diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index 837b600e31..aeba3c44d1 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ After you have ensured this site is distributing its content legally, you can fo
     $ hatch fmt --check
     ```
 
-    You can use `hatch fmt` to automatically fix problems.
+    You can use `hatch fmt` to automatically fix problems. Rules that the linter/formatter enforces should not be disabled with `# noqa` unless a maintainer requests it. The only exception allowed is for old/printf-style string formatting in GraphQL query templates (use `# noqa: UP031`).
 
 1. Make sure your code works under all [Python](https://www.python.org/) versions supported by yt-dlp, namely CPython and PyPy for Python 3.8 and above. Backward compatibility is not required for even older versions of Python.
 1. When the tests pass, [add](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-add) the new files, [commit](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-commit) them and [push](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-push) the result, like this:
diff --git a/bundle/py2exe.py b/bundle/py2exe.py
index 5fbe55e465..5b7f4883bc 100755
--- a/bundle/py2exe.py
+++ b/bundle/py2exe.py
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ def main():
                 'Cryptodome',
                 # requests >=2.32.0 breaks py2exe builds due to certifi dependency
                 'requests',
-                'urllib3'
+                'urllib3',
             ],
             'dll_excludes': ['w9xpopen.exe', 'crypt32.dll'],
             # Modules that are only imported dynamically must be added here
diff --git a/bundle/pyinstaller.py b/bundle/pyinstaller.py
index db9dbfde51..4184c4bc9f 100755
--- a/bundle/pyinstaller.py
+++ b/bundle/pyinstaller.py
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ def exe(onedir):
         'dist/',
         onedir and f'{name}/',
         name,
-        OS_NAME == 'win32' and '.exe'
+        OS_NAME == 'win32' and '.exe',
     )))
 
 
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ def windows_set_version(exe, version):
         ),
         kids=[
             StringFileInfo([StringTable('040904B0', [
-                StringStruct('Comments', 'yt-dlp%s Command Line Interface' % suffix),
+                StringStruct('Comments', f'yt-dlp{suffix} Command Line Interface'),
                 StringStruct('CompanyName', 'https://github.com/yt-dlp'),
                 StringStruct('FileDescription', 'yt-dlp%s' % (MACHINE and f' ({MACHINE})')),
                 StringStruct('FileVersion', version),
@@ -123,8 +123,8 @@ def windows_set_version(exe, version):
                 StringStruct('ProductName', f'yt-dlp{suffix}'),
                 StringStruct(
                     'ProductVersion', f'{version}{suffix} on Python {platform.python_version()}'),
-            ])]), VarFileInfo([VarStruct('Translation', [0, 1200])])
-        ]
+            ])]), VarFileInfo([VarStruct('Translation', [0, 1200])]),
+        ],
     ))
 
 
diff --git a/devscripts/bash-completion.py b/devscripts/bash-completion.py
index 9b4a9d4e2f..3918ebde86 100755
--- a/devscripts/bash-completion.py
+++ b/devscripts/bash-completion.py
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 
 import yt_dlp
 
-BASH_COMPLETION_FILE = "completions/bash/yt-dlp"
-BASH_COMPLETION_TEMPLATE = "devscripts/bash-completion.in"
+BASH_COMPLETION_FILE = 'completions/bash/yt-dlp'
+BASH_COMPLETION_TEMPLATE = 'devscripts/bash-completion.in'
 
 
 def build_completion(opt_parser):
@@ -21,9 +21,9 @@ def build_completion(opt_parser):
             opts_flag.append(option.get_opt_string())
     with open(BASH_COMPLETION_TEMPLATE) as f:
         template = f.read()
-    with open(BASH_COMPLETION_FILE, "w") as f:
+    with open(BASH_COMPLETION_FILE, 'w') as f:
         # just using the special char
-        filled_template = template.replace("{{flags}}", " ".join(opts_flag))
+        filled_template = template.replace('{{flags}}', ' '.join(opts_flag))
         f.write(filled_template)
 
 
diff --git a/devscripts/make_changelog.py b/devscripts/make_changelog.py
index 8e199e7d0e..00634fb911 100644
--- a/devscripts/make_changelog.py
+++ b/devscripts/make_changelog.py
@@ -223,10 +223,10 @@ class Changelog:
 
         return message if not sep else f'{message}{sep}{rest}'
 
-    def _format_message_link(self, message, hash):
-        assert message or hash, 'Improperly defined commit message or override'
-        message = message if message else hash[:HASH_LENGTH]
-        return f'[{message}]({self.repo_url}/commit/{hash})' if hash else message
+    def _format_message_link(self, message, commit_hash):
+        assert message or commit_hash, 'Improperly defined commit message or override'
+        message = message if message else commit_hash[:HASH_LENGTH]
+        return f'[{message}]({self.repo_url}/commit/{commit_hash})' if commit_hash else message
 
     def _format_issues(self, issues):
         return ', '.join(f'[#{issue}]({self.repo_url}/issues/{issue})' for issue in issues)
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ class CommitRange:
                 logger.info(f'CHANGE {self._commits[commit.hash]} -> {commit}')
                 self._commits[commit.hash] = commit
 
-        self._commits = {key: value for key, value in reversed(self._commits.items())}
+        self._commits = dict(reversed(self._commits.items()))
 
     def groups(self):
         group_dict = defaultdict(list)
diff --git a/devscripts/make_readme.py b/devscripts/make_readme.py
index 2270b31d3b..cbb5859aa1 100755
--- a/devscripts/make_readme.py
+++ b/devscripts/make_readme.py
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ PATCHES = (
     ),
     (   # Headings
         r'(?m)^  (\w.+\n)(    (?=\w))?',
-        r'## \1'
+        r'## \1',
     ),
     (   # Fixup `--date` formatting
         rf'(?m)(    --date DATE.+({delim}[^\[]+)*)\[.+({delim}.+)*$',
@@ -61,26 +61,26 @@ PATCHES = (
     ),
     (   # Do not split URLs
         rf'({delim[:-1]})? (?P<label>\[\S+\] )?(?P<url>https?({delim})?:({delim})?/({delim})?/(({delim})?\S+)+)\s',
-        lambda mobj: ''.join((delim, mobj.group('label') or '', re.sub(r'\s+', '', mobj.group('url')), '\n'))
+        lambda mobj: ''.join((delim, mobj.group('label') or '', re.sub(r'\s+', '', mobj.group('url')), '\n')),
     ),
     (   # Do not split "words"
         rf'(?m)({delim}\S+)+$',
-        lambda mobj: ''.join((delim, mobj.group(0).replace(delim, '')))
+        lambda mobj: ''.join((delim, mobj.group(0).replace(delim, ''))),
     ),
     (   # Allow overshooting last line
         rf'(?m)^(?P<prev>.+)${delim}(?P<current>.+)$(?!{delim})',
         lambda mobj: (mobj.group().replace(delim, ' ')
                       if len(mobj.group()) - len(delim) + 1 <= max_width + ALLOWED_OVERSHOOT
-                      else mobj.group())
+                      else mobj.group()),
     ),
     (   # Avoid newline when a space is available b/w switch and description
         DISABLE_PATCH,  # This creates issues with prepare_manpage
         r'(?m)^(\s{4}-.{%d})(%s)' % (switch_col_width - 6, delim),
-        r'\1 '
+        r'\1 ',
     ),
     (   # Replace brackets with a Markdown link
         r'SponsorBlock API \((http.+)\)',
-        r'[SponsorBlock API](\1)'
+        r'[SponsorBlock API](\1)',
     ),
 )
 
diff --git a/devscripts/set-variant.py b/devscripts/set-variant.py
index 10341e7444..24ce4552d5 100644
--- a/devscripts/set-variant.py
+++ b/devscripts/set-variant.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ def property_setter(name, value):
 opts = parse_options()
 transform = compose_functions(
     property_setter('VARIANT', opts.variant),
-    property_setter('UPDATE_HINT', opts.update_message)
+    property_setter('UPDATE_HINT', opts.update_message),
 )
 
 write_file(VERSION_FILE, transform(read_file(VERSION_FILE)))
diff --git a/devscripts/update-version.py b/devscripts/update-version.py
index 07a0717458..2018ba8440 100644
--- a/devscripts/update-version.py
+++ b/devscripts/update-version.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ def get_new_version(version, revision):
     else:
         old_version = read_version().split('.')
         if version.split('.') == old_version[:3]:
-            revision = str(int((old_version + [0])[3]) + 1)
+            revision = str(int(([*old_version, 0])[3]) + 1)
 
     return f'{version}.{revision}' if revision else version
 
diff --git a/devscripts/zsh-completion.py b/devscripts/zsh-completion.py
index 267af5f6ec..8e190c00cb 100755
--- a/devscripts/zsh-completion.py
+++ b/devscripts/zsh-completion.py
@@ -9,15 +9,15 @@ sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 
 import yt_dlp
 
-ZSH_COMPLETION_FILE = "completions/zsh/_yt-dlp"
-ZSH_COMPLETION_TEMPLATE = "devscripts/zsh-completion.in"
+ZSH_COMPLETION_FILE = 'completions/zsh/_yt-dlp'
+ZSH_COMPLETION_TEMPLATE = 'devscripts/zsh-completion.in'
 
 
 def build_completion(opt_parser):
     opts = [opt for group in opt_parser.option_groups
             for opt in group.option_list]
-    opts_file = [opt for opt in opts if opt.metavar == "FILE"]
-    opts_dir = [opt for opt in opts if opt.metavar == "DIR"]
+    opts_file = [opt for opt in opts if opt.metavar == 'FILE']
+    opts_dir = [opt for opt in opts if opt.metavar == 'DIR']
 
     fileopts = []
     for opt in opts_file:
@@ -38,11 +38,11 @@ def build_completion(opt_parser):
     with open(ZSH_COMPLETION_TEMPLATE) as f:
         template = f.read()
 
-    template = template.replace("{{fileopts}}", "|".join(fileopts))
-    template = template.replace("{{diropts}}", "|".join(diropts))
-    template = template.replace("{{flags}}", " ".join(flags))
+    template = template.replace('{{fileopts}}', '|'.join(fileopts))
+    template = template.replace('{{diropts}}', '|'.join(diropts))
+    template = template.replace('{{flags}}', ' '.join(flags))
 
-    with open(ZSH_COMPLETION_FILE, "w") as f:
+    with open(ZSH_COMPLETION_FILE, 'w') as f:
         f.write(template)
 
 
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index da6403ec7c..01162b794c 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -183,21 +183,84 @@ line-length = 120
 
 [tool.ruff.lint]
 ignore = [
-    "E402",  # module level import not at top of file
-    "E501",  # line too long
-    "E731",  # do not assign a lambda expression, use a def
-    "E741",  # ambiguous variable name
+    "E402",    # module-import-not-at-top-of-file
+    "E501",    # line-too-long
+    "E731",    # lambda-assignment
+    "E741",    # ambiguous-variable-name
+    "UP036",   # outdated-version-block
+    "B006",    # mutable-argument-default
+    "B008",    # function-call-in-default-argument
+    "B011",    # assert-false
+    "B017",    # assert-raises-exception
+    "B023",    # function-uses-loop-variable (false positives)
+    "B028",    # no-explicit-stacklevel
+    "B904",    # raise-without-from-inside-except
+    "C401",    # unnecessary-generator-set
+    "C402",    # unnecessary-generator-dict
+    "PIE790",  # unnecessary-placeholder
+    "SIM102",  # collapsible-if
+    "SIM108",  # if-else-block-instead-of-if-exp
+    "SIM112",  # uncapitalized-environment-variables
+    "SIM113",  # enumerate-for-loop
+    "SIM114",  # if-with-same-arms
+    "SIM115",  # open-file-with-context-handler
+    "SIM117",  # multiple-with-statements
+    "SIM223",  # expr-and-false
+    "SIM300",  # yoda-conditions
+    "TD001",   # invalid-todo-tag
+    "TD002",   # missing-todo-author
+    "TD003",   # missing-todo-link
+    "PLE0604", # invalid-all-object (false positives)
+    "PLW0603", # global-statement
+    "PLW1510", # subprocess-run-without-check
+    "PLW2901", # redefined-loop-name
+    "RUF001",  # ambiguous-unicode-character-string
+    "RUF012",  # mutable-class-default
+    "RUF100",  # unused-noqa (flake8 has slightly different behavior)
 ]
 select = [
-    "E",  # pycodestyle errors
-    "W",  # pycodestyle warnings
-    "F",  # pyflakes
-    "I",  # import order
+    "E",      # pycodestyle Error
+    "W",      # pycodestyle Warning
+    "F",      # Pyflakes
+    "I",      # isort
+    "Q",      # flake8-quotes
+    "N803",   # invalid-argument-name
+    "N804",   # invalid-first-argument-name-for-class-method
+    "UP",     # pyupgrade
+    "B",      # flake8-bugbear
+    "A",      # flake8-builtins
+    "COM",    # flake8-commas
+    "C4",     # flake8-comprehensions
+    "FA",     # flake8-future-annotations
+    "ISC",    # flake8-implicit-str-concat
+    "ICN003", # banned-import-from
+    "PIE",    # flake8-pie
+    "T20",    # flake8-print
+    "RSE",    # flake8-raise
+    "RET504", # unnecessary-assign
+    "SIM",    # flake8-simplify
+    "TID251", # banned-api
+    "TD",     # flake8-todos
+    "PLC",    # Pylint Convention
+    "PLE",    # Pylint Error
+    "PLW",    # Pylint Warning
+    "RUF",    # Ruff-specific rules
 ]
 
 [tool.ruff.lint.per-file-ignores]
-"devscripts/lazy_load_template.py" = ["F401"]
-"!yt_dlp/extractor/**.py" = ["I"]
+"devscripts/lazy_load_template.py" = [
+    "F401",   # unused-import
+]
+"!yt_dlp/extractor/**.py" = [
+    "I",      # isort
+    "ICN003", # banned-import-from
+    "T20",    # flake8-print
+    "A002",   # builtin-argument-shadowing
+    "C408",   # unnecessary-collection-call
+]
+"yt_dlp/jsinterp.py" = [
+    "UP031",  # printf-string-formatting
+]
 
 [tool.ruff.lint.isort]
 known-first-party = [
@@ -207,6 +270,50 @@ known-first-party = [
 ]
 relative-imports-order = "closest-to-furthest"
 
+[tool.ruff.lint.flake8-quotes]
+docstring-quotes = "double"
+multiline-quotes = "single"
+inline-quotes = "single"
+avoid-escape = false
+
+[tool.ruff.lint.pep8-naming]
+classmethod-decorators = [
+    "yt_dlp.utils.classproperty",
+]
+
+[tool.ruff.lint.flake8-import-conventions]
+banned-from = [
+    "base64",
+    "datetime",
+    "functools",
+    "glob",
+    "hashlib",
+    "itertools",
+    "json",
+    "math",
+    "os",
+    "pathlib",
+    "random",
+    "re",
+    "string",
+    "sys",
+    "time",
+    "urllib",
+    "uuid",
+    "xml",
+]
+
+[tool.ruff.lint.flake8-tidy-imports.banned-api]
+"yt_dlp.compat.compat_str".msg = "Use `str` instead."
+"yt_dlp.compat.compat_b64decode".msg = "Use `base64.b64decode` instead."
+"yt_dlp.compat.compat_urlparse".msg = "Use `urllib.parse` instead."
+"yt_dlp.compat.compat_parse_qs".msg = "Use `urllib.parse.parse_qs` instead."
+"yt_dlp.compat.compat_urllib_parse_unquote".msg = "Use `urllib.parse.unquote` instead."
+"yt_dlp.compat.compat_urllib_parse_urlencode".msg = "Use `urllib.parse.urlencode` instead."
+"yt_dlp.compat.compat_urllib_parse_urlparse".msg = "Use `urllib.parse.urlparse` instead."
+"yt_dlp.compat.compat_shlex_quote".msg = "Use `yt_dlp.utils.shell_quote` instead."
+"yt_dlp.utils.error_to_compat_str".msg = "Use `str` instead."
+
 [tool.autopep8]
 max_line_length = 120
 recursive = true
diff --git a/test/conftest.py b/test/conftest.py
index decd2c85c8..a8b92f811e 100644
--- a/test/conftest.py
+++ b/test/conftest.py
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ def handler(request):
     class HandlerWrapper(handler):
         RH_KEY = handler.RH_KEY
 
-        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-            super().__init__(logger=FakeLogger, *args, **kwargs)
+        def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+            super().__init__(logger=FakeLogger, **kwargs)
 
     return HandlerWrapper
 
@@ -54,11 +54,11 @@ def skip_handlers_if(request, handler):
 
 def pytest_configure(config):
     config.addinivalue_line(
-        "markers", "skip_handler(handler): skip test for the given handler",
+        'markers', 'skip_handler(handler): skip test for the given handler',
     )
     config.addinivalue_line(
-        "markers", "skip_handler_if(handler): skip test for the given handler if condition is true"
+        'markers', 'skip_handler_if(handler): skip test for the given handler if condition is true',
     )
     config.addinivalue_line(
-        "markers", "skip_handlers_if(handler): skip test for handlers when the condition is true"
+        'markers', 'skip_handlers_if(handler): skip test for handlers when the condition is true',
     )
diff --git a/test/helper.py b/test/helper.py
index e7473120d1..3b550d1927 100644
--- a/test/helper.py
+++ b/test/helper.py
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ if 'pytest' in sys.modules:
     import pytest
     is_download_test = pytest.mark.download
 else:
-    def is_download_test(testClass):
-        return testClass
+    def is_download_test(test_class):
+        return test_class
 
 
 def get_params(override=None):
@@ -45,10 +45,10 @@ def try_rm(filename):
 
 
 def report_warning(message, *args, **kwargs):
-    '''
+    """
     Print the message to stderr, it will be prefixed with 'WARNING:'
     If stderr is a tty file the 'WARNING:' will be colored
-    '''
+    """
     if sys.stderr.isatty() and compat_os_name != 'nt':
         _msg_header = '\033[0;33mWARNING:\033[0m'
     else:
@@ -138,15 +138,14 @@ def expect_value(self, got, expected, field):
     elif isinstance(expected, list) and isinstance(got, list):
         self.assertEqual(
             len(expected), len(got),
-            'Expect a list of length %d, but got a list of length %d for field %s' % (
-                len(expected), len(got), field))
+            f'Expect a list of length {len(expected)}, but got a list of length {len(got)} for field {field}')
         for index, (item_got, item_expected) in enumerate(zip(got, expected)):
             type_got = type(item_got)
             type_expected = type(item_expected)
             self.assertEqual(
                 type_expected, type_got,
-                'Type mismatch for list item at index %d for field %s, expected %r, got %r' % (
-                    index, field, type_expected, type_got))
+                f'Type mismatch for list item at index {index} for field {field}, '
+                f'expected {type_expected!r}, got {type_got!r}')
             expect_value(self, item_got, item_expected, field)
     else:
         if isinstance(expected, str) and expected.startswith('md5:'):
@@ -224,7 +223,7 @@ def sanitize_got_info_dict(got_dict):
         test_info_dict.pop('display_id')
 
     # Remove deprecated fields
-    for old in YoutubeDL._deprecated_multivalue_fields.keys():
+    for old in YoutubeDL._deprecated_multivalue_fields:
         test_info_dict.pop(old, None)
 
     # release_year may be generated from release_date
@@ -246,11 +245,11 @@ def expect_info_dict(self, got_dict, expected_dict):
         if expected_dict.get('ext'):
             mandatory_fields.extend(('url', 'ext'))
         for key in mandatory_fields:
-            self.assertTrue(got_dict.get(key), 'Missing mandatory field %s' % key)
+            self.assertTrue(got_dict.get(key), f'Missing mandatory field {key}')
     # Check for mandatory fields that are automatically set by YoutubeDL
     if got_dict.get('_type', 'video') == 'video':
         for key in ['webpage_url', 'extractor', 'extractor_key']:
-            self.assertTrue(got_dict.get(key), 'Missing field: %s' % key)
+            self.assertTrue(got_dict.get(key), f'Missing field: {key}')
 
     test_info_dict = sanitize_got_info_dict(got_dict)
 
@@ -258,7 +257,7 @@ def expect_info_dict(self, got_dict, expected_dict):
     if missing_keys:
         def _repr(v):
             if isinstance(v, str):
-                return "'%s'" % v.replace('\\', '\\\\').replace("'", "\\'").replace('\n', '\\n')
+                return "'{}'".format(v.replace('\\', '\\\\').replace("'", "\\'").replace('\n', '\\n'))
             elif isinstance(v, type):
                 return v.__name__
             else:
@@ -275,8 +274,7 @@ def expect_info_dict(self, got_dict, expected_dict):
         write_string(info_dict_str.replace('\n', '\n        '), out=sys.stderr)
         self.assertFalse(
             missing_keys,
-            'Missing keys in test definition: %s' % (
-                ', '.join(sorted(missing_keys))))
+            'Missing keys in test definition: {}'.format(', '.join(sorted(missing_keys))))
 
 
 def assertRegexpMatches(self, text, regexp, msg=None):
@@ -285,9 +283,9 @@ def assertRegexpMatches(self, text, regexp, msg=None):
     else:
         m = re.match(regexp, text)
         if not m:
-            note = 'Regexp didn\'t match: %r not found' % (regexp)
+            note = f'Regexp didn\'t match: {regexp!r} not found'
             if len(text) < 1000:
-                note += ' in %r' % text
+                note += f' in {text!r}'
             if msg is None:
                 msg = note
             else:
@@ -310,7 +308,7 @@ def assertLessEqual(self, got, expected, msg=None):
 
 
 def assertEqual(self, got, expected, msg=None):
-    if not (got == expected):
+    if got != expected:
         if msg is None:
             msg = f'{got!r} not equal to {expected!r}'
         self.assertTrue(got == expected, msg)
diff --git a/test/test_InfoExtractor.py b/test/test_InfoExtractor.py
index 744587e45b..31e8f82448 100644
--- a/test/test_InfoExtractor.py
+++ b/test/test_InfoExtractor.py
@@ -262,19 +262,19 @@ class TestInfoExtractor(unittest.TestCase):
                 ''',
                 {
                     'chapters': [
-                        {"title": "Explosie Turnhout", "start_time": 70, "end_time": 440},
-                        {"title": "Jaarwisseling", "start_time": 440, "end_time": 1179},
-                        {"title": "Natuurbranden Colorado", "start_time": 1179, "end_time": 1263},
-                        {"title": "Klimaatverandering", "start_time": 1263, "end_time": 1367},
-                        {"title": "Zacht weer", "start_time": 1367, "end_time": 1383},
-                        {"title": "Financiële balans", "start_time": 1383, "end_time": 1484},
-                        {"title": "Club Brugge", "start_time": 1484, "end_time": 1575},
-                        {"title": "Mentale gezondheid bij topsporters", "start_time": 1575, "end_time": 1728},
-                        {"title": "Olympische Winterspelen", "start_time": 1728, "end_time": 1873},
-                        {"title": "Sober oudjaar in Nederland", "start_time": 1873, "end_time": 2079.23}
+                        {'title': 'Explosie Turnhout', 'start_time': 70, 'end_time': 440},
+                        {'title': 'Jaarwisseling', 'start_time': 440, 'end_time': 1179},
+                        {'title': 'Natuurbranden Colorado', 'start_time': 1179, 'end_time': 1263},
+                        {'title': 'Klimaatverandering', 'start_time': 1263, 'end_time': 1367},
+                        {'title': 'Zacht weer', 'start_time': 1367, 'end_time': 1383},
+                        {'title': 'Financiële balans', 'start_time': 1383, 'end_time': 1484},
+                        {'title': 'Club Brugge', 'start_time': 1484, 'end_time': 1575},
+                        {'title': 'Mentale gezondheid bij topsporters', 'start_time': 1575, 'end_time': 1728},
+                        {'title': 'Olympische Winterspelen', 'start_time': 1728, 'end_time': 1873},
+                        {'title': 'Sober oudjaar in Nederland', 'start_time': 1873, 'end_time': 2079.23},
                     ],
-                    'title': 'Het journaal - Aflevering 365 (Seizoen 2021)'
-                }, {}
+                    'title': 'Het journaal - Aflevering 365 (Seizoen 2021)',
+                }, {},
             ),
             (
                 # test multiple thumbnails in a list
@@ -301,13 +301,13 @@ class TestInfoExtractor(unittest.TestCase):
                     'thumbnails': [{'url': 'https://www.rainews.it/cropgd/640x360/dl/img/2021/12/30/1640886376927_GettyImages.jpg'}],
                 },
                 {},
-            )
+            ),
         ]
         for html, expected_dict, search_json_ld_kwargs in _TESTS:
             expect_dict(
                 self,
                 self.ie._search_json_ld(html, None, **search_json_ld_kwargs),
-                expected_dict
+                expected_dict,
             )
 
     def test_download_json(self):
@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ class TestInfoExtractor(unittest.TestCase):
                     'height': 740,
                     'tbr': 1500,
                 }],
-                'thumbnail': '//pics.r18.com/digital/amateur/mgmr105/mgmr105jp.jpg'
+                'thumbnail': '//pics.r18.com/digital/amateur/mgmr105/mgmr105jp.jpg',
             })
 
