From 7ee9e8cb8e1e63af0fe5e10c7a1486c113964851 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: CherryKitten Date: Thu, 23 Feb 2023 17:33:46 +0100 Subject: [PATCH] New blogpost! (and some updates) --- config.toml | 8 +- content/blog/rust_1_options_results.md | 245 +++++++++++++ content/{index.md => home.md} | 1 + public/404.html | 7 +- public/about/index.html | 7 +- .../fediverse-isnt-just-mastodon/index.html | 23 +- public/blog/index.html | 60 +++- public/blog/rust-1-options-results/index.html | 324 ++++++++++++++++++ public/buttons.css | 2 +- public/color/background_blue.css | 2 +- public/color/background_dark.css | 2 +- public/color/background_green.css | 2 +- public/color/background_orange.css | 2 +- public/color/background_pink.css | 2 +- public/color/background_red.css | 2 +- public/color/background_rosepine.css | 2 +- public/color/blue.css | 2 +- public/color/green.css | 2 +- public/color/orange.css | 2 +- public/color/pink.css | 2 +- public/color/red.css | 2 +- public/color/rosepine.css | 2 +- public/contact/index.html | 7 +- public/font-hack-subset.css | 2 +- public/font-hack.css | 2 +- public/footer.css | 2 +- public/header.css | 2 +- public/{content => home}/index.html | 9 +- public/impressum/index.html | 7 +- public/index.html | 9 +- public/logo.css | 2 +- public/main.css | 2 +- public/pagination.css | 2 +- public/post.css | 2 +- public/rss.xml | 53 ++- public/sitemap.xml | 18 +- public/style.css | 2 +- 37 files changed, 776 insertions(+), 48 deletions(-) create mode 100644 content/blog/rust_1_options_results.md rename content/{index.md => home.md} (95%) create mode 100644 public/blog/rust-1-options-results/index.html rename public/{content => home}/index.html (93%) diff --git a/config.toml b/config.toml index 4de919d..c48ed22 100644 --- a/config.toml +++ b/config.toml @@ -39,7 +39,12 @@ background_color = "rosepine" logo_text = "CherryKitten" copyright_html = """\ -

