o | grep -E "loader.h$"`
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2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
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```c
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#define MH_MAGIC 0xfeedface /* the mach magic number */
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#define MH_CIGAM 0xcefaedfe /* NXSwapInt(MH_MAGIC) */
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struct mach_header {
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2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
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uint32_t magic; /* mach magic number identifier */
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cpu_type_t cputype; /* cpu specifier (e.g. I386) */
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cpu_subtype_t cpusubtype; /* machine specifier */
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uint32_t filetype; /* type of file (usage and alignment for the file) */
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uint32_t ncmds; /* number of load commands */
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uint32_t sizeofcmds; /* the size of all the load commands */
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uint32_t flags; /* flags */
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};
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#define MH_MAGIC_64 0xfeedfacf /* the 64-bit mach magic number */
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#define MH_CIGAM_64 0xcffaedfe /* NXSwapInt(MH_MAGIC_64) */
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struct mach_header_64 {
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uint32_t magic; /* mach magic number identifier */
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int32_t cputype; /* cpu specifier */
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int32_t cpusubtype; /* machine specifier */
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uint32_t filetype; /* type of file */
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uint32_t ncmds; /* number of load commands */
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uint32_t sizeofcmds; /* the size of all the load commands */
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uint32_t flags; /* flags */
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uint32_t reserved; /* reserved */
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};
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```
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2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
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**文件类型**:
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2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
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* MH\_EXECUTE (0x2):标准的 Mach-O 可执行文件
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* MH\_DYLIB (0x6):Mach-O 动态链接库(即 .dylib)
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* MH\_BUNDLE (0x8):Mach-O bundle(即 .bundle)
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```bash
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# Checking the mac header of a binary
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otool -arch arm64e -hv /bin/ls
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Mach header
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magic cputype cpusubtype caps filetype ncmds sizeofcmds flags
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MH_MAGIC_64 ARM64 E USR00 EXECUTE 19 1728 NOUNDEFS DYLDLINK TWOLEVEL PIE
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```
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2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
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或者使用[Mach-O View](https://sourceforge.net/projects/machoview/):
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2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
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2023-05-24 22:31:58 +00:00
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<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (4) (1) (4).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
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2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
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## **Mach-O 加载命令**
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2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
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这指定了文件在内存中的布局。它包含了符号表的位置,执行开始时的主线程上下文,以及所需的共享库。\
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这些命令基本上指示动态加载器**(dyld)如何将二进制文件加载到内存中**。
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2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
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加载命令都以**load\_command**结构开始,该结构在之前提到的**`loader.h`**中定义:
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```objectivec
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struct load_command {
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uint32_t cmd; /* type of load command */
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uint32_t cmdsize; /* total size of command in bytes */
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};
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```
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2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
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大约有**50种不同类型的加载命令**,系统会以不同方式处理它们。最常见的类型有:`LC_SEGMENT_64`、`LC_LOAD_DYLINKER`、`LC_MAIN`、`LC_LOAD_DYLIB`和`LC_CODE_SIGNATURE`。
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2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
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### **LC\_SEGMENT/LC\_SEGMENT\_64**
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{% hint style="success" %}
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2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
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基本上,这种类型的加载命令定义了在执行二进制文件时如何加载存储在DATA中的段。
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2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
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{% endhint %}
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2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
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这些命令定义了在执行过程中映射到进程的虚拟内存空间中的段。
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2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
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2023-08-15 18:29:39 +00:00
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有不同类型的段,比如保存程序可执行代码的**\_\_TEXT**段,以及包含进程使用的数据的**\_\_DATA**段。这些段位于Mach-O文件的数据部分中。
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2023-08-15 18:29:39 +00:00
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**每个段**可以进一步**划分**为多个**区块**。加载命令结构包含了有关各个段内部的这些区块的**信息**。
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2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
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2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
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在头部中首先找到**段头**:
