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> So you were said that everything belonging to some company is inside the scope, and you want to figure out what this company actually owns.
The goal of this phase is to obtain all the **companies owned by the main company** and then all the **assets** of these companies. To do so, we are going to:
1. Find the acquisitions of the main company, this will give us the companies inside the scope.
First of all, we need to know which **other companies are owned by the main company**.\
One option is to visit [https://www.crunchbase.com/](https://www.crunchbase.com), **search** for the **main company**, and **click** on "**acquisitions**". There you will see other companies acquired by the main one.\
An autonomous system number (**ASN**) is a **unique number** assigned to an **autonomous system** (AS) by the **Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)**.\
An **AS** consists of **blocks** of **IP addresses** which have a distinctly defined policy for accessing external networks and are administered by a single organisation but may be made up of several operators.
It's interesting to find if the **company have assigned any ASN** to find its **IP ranges.** It will be interested to perform a **vulnerability test** against all the **hosts** inside the **scope** and **look for domains** inside these IPs.\
**Depending on the region of the company this links could be useful to gather more data:** [**AFRINIC**](https://www.afrinic.net) **(Africa),** [**Arin**](https://www.arin.net/about/welcome/region/)**(North America),** [**APNIC**](https://www.apnic.net) **(Asia),** [**LACNIC**](https://www.lacnic.net) **(Latin America),** [**RIPE NCC**](https://www.ripe.net) **(Europe). Anyway, probably all the** useful information **(IP ranges and Whois)** appears already in the first link.
At this point we known **all the assets inside the scope**, so if you are allowed you could launch some **vulnerability scanner** (Nessus, OpenVAS) over all the hosts.\
Also, you could launch some [**port scans**](../pentesting-network/#discovering-hosts-from-the-outside) **or use services like** shodan **to find** open ports **and depending on what you find you should** take a look in this book to how to pentest several possible services running.\
**Also, It could be worth it to mention that you can also prepare some** default username **and** passwords **lists and try to** bruteforce services with [https://github.com/x90skysn3k/brutespray](https://github.com/x90skysn3k/brutespray).
As you have found all the IP ranges of the domains you could try to perform **reverse dns lookups** on those **IPs to find more domains inside the scope**. Try to use some dns server of the victim or some well-known dns server (1.1.1.1, 8.8.8.8)
Inside a **whois** you can find a lot of interesting **information** like **organisation name**, **address**, **emails**, phone numbers... But which is even more interesting is that you can find **more assets related to the company** if you perform **reverse whois lookups by any of those fields** (for example other whois registries where the same email appears).\
Did you know that we can find related domains and sub domains to our target by looking for the same favicon icon hash? This is exactly what [favihash.py](https://github.com/m4ll0k/Bug-Bounty-Toolz/blob/master/favihash.py) tool made by [@m4ll0k2](https://twitter.com/m4ll0k2) does. Here’s how to use it:
Moreover, you can also search technologies using the favicon hash as explained in [**this blog post**](https://medium.com/@Asm0d3us/weaponizing-favicon-ico-for-bugbounties-osint-and-what-not-ace3c214e139). That means that if you know the **hash of the favicon of a vulnerable version of a web tech** you can search if in shodan and **find more vulnerable places**:
Search inside the web pages **strings that could be shared across different webs in the same organisation**. The **copyright string** could be a good example. Then search for that string in **google**, in other **browsers** or even in **shodan**: `shodan search http.html:"Copyright string"`
to renew the all the domain certificates on the server. This means that even if the CA used for this doesn't set the time it was generated in the Validity time, it's possible to **find domains belonging to the same company in the certificate transparency logs**.\
Check out this [**writeup for more information**](https://swarm.ptsecurity.com/discovering-domains-via-a-time-correlation-attack/).
As you already know the name of the organisation owning the IP space. You can search by that data in shodan using: `org:"Tesla, Inc."` Check the found hosts for new unexpected domains in the TLS certificate.