         # from https://www.csfd.cz/
@@ -419,9 +419,9 @@ class TestInfoExtractor(unittest.TestCase):
                     'height': 1080,
                 }],
                 'subtitles': {
-                    'cs': [{'url': 'https://video.csfd.cz/files/subtitles/163/344/163344115_4c388b.srt'}]
+                    'cs': [{'url': 'https://video.csfd.cz/files/subtitles/163/344/163344115_4c388b.srt'}],
                 },
-                'thumbnail': 'https://img.csfd.cz/files/images/film/video/preview/163/344/163344118_748d20.png?h360'
+                'thumbnail': 'https://img.csfd.cz/files/images/film/video/preview/163/344/163344118_748d20.png?h360',
             })
 
         # from https://tamasha.com/v/Kkdjw
@@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ class TestInfoExtractor(unittest.TestCase):
                     'ext': 'mp4',
                     'format_id': '144p',
                     'height': 144,
-                }]
+                }],
             })
 
         # from https://www.directvnow.com
@@ -470,7 +470,7 @@ class TestInfoExtractor(unittest.TestCase):
                 'formats': [{
                     'ext': 'mp4',
                     'url': 'https://cdn.directv.com/content/dam/dtv/prod/website_directvnow-international/videos/DTVN_hdr_HBO_v3.mp4',
-                }]
+                }],
             })
 
         # from https://www.directvnow.com
@@ -488,7 +488,7 @@ class TestInfoExtractor(unittest.TestCase):
                 'formats': [{
                     'url': 'https://cdn.directv.com/content/dam/dtv/prod/website_directvnow-international/videos/DTVN_hdr_HBO_v3.mp4',
                     'ext': 'mp4',
-                }]
+                }],
             })
 
         # from https://www.klarna.com/uk/
@@ -547,8 +547,8 @@ class TestInfoExtractor(unittest.TestCase):
                 'id': 'XEgvuql4',
                 'formats': [{
                     'url': 'rtmp://192.138.214.154/live/sjclive',
-                    'ext': 'flv'
-                }]
+                    'ext': 'flv',
+                }],
             })
 
         # from https://www.pornoxo.com/videos/7564/striptease-from-sexy-secretary/
@@ -588,8 +588,8 @@ class TestInfoExtractor(unittest.TestCase):
                 'thumbnail': 'https://t03.vipstreamservice.com/thumbs/pxo-full/2009-12/14/a4b2157147afe5efa93ce1978e0265289c193874e02597.flv-full-13.jpg',
                 'formats': [{
                     'url': 'https://cdn.pornoxo.com/key=MF+oEbaxqTKb50P-w9G3nA,end=1489689259,ip=104.199.146.27/ip=104.199.146.27/speed=6573765/buffer=3.0/2009-12/4b2157147afe5efa93ce1978e0265289c193874e02597.flv',
-                    'ext': 'flv'
-                }]
+                    'ext': 'flv',
+                }],
             })
 
         # from http://www.indiedb.com/games/king-machine/videos
@@ -610,12 +610,12 @@ jwplayer("mediaplayer").setup({"abouttext":"Visit Indie DB","aboutlink":"http:\/
                 'formats': [{
                     'url': 'http://cdn.dbolical.com/cache/videos/games/1/50/49678/encode_mp4/king-machine-trailer.mp4',
                     'height': 360,
-                    'ext': 'mp4'
+                    'ext': 'mp4',
                 }, {
                     'url': 'http://cdn.dbolical.com/cache/videos/games/1/50/49678/encode720p_mp4/king-machine-trailer.mp4',
                     'height': 720,
-                    'ext': 'mp4'
-                }]
+                    'ext': 'mp4',
+                }],
             })
 
     def test_parse_m3u8_formats(self):
@@ -866,7 +866,7 @@ jwplayer("mediaplayer").setup({"abouttext":"Visit Indie DB","aboutlink":"http:\/
                     'height': 1080,
                     'vcodec': 'avc1.64002a',
                 }],
-                {}
+                {},
             ),
             (
                 'bipbop_16x9',
@@ -990,45 +990,45 @@ jwplayer("mediaplayer").setup({"abouttext":"Visit Indie DB","aboutlink":"http:\/
                     'en': [{
                         'url': 'https://devstreaming-cdn.apple.com/videos/streaming/examples/bipbop_16x9/subtitles/eng/prog_index.m3u8',
                         'ext': 'vtt',
-                        'protocol': 'm3u8_native'
+                        'protocol': 'm3u8_native',
                     }, {
                         'url': 'https://devstreaming-cdn.apple.com/videos/streaming/examples/bipbop_16x9/subtitles/eng_forced/prog_index.m3u8',
                         'ext': 'vtt',
-                        'protocol': 'm3u8_native'
+                        'protocol': 'm3u8_native',
                     }],
                     'fr': [{
                         'url': 'https://devstreaming-cdn.apple.com/videos/streaming/examples/bipbop_16x9/subtitles/fra/prog_index.m3u8',
                         'ext': 'vtt',
-                        'protocol': 'm3u8_native'
+                        'protocol': 'm3u8_native',
                     }, {
                         'url': 'https://devstreaming-cdn.apple.com/videos/streaming/examples/bipbop_16x9/subtitles/fra_forced/prog_index.m3u8',
                         'ext': 'vtt',
-                        'protocol': 'm3u8_native'
+                        'protocol': 'm3u8_native',
                     }],
                     'es': [{
                         'url': 'https://devstreaming-cdn.apple.com/videos/streaming/examples/bipbop_16x9/subtitles/spa/prog_index.m3u8',
                         'ext': 'vtt',
-                        'protocol': 'm3u8_native'
+                        'protocol': 'm3u8_native',
                     }, {
                         'url': 'https://devstreaming-cdn.apple.com/videos/streaming/examples/bipbop_16x9/subtitles/spa_forced/prog_index.m3u8',
                         'ext': 'vtt',
-                        'protocol': 'm3u8_native'
+                        'protocol': 'm3u8_native',
                     }],
                     'ja': [{
                         'url': 'https://devstreaming-cdn.apple.com/videos/streaming/examples/bipbop_16x9/subtitles/jpn/prog_index.m3u8',
                         'ext': 'vtt',
-                        'protocol': 'm3u8_native'
+                        'protocol': 'm3u8_native',
                     }, {
                         'url': 'https://devstreaming-cdn.apple.com/videos/streaming/examples/bipbop_16x9/subtitles/jpn_forced/prog_index.m3u8',
                         'ext': 'vtt',
-                        'protocol': 'm3u8_native'
+                        'protocol': 'm3u8_native',
                     }],
-                }
+                },
             ),
         ]
 
         for m3u8_file, m3u8_url, expected_formats, expected_subs in _TEST_CASES:
-            with open('./test/testdata/m3u8/%s.m3u8' % m3u8_file, encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            with open(f'./test/testdata/m3u8/{m3u8_file}.m3u8', encoding='utf-8') as f:
                 formats, subs = self.ie._parse_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
                     f.read(), m3u8_url, ext='mp4')
                 self.ie._sort_formats(formats)
@@ -1366,14 +1366,14 @@ jwplayer("mediaplayer").setup({"abouttext":"Visit Indie DB","aboutlink":"http:\/
                             'url': 'https://sdn-global-streaming-cache-3qsdn.akamaized.net/stream/3144/files/17/07/672975/3144-kZT4LWMQw6Rh7Kpd.ism/manifest.mpd',
                             'fragment_base_url': 'https://sdn-global-streaming-cache-3qsdn.akamaized.net/stream/3144/files/17/07/672975/3144-kZT4LWMQw6Rh7Kpd.ism/dash/',
                             'protocol': 'http_dash_segments',
-                        }
-                    ]
+                        },
+                    ],
                 },
-            )
+            ),
         ]
 
         for mpd_file, mpd_url, mpd_base_url, expected_formats, expected_subtitles in _TEST_CASES:
-            with open('./test/testdata/mpd/%s.mpd' % mpd_file, encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            with open(f'./test/testdata/mpd/{mpd_file}.mpd', encoding='utf-8') as f:
                 formats, subtitles = self.ie._parse_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(
                     compat_etree_fromstring(f.read().encode()),
                     mpd_base_url=mpd_base_url, mpd_url=mpd_url)
@@ -1408,7 +1408,7 @@ jwplayer("mediaplayer").setup({"abouttext":"Visit Indie DB","aboutlink":"http:\/
                         'sampling_rate': 48000,
                         'channels': 2,
                         'bits_per_sample': 16,
-                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4
+                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4,
                     },
                 }, {
                     'format_id': 'video-100',
@@ -1431,7 +1431,7 @@ jwplayer("mediaplayer").setup({"abouttext":"Visit Indie DB","aboutlink":"http:\/
                         'codec_private_data': '00000001674D401FDA0544EFFC2D002CBC40000003004000000C03C60CA80000000168EF32C8',
                         'channels': 2,
                         'bits_per_sample': 16,
-                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4
+                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4,
                     },
                 }, {
                     'format_id': 'video-326',
@@ -1454,7 +1454,7 @@ jwplayer("mediaplayer").setup({"abouttext":"Visit Indie DB","aboutlink":"http:\/
                         'codec_private_data': '00000001674D401FDA0241FE23FFC3BC83BA44000003000400000300C03C60CA800000000168EF32C8',
                         'channels': 2,
                         'bits_per_sample': 16,
-                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4
+                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4,
                     },
                 }, {
                     'format_id': 'video-698',
@@ -1477,7 +1477,7 @@ jwplayer("mediaplayer").setup({"abouttext":"Visit Indie DB","aboutlink":"http:\/
                         'codec_private_data': '00000001674D401FDA0350BFB97FF06AF06AD1000003000100000300300F1832A00000000168EF32C8',
                         'channels': 2,
                         'bits_per_sample': 16,
-                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4
+                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4,
                     },
                 }, {
                     'format_id': 'video-1493',
@@ -1500,7 +1500,7 @@ jwplayer("mediaplayer").setup({"abouttext":"Visit Indie DB","aboutlink":"http:\/
                         'codec_private_data': '00000001674D401FDA011C3DE6FFF0D890D871000003000100000300300F1832A00000000168EF32C8',
                         'channels': 2,
                         'bits_per_sample': 16,
-                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4
+                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4,
                     },
                 }, {
                     'format_id': 'video-4482',
@@ -1523,7 +1523,7 @@ jwplayer("mediaplayer").setup({"abouttext":"Visit Indie DB","aboutlink":"http:\/
                         'codec_private_data': '00000001674D401FDA01A816F97FFC1ABC1AB440000003004000000C03C60CA80000000168EF32C8',
                         'channels': 2,
                         'bits_per_sample': 16,
-                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4
+                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4,
                     },
                 }],
                 {
@@ -1538,10 +1538,10 @@ jwplayer("mediaplayer").setup({"abouttext":"Visit Indie DB","aboutlink":"http:\/
                                 'duration': 8880746666,
                                 'timescale': 10000000,
                                 'fourcc': 'TTML',
-                                'codec_private_data': ''
-                            }
-                        }
-                    ]
+                                'codec_private_data': '',
+                            },
+                        },
+                    ],
                 },
             ),
             (
@@ -1571,7 +1571,7 @@ jwplayer("mediaplayer").setup({"abouttext":"Visit Indie DB","aboutlink":"http:\/
                         'sampling_rate': 48000,
                         'channels': 2,
                         'bits_per_sample': 16,
-                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4
+                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4,
                     },
                 }, {
                     'format_id': 'audio_deu_1-224',
@@ -1597,7 +1597,7 @@ jwplayer("mediaplayer").setup({"abouttext":"Visit Indie DB","aboutlink":"http:\/
                         'sampling_rate': 48000,
                         'channels': 6,
                         'bits_per_sample': 16,
-                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4
+                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4,
                     },
                 }, {
                     'format_id': 'video_deu-23',
@@ -1622,7 +1622,7 @@ jwplayer("mediaplayer").setup({"abouttext":"Visit Indie DB","aboutlink":"http:\/
                         'codec_private_data': '000000016742C00CDB06077E5C05A808080A00000300020000030009C0C02EE0177CC6300F142AE00000000168CA8DC8',
                         'channels': 2,
                         'bits_per_sample': 16,
-                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4
+                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4,
                     },
                 }, {
                     'format_id': 'video_deu-403',
@@ -1647,7 +1647,7 @@ jwplayer("mediaplayer").setup({"abouttext":"Visit Indie DB","aboutlink":"http:\/
                         'codec_private_data': '00000001674D4014E98323B602D4040405000003000100000300320F1429380000000168EAECF2',
                         'channels': 2,
                         'bits_per_sample': 16,
-                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4
+                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4,
                     },
                 }, {
                     'format_id': 'video_deu-680',
@@ -1672,7 +1672,7 @@ jwplayer("mediaplayer").setup({"abouttext":"Visit Indie DB","aboutlink":"http:\/
                         'codec_private_data': '00000001674D401EE981405FF2E02D4040405000000300100000030320F162D3800000000168EAECF2',
                         'channels': 2,
                         'bits_per_sample': 16,
-                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4
+                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4,
                     },
                 }, {
                     'format_id': 'video_deu-1253',
@@ -1698,7 +1698,7 @@ jwplayer("mediaplayer").setup({"abouttext":"Visit Indie DB","aboutlink":"http:\/
                         'codec_private_data': '00000001674D401EE981405FF2E02D4040405000000300100000030320F162D3800000000168EAECF2',
                         'channels': 2,
                         'bits_per_sample': 16,
-                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4
+                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4,
                     },
                 }, {
                     'format_id': 'video_deu-2121',
@@ -1723,7 +1723,7 @@ jwplayer("mediaplayer").setup({"abouttext":"Visit Indie DB","aboutlink":"http:\/
                         'codec_private_data': '00000001674D401EECA0601BD80B50101014000003000400000300C83C58B6580000000168E93B3C80',
                         'channels': 2,
                         'bits_per_sample': 16,
-                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4
+                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4,
                     },
                 }, {
                     'format_id': 'video_deu-3275',
@@ -1748,7 +1748,7 @@ jwplayer("mediaplayer").setup({"abouttext":"Visit Indie DB","aboutlink":"http:\/
                         'codec_private_data': '00000001674D4020ECA02802DD80B501010140000003004000000C83C60C65800000000168E93B3C80',
                         'channels': 2,
                         'bits_per_sample': 16,
-                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4
+                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4,
                     },
                 }, {
                     'format_id': 'video_deu-5300',
@@ -1773,7 +1773,7 @@ jwplayer("mediaplayer").setup({"abouttext":"Visit Indie DB","aboutlink":"http:\/
                         'codec_private_data': '00000001674D4028ECA03C0113F2E02D4040405000000300100000030320F18319600000000168E93B3C80',
                         'channels': 2,
                         'bits_per_sample': 16,
-                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4
+                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4,
                     },
                 }, {
                     'format_id': 'video_deu-8079',
@@ -1798,7 +1798,7 @@ jwplayer("mediaplayer").setup({"abouttext":"Visit Indie DB","aboutlink":"http:\/
                         'codec_private_data': '00000001674D4028ECA03C0113F2E02D4040405000000300100000030320F18319600000000168E93B3C80',
                         'channels': 2,
                         'bits_per_sample': 16,
-                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4
+                        'nal_unit_length_field': 4,
                     },
                 }],
                 {},
@@ -1806,7 +1806,7 @@ jwplayer("mediaplayer").setup({"abouttext":"Visit Indie DB","aboutlink":"http:\/
         ]
 
         for ism_file, ism_url, expected_formats, expected_subtitles in _TEST_CASES:
-            with open('./test/testdata/ism/%s.Manifest' % ism_file, encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            with open(f'./test/testdata/ism/{ism_file}.Manifest', encoding='utf-8') as f:
                 formats, subtitles = self.ie._parse_ism_formats_and_subtitles(
                     compat_etree_fromstring(f.read().encode()), ism_url=ism_url)
                 self.ie._sort_formats(formats)
@@ -1827,12 +1827,12 @@ jwplayer("mediaplayer").setup({"abouttext":"Visit Indie DB","aboutlink":"http:\/
                     'tbr': 2148,
                     'width': 1280,
                     'height': 720,
-                }]
+                }],
             ),
         ]
 
         for f4m_file, f4m_url, expected_formats in _TEST_CASES:
-            with open('./test/testdata/f4m/%s.f4m' % f4m_file, encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            with open(f'./test/testdata/f4m/{f4m_file}.f4m', encoding='utf-8') as f:
                 formats = self.ie._parse_f4m_formats(
                     compat_etree_fromstring(f.read().encode()),
                     f4m_url, None)
@@ -1873,13 +1873,13 @@ jwplayer("mediaplayer").setup({"abouttext":"Visit Indie DB","aboutlink":"http:\/
                     }, {
                         'manifest_url': 'https://example.org/src/foo_xspf.xspf',
                         'url': 'https://example.com/track3.mp3',
-                    }]
-                }]
+                    }],
+                }],
             ),
         ]
 
         for xspf_file, xspf_url, expected_entries in _TEST_CASES:
-            with open('./test/testdata/xspf/%s.xspf' % xspf_file, encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            with open(f'./test/testdata/xspf/{xspf_file}.xspf', encoding='utf-8') as f:
                 entries = self.ie._parse_xspf(
                     compat_etree_fromstring(f.read().encode()),
                     xspf_file, xspf_url=xspf_url, xspf_base_url=xspf_url)
@@ -1902,7 +1902,7 @@ jwplayer("mediaplayer").setup({"abouttext":"Visit Indie DB","aboutlink":"http:\/
         server_thread.start()
 
         (content, urlh) = self.ie._download_webpage_handle(
-            'http://127.0.0.1:%d/teapot' % port, None,
+            f'http://127.0.0.1:{port}/teapot', None,
             expected_status=TEAPOT_RESPONSE_STATUS)
         self.assertEqual(content, TEAPOT_RESPONSE_BODY)
 
diff --git a/test/test_YoutubeDL.py b/test/test_YoutubeDL.py
index 5242cf88f9..841ce1af3e 100644
--- a/test/test_YoutubeDL.py
+++ b/test/test_YoutubeDL.py
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import unittest
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 
 
+import contextlib
 import copy
 import json
 
@@ -129,8 +130,8 @@ class TestFormatSelection(unittest.TestCase):
                 'allow_multiple_audio_streams': multi,
             })
             ydl.process_ie_result(info_dict.copy())
-            downloaded = map(lambda x: x['format_id'], ydl.downloaded_info_dicts)
-            self.assertEqual(list(downloaded), list(expected))
+            downloaded = [x['format_id'] for x in ydl.downloaded_info_dicts]
+            self.assertEqual(downloaded, list(expected))
 
         test('20/47', '47')
         test('20/71/worst', '35')
@@ -515,10 +516,8 @@ class TestFormatSelection(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(downloaded_ids, ['D', 'C', 'B'])
 
         ydl = YDL({'format': 'best[height<40]'})
-        try:
+        with contextlib.suppress(ExtractorError):
             ydl.process_ie_result(info_dict)
-        except ExtractorError:
-            pass
         self.assertEqual(ydl.downloaded_info_dicts, [])
 
     def test_default_format_spec(self):
@@ -652,8 +651,8 @@ class TestYoutubeDL(unittest.TestCase):
         'formats': [
             {'id': 'id 1', 'height': 1080, 'width': 1920},
             {'id': 'id 2', 'height': 720},
-            {'id': 'id 3'}
-        ]
+            {'id': 'id 3'},
+        ],
     }
 
     def test_prepare_outtmpl_and_filename(self):
@@ -773,7 +772,7 @@ class TestYoutubeDL(unittest.TestCase):
         test('%(formats)j', (json.dumps(FORMATS), None))
         test('%(formats)#j', (
             json.dumps(FORMATS, indent=4),
-            json.dumps(FORMATS, indent=4).replace(':', '：').replace('"', "＂").replace('\n', ' ')
+            json.dumps(FORMATS, indent=4).replace(':', '：').replace('"', '＂').replace('\n', ' '),
         ))
         test('%(title5).3B', 'á')
         test('%(title5)U', 'áéí 𝐀')
@@ -843,8 +842,8 @@ class TestYoutubeDL(unittest.TestCase):
 
         # Empty filename
         test('%(foo|)s-%(bar|)s.%(ext)s', '-.mp4')
-        # test('%(foo|)s.%(ext)s', ('.mp4', '_.mp4'))  # fixme
-        # test('%(foo|)s', ('', '_'))  # fixme
+        # test('%(foo|)s.%(ext)s', ('.mp4', '_.mp4'))  # FIXME: ?
+        # test('%(foo|)s', ('', '_'))  # FIXME: ?
 