© {currentYear} - CherryKitten

Impressum +

© 2023 - CherryKitten


+

Impressum

+   +

RSS

+   + 🐱 """ menu_items = [ @@ -53,3 +58,4 @@ menu_items = [ ] page_titles = "combined" +post_view_navigation_prompt = "More posts!" diff --git a/content/blog/rust_1_options_results.md b/content/blog/rust_1_options_results.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..29c1377 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/blog/rust_1_options_results.md @@ -0,0 +1,245 @@ ++++ +title = "Learning Rust Part 1: A kitten's guide to Options and Results" +date = 2023-02-25 +[taxonomies] +tags=["Rust", "programming", "code", "learning"] ++++ +### To unwrap() or not to unwrap(), that is the question: + +So I've finally given in and started to learn Rust last month. It's a really cool programming language, +with some interesting differences to what I've used before. (JavaScript and Python, mostly) + +There are some really pawesome guides out there, ["The Rust programming language"](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/) is +definitely a **must-read** in my opinion, and [Rustlings](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings) is nyamazing for +anyone who likes to learn by actively working through interactive problems. + +After reading through a lot of those big thorough guides by experienced Rust developers, I've started working on +my first actual Project. I approached the development of this project by just trying to get small parts of it +working in any way I can manage, and then build upon this. In that process, I learned a lot of small subtilties that +guides like the ones named above just can't really cover. This post is for sharing those things, those cool little +tips to make your first Rust project just a little cleaner and more Rust-y. Originally I wanted to make this about a lot +of different topics, but then I've realized that my notes already contain so many things about just one part of Rust: +The Enums `Option` and `Result`. So this post will be about those, and hopefully will mark the start of a series on this blog. + +While reading through this, you might think that the things I'm mentioning are obvious. That's okay, and that's the point. +Nothing is ever completely obvious to everyone, and this is for those like me, who often don't immediately recognize +the "obvious". And, to be honest, I am writing this just as much for myself, writing all of that stuff down to aid me in my +own ongoing learning process. + +So, let's start! + + + +Firstly, a very quick introduction. `Option` and `Result` are part of the Rust standard library. Quoting the official documentation +is probably the easiest way to summarize their purpose: + +> Type `Option` represents an optional value: every Option is either `Some` and contains a value, or `None`, and does not. `Option` types are very common in Rust code, as they have a number of uses: +> +> * Initial values +> * Return values for functions that are not defined over their entire input range (partial functions) +> * Return value for otherwise reporting simple errors, where `None` is returned on error +> * Optional struct fields +> * Struct fields that can be loaned or “taken” +> * Optional function arguments +> * Nullable pointers +> * Swapping things out of difficult situations + +and + +> `Result` is the type used for returning and propagating errors. It is an enum with the variants, `Ok(T)`, representing success and containing a value, and `Err(E)`, representing error and containing an error value. + +At first, it seems so easy to just add a quick `.unwrap()` after every `Option` or `Result`, but this comes with +the disadvantage of your code [panicking](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.panic.html) if it fails to unwrap. +Sometimes, this can be useful during development, to discover potential error cases you might not have thought about, but +is usually not what you want to happen. + +So, what can you do instead? + +First of all, don't use `unwrap()` unless you are completely sure that the value will never panic. Sometimes that is the +case, because an earlier part of your code already made sure that it is `Ok` or `Some`. + +In some cases, you actually want the program to panic. But even then, there is a slightly better way. You can use `expect("foo")` +to add a message to the panic, so the user actually knows what went wrong. That message should be worded in a specific way, +basically telling the user what you _expected_ to happen. + +```rust +fn main() { + let x = Some("Hello, World"); + // There is no actual "None" type/value in Rust, + // this "None" is more specifically Option::None + let y: Option = None; + + let z = x.unwrap(); // We explicitly set this to Some, so we can safely unwrap it + let rip = y.expect("expected y to not be None"); + + println!("{}, {} will never print because it panics above", z, rip); +} +``` + +There are also the non-panicking siblings of `unwrap()`, like `unwrap_or()`, `unwrap_or_else()` and `unwrap_or_default()`. + +```rust +fn main() { + let a: Option = None; + let b: Option = None; + let c: Option = None; + + // unwrap_or() lets you supply a specific value to use if the Option is None + let x = a.unwrap_or("Hello there".to_owned()); + + // unwrap_or_default() uses the types default value if the Option is None + let y = b.unwrap_or_default(); + + // unwrap_or_else() lets you specify a closure to run if the Option is None + let z = c.unwrap_or_else(|| if 1 + 1 == 2 { true} else { false }); + + assert_eq!(x, "Hello there".to_owned()); + assert_eq!(y, 0); + assert_eq!(z, true); +} +``` +And then there is this really cool question-mark operator, which comes in very handy once you go multiple functions deep +and keep having to work with more and more `Result`s and `Option`s. The way it works is that, if you have a `None` or an `Error`, +it passes up the handling of this one level higher, by returning out of the function early with a `None` or `Error` value itself. + +Of course, since return types of functions have to be known at compile time, the question-mark operator only works inside +functions that already return `Result` or `Option`. + + +```rust +fn main() { + let x = 5; + let y = 10; + let z = 20; + + match do_something(x, y, z) { + Some(result) => println!("Happy noises, {}", result), + None => println!("Sad noises"), + } +} + +fn do_something(x: i32, y: i32, z: i32) -> Option { + let first_result = do_something_more(x, y)?; + let second_result = do_something_more(first_result, z)?; + + Some(second_result) +} + +fn do_something_more(x: i32, y: i32) -> Option { + Some(x + y) +} +``` + +The advantage of this is that you only have to handle your `None` case exactly once. You don't have to add pattern matching, or +conditionals, or `unwrap()`s all over the place, just a cute little question mark that delegates the handling to some logic +higher up. + +_"But sammy!"_ you say, _"the compiler keeps shouting at me when I use the question mark on Options when my function +returns Result \`<-.\_.->´"_ + +Don't worry my frien! Even this has been considered! + +First of all, why does the compiler get upset? It's because the question-mark operator returns the same type that it's used on, +and `Result` and `Option` are different types. Because of that, I thought I'd have to manually handle `None` cases in all +of my `Result`-returning functions. Until one day, I was reading through some documentation (I know, I know, I'm a nerd who reads +through documentation for fun and not just to find specific things) and discovered [Option::Ok_or()](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/option/enum.Option.html#method.ok_or). + +> Transforms the `Option` into a `Result`, mapping `Some(v)` to `Ok(v)` and `None` to `Err(err)`. + +This was a life-changer to me, and it was just hiding right there in plain sight. Now I can easily turn a `None` where there shouldn't +be a `None` into an `Error` to pass up with my pawesome question-mark operator! + +```rust +fn main() -> Result<(), String> { + let x = function_that_returns_option().ok_or("error message".to_owned())?; + // Instead of: + // let x = function_that_returns_option().unwrap(); + // or any of the other ways to handle None + + assert_eq!(x, ()); + Ok(x) +} + +fn function_that_returns_option() -> Option<()> { + return Some(()); +} +``` + +The last thing I want to mention is both an example specific to `Option`s, and a more general tip about how I discovered this one. +There is this wonderful friend for all Rust developers, called Clippy. No, not the Paperclip from Microsoft Word, but +[A collection of lints to catch common mistakes and improve your Rust code](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/clippy/). +Clippy is automatically installed when you install Rust via `rustup`, and it runs a whole lot of checks against your code +to tell you what you can improve. + +In my case, I had the following piece of code: + +```rust +let insert = ( + tracks::title.eq(match tag.title() { + Some(title) => Some(title.to_string()), + None => None, + }), + tracks::track_number.eq(match tag.track() { + Some(track) => Some(track as i32), + None => None, + }), + tracks::disc_number.eq(match tag.disk() { + Some(track) => Some(track as i32), + None => None, + }), + tracks::path.eq(match path.to_str() { + None => return Err(Error::msg("Could not get path")), + Some(path) => path.to_string(), + }), + tracks::year.eq(match tag.year() { + Some(year) => Some(year as i32), + None => None, + }), + tracks::album_id.eq(match album { + Some(album) => Some(album.id), + None => None, + }), + ); +``` + +This code builds an insert statement for the database holding my music metadata, getting the values from the tags of a file. +The tag fields are all `Option`s, since the tags might be empty. The databse entries are also all `Option`s, (at least on the Rust side, +on the database they are just values marked as possibly being Null). So my intuitive idea to build this was to just go through all the entries, +match the tag, put in `Some(value)` if there is a value, and `None`if there is none. + +It works, it's not wrong, but there is a cleaner and more readable way to do this. And clippy told me right away, I ran it +from my IDE, and it told me: + +> Manual implementation of `Option::map` + +Huh, okay. Let's check the [documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/option/enum.Option.html#method.map) + +> Maps an `Option` to `Option` by applying a function to a contained value. + +So basically exactly what I did with those `match` statements! +My IDE even had a button to just easily fix this automatically with one click: + +```rust +let insert = ( + tracks::title.eq(tag.title().map(|title| title.to_string())), + tracks::track_number.eq(tag.track().map(|track| track as i32)), + tracks::disc_number.eq(tag.disk().map(|track| track as i32)), + tracks::path.eq(match path.to_str() { + None => return Err(Error::msg("Could not get path")), + Some(path) => path.to_string(), + }), + tracks::year.eq(tag.year().map(|year| year as i32)), + tracks::album_id.eq(album.map(|album| album.id)), + ); +``` + +Great, that looks a lot cleaner immediately! +Note how one of the lines was not changed, that's because that one sets a DB value which is `NOT NULL`, thus if the original `Option` is +a `None` it means something went wrong, and we should abort this insert and return with an Error. + +And with that, we're done with my first blogpost about Rust, with hopefully many more to come! +As I said, I am still learning, and writing this is part of my learning process. That being said, if you find this interesting, +learned something from it, etc., feel free to leave me some feedback! I'd love to hear what you think! +And if I made mistakes, please also tell me. I'm always happy to learn more and to fix those mistakes so others can learn from them too. + +Thank you so much for reading 💜 diff --git a/content/index.md b/content/home.md similarity index 95% rename from content/index.md rename to content/home.md index 1ccd54e..d1a9cc1 100644 --- a/content/index.md +++ b/content/home.md @@ -1,5 +1,6 @@ +++ title = "Hello there!" +template = "page.html" +++ {{ image(src="/profile.jpeg", alt="Profile picture", diff --git a/public/404.html b/public/404.html index 1fd0f26..8b42c84 100644 --- a/public/404.html +++ b/public/404.html @@ -65,7 +65,12 @@ diff --git a/public/about/index.html b/public/about/index.html index 5cc0968..6e871c7 100644 --- a/public/about/index.html +++ b/public/about/index.html @@ -111,7 +111,12 @@ all the relevant projects in my
-