You could access the **TLS certificate** of the main web page, obtain the **Organisation name** and then search for that name inside the **TLS certificates** of all the web pages known by **shodan** with the filter : `ssl:"Tesla Motors"`
[**Assetfinder** ](https://github.com/tomnomnom/assetfinder)is a tool that look for **domains related** with a main domain and **subdomains** of them, pretty amazing.
Check for some [domain takeover](../../pentesting-web/domain-subdomain-takeover.md#domain-takeover). Maybe some company is **using some a domain** but they **lost the ownership**. Just register it (if cheap enough) and let know the company.
If you find any **domain with an IP different** from the ones you already found in the assets discovery, you should perform a **basic vulnerability scan** (using Nessus or OpenVAS) and some [**port scan**](../pentesting-network/#discovering-hosts-from-the-outside) with **nmap/masscan/shodan**. Depending on which services are running you can find in **this book some tricks to "attack" them**.\
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The fastest way to obtain a lot of subdomains is search in external sources. I'm not going to discuss which sources are the bests and how to use them, but you can find here several utilities: [https://pentester.land/cheatsheets/2018/11/14/subdomains-enumeration-cheatsheet.html](https://pentester.land/cheatsheets/2018/11/14/subdomains-enumeration-cheatsheet.html)
* [**gau**](https://github.com/lc/gau)**:** fetches known URLs from AlienVault's Open Threat Exchange, the Wayback Machine, and Common Crawl for any given domain.
* [**SubDomainizer**](https://github.com/nsonaniya2010/SubDomainizer) **&** [**subscraper**](https://github.com/Cillian-Collins/subscraper): They scrap the web looking for JS files and extract subdomains from there.
This project offers for **free all the subdomains related to bug-bounty programs**. You can access this data also using [chaospy](https://github.com/dr-0x0x/chaospy) or even access the scope used by this project [https://github.com/projectdiscovery/chaos-public-program-list](https://github.com/projectdiscovery/chaos-public-program-list)
And also IPs of good DNS resolvers. In order to generate a list of trusted DNS resolvers you can download the resolvers from [https://public-dns.info/nameservers-all.txt](https://public-dns.info/nameservers-all.txt) and use [**dnsvalidator**](https://github.com/vortexau/dnsvalidator) to filter them. Or you could use: [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/trickest/resolvers/main/resolvers-trusted.txt](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/trickest/resolvers/main/resolvers-trusted.txt)
The most recommended tools for DNS brute-force are:
* [**massdns**](https://github.com/blechschmidt/massdns): This was the first tool that performed an effective DNS brute-force. It's very fast however it's prone to false positives.
* [**shuffledns**](https://github.com/projectdiscovery/shuffledns) is a wrapper around `massdns`, written in go, that allows you to enumerate valid subdomains using active bruteforce, as well as resolve subdomains with wildcard handling and easy input-output support.
After having found subdomains using open sources and brute-forcing, you could generate alterations of the subdomains found to try to find even more. Several tools are useful for this purpose:
* [**dnsgen**](https://github.com/ProjectAnte/dnsgen)**:** Given the domains and subdomains generate permutations.
* [**gotator**](https://github.com/Josue87/gotator)**:** Given the domains and subdomains generate permutations. If not permutations file is indicated gotator will use its own one.
* [**altdns**](https://github.com/infosec-au/altdns): Apart from generating subdomains permutations, it can also try to resolve them (but it's better to use the previous commented tools).
* You can get altdns permutations **wordlist** in [**here**](https://github.com/infosec-au/altdns/blob/master/words.txt).
* [**dmut**](https://github.com/bp0lr/dmut): Another tool to perform permutations, mutations and alteration of subdomains. This tool will brute force the result (it doesn't support dns wild card).
* [**regulator**](https://github.com/cramppet/regulator): For more info read this [**post**](https://cramppet.github.io/regulator/index.html) but it will basically get the **main parts** from the **discovered subdomains** and will mix them to find more subdomains.