         # Environment variable expansion for prepare_filename
         os.environ['__yt_dlp_var'] = 'expanded'
@@ -861,7 +860,7 @@ class TestYoutubeDL(unittest.TestCase):
         test('Hello %(title1)s', 'Hello $PATH')
         test('Hello %(title2)s', 'Hello %PATH%')
         test('%(title3)s', ('foo/bar\\test', 'foo⧸bar⧹test'))
-        test('folder/%(title3)s', ('folder/foo/bar\\test', 'folder%sfoo⧸bar⧹test' % os.path.sep))
+        test('folder/%(title3)s', ('folder/foo/bar\\test', f'folder{os.path.sep}foo⧸bar⧹test'))
 
     def test_format_note(self):
         ydl = YoutubeDL()
@@ -883,22 +882,22 @@ class TestYoutubeDL(unittest.TestCase):
                     f.write('EXAMPLE')
                 return [info['filepath']], info
 
-        def run_pp(params, PP):
+        def run_pp(params, pp):
             with open(filename, 'w') as f:
                 f.write('EXAMPLE')
             ydl = YoutubeDL(params)
-            ydl.add_post_processor(PP())
+            ydl.add_post_processor(pp())
             ydl.post_process(filename, {'filepath': filename})
 
         run_pp({'keepvideo': True}, SimplePP)
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(filename), '%s doesn\'t exist' % filename)
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(audiofile), '%s doesn\'t exist' % audiofile)
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(filename), f'{filename} doesn\'t exist')
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(audiofile), f'{audiofile} doesn\'t exist')
         os.unlink(filename)
         os.unlink(audiofile)
 
         run_pp({'keepvideo': False}, SimplePP)
-        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(filename), '%s exists' % filename)
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(audiofile), '%s doesn\'t exist' % audiofile)
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(filename), f'{filename} exists')
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(audiofile), f'{audiofile} doesn\'t exist')
         os.unlink(audiofile)
 
         class ModifierPP(PostProcessor):
@@ -908,7 +907,7 @@ class TestYoutubeDL(unittest.TestCase):
                 return [], info
 
         run_pp({'keepvideo': False}, ModifierPP)
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(filename), '%s doesn\'t exist' % filename)
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(filename), f'{filename} doesn\'t exist')
         os.unlink(filename)
 
     def test_match_filter(self):
@@ -920,7 +919,7 @@ class TestYoutubeDL(unittest.TestCase):
             'duration': 30,
             'filesize': 10 * 1024,
             'playlist_id': '42',
-            'uploader': "變態妍字幕版 太妍 тест",
+            'uploader': '變態妍字幕版 太妍 тест',
             'creator': "тест ' 123 ' тест--",
             'webpage_url': 'http://example.com/watch?v=shenanigans',
         }
@@ -933,7 +932,7 @@ class TestYoutubeDL(unittest.TestCase):
             'description': 'foo',
             'filesize': 5 * 1024,
             'playlist_id': '43',
-            'uploader': "тест 123",
+            'uploader': 'тест 123',
             'webpage_url': 'http://example.com/watch?v=SHENANIGANS',
         }
         videos = [first, second]
@@ -1180,7 +1179,7 @@ class TestYoutubeDL(unittest.TestCase):
                     })
                 return {
                     'id': video_id,
-                    'title': 'Video %s' % video_id,
+                    'title': f'Video {video_id}',
                     'formats': formats,
                 }
 
@@ -1194,8 +1193,8 @@ class TestYoutubeDL(unittest.TestCase):
                         '_type': 'url_transparent',
                         'ie_key': VideoIE.ie_key(),
                         'id': video_id,
-                        'url': 'video:%s' % video_id,
-                        'title': 'Video Transparent %s' % video_id,
+                        'url': f'video:{video_id}',
+                        'title': f'Video Transparent {video_id}',
                     }
 
             def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/test/test_aes.py b/test/test_aes.py
index a26abfd7d0..5f975efecf 100644
--- a/test/test_aes.py
+++ b/test/test_aes.py
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ class TestAES(unittest.TestCase):
         password = intlist_to_bytes(self.key).decode()
         encrypted = base64.b64encode(
             intlist_to_bytes(self.iv[:8])
-            + b'\x17\x15\x93\xab\x8d\x80V\xcdV\xe0\t\xcdo\xc2\xa5\xd8ksM\r\xe27N\xae'
+            + b'\x17\x15\x93\xab\x8d\x80V\xcdV\xe0\t\xcdo\xc2\xa5\xd8ksM\r\xe27N\xae',
         ).decode()
         decrypted = (aes_decrypt_text(encrypted, password, 16))
         self.assertEqual(decrypted, self.secret_msg)
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ class TestAES(unittest.TestCase):
         password = intlist_to_bytes(self.key).decode()
         encrypted = base64.b64encode(
             intlist_to_bytes(self.iv[:8])
-            + b'\x0b\xe6\xa4\xd9z\x0e\xb8\xb9\xd0\xd4i_\x85\x1d\x99\x98_\xe5\x80\xe7.\xbf\xa5\x83'
+            + b'\x0b\xe6\xa4\xd9z\x0e\xb8\xb9\xd0\xd4i_\x85\x1d\x99\x98_\xe5\x80\xe7.\xbf\xa5\x83',
         ).decode()
         decrypted = (aes_decrypt_text(encrypted, password, 32))
         self.assertEqual(decrypted, self.secret_msg)
@@ -132,16 +132,16 @@ class TestAES(unittest.TestCase):
         block = [0x21, 0xA0, 0x43, 0xFF]
 
         self.assertEqual(pad_block(block, 'pkcs7'),
-                         block + [0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C])
+                         [*block, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C, 0x0C])
 
         self.assertEqual(pad_block(block, 'iso7816'),
-                         block + [0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00])
+                         [*block, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00])
 
         self.assertEqual(pad_block(block, 'whitespace'),
-                         block + [0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20])
+                         [*block, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20])
 
         self.assertEqual(pad_block(block, 'zero'),
-                         block + [0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00])
+                         [*block, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00])
 
         block = list(range(16))
         for mode in ('pkcs7', 'iso7816', 'whitespace', 'zero'):
diff --git a/test/test_compat.py b/test/test_compat.py
index 71ca7f99f1..e7d97e3e93 100644
--- a/test/test_compat.py
+++ b/test/test_compat.py
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ from yt_dlp.compat import urllib  # isort: split
 from yt_dlp.compat import (
     compat_etree_fromstring,
     compat_expanduser,
-    compat_urllib_parse_unquote,
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlencode,
+    compat_urllib_parse_unquote,  # noqa: TID251
+    compat_urllib_parse_urlencode,  # noqa: TID251
 )
 from yt_dlp.compat.urllib.request import getproxies
 
@@ -24,15 +24,15 @@ from yt_dlp.compat.urllib.request import getproxies
 class TestCompat(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_compat_passthrough(self):
         with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
-            compat.compat_basestring
+            _ = compat.compat_basestring
 
         with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
-            compat.WINDOWS_VT_MODE
+            _ = compat.WINDOWS_VT_MODE
 
         self.assertEqual(urllib.request.getproxies, getproxies)
 
         with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
-            compat.compat_pycrypto_AES  # Must not raise error
+            _ = compat.compat_pycrypto_AES  # Must not raise error
 
     def test_compat_expanduser(self):
         old_home = os.environ.get('HOME')
diff --git a/test/test_config.py b/test/test_config.py
index a393b65348..238ca66d08 100644
--- a/test/test_config.py
+++ b/test/test_config.py
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ def _generate_expected_groups():
             Path('/etc/yt-dlp.conf'),
             Path('/etc/yt-dlp/config'),
             Path('/etc/yt-dlp/config.txt'),
-        ]
+        ],
     }
 
 
diff --git a/test/test_cookies.py b/test/test_cookies.py
index bd61f30a66..a682fee1d3 100644
--- a/test/test_cookies.py
+++ b/test/test_cookies.py
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ class TestCookies(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_chrome_cookie_decryptor_windows_v10(self):
         with MonkeyPatch(cookies, {
-            '_get_windows_v10_key': lambda *args, **kwargs: b'Y\xef\xad\xad\xeerp\xf0Y\xe6\x9b\x12\xc2<z\x16]\n\xbb\xb8\xcb\xd7\x9bA\xc3\x14e\x99{\xd6\xf4&'
+            '_get_windows_v10_key': lambda *args, **kwargs: b'Y\xef\xad\xad\xeerp\xf0Y\xe6\x9b\x12\xc2<z\x16]\n\xbb\xb8\xcb\xd7\x9bA\xc3\x14e\x99{\xd6\xf4&',
         }):
             encrypted_value = b'v10T\xb8\xf3\xb8\x01\xa7TtcV\xfc\x88\xb8\xb8\xef\x05\xb5\xfd\x18\xc90\x009\xab\xb1\x893\x85)\x87\xe1\xa9-\xa3\xad='
             value = '32101439'
@@ -121,17 +121,17 @@ class TestCookies(unittest.TestCase):
             self.assertEqual(decryptor.decrypt(encrypted_value), value)
 
     def test_safari_cookie_parsing(self):
-        cookies = \
-            b'cook\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00i\x00\x00\x01\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x10\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00Y' \
-            b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00 \x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x008\x00\x00\x00B\x00\x00\x00F\x00\x00\x00H' \
-            b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x80\x03\xa5>\xc3A\x00\x00\x80\xc3\x07:\xc3A' \
-            b'localhost\x00foo\x00/\x00test%20%3Bcookie\x00\x00\x00\x054\x07\x17 \x05\x00\x00\x00Kbplist00\xd1\x01' \
-            b'\x02_\x10\x18NSHTTPCookieAcceptPolicy\x10\x02\x08\x0b&\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x01\x00\x00\x00' \
-            b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x03\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00('
+        cookies = (
+            b'cook\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00i\x00\x00\x01\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x10\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00Y'
+            b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00 \x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x008\x00\x00\x00B\x00\x00\x00F\x00\x00\x00H'
+            b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x80\x03\xa5>\xc3A\x00\x00\x80\xc3\x07:\xc3A'
+            b'localhost\x00foo\x00/\x00test%20%3Bcookie\x00\x00\x00\x054\x07\x17 \x05\x00\x00\x00Kbplist00\xd1\x01'
+            b'\x02_\x10\x18NSHTTPCookieAcceptPolicy\x10\x02\x08\x0b&\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x01\x00\x00\x00'
+            b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x03\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00(')
 
         jar = parse_safari_cookies(cookies)
         self.assertEqual(len(jar), 1)
-        cookie = list(jar)[0]
+        cookie = next(iter(jar))
         self.assertEqual(cookie.domain, 'localhost')
         self.assertEqual(cookie.port, None)
         self.assertEqual(cookie.path, '/')
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ class TestLenientSimpleCookie(unittest.TestCase):
                     attributes = {
                         key: value
                         for key, value in dict(morsel).items()
-                        if value != ""
+                        if value != ''
                     }
                     self.assertEqual(attributes, expected_attributes, message)
 
@@ -174,133 +174,133 @@ class TestLenientSimpleCookie(unittest.TestCase):
         self._run_tests(
             # Copied from https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/v3.10.7/Lib/test/test_http_cookies.py
             (
-                "Test basic cookie",
-                "chips=ahoy; vienna=finger",
-                {"chips": "ahoy", "vienna": "finger"},
+                'Test basic cookie',
+                'chips=ahoy; vienna=finger',
+                {'chips': 'ahoy', 'vienna': 'finger'},
             ),
             (
-                "Test quoted cookie",
+                'Test quoted cookie',
                 'keebler="E=mc2; L=\\"Loves\\"; fudge=\\012;"',
-                {"keebler": 'E=mc2; L="Loves"; fudge=\012;'},
+                {'keebler': 'E=mc2; L="Loves"; fudge=\012;'},
             ),
             (
                 "Allow '=' in an unquoted value",
-                "keebler=E=mc2",
-                {"keebler": "E=mc2"},
+                'keebler=E=mc2',
+                {'keebler': 'E=mc2'},
             ),
             (
                 "Allow cookies with ':' in their name",
-                "key:term=value:term",
-                {"key:term": "value:term"},
+                'key:term=value:term',
+                {'key:term': 'value:term'},
             ),
             (
                 "Allow '[' and ']' in cookie values",
-                "a=b; c=[; d=r; f=h",
-                {"a": "b", "c": "[", "d": "r", "f": "h"},
+                'a=b; c=[; d=r; f=h',
+                {'a': 'b', 'c': '[', 'd': 'r', 'f': 'h'},
             ),
             (
-                "Test basic cookie attributes",
+                'Test basic cookie attributes',
                 'Customer="WILE_E_COYOTE"; Version=1; Path=/acme',
-                {"Customer": ("WILE_E_COYOTE", {"version": "1", "path": "/acme"})},
+                {'Customer': ('WILE_E_COYOTE', {'version': '1', 'path': '/acme'})},
             ),
             (
-                "Test flag only cookie attributes",
+                'Test flag only cookie attributes',
                 'Customer="WILE_E_COYOTE"; HttpOnly; Secure',
-                {"Customer": ("WILE_E_COYOTE", {"httponly": True, "secure": True})},
+                {'Customer': ('WILE_E_COYOTE', {'httponly': True, 'secure': True})},
             ),
             (
-                "Test flag only attribute with values",
-                "eggs=scrambled; httponly=foo; secure=bar; Path=/bacon",
-                {"eggs": ("scrambled", {"httponly": "foo", "secure": "bar", "path": "/bacon"})},
+                'Test flag only attribute with values',
+                'eggs=scrambled; httponly=foo; secure=bar; Path=/bacon',
+                {'eggs': ('scrambled', {'httponly': 'foo', 'secure': 'bar', 'path': '/bacon'})},
             ),
             (
                 "Test special case for 'expires' attribute, 4 digit year",
                 'Customer="W"; expires=Wed, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 GMT',
-                {"Customer": ("W", {"expires": "Wed, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 GMT"})},
+                {'Customer': ('W', {'expires': 'Wed, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 GMT'})},
             ),
             (
                 "Test special case for 'expires' attribute, 2 digit year",
                 'Customer="W"; expires=Wed, 01 Jan 98 00:00:00 GMT',
-                {"Customer": ("W", {"expires": "Wed, 01 Jan 98 00:00:00 GMT"})},
+                {'Customer': ('W', {'expires': 'Wed, 01 Jan 98 00:00:00 GMT'})},
             ),
             (
-                "Test extra spaces in keys and values",
-                "eggs  =  scrambled  ;  secure  ;  path  =  bar   ; foo=foo   ",
-                {"eggs": ("scrambled", {"secure": True, "path": "bar"}), "foo": "foo"},
+                'Test extra spaces in keys and values',
+                'eggs  =  scrambled  ;  secure  ;  path  =  bar   ; foo=foo   ',
+                {'eggs': ('scrambled', {'secure': True, 'path': 'bar'}), 'foo': 'foo'},
             ),
             (
-                "Test quoted attributes",
+                'Test quoted attributes',
                 'Customer="WILE_E_COYOTE"; Version="1"; Path="/acme"',
-                {"Customer": ("WILE_E_COYOTE", {"version": "1", "path": "/acme"})}
+                {'Customer': ('WILE_E_COYOTE', {'version': '1', 'path': '/acme'})},
             ),
             # Our own tests that CPython passes
             (
                 "Allow ';' in quoted value",
                 'chips="a;hoy"; vienna=finger',
-                {"chips": "a;hoy", "vienna": "finger"},
+                {'chips': 'a;hoy', 'vienna': 'finger'},
             ),
             (
-                "Keep only the last set value",
-                "a=c; a=b",
-                {"a": "b"},
+                'Keep only the last set value',
+                'a=c; a=b',
+                {'a': 'b'},
             ),
         )
 
     def test_lenient_parsing(self):
         self._run_tests(
             (
-                "Ignore and try to skip invalid cookies",
+                'Ignore and try to skip invalid cookies',
                 'chips={"ahoy;": 1}; vienna="finger;"',
-                {"vienna": "finger;"},
+                {'vienna': 'finger;'},
             ),
             (
-                "Ignore cookies without a name",
-                "a=b; unnamed; c=d",
-                {"a": "b", "c": "d"},
+                'Ignore cookies without a name',
+                'a=b; unnamed; c=d',
+                {'a': 'b', 'c': 'd'},
             ),
             (
                 "Ignore '\"' cookie without name",
                 'a=b; "; c=d',
-                {"a": "b", "c": "d"},
+                {'a': 'b', 'c': 'd'},
             ),
             (
-                "Skip all space separated values",
-                "x a=b c=d x; e=f",
-                {"a": "b", "c": "d", "e": "f"},
+                'Skip all space separated values',
+                'x a=b c=d x; e=f',
+                {'a': 'b', 'c': 'd', 'e': 'f'},
             ),
             (
-                "Skip all space separated values",
+                'Skip all space separated values',
                 'x a=b; data={"complex": "json", "with": "key=value"}; x c=d x',
-                {"a": "b", "c": "d"},
+                {'a': 'b', 'c': 'd'},
             ),
             (
-                "Expect quote mending",
+                'Expect quote mending',
                 'a=b; invalid="; c=d',
-                {"a": "b", "c": "d"},
+                {'a': 'b', 'c': 'd'},
             ),
             (
-                "Reset morsel after invalid to not capture attributes",
-                "a=b; invalid; Version=1; c=d",
-                {"a": "b", "c": "d"},
+                'Reset morsel after invalid to not capture attributes',
+                'a=b; invalid; Version=1; c=d',
+                {'a': 'b', 'c': 'd'},
             ),
             (
-                "Reset morsel after invalid to not capture attributes",
-                "a=b; $invalid; $Version=1; c=d",
-                {"a": "b", "c": "d"},
+                'Reset morsel after invalid to not capture attributes',
+                'a=b; $invalid; $Version=1; c=d',
+                {'a': 'b', 'c': 'd'},
             ),
             (
-                "Continue after non-flag attribute without value",
-                "a=b; path; Version=1; c=d",
-                {"a": "b", "c": "d"},
+                'Continue after non-flag attribute without value',
+                'a=b; path; Version=1; c=d',
+                {'a': 'b', 'c': 'd'},
             ),
             (
-                "Allow cookie attributes with `$` prefix",
+                'Allow cookie attributes with `$` prefix',
                 'Customer="WILE_E_COYOTE"; $Version=1; $Secure; $Path=/acme',
-                {"Customer": ("WILE_E_COYOTE", {"version": "1", "secure": True, "path": "/acme"})},
+                {'Customer': ('WILE_E_COYOTE', {'version': '1', 'secure': True, 'path': '/acme'})},
             ),
             (
-                "Invalid Morsel keys should not result in an error",
-                "Key=Value; [Invalid]=Value; Another=Value",
-                {"Key": "Value", "Another": "Value"},
+                'Invalid Morsel keys should not result in an error',
+                'Key=Value; [Invalid]=Value; Another=Value',
+                {'Key': 'Value', 'Another': 'Value'},
             ),
         )
diff --git a/test/test_download.py b/test/test_download.py
index 2530792493..882d545650 100755
--- a/test/test_download.py
+++ b/test/test_download.py
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ def generator(test_case, tname):
             'playlist', [] if is_playlist else [test_case])
 
         def print_skipping(reason):
-            print('Skipping %s: %s' % (test_case['name'], reason))
+            print('Skipping {}: {}'.format(test_case['name'], reason))
             self.skipTest(reason)
 
         if not ie.working():
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ def generator(test_case, tname):
 
         for other_ie in other_ies:
             if not other_ie.working():
-                print_skipping('test depends on %sIE, marked as not WORKING' % other_ie.ie_key())
+                print_skipping(f'test depends on {other_ie.ie_key()}IE, marked as not WORKING')
 
         params = get_params(test_case.get('params', {}))
         params['outtmpl'] = tname + '_' + params['outtmpl']
@@ -148,10 +148,7 @@ def generator(test_case, tname):
                 return False
             if err.__class__.__name__ == expected_exception:
                 return True
-            for exc in err.exc_info:
-                if exc.__class__.__name__ == expected_exception:
-                    return True
-            return False
+            return any(exc.__class__.__name__ == expected_exception for exc in err.exc_info)
 
         def try_rm_tcs_files(tcs=None):
             if tcs is None:
@@ -181,7 +178,7 @@ def generator(test_case, tname):
                         raise
 
                     if try_num == RETRIES:
-                        report_warning('%s failed due to network errors, skipping...' % tname)
+                        report_warning(f'{tname} failed due to network errors, skipping...')
                         return
 
                     print(f'Retrying: {try_num} failed tries\n\n##########\n\n')
@@ -244,9 +241,8 @@ def generator(test_case, tname):
                         got_fsize = os.path.getsize(tc_filename)
                         assertGreaterEqual(
                             self, got_fsize, expected_minsize,
-                            'Expected %s to be at least %s, but it\'s only %s ' %
-                            (tc_filename, format_bytes(expected_minsize),
-                                format_bytes(got_fsize)))
+                            f'Expected {tc_filename} to be at least {format_bytes(expected_minsize)}, '
+                            f'but it\'s only {format_bytes(got_fsize)} ')
                     if 'md5' in tc:
                         md5_for_file = _file_md5(tc_filename)
                         self.assertEqual(tc['md5'], md5_for_file)
@@ -255,7 +251,7 @@ def generator(test_case, tname):
                 info_json_fn = os.path.splitext(tc_filename)[0] + '.info.json'
                 self.assertTrue(
                     os.path.exists(info_json_fn),
-                    'Missing info file %s' % info_json_fn)
+                    f'Missing info file {info_json_fn}')
                 with open(info_json_fn, encoding='utf-8') as infof:
                     info_dict = json.load(infof)
                 expect_info_dict(self, info_dict, tc.get('info_dict', {}))
diff --git a/test/test_downloader_http.py b/test/test_downloader_http.py
index 099ec2fff4..faba0bc9c8 100644
--- a/test/test_downloader_http.py
+++ b/test/test_downloader_http.py
@@ -38,9 +38,9 @@ class HTTPTestRequestHandler(http.server.BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
                 end = int(mobj.group(2))
         valid_range = start is not None and end is not None
         if valid_range:
-            content_range = 'bytes %d-%d' % (start, end)
+            content_range = f'bytes {start}-{end}'
             if total:
-                content_range += '/%d' % total
+                content_range += f'/{total}'
             self.send_header('Content-Range', content_range)
         return (end - start + 1) if valid_range else total
 
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ class TestHttpFD(unittest.TestCase):
         filename = 'testfile.mp4'
         try_rm(encodeFilename(filename))
         self.assertTrue(downloader.real_download(filename, {
-            'url': 'http://127.0.0.1:%d/%s' % (self.port, ep),
+            'url': f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.port}/{ep}',
         }), ep)
         self.assertEqual(os.path.getsize(encodeFilename(filename)), TEST_SIZE, ep)
         try_rm(encodeFilename(filename))
diff --git a/test/test_http_proxy.py b/test/test_http_proxy.py
index 1b21fe78e8..2435c878a5 100644
--- a/test/test_http_proxy.py
+++ b/test/test_http_proxy.py
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ if urllib3:
                 self.incoming,
                 self.outgoing,
                 server_hostname=server_hostname,
-                server_side=server_side
+                server_side=server_side,
             )
             self._ssl_io_loop(self.sslobj.do_handshake)
 
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ class TestHTTPConnectProxy:
 
     @pytest.mark.skip_handler(
         'Requests',
-        'bug in urllib3 causes unclosed socket: https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/3374'
+        'bug in urllib3 causes unclosed socket: https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/3374',
     )
     def test_http_connect_bad_auth(self, handler, ctx):
         with ctx.http_server(HTTPConnectProxyHandler, username='test', password='test') as server_address:
diff --git a/test/test_iqiyi_sdk_interpreter.py b/test/test_iqiyi_sdk_interpreter.py
index 47c632a4e2..4e41007c82 100644
--- a/test/test_iqiyi_sdk_interpreter.py
+++ b/test/test_iqiyi_sdk_interpreter.py
@@ -29,11 +29,11 @@ class WarningLogger:
 @is_download_test
 class TestIqiyiSDKInterpreter(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_iqiyi_sdk_interpreter(self):
-        '''
+        """
         Test the functionality of IqiyiSDKInterpreter by trying to log in
 