© {currentYear} - CherryKitten

Impressum +

© 2023 - CherryKitten


+

Impressum

+   +

RSS

+   + 🐱
diff --git a/public/blog/fediverse-isnt-just-mastodon/index.html b/public/blog/fediverse-isnt-just-mastodon/index.html index aadf907..bace862 100644 --- a/public/blog/fediverse-isnt-just-mastodon/index.html +++ b/public/blog/fediverse-isnt-just-mastodon/index.html @@ -133,6 +133,22 @@ Welcome to the Fediverse 💜.

+ + @@ -140,7 +156,12 @@ Welcome to the Fediverse 💜.

diff --git a/public/blog/index.html b/public/blog/index.html index f739e30..00edb57 100644 --- a/public/blog/index.html +++ b/public/blog/index.html @@ -57,6 +57,59 @@
+

Learning Rust Part 1: A kitten's guide to Options and Results

+
+ + + 2023-02-25 + + +
+ + + + :: tags:  + #Rust  + #programming  + #code  + #learning + + + +
+

To unwrap() or not to unwrap(), that is the question:

+

So I've finally given in and started to learn Rust last month. It's a really cool programming language, +with some interesting differences to what I've used before. (JavaScript and Python, mostly)

+

There are some really pawesome guides out there, "The Rust programming language" is +definitely a must-read in my opinion, and Rustlings is nyamazing for +anyone who likes to learn by actively working through interactive problems.

+

After reading through a lot of those big thorough guides by experienced Rust developers, I've started working on +my first actual Project. I approached the development of this project by just trying to get small parts of it +working in any way I can manage, and then build upon this. In that process, I learned a lot of small subtilties that +guides like the ones named above just can't really cover. This post is for sharing those things, those cool little +tips to make your first Rust project just a little cleaner and more Rust-y. Originally I wanted to make this about a lot +of different topics, but then I've realized that my notes already contain so many things about just one part of Rust: +The Enums Option and Result. So this post will be about those, and hopefully will mark the start of a series on this blog.

+

While reading through this, you might think that the things I'm mentioning are obvious. That's okay, and that's the point. +Nothing is ever completely obvious to everyone, and this is for those like me, who often don't immediately recognize +the "obvious". And, to be honest, I am writing this just as much for myself, writing all of that stuff down to aid me in my +own ongoing learning process.

+

So, let's start!

+ +
+ + + +
+ +
+

The Fediverse is more than just Mastodon

@@ -103,7 +156,12 @@ People have been recommending "Mastodon" as a Twitter alternative for diff --git a/public/blog/rust-1-options-results/index.html b/public/blog/rust-1-options-results/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9a4420a --- /dev/null +++ b/public/blog/rust-1-options-results/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,324 @@ + + + + + Learning Rust Part 1: A kitten's guide to Options and Results | CherryKitten + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ +
+
+ +
+ + + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+ +

Learning Rust Part 1: A kitten's guide to Options and Results

+
+ + + 2023-02-25 + + +
+ + + + :: tags:  + #Rust  + #programming  + #code  + #learning + + + +
+

To unwrap() or not to unwrap(), that is the question:

+

So I've finally given in and started to learn Rust last month. It's a really cool programming language, +with some interesting differences to what I've used before. (JavaScript and Python, mostly)

+

There are some really pawesome guides out there, "The Rust programming language" is +definitely a must-read in my opinion, and Rustlings is nyamazing for +anyone who likes to learn by actively working through interactive problems.

+

After reading through a lot of those big thorough guides by experienced Rust developers, I've started working on +my first actual Project. I approached the development of this project by just trying to get small parts of it +working in any way I can manage, and then build upon this. In that process, I learned a lot of small subtilties that +guides like the ones named above just can't really cover. This post is for sharing those things, those cool little +tips to make your first Rust project just a little cleaner and more Rust-y. Originally I wanted to make this about a lot +of different topics, but then I've realized that my notes already contain so many things about just one part of Rust: +The Enums Option and Result. So this post will be about those, and hopefully will mark the start of a series on this blog.