* [**subzuf**](https://github.com/elceef/subzuf)**:** _subzuf_ is a subdomain brute-force fuzzer coupled with an immensly simple but effective DNS reponse-guided algorithm. It utilizes a provided set of input data, like a tailored wordlist or historical DNS/TLS records, to accurately synthesize more corresponding domain names and expand them even further in a loop based on information gathered during DNS scan.
Check this blog post I wrote about how to **automate the subdomain discovery** from a domain using **Trickest workflows** so I don't need to launch manually a bunch of tools in my computer:
If you found an IP address containing **one or several web pages** belonging to subdomains, you could try to **find other subdomains with webs in that IP** by looking in **OSINT sources** for domains in an IP or by **brute-forcing VHost domain names in that IP**.
#### OSINT
You can find some **VHosts in IPs using** [**HostHunter**](https://github.com/SpiderLabs/HostHunter) **or other APIs**.
Sometimes you will find pages that only return the header _**Access-Control-Allow-Origin**_ when a valid domain/subdomain is set in the _**Origin**_ header. In these scenarios, you can abuse this behaviour to **discover** new **subdomains**.
While looking for **subdomains** keep an eye to see if it is **pointing** to any type of **bucket**, and in that case [**check the permissions**](../../network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/buckets/)**.**\
Also, as at this point you will know all the domains inside the scope, try to [**brute force possible bucket names and check the permissions**](../../network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/buckets/).
You can **monitor** if **new subdomains** of a domain are created by monitoring the **Certificate Transparency** Logs [**sublert** ](https://github.com/yassineaboukir/sublert/blob/master/sublert.py)does.
If you find any **subdomain with an IP different** from the ones you already found in the assets discovery, you should perform a **basic vulnerability scan** (using Nessus or OpenVAS) and some [**port scan**](../pentesting-network/#discovering-hosts-from-the-outside) with **nmap/masscan/shodan**. Depending on which services are running you can find in **this book some tricks to "attack" them**.\
In the initial steps you might have **found some IP ranges, domains and subdomains**.\
It’s time to **recollect all the IPs from those ranges** and for the **domains/subdomains (DNS queries).**
Using services from the following **free apis** you can also find **previous IPs used by domains and subdomains**. These IPs might still be owned by the client (and might allow you to find [**CloudFlare bypasses**](../../network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/uncovering-cloudflare.md))
**Port scan all the IPs that doesn’t belong to CDNs** (as you highly probably won’t find anything interested in there). In the running services discovered you might be **able to find vulnerabilities**.
> We have found all the companies and their assets and we know IP ranges, domains and subdomains inside the scope. It's time to search for web servers.
In the previous steps you have probably already performed some **recon of the IPs and domains discovered**, so you may have **already found all the possible web servers**. However, if you haven't we are now going to see some **fast tricks to search for web servers** inside the scope.
Please, note that this will be **oriented for web apps discovery**, so you should **perform the vulnerability** and **port scanning** also (**if allowed** by the scope).
A **fast method** to discover **ports open** related to **web** servers using [**masscan** can be found here](../pentesting-network/#http-port-discovery).\
Another friendly tool to look for web servers is [**httprobe**](https://github.com/tomnomnom/httprobe)**,** [**fprobe**](https://github.com/theblackturtle/fprobe) and [**httpx**](https://github.com/projectdiscovery/httpx). You just pass a list of domains and it will try to connect to port 80 (http) and 443 (https). Additionally, you can indicate to try other ports:
Now that you have discovered **all the web servers** present in the scope (among the **IPs** of the company and all the **domains** and **subdomains**) you probably **don't know where to start**. So, let's make it simple and start just taking screenshots of all of them. Just by **taking a look** at the **main page** you can find **weird** endpoints that are more **prone** to be **vulnerable**.