         If `sign` is incorrect, /validate call throws an HTTP 556 error
-        '''
+        """
         logger = WarningLogger()
         ie = IqiyiIE(FakeYDL({'logger': logger}))
         ie._perform_login('foo', 'bar')
diff --git a/test/test_netrc.py b/test/test_netrc.py
index dc708d974c..1e0f4ee3b2 100644
--- a/test/test_netrc.py
+++ b/test/test_netrc.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class TestNetRc(unittest.TestCase):
                 continue
             self.assertTrue(
                 ie._NETRC_MACHINE,
-                'Extractor %s supports login, but is missing a _NETRC_MACHINE property' % ie.IE_NAME)
+                f'Extractor {ie.IE_NAME} supports login, but is missing a _NETRC_MACHINE property')
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
diff --git a/test/test_networking.py b/test/test_networking.py
index d127cbb94c..af3ece3b44 100644
--- a/test/test_networking.py
+++ b/test/test_networking.py
@@ -375,10 +375,10 @@ class TestHTTPRequestHandler(TestRequestHandlerBase):
         with handler() as rh:
             for bad_status in (400, 500, 599, 302):
                 with pytest.raises(HTTPError):
-                    validate_and_send(rh, Request('http://127.0.0.1:%d/gen_%d' % (self.http_port, bad_status)))
+                    validate_and_send(rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/gen_{bad_status}'))
 
             # Should not raise an error
-            validate_and_send(rh, Request('http://127.0.0.1:%d/gen_200' % self.http_port)).close()
+            validate_and_send(rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/gen_200')).close()
 
     def test_response_url(self, handler):
         with handler() as rh:
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ class TestHTTPRequestHandler(TestRequestHandlerBase):
     def test_incompleteread(self, handler):
         with handler(timeout=2) as rh:
             with pytest.raises(IncompleteRead, match='13 bytes read, 234221 more expected'):
-                validate_and_send(rh, Request('http://127.0.0.1:%d/incompleteread' % self.http_port)).read()
+                validate_and_send(rh, Request(f'http://127.0.0.1:{self.http_port}/incompleteread')).read()
 
     def test_cookies(self, handler):
         cookiejar = YoutubeDLCookieJar()
@@ -740,7 +740,7 @@ class TestRequestHandlerMisc:
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('handler,logger_name', [
         ('Requests', 'urllib3'),
         ('Websockets', 'websockets.client'),
-        ('Websockets', 'websockets.server')
+        ('Websockets', 'websockets.server'),
     ], indirect=['handler'])
     def test_remove_logging_handler(self, handler, logger_name):
         # Ensure any logging handlers, which may contain a YoutubeDL instance,
@@ -794,7 +794,7 @@ class TestUrllibRequestHandler(TestRequestHandlerBase):
         with handler() as rh:
             with pytest.raises(
                 CertificateVerifyError,
-                match=r'\[SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED\] certificate verify failed: self.signed certificate'
+                match=r'\[SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED\] certificate verify failed: self.signed certificate',
             ):
                 validate_and_send(rh, Request(f'https://127.0.0.1:{self.https_port}/headers'))
 
@@ -804,14 +804,14 @@ class TestUrllibRequestHandler(TestRequestHandlerBase):
         (
             Request('http://127.0.0.1', method='GET\n'),
             'method can\'t contain control characters',
-            lambda v: v < (3, 7, 9) or (3, 8, 0) <= v < (3, 8, 5)
+            lambda v: v < (3, 7, 9) or (3, 8, 0) <= v < (3, 8, 5),
         ),
         # https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/987b712b4aeeece336eed24fcc87a950a756c3e2/Lib/http/client.py#L1265
         # bpo-38576: Check implemented in 3.7.8+, 3.8.3+
         (
             Request('http://127.0.0. 1', method='GET'),
             'URL can\'t contain control characters',
-            lambda v: v < (3, 7, 8) or (3, 8, 0) <= v < (3, 8, 3)
+            lambda v: v < (3, 7, 8) or (3, 8, 0) <= v < (3, 8, 3),
         ),
         # https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/987b712b4aeeece336eed24fcc87a950a756c3e2/Lib/http/client.py#L1288C31-L1288C50
         (Request('http://127.0.0.1', headers={'foo\n': 'bar'}), 'Invalid header name', None),
@@ -840,7 +840,7 @@ class TestRequestsRequestHandler(TestRequestHandlerBase):
         (lambda: requests.exceptions.InvalidHeader(), RequestError),
         # catch-all: https://github.com/psf/requests/blob/main/src/requests/adapters.py#L535
         (lambda: urllib3.exceptions.HTTPError(), TransportError),
-        (lambda: requests.exceptions.RequestException(), RequestError)
+        (lambda: requests.exceptions.RequestException(), RequestError),
         #  (lambda: requests.exceptions.TooManyRedirects(), HTTPError) - Needs a response object
     ])
     def test_request_error_mapping(self, handler, monkeypatch, raised, expected):
@@ -868,12 +868,12 @@ class TestRequestsRequestHandler(TestRequestHandlerBase):
         (
             lambda: urllib3.exceptions.ProtocolError('error', http.client.IncompleteRead(partial=b'abc', expected=4)),
             IncompleteRead,
-            '3 bytes read, 4 more expected'
+            '3 bytes read, 4 more expected',
         ),
         (
             lambda: urllib3.exceptions.ProtocolError('error', urllib3.exceptions.IncompleteRead(partial=3, expected=5)),
             IncompleteRead,
-            '3 bytes read, 5 more expected'
+            '3 bytes read, 5 more expected',
         ),
     ])
     def test_response_error_mapping(self, handler, monkeypatch, raised, expected, match):
@@ -1125,7 +1125,7 @@ class TestRequestHandlerValidation:
             ('https', False, {}),
         ]),
         (NoCheckRH, [('http', False, {})]),
-        (ValidationRH, [('http', UnsupportedRequest, {})])
+        (ValidationRH, [('http', UnsupportedRequest, {})]),
     ]
 
     PROXY_SCHEME_TESTS = [
@@ -1219,7 +1219,7 @@ class TestRequestHandlerValidation:
             ({'impersonate': ImpersonateTarget('chrome', None, None, None)}, False),
             ({'impersonate': ImpersonateTarget(None, None, None, None)}, False),
             ({'impersonate': ImpersonateTarget()}, False),
-            ({'impersonate': 'chrome'}, AssertionError)
+            ({'impersonate': 'chrome'}, AssertionError),
         ]),
         (NoCheckRH, 'http', [
             ({'cookiejar': 'notacookiejar'}, False),
@@ -1235,7 +1235,7 @@ class TestRequestHandlerValidation:
         ('Urllib', False, 'http'),
         ('Requests', False, 'http'),
         ('CurlCFFI', False, 'http'),
-        ('Websockets', False, 'ws')
+        ('Websockets', False, 'ws'),
     ], indirect=['handler'])
     def test_no_proxy(self, handler, fail, scheme):
         run_validation(handler, fail, Request(f'{scheme}://', proxies={'no': '127.0.0.1,github.com'}))
@@ -1246,7 +1246,7 @@ class TestRequestHandlerValidation:
         (HTTPSupportedRH, 'http'),
         ('Requests', 'http'),
         ('CurlCFFI', 'http'),
-        ('Websockets', 'ws')
+        ('Websockets', 'ws'),
     ], indirect=['handler'])
     def test_empty_proxy(self, handler, scheme):
         run_validation(handler, False, Request(f'{scheme}://', proxies={scheme: None}))
@@ -1258,7 +1258,7 @@ class TestRequestHandlerValidation:
         (HTTPSupportedRH, 'http'),
         ('Requests', 'http'),
         ('CurlCFFI', 'http'),
-        ('Websockets', 'ws')
+        ('Websockets', 'ws'),
     ], indirect=['handler'])
     def test_invalid_proxy_url(self, handler, scheme, proxy_url):
         run_validation(handler, UnsupportedRequest, Request(f'{scheme}://', proxies={scheme: proxy_url}))
@@ -1474,7 +1474,7 @@ class TestYoutubeDLNetworking:
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('proxy,expected', [
         ('http://127.0.0.1:8080', {'all': 'http://127.0.0.1:8080'}),
         ('', {'all': '__noproxy__'}),
-        (None, {'http': 'http://127.0.0.1:8081', 'https': 'http://127.0.0.1:8081'})  # env, set https
+        (None, {'http': 'http://127.0.0.1:8081', 'https': 'http://127.0.0.1:8081'}),  # env, set https
     ])
     def test_proxy(self, proxy, expected, monkeypatch):
         monkeypatch.setenv('HTTP_PROXY', 'http://127.0.0.1:8081')
@@ -1546,7 +1546,7 @@ class TestYoutubeDLNetworking:
         with FakeImpersonationRHYDL() as ydl:
             with pytest.raises(
                 RequestError,
-                match=r'Impersonate target "test" is not available'
+                match=r'Impersonate target "test" is not available',
             ):
                 ydl.urlopen(Request('http://', extensions={'impersonate': ImpersonateTarget('test', None, None, None)}))
 
@@ -1558,7 +1558,7 @@ class TestYoutubeDLNetworking:
                         pass
 
                     _SUPPORTED_URL_SCHEMES = ('http',)
-                    _SUPPORTED_IMPERSONATE_TARGET_MAP = {ImpersonateTarget('abc',): 'test'}
+                    _SUPPORTED_IMPERSONATE_TARGET_MAP = {ImpersonateTarget('abc'): 'test'}
                     _SUPPORTED_PROXY_SCHEMES = None
 
                 super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
@@ -1567,14 +1567,14 @@ class TestYoutubeDLNetworking:
         with FakeHTTPRHYDL() as ydl:
             with pytest.raises(
                 RequestError,
-                match=r'Impersonate target "test" is not available'
+                match=r'Impersonate target "test" is not available',
             ):
                 ydl.urlopen(Request('http://', extensions={'impersonate': ImpersonateTarget('test', None, None, None)}))
 
     def test_raise_impersonate_error(self):
         with pytest.raises(
             YoutubeDLError,
-            match=r'Impersonate target "test" is not available'
+            match=r'Impersonate target "test" is not available',
         ):
             FakeYDL({'impersonate': ImpersonateTarget('test', None, None, None)})
 
@@ -1592,7 +1592,7 @@ class TestYoutubeDLNetworking:
         monkeypatch.setattr(FakeYDL, 'build_request_director', lambda cls, handlers, preferences=None: brh(cls, handlers=[IRH]))
 
         with FakeYDL({
-            'impersonate': ImpersonateTarget('abc', None, None, None)
+            'impersonate': ImpersonateTarget('abc', None, None, None),
         }) as ydl:
             rh = self.build_handler(ydl, IRH)
             assert rh.impersonate == ImpersonateTarget('abc', None, None, None)
@@ -1604,7 +1604,7 @@ class TestYoutubeDLNetworking:
                 def _send(self, request: Request):
                     pass
                 _SUPPORTED_URL_SCHEMES = ('http',)
-                _SUPPORTED_IMPERSONATE_TARGET_MAP = {ImpersonateTarget(target_client,): 'test'}
+                _SUPPORTED_IMPERSONATE_TARGET_MAP = {ImpersonateTarget(target_client): 'test'}
                 RH_KEY = target_client
                 RH_NAME = target_client
             handlers.append(TestRH)
@@ -1614,7 +1614,7 @@ class TestYoutubeDLNetworking:
             assert set(ydl._get_available_impersonate_targets()) == {
                 (ImpersonateTarget('xyz'), 'xyz'),
                 (ImpersonateTarget('abc'), 'abc'),
-                (ImpersonateTarget('asd'), 'asd')
+                (ImpersonateTarget('asd'), 'asd'),
             }
             assert ydl._impersonate_target_available(ImpersonateTarget('abc'))
             assert ydl._impersonate_target_available(ImpersonateTarget())
@@ -1837,7 +1837,7 @@ class TestRequest:
             extensions={'cookiejar': CookieJar()},
             headers={'Accept-Encoding': 'br'},
             proxies={'http': 'http://127.0.0.1'},
-            data=[b'123']
+            data=[b'123'],
         )
         req_copy = req.copy()
         assert req_copy is not req
@@ -1863,7 +1863,7 @@ class TestRequest:
         assert isinstance(req.copy(), AnotherRequest)
 
     def test_url(self):
-        req = Request(url='https://фtest.example.com/ some spaceв?ä=c',)
+        req = Request(url='https://фtest.example.com/ some spaceв?ä=c')
         assert req.url == 'https://xn--test-z6d.example.com/%20some%20space%D0%B2?%C3%A4=c'
 
         assert Request(url='//example.com').url == 'http://example.com'
@@ -1878,7 +1878,7 @@ class TestResponse:
         ('custom', 200, 'custom'),
         (None, 404, 'Not Found'),  # fallback status
         ('', 403, 'Forbidden'),
-        (None, 999, None)
+        (None, 999, None),
     ])
     def test_reason(self, reason, status, expected):
         res = Response(io.BytesIO(b''), url='test://', headers={}, status=status, reason=reason)
@@ -1933,7 +1933,7 @@ class TestImpersonateTarget:
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize('target_str', [
         '-120', ':-12.0', '-12:-12', '-:-',
-        '::', 'a-c-d:', 'a-c-d:e-f-g', 'a:b:'
+        '::', 'a-c-d:', 'a-c-d:e-f-g', 'a:b:',
     ])
     def test_target_from_invalid_str(self, target_str):
         with pytest.raises(ValueError):
@@ -1949,7 +1949,7 @@ class TestImpersonateTarget:
         (ImpersonateTarget('abc', '120', 'xyz', None), 'abc-120:xyz'),
         (ImpersonateTarget('abc', None, 'xyz'), 'abc:xyz'),
         (ImpersonateTarget(None, None, 'xyz', '6.5'), ':xyz-6.5'),
-        (ImpersonateTarget('abc', ), 'abc'),
+        (ImpersonateTarget('abc'), 'abc'),
         (ImpersonateTarget(None, None, None, None), ''),
     ])
     def test_str(self, target, expected):
diff --git a/test/test_networking_utils.py b/test/test_networking_utils.py
index b7b71430e7..204fe87bda 100644
--- a/test/test_networking_utils.py
+++ b/test/test_networking_utils.py
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class TestNetworkingUtils:
         proxies = {
             'all': 'socks5://example.com',
             'http': 'http://example.com:1080',
-            'no': 'bypass.example.com,yt-dl.org'
+            'no': 'bypass.example.com,yt-dl.org',
         }
 
         assert select_proxy('https://example.com', proxies) == proxies['all']
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class TestNetworkingUtils:
             'port': 1080,
             'rdns': True,
             'username': None,
-            'password': None
+            'password': None,
         }),
         ('socks5://user:@example.com:5555', {
             'proxytype': ProxyType.SOCKS5,
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class TestNetworkingUtils:
             'port': 5555,
             'rdns': False,
             'username': 'user',
-            'password': ''
+            'password': '',
         }),
         ('socks4://u%40ser:pa%20ss@127.0.0.1:1080', {
             'proxytype': ProxyType.SOCKS4,
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ class TestNetworkingUtils:
             'port': 1080,
             'rdns': False,
             'username': 'u@ser',
-            'password': 'pa ss'
+            'password': 'pa ss',
         }),
         ('socks4a://:pa%20ss@127.0.0.1', {
             'proxytype': ProxyType.SOCKS4A,
@@ -78,8 +78,8 @@ class TestNetworkingUtils:
             'port': 1080,
             'rdns': True,
             'username': '',
-            'password': 'pa ss'
-        })
+            'password': 'pa ss',
+        }),
     ])
     def test_make_socks_proxy_opts(self, socks_proxy, expected):
         assert make_socks_proxy_opts(socks_proxy) == expected
diff --git a/test/test_overwrites.py b/test/test_overwrites.py
index 6954c07f90..0beafdf12e 100644
--- a/test/test_overwrites.py
+++ b/test/test_overwrites.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class TestOverwrites(unittest.TestCase):
             [
                 sys.executable, 'yt_dlp/__main__.py',
                 '-o', 'test.webm',
-                'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNQXAC9IVRw'
+                'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNQXAC9IVRw',
             ], cwd=root_dir, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
         sout, serr = outp.communicate()
         self.assertTrue(b'has already been downloaded' in sout)
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class TestOverwrites(unittest.TestCase):
             [
                 sys.executable, 'yt_dlp/__main__.py', '--yes-overwrites',
                 '-o', 'test.webm',
-                'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNQXAC9IVRw'
+                'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNQXAC9IVRw',
             ], cwd=root_dir, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
         sout, serr = outp.communicate()
         self.assertTrue(b'has already been downloaded' not in sout)
diff --git a/test/test_plugins.py b/test/test_plugins.py
index 6cde579e1e..c82158e9fc 100644
--- a/test/test_plugins.py
+++ b/test/test_plugins.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class TestPlugins(unittest.TestCase):
 
         # don't load modules with underscore prefix
         self.assertFalse(
-            f'{PACKAGE_NAME}.extractor._ignore' in sys.modules.keys(),
+            f'{PACKAGE_NAME}.extractor._ignore' in sys.modules,
             'loaded module beginning with underscore')
         self.assertNotIn('IgnorePluginIE', plugins_ie.keys())
 
diff --git a/test/test_post_hooks.py b/test/test_post_hooks.py
index 3778d17942..6500dd3863 100644
--- a/test/test_post_hooks.py
+++ b/test/test_post_hooks.py
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ class TestPostHooks(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def hook_three(self, filename):
         self.files.append(filename)
-        raise Exception('Test exception for \'%s\'' % filename)
+        raise Exception(f'Test exception for \'{filename}\'')
 
     def tearDown(self):
         for f in self.files:
diff --git a/test/test_postprocessors.py b/test/test_postprocessors.py
index 52e5587729..603f85c654 100644
--- a/test/test_postprocessors.py
+++ b/test/test_postprocessors.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
 
 
 from yt_dlp import YoutubeDL
-from yt_dlp.compat import compat_shlex_quote
+from yt_dlp.utils import shell_quote
 from yt_dlp.postprocessor import (
     ExecPP,
     FFmpegThumbnailsConvertorPP,
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class TestExec(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_parse_cmd(self):
         pp = ExecPP(YoutubeDL(), '')
         info = {'filepath': 'file name'}
-        cmd = 'echo %s' % compat_shlex_quote(info['filepath'])
+        cmd = 'echo {}'.format(shell_quote(info['filepath']))
 
         self.assertEqual(pp.parse_cmd('echo', info), cmd)
         self.assertEqual(pp.parse_cmd('echo {}', info), cmd)
@@ -125,7 +125,8 @@ class TestModifyChaptersPP(unittest.TestCase):
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, chapters, [])
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_ChapterWithSponsors(self):
-        chapters = self._chapters([70], ['c']) + [
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([70], ['c']),
             self._sponsor_chapter(10, 20, 'sponsor'),
             self._sponsor_chapter(30, 40, 'preview'),
             self._sponsor_chapter(50, 60, 'filler')]
@@ -136,7 +137,8 @@ class TestModifyChaptersPP(unittest.TestCase):
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, [])
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_SponsorBlockChapters(self):
-        chapters = self._chapters([70], ['c']) + [
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([70], ['c']),
             self._sponsor_chapter(10, 20, 'chapter', title='sb c1'),
             self._sponsor_chapter(15, 16, 'chapter', title='sb c2'),
             self._sponsor_chapter(30, 40, 'preview'),
@@ -149,10 +151,14 @@ class TestModifyChaptersPP(unittest.TestCase):
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, [])
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_UniqueNamesForOverlappingSponsors(self):
-        chapters = self._chapters([120], ['c']) + [
-            self._sponsor_chapter(10, 45, 'sponsor'), self._sponsor_chapter(20, 40, 'selfpromo'),
-            self._sponsor_chapter(50, 70, 'sponsor'), self._sponsor_chapter(60, 85, 'selfpromo'),
-            self._sponsor_chapter(90, 120, 'selfpromo'), self._sponsor_chapter(100, 110, 'sponsor')]
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([120], ['c']),
+            self._sponsor_chapter(10, 45, 'sponsor'),
+            self._sponsor_chapter(20, 40, 'selfpromo'),
+            self._sponsor_chapter(50, 70, 'sponsor'),
+            self._sponsor_chapter(60, 85, 'selfpromo'),
+            self._sponsor_chapter(90, 120, 'selfpromo'),
+            self._sponsor_chapter(100, 110, 'sponsor')]
         expected = self._chapters(
             [10, 20, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 85, 90, 100, 110, 120],
             ['c', '[SponsorBlock]: Sponsor', '[SponsorBlock]: Sponsor, Unpaid/Self Promotion',
@@ -172,7 +178,8 @@ class TestModifyChaptersPP(unittest.TestCase):
             chapters, self._chapters([40], ['c']), cuts)
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_ChapterWithSponsorsAndCuts(self):
-        chapters = self._chapters([70], ['c']) + [
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([70], ['c']),
             self._sponsor_chapter(10, 20, 'sponsor'),
             self._sponsor_chapter(30, 40, 'selfpromo', remove=True),
             self._sponsor_chapter(50, 60, 'interaction')]
@@ -185,24 +192,29 @@ class TestModifyChaptersPP(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_ChapterWithSponsorCutInTheMiddle(self):
         cuts = [self._sponsor_chapter(20, 30, 'selfpromo', remove=True),
                 self._chapter(40, 50, remove=True)]
-        chapters = self._chapters([70], ['c']) + [self._sponsor_chapter(10, 60, 'sponsor')] + cuts
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([70], ['c']),
+            self._sponsor_chapter(10, 60, 'sponsor'),
+            *cuts]
         expected = self._chapters(
             [10, 40, 50], ['c', '[SponsorBlock]: Sponsor', 'c'])
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, cuts)
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_ChapterWithCutHidingSponsor(self):
         cuts = [self._sponsor_chapter(20, 50, 'selfpromo', remove=True)]
-        chapters = self._chapters([60], ['c']) + [
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([60], ['c']),
             self._sponsor_chapter(10, 20, 'intro'),
             self._sponsor_chapter(30, 40, 'sponsor'),
             self._sponsor_chapter(50, 60, 'outro'),
-        ] + cuts
+            *cuts]
         expected = self._chapters(
             [10, 20, 30], ['c', '[SponsorBlock]: Intermission/Intro Animation', '[SponsorBlock]: Endcards/Credits'])
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, cuts)
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_ChapterWithAdjacentSponsors(self):
-        chapters = self._chapters([70], ['c']) + [
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([70], ['c']),
             self._sponsor_chapter(10, 20, 'sponsor'),
             self._sponsor_chapter(20, 30, 'selfpromo'),
             self._sponsor_chapter(30, 40, 'interaction')]
@@ -213,7 +225,8 @@ class TestModifyChaptersPP(unittest.TestCase):
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, [])
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_ChapterWithAdjacentCuts(self):
-        chapters = self._chapters([70], ['c']) + [
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([70], ['c']),
             self._sponsor_chapter(10, 20, 'sponsor'),
             self._sponsor_chapter(20, 30, 'interaction', remove=True),
             self._chapter(30, 40, remove=True),
@@ -226,7 +239,8 @@ class TestModifyChaptersPP(unittest.TestCase):
             chapters, expected, [self._chapter(20, 50, remove=True)])
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_ChapterWithOverlappingSponsors(self):
-        chapters = self._chapters([70], ['c']) + [
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([70], ['c']),
             self._sponsor_chapter(10, 30, 'sponsor'),
             self._sponsor_chapter(20, 50, 'selfpromo'),
             self._sponsor_chapter(40, 60, 'interaction')]
@@ -238,7 +252,8 @@ class TestModifyChaptersPP(unittest.TestCase):
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, [])
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_ChapterWithOverlappingCuts(self):
-        chapters = self._chapters([70], ['c']) + [
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([70], ['c']),
             self._sponsor_chapter(10, 30, 'sponsor', remove=True),
             self._sponsor_chapter(20, 50, 'selfpromo', remove=True),
             self._sponsor_chapter(40, 60, 'interaction', remove=True)]
@@ -246,7 +261,8 @@ class TestModifyChaptersPP(unittest.TestCase):
             chapters, self._chapters([20], ['c']), [self._chapter(10, 60, remove=True)])
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_ChapterWithRunsOfOverlappingSponsors(self):
-        chapters = self._chapters([170], ['c']) + [
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([170], ['c']),
             self._sponsor_chapter(0, 30, 'intro'),
             self._sponsor_chapter(20, 50, 'sponsor'),
             self._sponsor_chapter(40, 60, 'selfpromo'),
@@ -267,7 +283,8 @@ class TestModifyChaptersPP(unittest.TestCase):
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, [])
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_ChapterWithRunsOfOverlappingCuts(self):
-        chapters = self._chapters([170], ['c']) + [
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([170], ['c']),
             self._chapter(0, 30, remove=True),
             self._sponsor_chapter(20, 50, 'sponsor', remove=True),
             self._chapter(40, 60, remove=True),
@@ -284,7 +301,8 @@ class TestModifyChaptersPP(unittest.TestCase):
             chapters, self._chapters([20], ['c']), expected_cuts)
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_OverlappingSponsorsDifferentTitlesAfterCut(self):
-        chapters = self._chapters([60], ['c']) + [
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([60], ['c']),
             self._sponsor_chapter(10, 60, 'sponsor'),
             self._sponsor_chapter(10, 40, 'intro'),
             self._sponsor_chapter(30, 50, 'interaction'),
@@ -297,7 +315,8 @@ class TestModifyChaptersPP(unittest.TestCase):
             chapters, expected, [self._chapter(30, 50, remove=True)])
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_SponsorsNoLongerOverlapAfterCut(self):
-        chapters = self._chapters([70], ['c']) + [
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([70], ['c']),
             self._sponsor_chapter(10, 30, 'sponsor'),
             self._sponsor_chapter(20, 50, 'interaction'),
             self._sponsor_chapter(30, 50, 'selfpromo', remove=True),
@@ -310,7 +329,8 @@ class TestModifyChaptersPP(unittest.TestCase):
             chapters, expected, [self._chapter(30, 50, remove=True)])
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_SponsorsStillOverlapAfterCut(self):
-        chapters = self._chapters([70], ['c']) + [
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([70], ['c']),
             self._sponsor_chapter(10, 60, 'sponsor'),
             self._sponsor_chapter(20, 60, 'interaction'),
             self._sponsor_chapter(30, 50, 'selfpromo', remove=True)]
@@ -321,7 +341,8 @@ class TestModifyChaptersPP(unittest.TestCase):
             chapters, expected, [self._chapter(30, 50, remove=True)])
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_ChapterWithRunsOfOverlappingSponsorsAndCuts(self):
-        chapters = self._chapters([200], ['c']) + [
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([200], ['c']),
             self._sponsor_chapter(10, 40, 'sponsor'),
             self._sponsor_chapter(10, 30, 'intro'),
             self._chapter(20, 30, remove=True),
@@ -347,8 +368,9 @@ class TestModifyChaptersPP(unittest.TestCase):
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, expected_cuts)
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_SponsorOverlapsMultipleChapters(self):
-        chapters = (self._chapters([20, 40, 60, 80, 100], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3', 'c4', 'c5'])
-                    + [self._sponsor_chapter(10, 90, 'sponsor')])
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([20, 40, 60, 80, 100], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3', 'c4', 'c5']),
+            self._sponsor_chapter(10, 90, 'sponsor')]
         expected = self._chapters([10, 90, 100], ['c1', '[SponsorBlock]: Sponsor', 'c5'])
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, [])
 