+

While reading through this, you might think that the things I'm mentioning are obvious. That's okay, and that's the point. +Nothing is ever completely obvious to everyone, and this is for those like me, who often don't immediately recognize +the "obvious". And, to be honest, I am writing this just as much for myself, writing all of that stuff down to aid me in my +own ongoing learning process.

+

So, let's start!

+ +

Firstly, a very quick introduction. Option and Result are part of the Rust standard library. Quoting the official documentation +is probably the easiest way to summarize their purpose:

+
+

Type Option represents an optional value: every Option is either Some and contains a value, or None, and does not. Option types are very common in Rust code, as they have a number of uses:

+
    +
  • Initial values
    • +
  • Return values for functions that are not defined over their entire input range (partial functions)
    • +
  • Return value for otherwise reporting simple errors, where None is returned on error
    • +
  • Optional struct fields
    • +
  • Struct fields that can be loaned or “taken”
    • +
  • Optional function arguments
    • +
  • Nullable pointers
    • +
  • Swapping things out of difficult situations
    • +
+
+

and

+
+

Result<T, E> is the type used for returning and propagating errors. It is an enum with the variants, Ok(T), representing success and containing a value, and Err(E), representing error and containing an error value.

+
+

At first, it seems so easy to just add a quick .unwrap() after every Option or Result, but this comes with +the disadvantage of your code panicking if it fails to unwrap. +Sometimes, this can be useful during development, to discover potential error cases you might not have thought about, but +is usually not what you want to happen.

+

So, what can you do instead?

+

First of all, don't use unwrap() unless you are completely sure that the value will never panic. Sometimes that is the +case, because an earlier part of your code already made sure that it is Ok or Some.

+

In some cases, you actually want the program to panic. But even then, there is a slightly better way. You can use expect("foo") +to add a message to the panic, so the user actually knows what went wrong. That message should be worded in a specific way, +basically telling the user what you expected to happen.

+
fn main() {
+    let x = Some("Hello, World");
+    // There is no actual "None" type/value in Rust,
+    // this "None" is more specifically Option::None
+    let y: Option<String> = None;
+
+    let z = x.unwrap(); // We explicitly set this to Some, so we can safely unwrap it
+    let rip = y.expect("expected y to not be None");
+
+    println!("{}, {} will never print because it panics above", z, rip);
+}
+
+

There are also the non-panicking siblings of unwrap(), like unwrap_or(), unwrap_or_else() and unwrap_or_default().

+
fn main() {
+    let a: Option<String> = None;
+    let b: Option<i32> = None;
+    let c: Option<bool> = None;
+
+    // unwrap_or() lets you supply a specific value to use if the Option is None
+    let x = a.unwrap_or("Hello there".to_owned());
+
+    // unwrap_or_default() uses the types default value if the Option is None
+    let y = b.unwrap_or_default();
+
+    // unwrap_or_else() lets you specify a closure to run if the Option is None
+    let z = c.unwrap_or_else(|| if 1 + 1 == 2 { true} else { false });
+
+    assert_eq!(x, "Hello there".to_owned());
+    assert_eq!(y, 0);
+    assert_eq!(z, true);
+}
+
+

And then there is this really cool question-mark operator, which comes in very handy once you go multiple functions deep +and keep having to work with more and more Results and Options. The way it works is that, if you have a None or an Error, +it passes up the handling of this one level higher, by returning out of the function early with a None or Error value itself.

+

Of course, since return types of functions have to be known at compile time, the question-mark operator only works inside +functions that already return Result or Option.

+
fn main() {
+    let x = 5;
+    let y = 10;
+    let z = 20;
+
+    match do_something(x, y, z) {
+        Some(result) => println!("Happy noises, {}", result),
+        None => println!("Sad noises"),
+    }
+}
+
+fn do_something(x: i32, y: i32, z: i32) -> Option<i32> {
+    let first_result = do_something_more(x, y)?;
+    let second_result = do_something_more(first_result, z)?;
+
+    Some(second_result)
+}
+
+fn do_something_more(x: i32, y: i32) -> Option<i32> {
+    Some(x + y)
+}
+
+

The advantage of this is that you only have to handle your None case exactly once. You don't have to add pattern matching, or +conditionals, or unwrap()s all over the place, just a cute little question mark that delegates the handling to some logic +higher up.

+

"But sammy!" you say, "the compiler keeps shouting at me when I use the question mark on Options when my function +returns Result `<-._.->´"

+

Don't worry my frien! Even this has been considered!

+

First of all, why does the compiler get upset? It's because the question-mark operator returns the same type that it's used on, +and Result and Option are different types. Because of that, I thought I'd have to manually handle None cases in all +of my Result-returning functions. Until one day, I was reading through some documentation (I know, I know, I'm a nerd who reads +through documentation for fun and not just to find specific things) and discovered Option::Ok_or().

+
+

Transforms the Option<T> into a Result<T, E>, mapping Some(v) to Ok(v) and None to Err(err).

+
+

This was a life-changer to me, and it was just hiding right there in plain sight. Now I can easily turn a None where there shouldn't +be a None into an Error to pass up with my pawesome question-mark operator!

+
fn main() -> Result<(), String> {
+    let x = function_that_returns_option().ok_or("error message".to_owned())?;
+    // Instead of:
+    // let x = function_that_returns_option().unwrap();
+    // or any of the other ways to handle None
+
+    assert_eq!(x, ());
+    Ok(x)
+}
+
+fn function_that_returns_option() -> Option<()> {
+    return Some(());
+}
+
+

The last thing I want to mention is both an example specific to Options, and a more general tip about how I discovered this one. +There is this wonderful friend for all Rust developers, called Clippy. No, not the Paperclip from Microsoft Word, but +A collection of lints to catch common mistakes and improve your Rust code. +Clippy is automatically installed when you install Rust via rustup, and it runs a whole lot of checks against your code +to tell you what you can improve.