To perform the proposed idea you can use [**EyeWitness**](https://github.com/FortyNorthSecurity/EyeWitness), [**HttpScreenshot**](https://github.com/breenmachine/httpscreenshot), [**Aquatone**](https://github.com/michenriksen/aquatone), [**Shutter**](https://shutter-project.org/downloads/third-party-packages/) or [**webscreenshot**](https://github.com/maaaaz/webscreenshot)**.**
Moreover, you could then use [**eyeballer**](https://github.com/BishopFox/eyeballer) to run over all the **screenshots** to tell you **what's likely to contain vulnerabilities**, and what isn't.
In order to find potential cloud assets belonging to a company you should **start with a list of keywords that identify that company**. For example, a crypto for a crypto company you might use words such as: `"crypto", "wallet", "dao", "<domain_name>", <"subdomain_names">`.
You will also need wordlists of **common words used in buckets**:
Then, with those words you should generate **permutations** (check the [**Second Round DNS Brute-Force**](./#second-dns-bruteforce-round) for more info).
With the resulting wordlists you could use tools such as [**cloud\_enum**](https://github.com/initstring/cloud\_enum)**,** [**CloudScraper**](https://github.com/jordanpotti/CloudScraper)**,** [**cloudlist**](https://github.com/projectdiscovery/cloudlist) **or** [**S3Scanner**](https://github.com/sa7mon/S3Scanner)**.**
Remember that when looking for Cloud Assets you should l**ook for more than just buckets in AWS**.
If you find things such as **open buckets or cloud functions exposed** you should **access them** and try to see what they offer you and if you can abuse them.
## Emails
With the **domains** and **subdomains** inside the scope you basically have all what you **need to start searching for emails**. These are the **APIs** and **tools** that have worked the best for me to find emails of a company:
* API of [**https://app.snov.io/**](https://app.snov.io/) (free version)
* API of [**https://minelead.io/**](https://minelead.io/) (free version)
### **Looking for vulnerabilities**
Emails will come handy later to **brute-force web logins and auth services** (such as SSH). Also, they are needed for **phishings**. Moreover, these APIs will give you even more **info about the person** behind the email, which is useful for the phishing campaign.
Credential leaks are related to hacks of companies where **sensitive information was leaked and sold**. However, companies might be affected for **other leaks** whose info isn't in those databases:
### Github Leaks
Credentials and APIs might be leaked in the **public repositories** of the **company** or of the **users** working by that github company.\
You can use the **tool** [**Leakos**](https://github.com/carlospolop/Leakos) to **download** all the **public repos** of an **organization** and of its **developers** and run [**gitleaks**](https://github.com/zricethezav/gitleaks) over them automatically.
**Leakos** can also be used to run **gitleaks** agains all the **text** provided **URLs passed** to it as sometimes **web pages also contains secrets**.
#### Github Dorks
Check also this **page** for potential **github dorks** you could also search for in the organization you are attacking:
Sometimes attackers or just workers will **publish company content in a paste site**. This might or might not contain **sensitive information**, but it's very interesting to search for it.\
Old but gold google dorks are always useful to find **exposed information that shouldn't be there**. The only problem is that the [**google-hacking-database**](https://www.exploit-db.com/google-hacking-database) contains several **thousands** of possible queries that you cannot run manually. So, you can get your favourite 10 ones or you could use a **tool such as** [**Gorks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/Gorks) **to run them all**.
_Note that the tools that expect to run all the database using the regular Google browser will never end as google will block you very very soon._
## [**Pentesting Web Methodology**](../../network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/)
The **majority of the vulnerabilities** found by bug hunters resides inside **web applications**, so at this point I would like to talk about a **web application testing methodology**, and you can [**find this information here**](../../network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/).
I also want to do a special mention to the section [**Web Automated Scanners open source tools**](../../network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/#automatic-scanners), as, if you shouldn't expect them to find you very sensitive vulnerabilities, they come handy to implement them on **workflows to have some initial web information.**
> Congratulations! At this point you have already perform **all the basic enumeration**. Yes, it's basic because a lot more enumeration can be done (will see more tricks later).
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