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2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
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<pre class="language-c"><code class="lang-c">struct segment_command_64 { /* for 64-bit architectures */
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uint32_t cmd; /* LC_SEGMENT_64 */
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uint32_t cmdsize; /* includes sizeof section_64 structs */
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char segname[16]; /* segment name */
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uint64_t vmaddr; /* memory address of this segment */
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uint64_t vmsize; /* memory size of this segment */
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uint64_t fileoff; /* file offset of this segment */
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uint64_t filesize; /* amount to map from the file */
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int32_t maxprot; /* maximum VM protection */
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int32_t initprot; /* initial VM protection */
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2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
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<strong> uint32_t nsects; /* number of sections in segment */
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</strong> uint32_t flags; /* flags */
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};
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</code></pre>
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2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
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段头的示例:
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2023-05-30 18:44:01 +00:00
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<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (2) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
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2023-08-15 18:29:39 +00:00
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该头部定义了在其后出现的**区块头的数量**:
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```c
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struct section_64 { /* for 64-bit architectures */
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char sectname[16]; /* name of this section */
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char segname[16]; /* segment this section goes in */
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uint64_t addr; /* memory address of this section */
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uint64_t size; /* size in bytes of this section */
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uint32_t offset; /* file offset of this section */
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uint32_t align; /* section alignment (power of 2) */
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uint32_t reloff; /* file offset of relocation entries */
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uint32_t nreloc; /* number of relocation entries */
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uint32_t flags; /* flags (section type and attributes)*/
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uint32_t reserved1; /* reserved (for offset or index) */
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uint32_t reserved2; /* reserved (for count or sizeof) */
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uint32_t reserved3; /* reserved */
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};
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```
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2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
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示例的**章节标题**:
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2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
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2023-06-14 10:51:55 +00:00
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<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (6) (2).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
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2023-08-16 05:11:08 +00:00
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如果你**添加**了**章节偏移量**(0x37DC)+ **arch开始的偏移量**,在这个例子中是`0x18000` --> `0x37DC + 0x18000 = 0x1B7DC`
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2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
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2023-08-22 10:47:40 +00:00
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<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (3) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
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2023-08-15 18:29:39 +00:00
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也可以通过**命令行**获取**头部信息**:
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2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
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```bash
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otool -lv /bin/ls
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```
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2023-08-15 18:29:39 +00:00
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以下是关于MacOS文件、文件夹和二进制文件的内容。
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2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
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2023-08-15 18:29:39 +00:00
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加载的常见段:
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* **`__PAGEZERO`:**它指示内核将**地址零**映射到**不可读取、写入或执行**的位置。结构中的maxprot和minprot变量设置为零,表示该页面**没有读写执行权限**。这种分配对于**减轻空指针解引用漏洞**非常重要。
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* **`__TEXT`:**包含**可执行代码**和**只读数据**。该段的常见部分有:
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* `__text`:编译的二进制代码
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* `__const`:常量数据
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* `__cstring`:字符串常量
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* `__stubs`和`__stubs_helper`:在动态库加载过程中使用
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* **`__DATA`:**包含**可写数据**。
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* `__data`:全局变量(已初始化)
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* `__bss`:静态变量(未初始化)
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2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
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* `__objc_*`(\_\_objc\_classlist,\_\_objc\_protolist等):Objective-C运行时使用的信息
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* **`__LINKEDIT`:**包含链接器(dyld)的信息,如“符号、字符串和重定位表项”。
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2023-08-15 18:29:39 +00:00
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* **`__OBJC`:**包含Objective-C运行时使用的信息。尽管此信息也可以在\_\_DATA段中找到,但位于各种\_\_objc\_\*部分中。
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2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
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### **`LC_MAIN`**
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2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
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包含**entryoff属性**中的入口点。在加载时,**dyld**只需将此值添加到(内存中的)二进制文件的基址,然后跳转到此指令以开始执行二进制文件的代码。