+

In my case, I had the following piece of code:

+
let insert = (
+            tracks::title.eq(match tag.title() {
+                Some(title) => Some(title.to_string()),
+                None => None,
+            }),
+            tracks::track_number.eq(match tag.track() {
+                Some(track) => Some(track as i32),
+                None => None,
+            }),
+            tracks::disc_number.eq(match tag.disk() {
+                Some(track) => Some(track as i32),
+                None => None,
+            }),
+            tracks::path.eq(match path.to_str() {
+                None => return Err(Error::msg("Could not get path")),
+                Some(path) => path.to_string(),
+            }),
+            tracks::year.eq(match tag.year() {
+                Some(year) => Some(year as i32),
+                None => None,
+            }),
+            tracks::album_id.eq(match album {
+                Some(album) => Some(album.id),
+                None => None,
+            }),
+        );
+
+

This code builds an insert statement for the database holding my music metadata, getting the values from the tags of a file. +The tag fields are all Options, since the tags might be empty. The databse entries are also all Options, (at least on the Rust side, +on the database they are just values marked as possibly being Null). So my intuitive idea to build this was to just go through all the entries, +match the tag, put in Some(value) if there is a value, and Noneif there is none.

+

It works, it's not wrong, but there is a cleaner and more readable way to do this. And clippy told me right away, I ran it +from my IDE, and it told me:

+
+

Manual implementation of Option::map

+
+

Huh, okay. Let's check the documentation

+
+

Maps an Option<T> to Option<U> by applying a function to a contained value.

+
+

So basically exactly what I did with those match statements! +My IDE even had a button to just easily fix this automatically with one click:

+
let insert = (
+            tracks::title.eq(tag.title().map(|title| title.to_string())),
+            tracks::track_number.eq(tag.track().map(|track| track as i32)),
+            tracks::disc_number.eq(tag.disk().map(|track| track as i32)),
+            tracks::path.eq(match path.to_str() {
+                None => return Err(Error::msg("Could not get path")),
+                Some(path) => path.to_string(),
+            }),
+            tracks::year.eq(tag.year().map(|year| year as i32)),
+            tracks::album_id.eq(album.map(|album| album.id)),
+        );
+
+

Great, that looks a lot cleaner immediately! +Note how one of the lines was not changed, that's because that one sets a DB value which is NOT NULL, thus if the original Option is +a None it means something went wrong, and we should abort this insert and return with an Error.

+

And with that, we're done with my first blogpost about Rust, with hopefully many more to come! +As I said, I am still learning, and writing this is part of my learning process. That being said, if you find this interesting, +learned something from it, etc., feel free to leave me some feedback! I'd love to hear what you think! +And if I made mistakes, please also tell me. I'm always happy to learn more and to fix those mistakes so others can learn from them too.