@@ -359,9 +381,10 @@ class TestModifyChaptersPP(unittest.TestCase):
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, cuts)
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_SponsorsWithinSomeChaptersAndOverlappingOthers(self):
-        chapters = (self._chapters([10, 40, 60, 80], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3', 'c4'])
-                    + [self._sponsor_chapter(20, 30, 'sponsor'),
-                       self._sponsor_chapter(50, 70, 'selfpromo')])
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([10, 40, 60, 80], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3', 'c4']),
+            self._sponsor_chapter(20, 30, 'sponsor'),
+            self._sponsor_chapter(50, 70, 'selfpromo')]
         expected = self._chapters([10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 70, 80],
                                   ['c1', 'c2', '[SponsorBlock]: Sponsor', 'c2', 'c3',
                                    '[SponsorBlock]: Unpaid/Self Promotion', 'c4'])
@@ -374,8 +397,9 @@ class TestModifyChaptersPP(unittest.TestCase):
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, cuts)
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_ChaptersAfterLastSponsor(self):
-        chapters = (self._chapters([20, 40, 50, 60], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3', 'c4'])
-                    + [self._sponsor_chapter(10, 30, 'music_offtopic')])
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([20, 40, 50, 60], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3', 'c4']),
+            self._sponsor_chapter(10, 30, 'music_offtopic')]
         expected = self._chapters(
             [10, 30, 40, 50, 60],
             ['c1', '[SponsorBlock]: Non-Music Section', 'c2', 'c3', 'c4'])
@@ -388,8 +412,9 @@ class TestModifyChaptersPP(unittest.TestCase):
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, cuts)
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_SponsorStartsAtChapterStart(self):
-        chapters = (self._chapters([10, 20, 40], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3'])
-                    + [self._sponsor_chapter(20, 30, 'sponsor')])
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([10, 20, 40], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3']),
+            self._sponsor_chapter(20, 30, 'sponsor')]
         expected = self._chapters([10, 20, 30, 40], ['c1', 'c2', '[SponsorBlock]: Sponsor', 'c3'])
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, [])
 
@@ -400,8 +425,9 @@ class TestModifyChaptersPP(unittest.TestCase):
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, cuts)
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_SponsorEndsAtChapterEnd(self):
-        chapters = (self._chapters([10, 30, 40], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3'])
-                    + [self._sponsor_chapter(20, 30, 'sponsor')])
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([10, 30, 40], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3']),
+            self._sponsor_chapter(20, 30, 'sponsor')]
         expected = self._chapters([10, 20, 30, 40], ['c1', 'c2', '[SponsorBlock]: Sponsor', 'c3'])
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, [])
 
@@ -412,8 +438,9 @@ class TestModifyChaptersPP(unittest.TestCase):
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, cuts)
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_SponsorCoincidesWithChapters(self):
-        chapters = (self._chapters([10, 20, 30, 40], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3', 'c4'])
-                    + [self._sponsor_chapter(10, 30, 'sponsor')])
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([10, 20, 30, 40], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3', 'c4']),
+            self._sponsor_chapter(10, 30, 'sponsor')]
         expected = self._chapters([10, 30, 40], ['c1', '[SponsorBlock]: Sponsor', 'c4'])
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, [])
 
@@ -424,8 +451,9 @@ class TestModifyChaptersPP(unittest.TestCase):
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, cuts)
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_SponsorsAtVideoBoundaries(self):
-        chapters = (self._chapters([20, 40, 60], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3'])
-                    + [self._sponsor_chapter(0, 10, 'intro'), self._sponsor_chapter(50, 60, 'outro')])
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([20, 40, 60], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3']),
+            self._sponsor_chapter(0, 10, 'intro'), self._sponsor_chapter(50, 60, 'outro')]
         expected = self._chapters(
             [10, 20, 40, 50, 60], ['[SponsorBlock]: Intermission/Intro Animation', 'c1', 'c2', 'c3', '[SponsorBlock]: Endcards/Credits'])
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, [])
@@ -437,8 +465,10 @@ class TestModifyChaptersPP(unittest.TestCase):
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, cuts)
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_SponsorsOverlapChaptersAtVideoBoundaries(self):
-        chapters = (self._chapters([10, 40, 50], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3'])
-                    + [self._sponsor_chapter(0, 20, 'intro'), self._sponsor_chapter(30, 50, 'outro')])
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([10, 40, 50], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3']),
+            self._sponsor_chapter(0, 20, 'intro'),
+            self._sponsor_chapter(30, 50, 'outro')]
         expected = self._chapters(
             [20, 30, 50], ['[SponsorBlock]: Intermission/Intro Animation', 'c2', '[SponsorBlock]: Endcards/Credits'])
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, [])
@@ -450,8 +480,10 @@ class TestModifyChaptersPP(unittest.TestCase):
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, cuts)
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_EverythingSponsored(self):
-        chapters = (self._chapters([10, 20, 30, 40], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3', 'c4'])
-                    + [self._sponsor_chapter(0, 20, 'intro'), self._sponsor_chapter(20, 40, 'outro')])
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([10, 20, 30, 40], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3', 'c4']),
+            self._sponsor_chapter(0, 20, 'intro'),
+            self._sponsor_chapter(20, 40, 'outro')]
         expected = self._chapters([20, 40], ['[SponsorBlock]: Intermission/Intro Animation', '[SponsorBlock]: Endcards/Credits'])
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(chapters, expected, [])
 
@@ -491,38 +523,39 @@ class TestModifyChaptersPP(unittest.TestCase):
             chapters, self._chapters([2.5], ['c2']), cuts)
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_TinyChaptersResultingFromSponsorOverlapAreIgnored(self):
-        chapters = self._chapters([1, 3, 4], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3']) + [
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([1, 3, 4], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3']),
             self._sponsor_chapter(1.5, 2.5, 'sponsor')]
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(
             chapters, self._chapters([1.5, 2.5, 4], ['c1', '[SponsorBlock]: Sponsor', 'c3']), [])
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_TinySponsorsOverlapsAreIgnored(self):
-        chapters = self._chapters([2, 3, 5], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3']) + [
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([2, 3, 5], ['c1', 'c2', 'c3']),
             self._sponsor_chapter(1, 3, 'sponsor'),
-            self._sponsor_chapter(2.5, 4, 'selfpromo')
-        ]
+            self._sponsor_chapter(2.5, 4, 'selfpromo')]
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(
             chapters, self._chapters([1, 3, 4, 5], [
                 'c1', '[SponsorBlock]: Sponsor', '[SponsorBlock]: Unpaid/Self Promotion', 'c3']), [])
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_TinySponsorsPrependedToTheNextSponsor(self):
-        chapters = self._chapters([4], ['c']) + [
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([4], ['c']),
             self._sponsor_chapter(1.5, 2, 'sponsor'),
-            self._sponsor_chapter(2, 4, 'selfpromo')
-        ]
+            self._sponsor_chapter(2, 4, 'selfpromo')]
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(
             chapters, self._chapters([1.5, 4], ['c', '[SponsorBlock]: Unpaid/Self Promotion']), [])
 
     def test_remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_SmallestSponsorInTheOverlapGetsNamed(self):
         self._pp._sponsorblock_chapter_title = '[SponsorBlock]: %(name)s'
-        chapters = self._chapters([10], ['c']) + [
+        chapters = [
+            *self._chapters([10], ['c']),
             self._sponsor_chapter(2, 8, 'sponsor'),
-            self._sponsor_chapter(4, 6, 'selfpromo')
-        ]
+            self._sponsor_chapter(4, 6, 'selfpromo')]
         self._remove_marked_arrange_sponsors_test_impl(
             chapters, self._chapters([2, 4, 6, 8, 10], [
                 'c', '[SponsorBlock]: Sponsor', '[SponsorBlock]: Unpaid/Self Promotion',
-                '[SponsorBlock]: Sponsor', 'c'
+                '[SponsorBlock]: Sponsor', 'c',
             ]), [])
 
     def test_make_concat_opts_CommonCase(self):
diff --git a/test/test_socks.py b/test/test_socks.py
index 43d612d85d..68af19d0ca 100644
--- a/test/test_socks.py
+++ b/test/test_socks.py
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ class Socks5ProxyHandler(StreamRequestHandler, SocksProxyHandler):
             return
 
         elif Socks5Auth.AUTH_USER_PASS in methods:
-            self.connection.sendall(struct.pack("!BB", SOCKS5_VERSION, Socks5Auth.AUTH_USER_PASS))
+            self.connection.sendall(struct.pack('!BB', SOCKS5_VERSION, Socks5Auth.AUTH_USER_PASS))
 
             _, user_len = struct.unpack('!BB', self.connection.recv(2))
             username = self.connection.recv(user_len).decode()
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ class Socks4ProxyHandler(StreamRequestHandler, SocksProxyHandler):
         if 0x0 < dest_ip <= 0xFF:
             use_remote_dns = True
         else:
-            socks_info['ipv4_address'] = socket.inet_ntoa(struct.pack("!I", dest_ip))
+            socks_info['ipv4_address'] = socket.inet_ntoa(struct.pack('!I', dest_ip))
 
         user_id = self._read_until_null().decode()
         if user_id != (self.socks_kwargs.get('user_id') or ''):
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ def ctx(request):
         ('Urllib', 'http'),
         ('Requests', 'http'),
         ('Websockets', 'ws'),
-        ('CurlCFFI', 'http')
+        ('CurlCFFI', 'http'),
     ], indirect=True)
 class TestSocks4Proxy:
     def test_socks4_no_auth(self, handler, ctx):
@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ class TestSocks4Proxy:
         ('Urllib', 'http'),
         ('Requests', 'http'),
         ('Websockets', 'ws'),
-        ('CurlCFFI', 'http')
+        ('CurlCFFI', 'http'),
     ], indirect=True)
 class TestSocks5Proxy:
 
diff --git a/test/test_subtitles.py b/test/test_subtitles.py
index 57362895f1..f3b0056179 100644
--- a/test/test_subtitles.py
+++ b/test/test_subtitles.py
@@ -40,12 +40,11 @@ class BaseTestSubtitles(unittest.TestCase):
         self.ie = self.IE()
         self.DL.add_info_extractor(self.ie)
         if not self.IE.working():
-            print('Skipping: %s marked as not _WORKING' % self.IE.ie_key())
+            print(f'Skipping: {self.IE.ie_key()} marked as not _WORKING')
             self.skipTest('IE marked as not _WORKING')
 
     def getInfoDict(self):
-        info_dict = self.DL.extract_info(self.url, download=False)
-        return info_dict
+        return self.DL.extract_info(self.url, download=False)
 
     def getSubtitles(self):
         info_dict = self.getInfoDict()
@@ -87,7 +86,7 @@ class TestYoutubeSubtitles(BaseTestSubtitles):
         self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['en']), 'ae1bd34126571a77aabd4d276b28044d')
         self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['it']), '0e0b667ba68411d88fd1c5f4f4eab2f9')
         for lang in ['fr', 'de']:
-            self.assertTrue(subtitles.get(lang) is not None, 'Subtitles for \'%s\' not extracted' % lang)
+            self.assertTrue(subtitles.get(lang) is not None, f'Subtitles for \'{lang}\' not extracted')
 
     def _test_subtitles_format(self, fmt, md5_hash, lang='en'):
         self.DL.params['writesubtitles'] = True
@@ -157,7 +156,7 @@ class TestDailymotionSubtitles(BaseTestSubtitles):
         self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['en']), '976553874490cba125086bbfea3ff76f')
         self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['fr']), '594564ec7d588942e384e920e5341792')
         for lang in ['es', 'fr', 'de']:
-            self.assertTrue(subtitles.get(lang) is not None, 'Subtitles for \'%s\' not extracted' % lang)
+            self.assertTrue(subtitles.get(lang) is not None, f'Subtitles for \'{lang}\' not extracted')
 
     def test_nosubtitles(self):
         self.DL.expect_warning('video doesn\'t have subtitles')
@@ -182,7 +181,7 @@ class TestTedSubtitles(BaseTestSubtitles):
         self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['en']), '4262c1665ff928a2dada178f62cb8d14')
         self.assertEqual(md5(subtitles['fr']), '66a63f7f42c97a50f8c0e90bc7797bb5')
         for lang in ['es', 'fr', 'de']:
-            self.assertTrue(subtitles.get(lang) is not None, 'Subtitles for \'%s\' not extracted' % lang)
+            self.assertTrue(subtitles.get(lang) is not None, f'Subtitles for \'{lang}\' not extracted')
 
 
 @is_download_test
diff --git a/test/test_traversal.py b/test/test_traversal.py
index 9b2a27b080..5d9fbe1d16 100644
--- a/test/test_traversal.py
+++ b/test/test_traversal.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class TestTraversal:
             'allow tuple path'
         assert traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, ['str']) == 'str', \
             'allow list path'
-        assert traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, (value for value in ("str",))) == 'str', \
+        assert traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, (value for value in ('str',))) == 'str', \
             'allow iterable path'
         assert traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, 'str') == 'str', \
             'single items should be treated as a path'
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ class TestTraversal:
 
     def test_traversal_set(self):
         # transformation/type, like `expected_type`
-        assert traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, (..., {str.upper}, )) == ['STR'], \
+        assert traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, (..., {str.upper})) == ['STR'], \
             'Function in set should be a transformation'
         assert traverse_obj(_TEST_DATA, (..., {str})) == ['str'], \
             'Type in set should be a type filter'
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ class TestTraversal:
             '`...` should result in string (same value) if `traverse_string`'
         assert traverse_obj(_TRAVERSE_STRING_DATA, ('str', slice(0, None, 2)), traverse_string=True) == 'sr', \
             '`slice` should result in string if `traverse_string`'
-        assert traverse_obj(_TRAVERSE_STRING_DATA, ('str', lambda i, v: i or v == "s"), traverse_string=True) == 'str', \
+        assert traverse_obj(_TRAVERSE_STRING_DATA, ('str', lambda i, v: i or v == 's'), traverse_string=True) == 'str', \
             'function should result in string if `traverse_string`'
         assert traverse_obj(_TRAVERSE_STRING_DATA, ('str', (0, 2)), traverse_string=True) == ['s', 'r'], \
             'branching should result in list if `traverse_string`'
diff --git a/test/test_update.py b/test/test_update.py
index bc139562f4..63a21e445f 100644
--- a/test/test_update.py
+++ b/test/test_update.py
@@ -78,11 +78,11 @@ TEST_API_DATA = {
 
 TEST_LOCKFILE_COMMENT = '# This file is used for regulating self-update'
 
-TEST_LOCKFILE_V1 = r'''%s
+TEST_LOCKFILE_V1 = rf'''{TEST_LOCKFILE_COMMENT}
 lock 2022.08.18.36 .+ Python 3\.6
 lock 2023.11.16 (?!win_x86_exe).+ Python 3\.7
 lock 2023.11.16 win_x86_exe .+ Windows-(?:Vista|2008Server)
-''' % TEST_LOCKFILE_COMMENT
+'''
 
 TEST_LOCKFILE_V2_TMPL = r'''%s
 lockV2 yt-dlp/yt-dlp 2022.08.18.36 .+ Python 3\.6
@@ -98,12 +98,12 @@ TEST_LOCKFILE_V2 = TEST_LOCKFILE_V2_TMPL % TEST_LOCKFILE_COMMENT
 
 TEST_LOCKFILE_ACTUAL = TEST_LOCKFILE_V2_TMPL % TEST_LOCKFILE_V1.rstrip('\n')
 
-TEST_LOCKFILE_FORK = r'''%s# Test if a fork blocks updates to non-numeric tags
+TEST_LOCKFILE_FORK = rf'''{TEST_LOCKFILE_ACTUAL}# Test if a fork blocks updates to non-numeric tags
 lockV2 fork/yt-dlp pr0000 .+ Python 3.6
 lockV2 fork/yt-dlp pr1234 (?!win_x86_exe).+ Python 3\.7
 lockV2 fork/yt-dlp pr1234 win_x86_exe .+ Windows-(?:Vista|2008Server)
 lockV2 fork/yt-dlp pr9999 .+ Python 3.11
-''' % TEST_LOCKFILE_ACTUAL
+'''
 
 
 class FakeUpdater(Updater):
diff --git a/test/test_utils.py b/test/test_utils.py
index 77fadbbeab..251739686e 100644
--- a/test/test_utils.py
+++ b/test/test_utils.py
@@ -276,8 +276,8 @@ class TestUtil(unittest.TestCase):
             self.assertEqual(expand_path(env('HOME')), os.getenv('HOME'))
             self.assertEqual(expand_path('~'), os.getenv('HOME'))
             self.assertEqual(
-                expand_path('~/%s' % env('yt_dlp_EXPATH_PATH')),
-                '%s/expanded' % os.getenv('HOME'))
+                expand_path('~/{}'.format(env('yt_dlp_EXPATH_PATH'))),
+                '{}/expanded'.format(os.getenv('HOME')))
         finally:
             os.environ['HOME'] = old_home or ''
 
@@ -356,12 +356,12 @@ class TestUtil(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(datetime_from_str('now+23hours', precision='hour'), datetime_from_str('now+23hours', precision='auto'))
 
     def test_daterange(self):
-        _20century = DateRange("19000101", "20000101")
-        self.assertFalse("17890714" in _20century)
-        _ac = DateRange("00010101")
-        self.assertTrue("19690721" in _ac)
-        _firstmilenium = DateRange(end="10000101")
-        self.assertTrue("07110427" in _firstmilenium)
+        _20century = DateRange('19000101', '20000101')
+        self.assertFalse('17890714' in _20century)
+        _ac = DateRange('00010101')
+        self.assertTrue('19690721' in _ac)
+        _firstmilenium = DateRange(end='10000101')
+        self.assertTrue('07110427' in _firstmilenium)
 
     def test_unified_dates(self):
         self.assertEqual(unified_strdate('December 21, 2010'), '20101221')
@@ -506,7 +506,7 @@ class TestUtil(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertRaises(ExtractorError, xpath_attr, doc, 'div/p', 'y', fatal=True)
 
     def test_smuggle_url(self):
-        data = {"ö": "ö", "abc": [3]}
+        data = {'ö': 'ö', 'abc': [3]}
         url = 'https://foo.bar/baz?x=y#a'
         smug_url = smuggle_url(url, data)
         unsmug_url, unsmug_data = unsmuggle_url(smug_url)
@@ -784,7 +784,7 @@ class TestUtil(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_strip_jsonp(self):
         stripped = strip_jsonp('cb ([ {"id":"532cb",\n\n\n"x":\n3}\n]\n);')
         d = json.loads(stripped)
-        self.assertEqual(d, [{"id": "532cb", "x": 3}])
+        self.assertEqual(d, [{'id': '532cb', 'x': 3}])
 
         stripped = strip_jsonp('parseMetadata({"STATUS":"OK"})\n\n\n//epc')
         d = json.loads(stripped)
@@ -922,19 +922,19 @@ class TestUtil(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_normalize_url(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             normalize_url('http://wowza.imust.org/srv/vod/telemb/new/UPLOAD/UPLOAD/20224_IncendieHavré_FD.mp4'),
-            'http://wowza.imust.org/srv/vod/telemb/new/UPLOAD/UPLOAD/20224_IncendieHavre%CC%81_FD.mp4'
+            'http://wowza.imust.org/srv/vod/telemb/new/UPLOAD/UPLOAD/20224_IncendieHavre%CC%81_FD.mp4',
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             normalize_url('http://www.ardmediathek.de/tv/Sturm-der-Liebe/Folge-2036-Zu-Mann-und-Frau-erklärt/Das-Erste/Video?documentId=22673108&bcastId=5290'),
-            'http://www.ardmediathek.de/tv/Sturm-der-Liebe/Folge-2036-Zu-Mann-und-Frau-erkl%C3%A4rt/Das-Erste/Video?documentId=22673108&bcastId=5290'
+            'http://www.ardmediathek.de/tv/Sturm-der-Liebe/Folge-2036-Zu-Mann-und-Frau-erkl%C3%A4rt/Das-Erste/Video?documentId=22673108&bcastId=5290',
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             normalize_url('http://тест.рф/фрагмент'),
-            'http://xn--e1aybc.xn--p1ai/%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82'
+            'http://xn--e1aybc.xn--p1ai/%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82',
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             normalize_url('http://тест.рф/абв?абв=абв#абв'),
-            'http://xn--e1aybc.xn--p1ai/%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2?%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2=%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2#%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2'
+            'http://xn--e1aybc.xn--p1ai/%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2?%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2=%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2#%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2',
         )
         self.assertEqual(normalize_url('http://vimeo.com/56015672#at=0'), 'http://vimeo.com/56015672#at=0')
 