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2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
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### **LC\_CODE\_SIGNATURE**
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2023-08-22 10:47:40 +00:00
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包含有关Macho-O文件的**代码签名的信息**。它只包含一个**指向签名块的偏移量**。这通常位于文件的末尾。\
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2023-08-15 18:29:39 +00:00
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但是,您可以在[**此博客文章**](https://davedelong.com/blog/2018/01/10/reading-your-own-entitlements/)和此[**gists**](https://gist.github.com/carlospolop/ef26f8eb9fafd4bc22e69e1a32b81da4)中找到有关此部分的一些信息。
|
2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
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### **LC\_LOAD\_DYLINKER**
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2023-08-22 10:47:40 +00:00
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包含**动态链接器可执行文件的路径**,该文件将共享库映射到进程地址空间。**值始终设置为`/usr/lib/dyld`**。重要的是要注意,在macOS中,dylib映射发生在**用户模式**而不是内核模式中。
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2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
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### **`LC_LOAD_DYLIB`**
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2023-08-22 10:47:40 +00:00
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此加载命令描述了一个**动态库依赖项**,它指示**加载器**(dyld)**加载和链接该库**。Mach-O二进制文件所需的每个库都有一个LC\_LOAD\_DYLIB加载命令。
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2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
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2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
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* 此加载命令是**`dylib_command`**类型的结构(其中包含描述实际依赖动态库的struct dylib):
|
2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
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|
```objectivec
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struct dylib_command {
|
2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
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uint32_t cmd; /* LC_LOAD_{,WEAK_}DYLIB */
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uint32_t cmdsize; /* includes pathname string */
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struct dylib dylib; /* the library identification */
|
2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
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};
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struct dylib {
|
2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
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union lc_str name; /* library's path name */
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uint32_t timestamp; /* library's build time stamp */
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uint32_t current_version; /* library's current version number */
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|
uint32_t compatibility_version; /* library's compatibility vers number*/
|
2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
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|
};
|
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|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (558).png>)
|
|
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|
2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
您也可以使用命令行界面获取此信息:
|
2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```bash
|
|
|
|
|
otool -L /bin/ls
|
|
|
|
|
/bin/ls:
|
2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
/usr/lib/libutil.dylib (compatibility version 1.0.0, current version 1.0.0)
|
|
|
|
|
/usr/lib/libncurses.5.4.dylib (compatibility version 5.4.0, current version 5.4.0)
|
|
|
|
|
/usr/lib/libSystem.B.dylib (compatibility version 1.0.0, current version 1319.0.0)
|
2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```
|
2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
一些潜在的与恶意软件相关的库包括:
|
2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
* **DiskArbitration**:监控USB驱动器
|
|
|
|
|
* **AVFoundation**:捕获音频和视频
|
|
|
|
|
* **CoreWLAN**:Wifi扫描。
|
2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
{% hint style="info" %}
|
2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Mach-O二进制文件可以包含一个或多个构造函数,这些函数将在**LC\_MAIN**指定的地址之前执行。任何构造函数的偏移量都保存在**\_\_DATA\_CONST**段的**\_\_mod\_init\_func**部分中。
|
2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
|
|
|
|
{% endhint %}
|
|
|
|
|
|
2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
## **Mach-O数据**
|
2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
文件的核心是最后一个区域,即数据区域,它由加载命令区域中的多个段组成。**每个段可以包含多个数据段**。每个数据段都包含一种特定类型的代码或数据。
|
2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
{% hint style="success" %}
|
2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
数据基本上是包含由加载命令LC\_SEGMENTS\_64加载的所有信息的部分。
|
2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
|
|
|
|
{% endhint %}
|
|
|
|
|
|
2023-06-06 22:57:49 +00:00
|
|
|
|
![](<../../../.gitbook/assets/image (507) (3).png>)
|
2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
这包括:
|
2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
* **函数表**:保存有关程序函数的信息。
|
|
|
|
|
* **符号表**:包含二进制文件使用的外部函数的信息
|
|
|
|
|
* 它还可以包含内部函数、变量名等等。
|
2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
您可以使用[Mach-O View](https://sourceforge.net/projects/machoview/)工具来检查:
|
2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2023-06-08 16:46:11 +00:00
|
|
|
|
<figure><img src="../../../.gitbook/assets/image (2) (1) (4).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
或者使用命令行:
|
2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
|
|
|
|
```bash
|
|
|
|
|
size -m /bin/ls
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
<details>
|
|
|
|
|
|
2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
<summary><a href="https://cloud.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-cloud/pentesting-cloud-methodology"><strong>☁️ HackTricks 云 ☁️</strong></a> -<a href="https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live"><strong>🐦 推特 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch 🎙️</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
|
2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2023-08-15 18:29:39 +00:00
|
|
|
|
* 你在一家**网络安全公司**工作吗?想要在 HackTricks 中**宣传你的公司**吗?或者你想要**获取最新版本的 PEASS 或下载 HackTricks 的 PDF**吗?请查看[**订阅计划**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
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|
* 发现我们的独家[**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)收藏品——[**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
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|
|
|
|
* 获取[**官方 PEASS & HackTricks 商品**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
|
|
|
|
|
* **加入** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord 群组**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) 或 [**Telegram 群组**](https://t.me/peass),或者**关注**我在**推特**上的[**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**。**
|
2023-08-03 19:12:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
* **通过向** [**hacktricks 仓库**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) **和** [**hacktricks-cloud 仓库**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) **提交 PR 来分享你的黑客技巧。**
|
2023-05-04 23:22:39 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</details>
|