+

Thank you so much for reading 💜

+ +
+ + + + +
+ +
+ + +
+
+

© 2023 - CherryKitten


+

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+   +

RSS

+   + 🐱 +
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+ + + diff --git a/public/buttons.css b/public/buttons.css index c7b9eb7..462f45e 100644 --- a/public/buttons.css +++ b/public/buttons.css @@ -1 +1 @@ -.button-container{display:table;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}button,.button,a.button{position:relative;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;padding:8px 18px;margin-bottom:5px;text-align:center;border-radius:8px;border:1px solid transparent;appearance:none;cursor:pointer;outline:none}button.outline,.button.outline,a.button.outline{background:transparent;box-shadow:none;padding:8px 18px}button.outline :hover,.button.outline :hover,a.button.outline :hover{transform:none;box-shadow:none}button.primary,.button.primary,a.button.primary{box-shadow:0 4px 6px rgba(50,50,93,0.11),0 1px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.08)}button.primary:hover,.button.primary:hover,a.button.primary:hover{box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(50,50,93,0.21),0 1px 3px 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a{position:relative;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;padding:3px 8px;margin-bottom:5px;text-align:center;font-size:13px;font-weight:500;border-radius:8px;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0);appearance:none;cursor:pointer;outline:none} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/public/color/background_blue.css b/public/color/background_blue.css index 7b30d88..084eec8 100644 --- a/public/color/background_blue.css +++ b/public/color/background_blue.css @@ -1 +1 @@ -:root{--background: #1D212C} +:root{--background: #1D212C} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/public/color/background_dark.css b/public/color/background_dark.css index 2c3bd4b..c1b491b 100644 --- a/public/color/background_dark.css +++ b/public/color/background_dark.css @@ -1 +1 @@ -:root{--background: #101010;--color: #A9B7C6} +:root{--background: #101010;--color: #A9B7C6} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/public/color/background_green.css b/public/color/background_green.css index 476031d..de564d5 100644 --- a/public/color/background_green.css +++ b/public/color/background_green.css @@ -1 +1 @@ -:root{--background: #1F222A} +:root{--background: #1F222A} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/public/color/background_orange.css b/public/color/background_orange.css index 07b93a5..8d64140 100644 --- a/public/color/background_orange.css +++ b/public/color/background_orange.css @@ -1 +1 @@ -:root{--background: #222129} +:root{--background: #222129} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/public/color/background_pink.css b/public/color/background_pink.css index 96343b6..17693cb 100644 --- a/public/color/background_pink.css +++ b/public/color/background_pink.css @@ -1 +1 @@ -:root{--background: #21202C} +:root{--background: #21202C} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/public/color/background_red.css b/public/color/background_red.css index 5bf2913..3605399 100644 --- a/public/color/background_red.css +++ b/public/color/background_red.css @@ -1 +1 @@ -:root{--background: #221F29} +:root{--background: #221F29} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/public/color/background_rosepine.css b/public/color/background_rosepine.css index 63a0403..5192332 100644 --- a/public/color/background_rosepine.css +++ b/public/color/background_rosepine.css @@ -1 +1 @@ -:root{--background: #232136;--color: #3e8fb0} +:root{--background: #232136;--color: #3e8fb0} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/public/color/blue.css b/public/color/blue.css index 0bde76a..b5ee951 100644 --- a/public/color/blue.css +++ b/public/color/blue.css @@ -1 +1 @@ -:root{--accent: rgb(35,176,255);--accent-alpha-70: rgba(35,176,255,.7);--accent-alpha-20: rgba(35,176,255,.2);--background: #1D212C;--color: white;--border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1)} +:root{--accent: rgb(35,176,255);--accent-alpha-70: rgba(35,176,255,.7);--accent-alpha-20: rgba(35,176,255,.2);--background: #1D212C;--color: white;--border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1)} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/public/color/green.css b/public/color/green.css index 29967e1..e622015 100644 --- a/public/color/green.css +++ b/public/color/green.css @@ -1 +1 @@ -:root{--accent: rgb(120,226,160);--accent-alpha-70: rgba(120,226,160,.7);--accent-alpha-20: rgba(120,226,160,.2);--background: #1F222A;--color: white;--border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1)} +:root{--accent: rgb(120,226,160);--accent-alpha-70: rgba(120,226,160,.7);--accent-alpha-20: rgba(120,226,160,.2);--background: #1F222A;--color: white;--border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1)} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/public/color/orange.css b/public/color/orange.css index fb20b6c..3f1a992 100644 --- a/public/color/orange.css +++ b/public/color/orange.css @@ -1 +1 @@ -:root{--accent: rgb(255,168,106);--accent-alpha-70: rgba(255,168,106,.7);--accent-alpha-20: rgba(255,168,106,.2);--background: #222129;--color: white;--border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1)} +:root{--accent: rgb(255,168,106);--accent-alpha-70: rgba(255,168,106,.7);--accent-alpha-20: rgba(255,168,106,.2);--background: #222129;--color: white;--border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1)} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/public/color/pink.css b/public/color/pink.css index f0f4b70..f2c4c43 100644 --- a/public/color/pink.css +++ b/public/color/pink.css @@ -1 +1 @@ -:root{--accent: rgb(238,114,241);--accent-alpha-70: rgba(238,114,241,.7);--accent-alpha-20: rgba(238,114,241,.2);--background: #21202C;--color: white;--border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1)} +:root{--accent: rgb(238,114,241);--accent-alpha-70: rgba(238,114,241,.7);--accent-alpha-20: rgba(238,114,241,.2);--background: #21202C;--color: white;--border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1)} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/public/color/red.css b/public/color/red.css index 9c4bff9..3b1e34a 100644 --- a/public/color/red.css +++ b/public/color/red.css @@ -1 +1 @@ -:root{--accent: rgb(255,98,102);--accent-alpha-70: rgba(255,98,102,.7);--accent-alpha-20: rgba(255,98,102,.2);--background: #221F29;--color: white;--border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1)} +:root{--accent: rgb(255,98,102);--accent-alpha-70: rgba(255,98,102,.7);--accent-alpha-20: rgba(255,98,102,.2);--background: #221F29;--color: white;--border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1)} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/public/color/rosepine.css b/public/color/rosepine.css index b04137d..70414ef 100644 --- a/public/color/rosepine.css +++ b/public/color/rosepine.css @@ -1 +1 @@ -:root{--accent: rgb(235, 111, 146);--accent2: rgb(246, 193, 119);--accent3: rgb(62, 143, 176);--accent-alpha-70: rgba(235, 111, 146,.7);--accent-alpha-20: rgba(235, 111, 146,.2);--background: #232136;--color: #e0def4;--border-color: rgba(246, 193, 119, .1)} +:root{--accent: rgb(235, 111, 146);--accent2: rgb(246, 193, 119);--accent3: rgb(62, 143, 176);--accent-alpha-70: rgba(235, 111, 146,.7);--accent-alpha-20: rgba(235, 111, 146,.2);--background: #232136;--color: #e0def4;--border-color: rgba(246, 193, 119, .1)} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/public/contact/index.html b/public/contact/index.html index 9525974..2918e77 100644 --- a/public/contact/index.html +++ b/public/contact/index.html @@ -141,7 +141,12 @@ diff --git