@@ -979,7 +979,7 @@ class TestUtil(unittest.TestCase):
                     'e': 'false',
                     'f': '"false"',
                     'g': 'var',
-                }
+                },
             )),
             {
                 'null': None,
@@ -988,8 +988,8 @@ class TestUtil(unittest.TestCase):
                 'trueStr': 'true',
                 'false': False,
                 'falseStr': 'false',
-                'unresolvedVar': 'var'
-            }
+                'unresolvedVar': 'var',
+            },
         )
 
         self.assertDictEqual(
@@ -1005,14 +1005,14 @@ class TestUtil(unittest.TestCase):
                     'b': '"123"',
                     'c': '1.23',
                     'd': '"1.23"',
-                }
+                },
             )),
             {
                 'int': 123,
                 'intStr': '123',
                 'float': 1.23,
                 'floatStr': '1.23',
-            }
+            },
         )
 
         self.assertDictEqual(
@@ -1028,14 +1028,14 @@ class TestUtil(unittest.TestCase):
                     'b': '"{}"',
                     'c': '[]',
                     'd': '"[]"',
-                }
+                },
             )),
             {
                 'object': {},
                 'objectStr': '{}',
                 'array': [],
                 'arrayStr': '[]',
-            }
+            },
         )
 
     def test_js_to_json_realworld(self):
@@ -1081,7 +1081,7 @@ class TestUtil(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_js_to_json_edgecases(self):
         on = js_to_json("{abc_def:'1\\'\\\\2\\\\\\'3\"4'}")
-        self.assertEqual(json.loads(on), {"abc_def": "1'\\2\\'3\"4"})
+        self.assertEqual(json.loads(on), {'abc_def': "1'\\2\\'3\"4"})
 
         on = js_to_json('{"abc": true}')
         self.assertEqual(json.loads(on), {'abc': True})
@@ -1113,9 +1113,9 @@ class TestUtil(unittest.TestCase):
             'c': 0,
             'd': 42.42,
             'e': [],
-            'f': "abc",
-            'g': "",
-            '42': 42
+            'f': 'abc',
+            'g': '',
+            '42': 42,
         })
 
         on = js_to_json('["abc", "def",]')
@@ -1209,8 +1209,8 @@ class TestUtil(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(json.loads(js_to_json('Array(5, 10)')), [5, 10])
         self.assertEqual(json.loads(js_to_json('new Array(15,5)')), [15, 5])
         self.assertEqual(json.loads(js_to_json('new Map([Array(5, 10),new Array(15,5)])')), {'5': 10, '15': 5})
-        self.assertEqual(json.loads(js_to_json('new Date("123")')), "123")
-        self.assertEqual(json.loads(js_to_json('new Date(\'2023-10-19\')')), "2023-10-19")
+        self.assertEqual(json.loads(js_to_json('new Date("123")')), '123')
+        self.assertEqual(json.loads(js_to_json('new Date(\'2023-10-19\')')), '2023-10-19')
 
     def test_extract_attributes(self):
         self.assertEqual(extract_attributes('<e x="y">'), {'x': 'y'})
@@ -1265,7 +1265,7 @@ class TestUtil(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_args_to_str(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             args_to_str(['foo', 'ba/r', '-baz', '2 be', '']),
-            'foo ba/r -baz \'2 be\' \'\'' if compat_os_name != 'nt' else 'foo ba/r -baz "2 be" ""'
+            'foo ba/r -baz \'2 be\' \'\'' if compat_os_name != 'nt' else 'foo ba/r -baz "2 be" ""',
         )
 
     def test_parse_filesize(self):
@@ -1348,10 +1348,10 @@ ffmpeg version 2.4.4 Copyright (c) 2000-2014 the FFmpeg ...'''), '2.4.4')
         self.assertTrue(is_html(  # UTF-8 with BOM
             b'\xef\xbb\xbf<!DOCTYPE foo>\xaaa'))
         self.assertTrue(is_html(  # UTF-16-LE
-            b'\xff\xfe<\x00h\x00t\x00m\x00l\x00>\x00\xe4\x00'
+            b'\xff\xfe<\x00h\x00t\x00m\x00l\x00>\x00\xe4\x00',
         ))
         self.assertTrue(is_html(  # UTF-16-BE
-            b'\xfe\xff\x00<\x00h\x00t\x00m\x00l\x00>\x00\xe4'
+            b'\xfe\xff\x00<\x00h\x00t\x00m\x00l\x00>\x00\xe4',
         ))
         self.assertTrue(is_html(  # UTF-32-BE
             b'\x00\x00\xFE\xFF\x00\x00\x00<\x00\x00\x00h\x00\x00\x00t\x00\x00\x00m\x00\x00\x00l\x00\x00\x00>\x00\x00\x00\xe4'))
@@ -1935,7 +1935,7 @@ Line 1
                             with locked_file(FILE, test_mode, False):
                                 pass
                         except (BlockingIOError, PermissionError):
-                            if not testing_write:  # FIXME
+                            if not testing_write:  # FIXME: blocked read access
                                 print(f'Known issue: Exclusive lock ({lock_mode}) blocks read access ({test_mode})')
                                 continue
                             self.assertTrue(testing_write, f'{test_mode} is blocked by {lock_mode}')
@@ -2003,7 +2003,7 @@ Line 1
                          msg='int fn with expected_type int should give int')
         self.assertEqual(try_call(lambda: 1, expected_type=dict), None,
                          msg='int fn with wrong expected_type should give None')
-        self.assertEqual(try_call(total, args=(0, 1, 0, ), expected_type=int), 1,
+        self.assertEqual(try_call(total, args=(0, 1, 0), expected_type=int), 1,
                          msg='fn should accept arglist')
         self.assertEqual(try_call(total, kwargs={'a': 0, 'b': 1, 'c': 0}, expected_type=int), 1,
                          msg='fn should accept kwargs')
diff --git a/test/test_websockets.py b/test/test_websockets.py
index aa0dfa2d55..5f101abcc6 100644
--- a/test/test_websockets.py
+++ b/test/test_websockets.py
@@ -297,14 +297,14 @@ class TestWebsSocketRequestHandlerConformance:
             'client_certificate': os.path.join(MTLS_CERT_DIR, 'client.crt'),
             'client_certificate_key': os.path.join(MTLS_CERT_DIR, 'clientencrypted.key'),
             'client_certificate_password': 'foobar',
-        }
+        },
     ))
     def test_mtls(self, handler, client_cert):
         with handler(
             # Disable client-side validation of unacceptable self-signed testcert.pem
             # The test is of a check on the server side, so unaffected
             verify=False,
-            client_cert=client_cert
+            client_cert=client_cert,
         ) as rh:
             ws_validate_and_send(rh, Request(self.mtls_wss_base_url)).close()
 
diff --git a/test/test_youtube_misc.py b/test/test_youtube_misc.py
index 81be5d3c9e..81b116217a 100644
--- a/test/test_youtube_misc.py
+++ b/test/test_youtube_misc.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ from yt_dlp.extractor import YoutubeIE
 
 class TestYoutubeMisc(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_youtube_extract(self):
-        assertExtractId = lambda url, id: self.assertEqual(YoutubeIE.extract_id(url), id)
+        assertExtractId = lambda url, video_id: self.assertEqual(YoutubeIE.extract_id(url), video_id)
         assertExtractId('http://www.youtube.com/watch?&v=BaW_jenozKc', 'BaW_jenozKc')
         assertExtractId('https://www.youtube.com/watch?&v=BaW_jenozKc', 'BaW_jenozKc')
         assertExtractId('https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=BaW_jenozKc', 'BaW_jenozKc')
diff --git a/test/test_youtube_signature.py b/test/test_youtube_signature.py
index c5592845b3..bfaff83a0a 100644
--- a/test/test_youtube_signature.py
+++ b/test/test_youtube_signature.py
@@ -46,17 +46,17 @@ _SIG_TESTS = [
     (
         'https://s.ytimg.com/yts/jsbin/html5player-en_US-vflBb0OQx.js',
         84,
-        '123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQ0STUVWXYZ!"#$%&\'()*+,@./:;<=>'
+        '123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQ0STUVWXYZ!"#$%&\'()*+,@./:;<=>',
     ),
     (
         'https://s.ytimg.com/yts/jsbin/html5player-en_US-vfl9FYC6l.js',
         83,
-        '123456789abcdefghijklmnopqr0tuvwxyzABCDETGHIJKLMNOPQRS>UVWXYZ!"#$%&\'()*+,-./:;<=F'
+        '123456789abcdefghijklmnopqr0tuvwxyzABCDETGHIJKLMNOPQRS>UVWXYZ!"#$%&\'()*+,-./:;<=F',
     ),
     (
         'https://s.ytimg.com/yts/jsbin/html5player-en_US-vflCGk6yw/html5player.js',
         '4646B5181C6C3020DF1D9C7FCFEA.AD80ABF70C39BD369CCCAE780AFBB98FA6B6CB42766249D9488C288',
-        '82C8849D94266724DC6B6AF89BBFA087EACCD963.B93C07FBA084ACAEFCF7C9D1FD0203C6C1815B6B'
+        '82C8849D94266724DC6B6AF89BBFA087EACCD963.B93C07FBA084ACAEFCF7C9D1FD0203C6C1815B6B',
     ),
     (
         'https://s.ytimg.com/yts/jsbin/html5player-en_US-vflKjOTVq/html5player.js',
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ class TestSignature(unittest.TestCase):
 def t_factory(name, sig_func, url_pattern):
     def make_tfunc(url, sig_input, expected_sig):
         m = url_pattern.match(url)
-        assert m, '%r should follow URL format' % url
+        assert m, f'{url!r} should follow URL format'
         test_id = m.group('id')
 
         def test_func(self):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/YoutubeDL.py b/yt_dlp/YoutubeDL.py
index 2c6f695d09..5abcb4635c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/YoutubeDL.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/YoutubeDL.py
@@ -109,7 +109,6 @@ from .utils import (
     determine_protocol,
     encode_compat_str,
     encodeFilename,
-    error_to_compat_str,
     escapeHTML,
     expand_path,
     extract_basic_auth,
@@ -583,7 +582,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
         'player_url', 'protocol', 'fragment_base_url', 'fragments', 'is_from_start', 'is_dash_periods', 'request_data',
         'preference', 'language', 'language_preference', 'quality', 'source_preference', 'cookies',
         'http_headers', 'stretched_ratio', 'no_resume', 'has_drm', 'extra_param_to_segment_url', 'hls_aes', 'downloader_options',
-        'page_url', 'app', 'play_path', 'tc_url', 'flash_version', 'rtmp_live', 'rtmp_conn', 'rtmp_protocol', 'rtmp_real_time'
+        'page_url', 'app', 'play_path', 'tc_url', 'flash_version', 'rtmp_live', 'rtmp_conn', 'rtmp_protocol', 'rtmp_real_time',
     }
     _deprecated_multivalue_fields = {
         'album_artist': 'album_artists',
@@ -594,7 +593,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
     }
     _format_selection_exts = {
         'audio': set(MEDIA_EXTENSIONS.common_audio),
-        'video': set(MEDIA_EXTENSIONS.common_video + ('3gp', )),
+        'video': {*MEDIA_EXTENSIONS.common_video, '3gp'},
         'storyboards': set(MEDIA_EXTENSIONS.storyboards),
     }
 
@@ -628,7 +627,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
             error=sys.stderr,
             screen=sys.stderr if self.params.get('quiet') else stdout,
             console=None if compat_os_name == 'nt' else next(
-                filter(supports_terminal_sequences, (sys.stderr, sys.stdout)), None)
+                filter(supports_terminal_sequences, (sys.stderr, sys.stdout)), None),
         )
 
         try:
@@ -679,9 +678,9 @@ class YoutubeDL:
                 width_args = [] if width is None else ['-w', str(width)]
                 sp_kwargs = {'stdin': subprocess.PIPE, 'stdout': slave, 'stderr': self._out_files.error}
                 try:
-                    self._output_process = Popen(['bidiv'] + width_args, **sp_kwargs)
+                    self._output_process = Popen(['bidiv', *width_args], **sp_kwargs)
                 except OSError:
-                    self._output_process = Popen(['fribidi', '-c', 'UTF-8'] + width_args, **sp_kwargs)
+                    self._output_process = Popen(['fribidi', '-c', 'UTF-8', *width_args], **sp_kwargs)
                 self._output_channel = os.fdopen(master, 'rb')
             except OSError as ose:
                 if ose.errno == errno.ENOENT:
@@ -822,8 +821,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
             )
             self.report_warning(
                 'Long argument string detected. '
-                'Use -- to separate parameters and URLs, like this:\n%s' %
-                shell_quote(correct_argv))
+                f'Use -- to separate parameters and URLs, like this:\n{shell_quote(correct_argv)}')
 
     def add_info_extractor(self, ie):
         """Add an InfoExtractor object to the end of the list."""
@@ -922,7 +920,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
         if (self.params.get('quiet') if quiet is None else quiet) and not self.params.get('verbose'):
             return
         self._write_string(
-            '%s%s' % (self._bidi_workaround(message), ('' if skip_eol else '\n')),
+            '{}{}'.format(self._bidi_workaround(message), ('' if skip_eol else '\n')),
             self._out_files.screen, only_once=only_once)
 
     def to_stderr(self, message, only_once=False):
@@ -1045,10 +1043,10 @@ class YoutubeDL:
         return self._format_text(self._out_files.error, self._allow_colors.error, *args, **kwargs)
 
     def report_warning(self, message, only_once=False):
-        '''
+        """
         Print the message to stderr, it will be prefixed with 'WARNING:'
         If stderr is a tty file the 'WARNING:' will be colored
-        '''
+        """
         if self.params.get('logger') is not None:
             self.params['logger'].warning(message)
         else:
@@ -1066,14 +1064,14 @@ class YoutubeDL:
         self.to_stderr(f'{self._format_err("Deprecated Feature:", self.Styles.ERROR)} {message}', True)
 
     def report_error(self, message, *args, **kwargs):
-        '''
+        """
         Do the same as trouble, but prefixes the message with 'ERROR:', colored
         in red if stderr is a tty file.
-        '''
+        """
         self.trouble(f'{self._format_err("ERROR:", self.Styles.ERROR)} {message}', *args, **kwargs)
 
     def write_debug(self, message, only_once=False):
-        '''Log debug message or Print message to stderr'''
+        """Log debug message or Print message to stderr"""
         if not self.params.get('verbose', False):
             return
         message = f'[debug] {message}'
@@ -1085,14 +1083,14 @@ class YoutubeDL:
     def report_file_already_downloaded(self, file_name):
         """Report file has already been fully downloaded."""
         try:
-            self.to_screen('[download] %s has already been downloaded' % file_name)
+            self.to_screen(f'[download] {file_name} has already been downloaded')
         except UnicodeEncodeError:
             self.to_screen('[download] The file has already been downloaded')
 
     def report_file_delete(self, file_name):
         """Report that existing file will be deleted."""
         try:
-            self.to_screen('Deleting existing file %s' % file_name)
+            self.to_screen(f'Deleting existing file {file_name}')
         except UnicodeEncodeError:
             self.to_screen('Deleting existing file')
 
@@ -1147,7 +1145,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
 
     @staticmethod
     def escape_outtmpl(outtmpl):
-        ''' Escape any remaining strings like %s, %abc% etc. '''
+        """ Escape any remaining strings like %s, %abc% etc. """
         return re.sub(
             STR_FORMAT_RE_TMPL.format('', '(?![%(\0])'),
             lambda mobj: ('' if mobj.group('has_key') else '%') + mobj.group(0),
@@ -1155,7 +1153,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
 
     @classmethod
     def validate_outtmpl(cls, outtmpl):
-        ''' @return None or Exception object '''
+        """ @return None or Exception object """
         outtmpl = re.sub(
             STR_FORMAT_RE_TMPL.format('[^)]*', '[ljhqBUDS]'),
             lambda mobj: f'{mobj.group(0)[:-1]}s',
@@ -1208,13 +1206,13 @@ class YoutubeDL:
         }
         # Field is of the form key1.key2...
         # where keys (except first) can be string, int, slice or "{field, ...}"
-        FIELD_INNER_RE = r'(?:\w+|%(num)s|%(num)s?(?::%(num)s?){1,2})' % {'num': r'(?:-?\d+)'}
-        FIELD_RE = r'\w*(?:\.(?:%(inner)s|{%(field)s(?:,%(field)s)*}))*' % {
+        FIELD_INNER_RE = r'(?:\w+|%(num)s|%(num)s?(?::%(num)s?){1,2})' % {'num': r'(?:-?\d+)'}  # noqa: UP031
+        FIELD_RE = r'\w*(?:\.(?:%(inner)s|{%(field)s(?:,%(field)s)*}))*' % {  # noqa: UP031
             'inner': FIELD_INNER_RE,
-            'field': rf'\w*(?:\.{FIELD_INNER_RE})*'
+            'field': rf'\w*(?:\.{FIELD_INNER_RE})*',
         }
         MATH_FIELD_RE = rf'(?:{FIELD_RE}|-?{NUMBER_RE})'
-        MATH_OPERATORS_RE = r'(?:%s)' % '|'.join(map(re.escape, MATH_FUNCTIONS.keys()))
+        MATH_OPERATORS_RE = r'(?:{})'.format('|'.join(map(re.escape, MATH_FUNCTIONS.keys())))
         INTERNAL_FORMAT_RE = re.compile(rf'''(?xs)
             (?P<negate>-)?
             (?P<fields>{FIELD_RE})
@@ -1337,7 +1335,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
                     value, default = None, na
 
             fmt = outer_mobj.group('format')
-            if fmt == 's' and last_field in field_size_compat_map.keys() and isinstance(value, int):
+            if fmt == 's' and last_field in field_size_compat_map and isinstance(value, int):
                 fmt = f'0{field_size_compat_map[last_field]:d}d'
 
             flags = outer_mobj.group('conversion') or ''
@@ -1362,7 +1360,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
             elif fmt[-1] == 'U':  # unicode normalized
                 value, fmt = unicodedata.normalize(
                     # "+" = compatibility equivalence, "#" = NFD
-                    'NF%s%s' % ('K' if '+' in flags else '', 'D' if '#' in flags else 'C'),
+                    'NF{}{}'.format('K' if '+' in flags else '', 'D' if '#' in flags else 'C'),
                     value), str_fmt
             elif fmt[-1] == 'D':  # decimal suffix
                 num_fmt, fmt = fmt[:-1].replace('#', ''), 's'
@@ -1390,7 +1388,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
                 if fmt[-1] in 'csra':
                     value = sanitizer(last_field, value)
 
-            key = '%s\0%s' % (key.replace('%', '%\0'), outer_mobj.group('format'))
+            key = '{}\0{}'.format(key.replace('%', '%\0'), outer_mobj.group('format'))
             TMPL_DICT[key] = value
             return '{prefix}%({key}){fmt}'.format(key=key, fmt=fmt, prefix=outer_mobj.group('prefix'))
 
@@ -1479,9 +1477,9 @@ class YoutubeDL:
 
             date = info_dict.get('upload_date')
             if date is not None:
-                dateRange = self.params.get('daterange', DateRange())
-                if date not in dateRange:
-                    return f'{date_from_str(date).isoformat()} upload date is not in range {dateRange}'
+                date_range = self.params.get('daterange', DateRange())
+                if date not in date_range:
+                    return f'{date_from_str(date).isoformat()} upload date is not in range {date_range}'
             view_count = info_dict.get('view_count')
             if view_count is not None:
                 min_views = self.params.get('min_views')
@@ -1491,7 +1489,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
                 if max_views is not None and view_count > max_views:
                     return 'Skipping %s, because it has exceeded the maximum view count (%d/%d)' % (video_title, view_count, max_views)
             if age_restricted(info_dict.get('age_limit'), self.params.get('age_limit')):
-                return 'Skipping "%s" because it is age restricted' % video_title
+                return f'Skipping "{video_title}" because it is age restricted'
 
             match_filter = self.params.get('match_filter')
             if match_filter is None:
@@ -1544,7 +1542,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
 
     @staticmethod
     def add_extra_info(info_dict, extra_info):
-        '''Set the keys from extra_info in info dict if they are missing'''
+        """Set the keys from extra_info in info dict if they are missing"""
         for key, value in extra_info.items():
             info_dict.setdefault(key, value)
 