a/public/font-hack-subset.css b/public/font-hack-subset.css index 0ce5398..2707279 100644 --- a/public/font-hack-subset.css +++ b/public/font-hack-subset.css @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ /*! * Hack typeface https://github.com/source-foundry/Hack * License: https://github.com/source-foundry/Hack/blob/master/LICENSE.md - */@font-face{font-family:'Hack';src:url("fonts/hack-regular.woff2?sha=3114f1256") format("woff2"),url("fonts/hack-regular.woff?sha=3114f1256") format("woff");font-weight:400;font-style:normal}@font-face{font-family:'Hack';src:url("fonts/hack-bold-subset.woff2?sha=3114f1256") format("woff2"),url("fonts/hack-bold-subset.woff?sha=3114f1256") format("woff");font-weight:700;font-style:normal}@font-face{font-family:'Hack';src:url("fonts/hack-italic-subset.woff2?sha=3114f1256") format("woff2"),url("fonts/hack-italic-webfont.woff?sha=3114f1256") format("woff");font-weight:400;font-style:italic}@font-face{font-family:'Hack';src:url("fonts/hack-bolditalic-subset.woff2?sha=3114f1256") format("woff2"),url("fonts/hack-bolditalic-subset.woff?sha=3114f1256") format("woff");font-weight:700;font-style:italic} + */@font-face{font-family:"Hack";src:url("fonts/hack-regular.woff2?sha=3114f1256") format("woff2"),url("fonts/hack-regular.woff?sha=3114f1256") format("woff");font-weight:400;font-style:normal}@font-face{font-family:"Hack";src:url("fonts/hack-bold-subset.woff2?sha=3114f1256") format("woff2"),url("fonts/hack-bold-subset.woff?sha=3114f1256") format("woff");font-weight:700;font-style:normal}@font-face{font-family:"Hack";src:url("fonts/hack-italic-subset.woff2?sha=3114f1256") 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format("woff");font-weight:700;font-style:normal}@font-face{font-family:'Hack';src:url("fonts/hack-italic.woff2?sha=3114f1256") format("woff2"),url("fonts/hack-italic.woff?sha=3114f1256") format("woff");font-weight:400;font-style:italic}@font-face{font-family:'Hack';src:url("fonts/hack-bolditalic.woff2?sha=3114f1256") format("woff2"),url("fonts/hack-bolditalic.woff?sha=3114f1256") format("woff");font-weight:700;font-style:italic} + */@font-face{font-family:"Hack";src:url("fonts/hack-regular.woff2?sha=3114f1256") format("woff2"),url("fonts/hack-regular.woff?sha=3114f1256") format("woff");font-weight:400;font-style:normal}@font-face{font-family:"Hack";src:url("fonts/hack-bold.woff2?sha=3114f1256") format("woff2"),url("fonts/hack-bold.woff?sha=3114f1256") format("woff");font-weight:700;font-style:normal}@font-face{font-family:"Hack";src:url("fonts/hack-italic.woff2?sha=3114f1256") format("woff2"),url("fonts/hack-italic.woff?sha=3114f1256") format("woff");font-weight:400;font-style:italic}@font-face{font-family:"Hack";src:url("fonts/hack-bolditalic.woff2?sha=3114f1256") format("woff2"),url("fonts/hack-bolditalic.woff?sha=3114f1256") format("woff");font-weight:700;font-style:italic} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/public/footer.css b/public/footer.css index 2d613bd..435ff7b 100644 --- a/public/footer.css +++ b/public/footer.css @@ -1 +1 @@ -.footer{padding:40px 0;flex-grow:0;opacity:.5}.footer__inner{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;margin:0;width:760px;max-width:100%}@media (max-width: 899px){.footer__inner{flex-direction:column}}.footer a{color:inherit}.footer .copyright{display:flex;flex-direction:row;align-items:center;font-size:1rem;color:var(--light-color-secondary)}.footer .copyright--user{margin:auto;text-align:center}.footer .copyright>*:first-child:not(:only-child){margin-right:10px}@media (max-width: 899px){.footer .copyright>*:first-child:not(:only-child){border:none;padding:0;margin:0}}@media (max-width: 899px){.footer .copyright{flex-direction:column;margin-top:10px}}@media (max-width: 899px){.footer .copyright-theme-sep{display:none}}@media (max-width: 899px){.footer .copyright-theme{font-size:0.75rem}} +.footer{padding:40px 0;flex-grow:0;opacity:.5}.footer__inner{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;margin:0;width:760px;max-width:100%}@media (max-width: 899px){.footer__inner{flex-direction:column}}.footer a{color:inherit}.footer .copyright{display:flex;flex-direction:row;align-items:center;font-size:1rem;color:var(--light-color-secondary)}.footer .copyright--user{margin:auto;text-align:center}.footer .copyright>*:first-child:not(:only-child){margin-right:10px}@media (max-width: 899px){.footer .copyright>*:first-child:not(:only-child){border:none;padding:0;margin:0}}@media (max-width: 899px){.footer .copyright{flex-direction:column;margin-top:10px}}@media (max-width: 899px){.footer .copyright-theme-sep{display:none}}@media (max-width: 899px){.footer .copyright-theme{font-size:.75rem}} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/public/header.css b/public/header.css index ba2346b..7cba209 100644 --- a/public/header.css +++ b/public/header.css @@ -1 +1 @@ -.header{display:flex;flex-direction:column;position:relative}.header__inner{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between}.header__logo{display:flex;flex:1}.header__logo:after{content:'';background:repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, var(--accent), var(--accent) 2px, transparent 0, transparent 16px, var(--accent2), var(--accent2) 17px, transparent 0, transparent 32px);display:block;width:100%;right:10px}.header__logo a{flex:0 0 auto;max-width:100%}.header .menu{margin:20px 0}.header .menu__inner{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.header .menu__inner li{color:var(--accent3)}.header .menu__inner li.active{color:var(--accent-alpha-70)}.header .menu__inner li:not(:last-of-type){margin-right:20px;margin-bottom:10px;flex:0 0 auto}.header .menu__sub-inner{position:relative;list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}.header .menu__sub-inner:not(:only-child){margin-left:20px}.header .menu__sub-inner-more{position:absolute;background:var(--background);box-shadow:var(--shadow);color:white;border:2px solid;margin:0;padding:10px;list-style:none;z-index:99;top:35px;left:0}.header .menu__sub-inner-more-trigger{color:var(--accent);user-select:none;cursor:pointer}.header .menu__sub-inner-more li{margin:0;padding:5px;white-space:nowrap} +.header{display:flex;flex-direction:column;position:relative}.header__inner{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between}.header__logo{display:flex;flex:1}.header__logo:after{content:"";background:repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, var(--accent), var(--accent) 2px, rgba(0,0,0,0) 0, rgba(0,0,0,0) 16px, var(--accent2), var(--accent2) 17px, rgba(0,0,0,0) 0, rgba(0,0,0,0) 32px);display:block;width:100%;right:10px}.header__logo a{flex:0 0 auto;max-width:100%}.header .menu{margin:20px 0}.header .menu__inner{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.header .menu__inner li{color:var(--accent3)}.header .menu__inner li.active{color:var(--accent-alpha-70)}.header .menu__inner li:not(:last-of-type){margin-right:20px;margin-bottom:10px;flex:0 0 auto}.header .menu__sub-inner{position:relative;list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}.header .menu__sub-inner:not(:only-child){margin-left:20px}.header .menu__sub-inner-more{position:absolute;background:var(--background);box-shadow:var(--shadow);color:#fff;border:2px solid;margin:0;padding:10px;list-style:none;z-index:99;top:35px;left:0}.header .menu__sub-inner-more-trigger{color:var(--accent);user-select:none;cursor:pointer}.header .menu__sub-inner-more li{margin:0;padding:5px;white-space:nowrap} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/public/content/index.html b/public/home/index.html similarity index 93% rename from public/content/index.html rename to public/home/index.html index 949849f..304c887 100644 --- a/public/content/index.html +++ b/public/home/index.html @@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
-