@@ -1590,7 +1588,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
                 self.to_screen(f'[download] {self._format_screen(temp_id, self.Styles.ID)}: '
                                'has already been recorded in the archive')
                 if self.params.get('break_on_existing', False):
-                    raise ExistingVideoReached()
+                    raise ExistingVideoReached
                 break
             return self.__extract_info(url, self.get_info_extractor(key), download, extra_info, process)
         else:
@@ -1616,8 +1614,8 @@ class YoutubeDL:
                 except GeoRestrictedError as e:
                     msg = e.msg
                     if e.countries:
-                        msg += '\nThis video is available in %s.' % ', '.join(
-                            map(ISO3166Utils.short2full, e.countries))
+                        msg += '\nThis video is available in {}.'.format(', '.join(
+                            map(ISO3166Utils.short2full, e.countries)))
                     msg += '\nYou might want to use a VPN or a proxy server (with --proxy) to workaround.'
                     self.report_error(msg)
                 except ExtractorError as e:  # An error we somewhat expected
@@ -1826,8 +1824,8 @@ class YoutubeDL:
                 if isinstance(additional_urls, str):
                     additional_urls = [additional_urls]
                 self.to_screen(
-                    '[info] %s: %d additional URL(s) requested' % (ie_result['id'], len(additional_urls)))
-                self.write_debug('Additional URLs: "%s"' % '", "'.join(additional_urls))
+                    '[info] {}: {} additional URL(s) requested'.format(ie_result['id'], len(additional_urls)))
+                self.write_debug('Additional URLs: "{}"'.format('", "'.join(additional_urls)))
                 ie_result['additional_entries'] = [
                     self.extract_info(
                         url, download, extra_info=extra_info,
@@ -1879,8 +1877,8 @@ class YoutubeDL:
             webpage_url = ie_result.get('webpage_url')  # Playlists maynot have webpage_url
             if webpage_url and webpage_url in self._playlist_urls:
                 self.to_screen(
-                    '[download] Skipping already downloaded playlist: %s'
-                    % ie_result.get('title') or ie_result.get('id'))
+                    '[download] Skipping already downloaded playlist: {}'.format(
+                        ie_result.get('title')) or ie_result.get('id'))
                 return
 
             self._playlist_level += 1
@@ -1895,8 +1893,8 @@ class YoutubeDL:
                     self._playlist_urls.clear()
         elif result_type == 'compat_list':
             self.report_warning(
-                'Extractor %s returned a compat_list result. '
-                'It needs to be updated.' % ie_result.get('extractor'))
+                'Extractor {} returned a compat_list result. '
+                'It needs to be updated.'.format(ie_result.get('extractor')))
 
             def _fixup(r):
                 self.add_extra_info(r, {
@@ -1913,7 +1911,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
             ]
             return ie_result
         else:
-            raise Exception('Invalid result type: %s' % result_type)
+            raise Exception(f'Invalid result type: {result_type}')
 
     def _ensure_dir_exists(self, path):
         return make_dir(path, self.report_error)
@@ -2029,8 +2027,9 @@ class YoutubeDL:
                 resolved_entries[i] = (playlist_index, NO_DEFAULT)
                 continue
 
-            self.to_screen('[download] Downloading item %s of %s' % (
-                self._format_screen(i + 1, self.Styles.ID), self._format_screen(n_entries, self.Styles.EMPHASIS)))
+            self.to_screen(
+                f'[download] Downloading item {self._format_screen(i + 1, self.Styles.ID)} '
+                f'of {self._format_screen(n_entries, self.Styles.EMPHASIS)}')
 
             entry_result = self.__process_iterable_entry(entry, download, collections.ChainMap({
                 'playlist_index': playlist_index,
@@ -2080,9 +2079,9 @@ class YoutubeDL:
         }
         operator_rex = re.compile(r'''(?x)\s*
             (?P<key>[\w.-]+)\s*
-            (?P<op>%s)(?P<none_inclusive>\s*\?)?\s*
+            (?P<op>{})(?P<none_inclusive>\s*\?)?\s*
             (?P<value>[0-9.]+(?:[kKmMgGtTpPeEzZyY]i?[Bb]?)?)\s*
-            ''' % '|'.join(map(re.escape, OPERATORS.keys())))
+            '''.format('|'.join(map(re.escape, OPERATORS.keys()))))
         m = operator_rex.fullmatch(filter_spec)
         if m:
             try:
@@ -2093,7 +2092,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
                     comparison_value = parse_filesize(m.group('value') + 'B')
                 if comparison_value is None:
                     raise ValueError(
-                        'Invalid value %r in format specification %r' % (
+                        'Invalid value {!r} in format specification {!r}'.format(
                             m.group('value'), filter_spec))
             op = OPERATORS[m.group('op')]
 
@@ -2103,15 +2102,15 @@ class YoutubeDL:
                 '^=': lambda attr, value: attr.startswith(value),
                 '$=': lambda attr, value: attr.endswith(value),
                 '*=': lambda attr, value: value in attr,
-                '~=': lambda attr, value: value.search(attr) is not None
+                '~=': lambda attr, value: value.search(attr) is not None,
             }
             str_operator_rex = re.compile(r'''(?x)\s*
                 (?P<key>[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+)\s*
-                (?P<negation>!\s*)?(?P<op>%s)\s*(?P<none_inclusive>\?\s*)?
+                (?P<negation>!\s*)?(?P<op>{})\s*(?P<none_inclusive>\?\s*)?
                 (?P<quote>["'])?
                 (?P<value>(?(quote)(?:(?!(?P=quote))[^\\]|\\.)+|[\w.-]+))
                 (?(quote)(?P=quote))\s*
-                ''' % '|'.join(map(re.escape, STR_OPERATORS.keys())))
+                '''.format('|'.join(map(re.escape, STR_OPERATORS.keys()))))
             m = str_operator_rex.fullmatch(filter_spec)
             if m:
                 if m.group('op') == '~=':
@@ -2125,7 +2124,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
                     op = str_op
 
         if not m:
-            raise SyntaxError('Invalid filter specification %r' % filter_spec)
+            raise SyntaxError(f'Invalid filter specification {filter_spec!r}')
 
         def _filter(f):
             actual_value = f.get(m.group('key'))
@@ -2141,7 +2140,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
                 if working:
                     yield f
                 continue
-            self.to_screen('[info] Testing format %s' % f['format_id'])
+            self.to_screen('[info] Testing format {}'.format(f['format_id']))
             path = self.get_output_path('temp')
             if not self._ensure_dir_exists(f'{path}/'):
                 continue
@@ -2149,19 +2148,19 @@ class YoutubeDL:
             temp_file.close()
             try:
                 success, _ = self.dl(temp_file.name, f, test=True)
-            except (DownloadError, OSError, ValueError) + network_exceptions:
+            except (DownloadError, OSError, ValueError, *network_exceptions):
                 success = False
             finally:
                 if os.path.exists(temp_file.name):
                     try:
                         os.remove(temp_file.name)
                     except OSError:
-                        self.report_warning('Unable to delete temporary file "%s"' % temp_file.name)
+                        self.report_warning(f'Unable to delete temporary file "{temp_file.name}"')
             f['__working'] = success
             if success:
                 yield f
             else:
-                self.to_screen('[info] Unable to download format %s. Skipping...' % f['format_id'])
+                self.to_screen('[info] Unable to download format {}. Skipping...'.format(f['format_id']))
 
     def _select_formats(self, formats, selector):
         return list(selector({
@@ -2214,8 +2213,8 @@ class YoutubeDL:
 
         def _parse_filter(tokens):
             filter_parts = []
-            for type, string_, start, _, _ in tokens:
-                if type == tokenize.OP and string_ == ']':
+            for type_, string_, _start, _, _ in tokens:
+                if type_ == tokenize.OP and string_ == ']':
                     return ''.join(filter_parts)
                 else:
                     filter_parts.append(string_)
@@ -2225,23 +2224,23 @@ class YoutubeDL:
             # E.g. 'mp4' '-' 'baseline' '-' '16x9' is converted to 'mp4-baseline-16x9'
             ALLOWED_OPS = ('/', '+', ',', '(', ')')
             last_string, last_start, last_end, last_line = None, None, None, None
-            for type, string_, start, end, line in tokens:
-                if type == tokenize.OP and string_ == '[':
+            for type_, string_, start, end, line in tokens:
+                if type_ == tokenize.OP and string_ == '[':
                     if last_string:
                         yield tokenize.NAME, last_string, last_start, last_end, last_line
                         last_string = None
-                    yield type, string_, start, end, line
+                    yield type_, string_, start, end, line
                     # everything inside brackets will be handled by _parse_filter
-                    for type, string_, start, end, line in tokens:
-                        yield type, string_, start, end, line
-                        if type == tokenize.OP and string_ == ']':
+                    for type_, string_, start, end, line in tokens:
+                        yield type_, string_, start, end, line
+                        if type_ == tokenize.OP and string_ == ']':
                             break
-                elif type == tokenize.OP and string_ in ALLOWED_OPS:
+                elif type_ == tokenize.OP and string_ in ALLOWED_OPS:
                     if last_string:
                         yield tokenize.NAME, last_string, last_start, last_end, last_line
                         last_string = None
-                    yield type, string_, start, end, line
-                elif type in [tokenize.NAME, tokenize.NUMBER, tokenize.OP]:
+                    yield type_, string_, start, end, line
+                elif type_ in [tokenize.NAME, tokenize.NUMBER, tokenize.OP]:
                     if not last_string:
                         last_string = string_
                         last_start = start
@@ -2254,13 +2253,13 @@ class YoutubeDL:
         def _parse_format_selection(tokens, inside_merge=False, inside_choice=False, inside_group=False):
             selectors = []
             current_selector = None
-            for type, string_, start, _, _ in tokens:
+            for type_, string_, start, _, _ in tokens:
                 # ENCODING is only defined in Python 3.x
-                if type == getattr(tokenize, 'ENCODING', None):
+                if type_ == getattr(tokenize, 'ENCODING', None):
                     continue
-                elif type in [tokenize.NAME, tokenize.NUMBER]:
+                elif type_ in [tokenize.NAME, tokenize.NUMBER]:
                     current_selector = FormatSelector(SINGLE, string_, [])
-                elif type == tokenize.OP:
+                elif type_ == tokenize.OP:
                     if string_ == ')':
                         if not inside_group:
                             # ')' will be handled by the parentheses group
@@ -2303,7 +2302,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
                         current_selector = FormatSelector(MERGE, (selector_1, selector_2), [])
                     else:
                         raise syntax_error(f'Operator not recognized: "{string_}"', start)
-                elif type == tokenize.ENDMARKER:
+                elif type_ == tokenize.ENDMARKER:
                     break
             if current_selector:
                 selectors.append(current_selector)
@@ -2378,7 +2377,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
                     'acodec': the_only_audio.get('acodec'),
                     'abr': the_only_audio.get('abr'),
                     'asr': the_only_audio.get('asr'),
-                    'audio_channels': the_only_audio.get('audio_channels')
+                    'audio_channels': the_only_audio.get('audio_channels'),
                 })
 
             return new_dict
@@ -2459,9 +2458,9 @@ class YoutubeDL:
 
                         format_fallback = not format_type and not format_modified  # for b, w
                         _filter_f = (
-                            (lambda f: f.get('%scodec' % format_type) != 'none')
+                            (lambda f: f.get(f'{format_type}codec') != 'none')
                             if format_type and format_modified  # bv*, ba*, wv*, wa*
-                            else (lambda f: f.get('%scodec' % not_format_type) == 'none')
+                            else (lambda f: f.get(f'{not_format_type}codec') == 'none')
                             if format_type  # bv, ba, wv, wa
                             else (lambda f: f.get('vcodec') != 'none' and f.get('acodec') != 'none')
                             if not format_modified  # b, w
@@ -2529,7 +2528,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
 
             def __next__(self):
                 if self.counter >= len(self.tokens):
-                    raise StopIteration()
+                    raise StopIteration
                 value = self.tokens[self.counter]
                 self.counter += 1
                 return value
@@ -2612,7 +2611,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
         self._sort_thumbnails(thumbnails)
         for i, t in enumerate(thumbnails):
             if t.get('id') is None:
-                t['id'] = '%d' % i
+                t['id'] = str(i)
             if t.get('width') and t.get('height'):
                 t['resolution'] = '%dx%d' % (t['width'], t['height'])
             t['url'] = sanitize_url(t['url'])
@@ -2673,8 +2672,8 @@ class YoutubeDL:
         # Auto generate title fields corresponding to the *_number fields when missing
         # in order to always have clean titles. This is very common for TV series.
         for field in ('chapter', 'season', 'episode'):
-            if final and info_dict.get('%s_number' % field) is not None and not info_dict.get(field):
-                info_dict[field] = '%s %d' % (field.capitalize(), info_dict['%s_number' % field])
+            if final and info_dict.get(f'{field}_number') is not None and not info_dict.get(field):
+                info_dict[field] = '%s %d' % (field.capitalize(), info_dict[f'{field}_number'])
 
         for old_key, new_key in self._deprecated_multivalue_fields.items():
             if new_key in info_dict and old_key in info_dict:
@@ -2706,8 +2705,8 @@ class YoutubeDL:
 
         def report_force_conversion(field, field_not, conversion):
             self.report_warning(
-                '"%s" field is not %s - forcing %s conversion, there is an error in extractor'
-                % (field, field_not, conversion))
+                f'"{field}" field is not {field_not} - forcing {conversion} conversion, '
+                'there is an error in extractor')
 
         def sanitize_string_field(info, string_field):
             field = info.get(string_field)
@@ -2824,28 +2823,28 @@ class YoutubeDL:
         if not formats:
             self.raise_no_formats(info_dict)
 
-        for format in formats:
-            sanitize_string_field(format, 'format_id')
-            sanitize_numeric_fields(format)
-            format['url'] = sanitize_url(format['url'])
-            if format.get('ext') is None:
-                format['ext'] = determine_ext(format['url']).lower()
-            if format['ext'] in ('aac', 'opus', 'mp3', 'flac', 'vorbis'):
-                if format.get('acodec') is None:
-                    format['acodec'] = format['ext']
-            if format.get('protocol') is None:
-                format['protocol'] = determine_protocol(format)
-            if format.get('resolution') is None:
-                format['resolution'] = self.format_resolution(format, default=None)
-            if format.get('dynamic_range') is None and format.get('vcodec') != 'none':
-                format['dynamic_range'] = 'SDR'
-            if format.get('aspect_ratio') is None:
-                format['aspect_ratio'] = try_call(lambda: round(format['width'] / format['height'], 2))
+        for fmt in formats:
+            sanitize_string_field(fmt, 'format_id')
+            sanitize_numeric_fields(fmt)
+            fmt['url'] = sanitize_url(fmt['url'])
+            if fmt.get('ext') is None:
+                fmt['ext'] = determine_ext(fmt['url']).lower()
+            if fmt['ext'] in ('aac', 'opus', 'mp3', 'flac', 'vorbis'):
+                if fmt.get('acodec') is None:
+                    fmt['acodec'] = fmt['ext']
+            if fmt.get('protocol') is None:
+                fmt['protocol'] = determine_protocol(fmt)
+            if fmt.get('resolution') is None:
+                fmt['resolution'] = self.format_resolution(fmt, default=None)
+            if fmt.get('dynamic_range') is None and fmt.get('vcodec') != 'none':
+                fmt['dynamic_range'] = 'SDR'
+            if fmt.get('aspect_ratio') is None:
+                fmt['aspect_ratio'] = try_call(lambda: round(fmt['width'] / fmt['height'], 2))
             # For fragmented formats, "tbr" is often max bitrate and not average
-            if (('manifest-filesize-approx' in self.params['compat_opts'] or not format.get('manifest_url'))
-                    and not format.get('filesize') and not format.get('filesize_approx')):
-                format['filesize_approx'] = filesize_from_tbr(format.get('tbr'), info_dict.get('duration'))
-            format['http_headers'] = self._calc_headers(collections.ChainMap(format, info_dict), load_cookies=True)
+            if (('manifest-filesize-approx' in self.params['compat_opts'] or not fmt.get('manifest_url'))
+                    and not fmt.get('filesize') and not fmt.get('filesize_approx')):
+                fmt['filesize_approx'] = filesize_from_tbr(fmt.get('tbr'), info_dict.get('duration'))
+            fmt['http_headers'] = self._calc_headers(collections.ChainMap(fmt, info_dict), load_cookies=True)
 
         # Safeguard against old/insecure infojson when using --load-info-json
         if info_dict.get('http_headers'):
@@ -2858,36 +2857,36 @@ class YoutubeDL:
 
         self.sort_formats({
             'formats': formats,
-            '_format_sort_fields': info_dict.get('_format_sort_fields')
+            '_format_sort_fields': info_dict.get('_format_sort_fields'),
         })
 
         # Sanitize and group by format_id
         formats_dict = {}
-        for i, format in enumerate(formats):
-            if not format.get('format_id'):
-                format['format_id'] = str(i)
+        for i, fmt in enumerate(formats):
+            if not fmt.get('format_id'):
+                fmt['format_id'] = str(i)
             else:
                 # Sanitize format_id from characters used in format selector expression
-                format['format_id'] = re.sub(r'[\s,/+\[\]()]', '_', format['format_id'])
-            formats_dict.setdefault(format['format_id'], []).append(format)
+                fmt['format_id'] = re.sub(r'[\s,/+\[\]()]', '_', fmt['format_id'])
+            formats_dict.setdefault(fmt['format_id'], []).append(fmt)
 
         # Make sure all formats have unique format_id
         common_exts = set(itertools.chain(*self._format_selection_exts.values()))
         for format_id, ambiguous_formats in formats_dict.items():
             ambigious_id = len(ambiguous_formats) > 1
-            for i, format in enumerate(ambiguous_formats):
+            for i, fmt in enumerate(ambiguous_formats):
                 if ambigious_id:
-                    format['format_id'] = '%s-%d' % (format_id, i)
+                    fmt['format_id'] = f'{format_id}-{i}'
                 # Ensure there is no conflict between id and ext in format selection
                 # See https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/1282
-                if format['format_id'] != format['ext'] and format['format_id'] in common_exts:
-                    format['format_id'] = 'f%s' % format['format_id']
+                if fmt['format_id'] != fmt['ext'] and fmt['format_id'] in common_exts:
+                    fmt['format_id'] = 'f{}'.format(fmt['format_id'])
 
-                if format.get('format') is None:
-                    format['format'] = '{id} - {res}{note}'.format(
-                        id=format['format_id'],
-                        res=self.format_resolution(format),
-                        note=format_field(format, 'format_note', ' (%s)'),
+                if fmt.get('format') is None:
+                    fmt['format'] = '{id} - {res}{note}'.format(
+                        id=fmt['format_id'],
+                        res=self.format_resolution(fmt),
+                        note=format_field(fmt, 'format_note', ' (%s)'),
                     )
 
         if self.params.get('check_formats') is True:
@@ -3009,7 +3008,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
             info_dict['requested_downloads'] = downloaded_formats
             info_dict = self.run_all_pps('after_video', info_dict)
             if max_downloads_reached:
-                raise MaxDownloadsReached()
+                raise MaxDownloadsReached
 
         # We update the info dict with the selected best quality format (backwards compatibility)
         info_dict.update(best_format)
@@ -3070,8 +3069,8 @@ class YoutubeDL:
             else:
                 f = formats[-1]
                 self.report_warning(
-                    'No subtitle format found matching "%s" for language %s, '
-                    'using %s. Use --list-subs for a list of available subtitles' % (formats_query, lang, f['ext']))
+                    'No subtitle format found matching "{}" for language {}, '
+                    'using {}. Use --list-subs for a list of available subtitles'.format(formats_query, lang, f['ext']))
             subs[lang] = f
         return subs
 
@@ -3226,7 +3225,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
 
         def check_max_downloads():
             if self._num_downloads >= float(self.params.get('max_downloads') or 'inf'):
-                raise MaxDownloadsReached()
+                raise MaxDownloadsReached
 
         if self.params.get('simulate'):
             info_dict['__write_download_archive'] = self.params.get('force_write_download_archive')
@@ -3400,7 +3399,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
                         for f in info_dict['requested_formats'] if fd != FFmpegFD else []:
                             f['filepath'] = fname = prepend_extension(
                                 correct_ext(temp_filename, info_dict['ext']),
-                                'f%s' % f['format_id'], info_dict['ext'])
+                                'f{}'.format(f['format_id']), info_dict['ext'])
                             downloaded.append(fname)
                         info_dict['url'] = '\n'.join(f['url'] for f in info_dict['requested_formats'])
                         success, real_download = self.dl(temp_filename, info_dict)
@@ -3433,7 +3432,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
                             if temp_filename != '-':
                                 fname = prepend_extension(
                                     correct_ext(temp_filename, new_info['ext']),
-                                    'f%s' % f['format_id'], new_info['ext'])
+                                    'f{}'.format(f['format_id']), new_info['ext'])
                                 if not self._ensure_dir_exists(fname):
                                     return
                                 f['filepath'] = fname
@@ -3465,11 +3464,11 @@ class YoutubeDL:
                 info_dict['__finaldir'] = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(encodeFilename(full_filename)))
 
             except network_exceptions as err:
-                self.report_error('unable to download video data: %s' % error_to_compat_str(err))
+                self.report_error(f'unable to download video data: {err}')
                 return
             except OSError as err:
                 raise UnavailableVideoError(err)
-            except (ContentTooShortError, ) as err:
+            except ContentTooShortError as err:
                 self.report_error(f'content too short (expected {err.expected} bytes and served {err.downloaded})')
                 return
 
@@ -3536,13 +3535,13 @@ class YoutubeDL:
                 try:
                     replace_info_dict(self.post_process(dl_filename, info_dict, files_to_move))
                 except PostProcessingError as err:
-                    self.report_error('Postprocessing: %s' % str(err))
+                    self.report_error(f'Postprocessing: {err}')
                     return
                 try:
                     for ph in self._post_hooks:
                         ph(info_dict['filepath'])
                 except Exception as err:
-                    self.report_error('post hooks: %s' % str(err))
+                    self.report_error(f'post hooks: {err}')
                     return
                 info_dict['__write_download_archive'] = True
 
@@ -3609,7 +3608,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
 
     @staticmethod
     def sanitize_info(info_dict, remove_private_keys=False):
-        ''' Sanitize the infodict for converting to json '''
+        """ Sanitize the infodict for converting to json """
         if info_dict is None:
             return info_dict
         info_dict.setdefault('epoch', int(time.time()))
@@ -3644,7 +3643,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
 
     @staticmethod
     def filter_requested_info(info_dict, actually_filter=True):
-        ''' Alias of sanitize_info for backward compatibility '''
+        """ Alias of sanitize_info for backward compatibility """
         return YoutubeDL.sanitize_info(info_dict, actually_filter)
 
     def _delete_downloaded_files(self, *files_to_delete, info={}, msg=None):
@@ -3666,7 +3665,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
                     actual_post_extract(video_dict or {})
                 return
 
-            post_extractor = info_dict.pop('__post_extractor', None) or (lambda: {})
+            post_extractor = info_dict.pop('__post_extractor', None) or dict
             info_dict.update(post_extractor())
 
         actual_post_extract(info_dict or {})
@@ -3771,7 +3770,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
         if format.get('width') and format.get('height'):
             return '%dx%d' % (format['width'], format['height'])
         elif format.get('height'):
-            return '%sp' % format['height']
+            return '{}p'.format(format['height'])
         elif format.get('width'):
             return '%dx?' % format['width']
         return default
@@ -3788,7 +3787,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
         if fdict.get('language'):
             if res:
                 res += ' '
-            res += '[%s]' % fdict['language']
+            res += '[{}]'.format(fdict['language'])
         if fdict.get('format_note') is not None:
             if res:
                 res += ' '
@@ -3800,7 +3799,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
         if fdict.get('container') is not None:
             if res:
                 res += ', '
-            res += '%s container' % fdict['container']
+            res += '{} container'.format(fdict['container'])
         if (fdict.get('vcodec') is not None
                 and fdict.get('vcodec') != 'none'):
             if res:
@@ -3815,7 +3814,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
         if fdict.get('fps') is not None:
             if res:
                 res += ', '
-            res += '%sfps' % fdict['fps']
+            res += '{}fps'.format(fdict['fps'])
         if fdict.get('acodec') is not None:
             if res:
                 res += ', '
@@ -3858,7 +3857,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
                     format_field(f, 'format_id'),
                     format_field(f, 'ext'),
                     self.format_resolution(f),
-                    self._format_note(f)
+                    self._format_note(f),
                 ] for f in formats if (f.get('preference') or 0) >= -1000]
             return render_table(['format code', 'extension', 'resolution', 'note'], table, extra_gap=1)
 