Hello there!

+

Hello there!

@@ -96,7 +96,12 @@ diff --git a/public/impressum/index.html b/public/impressum/index.html index 3b1a8dc..6b4ecd6 100644 --- a/public/impressum/index.html +++ b/public/impressum/index.html @@ -89,7 +89,12 @@ diff --git a/public/index.html b/public/index.html index 683f732..4300f7c 100644 --- a/public/index.html +++ b/public/index.html @@ -58,7 +58,7 @@
-

Hello there!

+

Hello there!

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Mastodon - Sat, 26 Nov 2022 00:00:00 +0000 - https://cherrykitten.dev/blog/fediverse-isnt-just-mastodon/ - https://cherrykitten.dev/blog/fediverse-isnt-just-mastodon/ - <p>With Twitter in a downwards spiral thanks to some rich guy whose name escapes me breaking everything, the Fediverse has been getting the biggest influx of new users in a very long time. + https://cherrykitten.dev + + Zola + en + + Sat, 25 Feb 2023 00:00:00 +0000 + + Learning Rust Part 1: A kitten's guide to Options and Results + Sat, 25 Feb 2023 00:00:00 +0000 + Unknown + https://cherrykitten.dev/blog/rust-1-options-results/ + https://cherrykitten.dev/blog/rust-1-options-results/ + <h3 id="to-unwrap-or-not-to-unwrap-that-is-the-question">To unwrap() or not to unwrap(), that is the question:</h3> +<p>So I've finally given in and started to learn Rust last month. It's a really cool programming language, +with some interesting differences to what I've used before. (JavaScript and Python, mostly)</p> +<p>There are some really pawesome guides out there, <a href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/">&quot;The Rust programming language&quot;</a> is +definitely a <strong>must-read</strong> in my opinion, and <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings">Rustlings</a> is nyamazing for +anyone who likes to learn by actively working through interactive problems.</p> +<p>After reading through a lot of those big thorough guides by experienced Rust developers, I've started working on +my first actual Project. I approached the development of this project by just trying to get small parts of it +working in any way I can manage, and then build upon this. In that process, I learned a lot of small subtilties that +guides like the ones named above just can't really cover. This post is for sharing those things, those cool little +tips to make your first Rust project just a little cleaner and more Rust-y. Originally I wanted to make this about a lot +of different topics, but then I've realized that my notes already contain so many things about just one part of Rust: +The Enums <code>Option</code> and <code>Result</code>. So this post will be about those, and hopefully will mark the start of a series on this blog.</p> +<p>While reading through this, you might think that the things I'm mentioning are obvious. That's okay, and that's the point. +Nothing is ever completely obvious to everyone, and this is for those like me, who often don't immediately recognize +the &quot;obvious&quot;. And, to be honest, I am writing this just as much for myself, writing all of that stuff down to aid me in my +own ongoing learning process.</p> +<p>So, let's start!</p> + + + + The Fediverse is more than just Mastodon + Sat, 26 Nov 2022 00:00:00 +0000 + Unknown + https://cherrykitten.dev/blog/fediverse-isnt-just-mastodon/ + https://cherrykitten.dev/blog/fediverse-isnt-just-mastodon/ + <p>With Twitter in a downwards spiral thanks to some rich guy whose name escapes me breaking everything, the Fediverse has been getting the biggest influx of new users in a very long time. People have been recommending &quot;Mastodon&quot; as a Twitter alternative for a while now, causing #Mastodon to be the top trending Hashtag on many days.</p> <p>Browsing that hashtag one can find a lot of misconceptions about what Mastodon is, how it works, and what its limitations are. These misconceptions are not just spread by people who dislike Mastodon and try to convince others not to use it, though. They are also perpetuated by people who seem to want to increase the userbase at all cost, regardless of whom it attracts to the Fediverse.</p> - + diff --git a/public/sitemap.xml b/public/sitemap.xml index ab2348a..ec36fc5 100644 --- a/public/sitemap.xml +++ b/public/sitemap.xml @@ -16,11 +16,15 @@ https://cherrykitten.dev/blog/page/1/ + + https://cherrykitten.dev/blog/rust-1-options-results/ + 2023-02-25 + https://cherrykitten.dev/contact/ - https://cherrykitten.dev/content/ + https://cherrykitten.dev/home/ https://cherrykitten.dev/impressum/ @@ -34,13 +38,25 @@ https://cherrykitten.dev/tags/calckey/ + + https://cherrykitten.dev/tags/code/ + https://cherrykitten.dev/tags/fediverse/ + + https://cherrykitten.dev/tags/learning/ + https://cherrykitten.dev/tags/mastodon/ https://cherrykitten.dev/tags/misskey/ + + https://cherrykitten.dev/tags/programming/ + + + https://cherrykitten.dev/tags/rust/ + diff --git a/public/style.css b/public/style.css index aa1ef42..65cc519 100644 --- 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