@@ -3964,11 +3963,11 @@ class YoutubeDL:
         from .extractor.extractors import _LAZY_LOADER
         from .extractor.extractors import (
             _PLUGIN_CLASSES as plugin_ies,
-            _PLUGIN_OVERRIDES as plugin_ie_overrides
+            _PLUGIN_OVERRIDES as plugin_ie_overrides,
         )
 
         def get_encoding(stream):
-            ret = str(getattr(stream, 'encoding', 'missing (%s)' % type(stream).__name__))
+            ret = str(getattr(stream, 'encoding', f'missing ({type(stream).__name__})'))
             additional_info = []
             if os.environ.get('TERM', '').lower() == 'dumb':
                 additional_info.append('dumb')
@@ -3979,13 +3978,13 @@ class YoutubeDL:
                 ret = f'{ret} ({",".join(additional_info)})'
             return ret
 
-        encoding_str = 'Encodings: locale %s, fs %s, pref %s, %s' % (
+        encoding_str = 'Encodings: locale {}, fs {}, pref {}, {}'.format(
             locale.getpreferredencoding(),
             sys.getfilesystemencoding(),
             self.get_encoding(),
             ', '.join(
                 f'{key} {get_encoding(stream)}' for key, stream in self._out_files.items_
-                if stream is not None and key != 'console')
+                if stream is not None and key != 'console'),
         )
 
         logger = self.params.get('logger')
@@ -4017,7 +4016,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
             else:
                 write_debug('Lazy loading extractors is disabled')
         if self.params['compat_opts']:
-            write_debug('Compatibility options: %s' % ', '.join(self.params['compat_opts']))
+            write_debug('Compatibility options: {}'.format(', '.join(self.params['compat_opts'])))
 
         if current_git_head():
             write_debug(f'Git HEAD: {current_git_head()}')
@@ -4026,14 +4025,14 @@ class YoutubeDL:
         exe_versions, ffmpeg_features = FFmpegPostProcessor.get_versions_and_features(self)
         ffmpeg_features = {key for key, val in ffmpeg_features.items() if val}
         if ffmpeg_features:
-            exe_versions['ffmpeg'] += ' (%s)' % ','.join(sorted(ffmpeg_features))
+            exe_versions['ffmpeg'] += ' ({})'.format(','.join(sorted(ffmpeg_features)))
 
         exe_versions['rtmpdump'] = rtmpdump_version()
         exe_versions['phantomjs'] = PhantomJSwrapper._version()
         exe_str = ', '.join(
             f'{exe} {v}' for exe, v in sorted(exe_versions.items()) if v
         ) or 'none'
-        write_debug('exe versions: %s' % exe_str)
+        write_debug(f'exe versions: {exe_str}')
 
         from .compat.compat_utils import get_package_info
         from .dependencies import available_dependencies
@@ -4045,7 +4044,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
         write_debug(f'Proxy map: {self.proxies}')
         write_debug(f'Request Handlers: {", ".join(rh.RH_NAME for rh in self._request_director.handlers.values())}')
         for plugin_type, plugins in {'Extractor': plugin_ies, 'Post-Processor': plugin_pps}.items():
-            display_list = ['%s%s' % (
+            display_list = ['{}{}'.format(
                 klass.__name__, '' if klass.__name__ == name else f' as {name}')
                 for name, klass in plugins.items()]
             if plugin_type == 'Extractor':
@@ -4062,14 +4061,13 @@ class YoutubeDL:
         # Not implemented
         if False and self.params.get('call_home'):
             ipaddr = self.urlopen('https://yt-dl.org/ip').read().decode()
-            write_debug('Public IP address: %s' % ipaddr)
+            write_debug(f'Public IP address: {ipaddr}')
             latest_version = self.urlopen(
                 'https://yt-dl.org/latest/version').read().decode()
             if version_tuple(latest_version) > version_tuple(__version__):
                 self.report_warning(
-                    'You are using an outdated version (newest version: %s)! '
-                    'See https://yt-dl.org/update if you need help updating.' %
-                    latest_version)
+                    f'You are using an outdated version (newest version: {latest_version})! '
+                    'See https://yt-dl.org/update if you need help updating.')
 
     @functools.cached_property
     def proxies(self):
@@ -4103,7 +4101,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
         return handler._get_instance(cookiejar=self.cookiejar, proxies=self.proxies)
 
     def _get_available_impersonate_targets(self):
-        # todo(future): make available as public API
+        # TODO(future): make available as public API
         return [
             (target, rh.RH_NAME)
             for rh in self._request_director.handlers.values()
@@ -4112,7 +4110,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
         ]
 
     def _impersonate_target_available(self, target):
-        # todo(future): make available as public API
+        # TODO(future): make available as public API
         return any(
             rh.is_supported_target(target)
             for rh in self._request_director.handlers.values()
@@ -4238,7 +4236,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
         return encoding
 
     def _write_info_json(self, label, ie_result, infofn, overwrite=None):
-        ''' Write infojson and returns True = written, 'exists' = Already exists, False = skip, None = error '''
+        """ Write infojson and returns True = written, 'exists' = Already exists, False = skip, None = error """
         if overwrite is None:
             overwrite = self.params.get('overwrites', True)
         if not self.params.get('writeinfojson'):
@@ -4261,7 +4259,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
             return None
 
     def _write_description(self, label, ie_result, descfn):
-        ''' Write description and returns True = written, False = skip, None = error '''
+        """ Write description and returns True = written, False = skip, None = error """
         if not self.params.get('writedescription'):
             return False
         elif not descfn:
@@ -4285,7 +4283,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
         return True
 
     def _write_subtitles(self, info_dict, filename):
-        ''' Write subtitles to file and return list of (sub_filename, final_sub_filename); or None if error'''
+        """ Write subtitles to file and return list of (sub_filename, final_sub_filename); or None if error"""
         ret = []
         subtitles = info_dict.get('requested_subtitles')
         if not (self.params.get('writesubtitles') or self.params.get('writeautomaticsub')):
@@ -4331,7 +4329,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
                 self.dl(sub_filename, sub_copy, subtitle=True)
                 sub_info['filepath'] = sub_filename
                 ret.append((sub_filename, sub_filename_final))
-            except (DownloadError, ExtractorError, IOError, OSError, ValueError) + network_exceptions as err:
+            except (DownloadError, ExtractorError, OSError, ValueError, *network_exceptions) as err:
                 msg = f'Unable to download video subtitles for {sub_lang!r}: {err}'
                 if self.params.get('ignoreerrors') is not True:  # False or 'only_download'
                     if not self.params.get('ignoreerrors'):
@@ -4341,7 +4339,7 @@ class YoutubeDL:
         return ret
 
     def _write_thumbnails(self, label, info_dict, filename, thumb_filename_base=None):
-        ''' Write thumbnails to file and return list of (thumb_filename, final_thumb_filename); or None if error '''
+        """ Write thumbnails to file and return list of (thumb_filename, final_thumb_filename); or None if error """
         write_all = self.params.get('write_all_thumbnails', False)
         thumbnails, ret = [], []
         if write_all or self.params.get('writethumbnail', False):
@@ -4368,8 +4366,8 @@ class YoutubeDL:
 
             existing_thumb = self.existing_file((thumb_filename_final, thumb_filename))
             if existing_thumb:
-                self.to_screen('[info] %s is already present' % (
-                    thumb_display_id if multiple else f'{label} thumbnail').capitalize())
+                self.to_screen('[info] {} is already present'.format((
+                    thumb_display_id if multiple else f'{label} thumbnail').capitalize()))
                 t['filepath'] = existing_thumb
                 ret.append((existing_thumb, thumb_filename_final))
             else:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/__init__.py b/yt_dlp/__init__.py
index 3d606bcba2..c18af75891 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/__init__.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/__init__.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import os
 import re
 import traceback
 
-from .compat import compat_os_name, compat_shlex_quote
+from .compat import compat_os_name
 from .cookies import SUPPORTED_BROWSERS, SUPPORTED_KEYRINGS
 from .downloader.external import get_external_downloader
 from .extractor import list_extractor_classes
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ from .utils import (
     read_stdin,
     render_table,
     setproctitle,
+    shell_quote,
     traverse_obj,
     variadic,
     write_string,
@@ -115,9 +116,9 @@ def print_extractor_information(opts, urls):
             ie.description(markdown=False, search_examples=_SEARCHES)
             for ie in list_extractor_classes(opts.age_limit) if ie.working() and ie.IE_DESC is not False)
     elif opts.ap_list_mso:
-        out = 'Supported TV Providers:\n%s\n' % render_table(
+        out = 'Supported TV Providers:\n{}\n'.format(render_table(
             ['mso', 'mso name'],
-            [[mso_id, mso_info['name']] for mso_id, mso_info in MSO_INFO.items()])
+            [[mso_id, mso_info['name']] for mso_id, mso_info in MSO_INFO.items()]))
     else:
         return False
     write_string(out, out=sys.stdout)
@@ -129,7 +130,7 @@ def set_compat_opts(opts):
         if name not in opts.compat_opts:
             return False
         opts.compat_opts.discard(name)
-        opts.compat_opts.update(['*%s' % name])
+        opts.compat_opts.update([f'*{name}'])
         return True
 
     def set_default_compat(compat_name, opt_name, default=True, remove_compat=True):
@@ -222,7 +223,7 @@ def validate_options(opts):
         validate_minmax(opts.sleep_interval, opts.max_sleep_interval, 'sleep interval')
 
     if opts.wait_for_video is not None:
-        min_wait, max_wait, *_ = map(parse_duration, opts.wait_for_video.split('-', 1) + [None])
+        min_wait, max_wait, *_ = map(parse_duration, [*opts.wait_for_video.split('-', 1), None])
         validate(min_wait is not None and not (max_wait is None and '-' in opts.wait_for_video),
                  'time range to wait for video', opts.wait_for_video)
         validate_minmax(min_wait, max_wait, 'time range to wait for video')
@@ -264,9 +265,9 @@ def validate_options(opts):
     # Retry sleep function
     def parse_sleep_func(expr):
         NUMBER_RE = r'\d+(?:\.\d+)?'
-        op, start, limit, step, *_ = tuple(re.fullmatch(
+        op, start, limit, step, *_ = (*tuple(re.fullmatch(
             rf'(?:(linear|exp)=)?({NUMBER_RE})(?::({NUMBER_RE})?)?(?::({NUMBER_RE}))?',
-            expr.strip()).groups()) + (None, None)
+            expr.strip()).groups()), None, None)
 
         if op == 'exp':
             return lambda n: min(float(start) * (float(step or 2) ** n), float(limit or 'inf'))
@@ -396,13 +397,13 @@ def validate_options(opts):
     # MetadataParser
     def metadataparser_actions(f):
         if isinstance(f, str):
-            cmd = '--parse-metadata %s' % compat_shlex_quote(f)
+            cmd = f'--parse-metadata {shell_quote(f)}'
             try:
                 actions = [MetadataFromFieldPP.to_action(f)]
             except Exception as err:
                 raise ValueError(f'{cmd} is invalid; {err}')
         else:
-            cmd = '--replace-in-metadata %s' % ' '.join(map(compat_shlex_quote, f))
+            cmd = f'--replace-in-metadata {shell_quote(f)}'
             actions = ((MetadataParserPP.Actions.REPLACE, x, *f[1:]) for x in f[0].split(','))
 
         for action in actions:
@@ -413,7 +414,7 @@ def validate_options(opts):
             yield action
 
     if opts.metafromtitle is not None:
-        opts.parse_metadata.setdefault('pre_process', []).append('title:%s' % opts.metafromtitle)
+        opts.parse_metadata.setdefault('pre_process', []).append(f'title:{opts.metafromtitle}')
     opts.parse_metadata = {
         k: list(itertools.chain(*map(metadataparser_actions, v)))
         for k, v in opts.parse_metadata.items()
@@ -602,7 +603,7 @@ def get_postprocessors(opts):
         yield {
             'key': 'MetadataParser',
             'actions': actions,
-            'when': when
+            'when': when,
         }
     sponsorblock_query = opts.sponsorblock_mark | opts.sponsorblock_remove
     if sponsorblock_query:
@@ -610,19 +611,19 @@ def get_postprocessors(opts):
             'key': 'SponsorBlock',
             'categories': sponsorblock_query,
             'api': opts.sponsorblock_api,
-            'when': 'after_filter'
+            'when': 'after_filter',
         }
     if opts.convertsubtitles:
         yield {
             'key': 'FFmpegSubtitlesConvertor',
             'format': opts.convertsubtitles,
-            'when': 'before_dl'
+            'when': 'before_dl',
         }
     if opts.convertthumbnails:
         yield {
             'key': 'FFmpegThumbnailsConvertor',
             'format': opts.convertthumbnails,
-            'when': 'before_dl'
+            'when': 'before_dl',
         }
     if opts.extractaudio:
         yield {
@@ -647,7 +648,7 @@ def get_postprocessors(opts):
         yield {
             'key': 'FFmpegEmbedSubtitle',
             # already_have_subtitle = True prevents the file from being deleted after embedding
-            'already_have_subtitle': opts.writesubtitles and keep_subs
+            'already_have_subtitle': opts.writesubtitles and keep_subs,
         }
         if not opts.writeautomaticsub and keep_subs:
             opts.writesubtitles = True
@@ -660,7 +661,7 @@ def get_postprocessors(opts):
             'remove_sponsor_segments': opts.sponsorblock_remove,
             'remove_ranges': opts.remove_ranges,
             'sponsorblock_chapter_title': opts.sponsorblock_chapter_title,
-            'force_keyframes': opts.force_keyframes_at_cuts
+            'force_keyframes': opts.force_keyframes_at_cuts,
         }
     # FFmpegMetadataPP should be run after FFmpegVideoConvertorPP and
     # FFmpegExtractAudioPP as containers before conversion may not support
@@ -694,7 +695,7 @@ def get_postprocessors(opts):
         yield {
             'key': 'EmbedThumbnail',
             # already_have_thumbnail = True prevents the file from being deleted after embedding
-            'already_have_thumbnail': opts.writethumbnail
+            'already_have_thumbnail': opts.writethumbnail,
         }
         if not opts.writethumbnail:
             opts.writethumbnail = True
@@ -741,7 +742,7 @@ def parse_options(argv=None):
     print_only = bool(opts.forceprint) and all(k not in opts.forceprint for k in POSTPROCESS_WHEN[3:])
     any_getting = any(getattr(opts, k) for k in (
         'dumpjson', 'dump_single_json', 'getdescription', 'getduration', 'getfilename',
-        'getformat', 'getid', 'getthumbnail', 'gettitle', 'geturl'
+        'getformat', 'getid', 'getthumbnail', 'gettitle', 'geturl',
     ))
     if opts.quiet is None:
         opts.quiet = any_getting or opts.print_json or bool(opts.forceprint)
@@ -1002,7 +1003,7 @@ def _real_main(argv=None):
             def make_row(target, handler):
                 return [
                     join_nonempty(target.client.title(), target.version, delim='-') or '-',
-                    join_nonempty((target.os or "").title(), target.os_version, delim='-') or '-',
+                    join_nonempty((target.os or '').title(), target.os_version, delim='-') or '-',
                     handler,
                 ]
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/aes.py b/yt_dlp/aes.py
index b3a383cd9c..abf54a998e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/aes.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/aes.py
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ def pad_block(block, padding_mode):
         raise NotImplementedError(f'Padding mode {padding_mode} is not implemented')
 
     if padding_mode == 'iso7816' and padding_size:
-        block = block + [0x80]  # NB: += mutates list
+        block = [*block, 0x80]  # NB: += mutates list
         padding_size -= 1
 
     return block + [PADDING_BYTE[padding_mode]] * padding_size
@@ -110,9 +110,7 @@ def aes_ecb_decrypt(data, key, iv=None):
     for i in range(block_count):
         block = data[i * BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES: (i + 1) * BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES]
         encrypted_data += aes_decrypt(block, expanded_key)
-    encrypted_data = encrypted_data[:len(data)]
-
-    return encrypted_data
+    return encrypted_data[:len(data)]
 
 
 def aes_ctr_decrypt(data, key, iv):
@@ -148,9 +146,7 @@ def aes_ctr_encrypt(data, key, iv):
 
         cipher_counter_block = aes_encrypt(counter_block, expanded_key)
         encrypted_data += xor(block, cipher_counter_block)
-    encrypted_data = encrypted_data[:len(data)]
-
-    return encrypted_data
+    return encrypted_data[:len(data)]
 
 
 def aes_cbc_decrypt(data, key, iv):
@@ -174,9 +170,7 @@ def aes_cbc_decrypt(data, key, iv):
         decrypted_block = aes_decrypt(block, expanded_key)
         decrypted_data += xor(decrypted_block, previous_cipher_block)
         previous_cipher_block = block
-    decrypted_data = decrypted_data[:len(data)]
-
-    return decrypted_data
+    return decrypted_data[:len(data)]
 
 
 def aes_cbc_encrypt(data, key, iv, *, padding_mode='pkcs7'):
@@ -224,7 +218,7 @@ def aes_gcm_decrypt_and_verify(data, key, tag, nonce):
     hash_subkey = aes_encrypt([0] * BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES, key_expansion(key))
 
     if len(nonce) == 12:
-        j0 = nonce + [0, 0, 0, 1]
+        j0 = [*nonce, 0, 0, 0, 1]
     else:
         fill = (BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES - (len(nonce) % BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES)) % BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES + 8
         ghash_in = nonce + [0] * fill + bytes_to_intlist((8 * len(nonce)).to_bytes(8, 'big'))
@@ -242,11 +236,11 @@ def aes_gcm_decrypt_and_verify(data, key, tag, nonce):
         data
         + [0] * (BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES - len(data) + pad_len)        # pad
         + bytes_to_intlist((0 * 8).to_bytes(8, 'big')           # length of associated data
-                           + ((len(data) * 8).to_bytes(8, 'big')))  # length of data
+                           + ((len(data) * 8).to_bytes(8, 'big'))),  # length of data
     )
 
     if tag != aes_ctr_encrypt(s_tag, key, j0):
-        raise ValueError("Mismatching authentication tag")
+        raise ValueError('Mismatching authentication tag')
 
     return decrypted_data
 
@@ -288,9 +282,7 @@ def aes_decrypt(data, expanded_key):
             data = list(iter_mix_columns(data, MIX_COLUMN_MATRIX_INV))
         data = shift_rows_inv(data)
         data = sub_bytes_inv(data)
-    data = xor(data, expanded_key[:BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES])
-
-    return data
+    return xor(data, expanded_key[:BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES])
 
 
 def aes_decrypt_text(data, password, key_size_bytes):
@@ -318,9 +310,7 @@ def aes_decrypt_text(data, password, key_size_bytes):
     cipher = data[NONCE_LENGTH_BYTES:]
 
     decrypted_data = aes_ctr_decrypt(cipher, key, nonce + [0] * (BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES - NONCE_LENGTH_BYTES))
-    plaintext = intlist_to_bytes(decrypted_data)
-
-    return plaintext
+    return intlist_to_bytes(decrypted_data)
 
 
 RCON = (0x8d, 0x01, 0x02, 0x04, 0x08, 0x10, 0x20, 0x40, 0x80, 0x1b, 0x36)
@@ -428,9 +418,7 @@ def key_expansion(data):
         for _ in range(3 if key_size_bytes == 32 else 2 if key_size_bytes == 24 else 0):
             temp = data[-4:]
             data += xor(temp, data[-key_size_bytes: 4 - key_size_bytes])
-    data = data[:expanded_key_size_bytes]
-
-    return data
+    return data[:expanded_key_size_bytes]
 
 
 def iter_vector(iv):
@@ -511,7 +499,7 @@ def block_product(block_x, block_y):
     # NIST SP 800-38D, Algorithm 1
 
     if len(block_x) != BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES or len(block_y) != BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES:
-        raise ValueError("Length of blocks need to be %d bytes" % BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES)
+        raise ValueError(f'Length of blocks need to be {BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES} bytes')
 
     block_r = [0xE1] + [0] * (BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES - 1)
     block_v = block_y[:]
@@ -534,7 +522,7 @@ def ghash(subkey, data):
     # NIST SP 800-38D, Algorithm 2
 
     if len(data) % BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES:
-        raise ValueError("Length of data should be %d bytes" % BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES)
+        raise ValueError(f'Length of data should be {BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES} bytes')
 
     last_y = [0] * BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES
     for i in range(0, len(data), BLOCK_SIZE_BYTES):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/cache.py b/yt_dlp/cache.py
index 9dd4f2f25b..71dca82b35 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/cache.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/cache.py
@@ -81,10 +81,10 @@ class Cache:
 
         cachedir = self._get_root_dir()
         if not any((term in cachedir) for term in ('cache', 'tmp')):
-            raise Exception('Not removing directory %s - this does not look like a cache dir' % cachedir)
+            raise Exception(f'Not removing directory {cachedir} - this does not look like a cache dir')
 
         self._ydl.to_screen(
-            'Removing cache dir %s .' % cachedir, skip_eol=True)
+            f'Removing cache dir {cachedir} .', skip_eol=True)
         if os.path.exists(cachedir):
             self._ydl.to_screen('.', skip_eol=True)
             shutil.rmtree(cachedir)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/compat/_legacy.py b/yt_dlp/compat/_legacy.py
index 7ea5d08120..dfc792eae4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/compat/_legacy.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/compat/_legacy.py
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ from .compat_utils import passthrough_module
 from ..dependencies import brotli as compat_brotli  # noqa: F401
 from ..dependencies import websockets as compat_websockets  # noqa: F401
 from ..dependencies.Cryptodome import AES as compat_pycrypto_AES  # noqa: F401
-from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError as compat_HTTPError  # noqa: F401
+from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError as compat_HTTPError
 
 passthrough_module(__name__, '...utils', ('WINDOWS_VT_MODE', 'windows_enable_vt_mode'))
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/compat/functools.py b/yt_dlp/compat/functools.py
index 36c983642d..96689575f6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/compat/functools.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/compat/functools.py
@@ -7,6 +7,6 @@ passthrough_module(__name__, 'functools')
 del passthrough_module
 
 try:
-    cache  # >= 3.9
+    _ = cache  # >= 3.9
 except NameError:
     cache = lru_cache(maxsize=None)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/cookies.py b/yt_dlp/cookies.py
index 815897d5a5..0850ad2600 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/cookies.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/cookies.py
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ def _extract_firefox_cookies(profile, container, logger):
             identities = json.load(containers).get('identities', [])
         container_id = next((context.get('userContextId') for context in identities if container in (
             context.get('name'),
-            try_call(lambda: re.fullmatch(r'userContext([^\.]+)\.label', context['l10nID']).group())
+            try_call(lambda: re.fullmatch(r'userContext([^\.]+)\.label', context['l10nID']).group()),
         )), None)
         if not isinstance(container_id, int):
             raise ValueError(f'could not find firefox container "{container}" in containers.json')
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ def _get_chromium_based_browser_settings(browser_name):
     return {
         'browser_dir': browser_dir,
         'keyring_name': keyring_name,
-        'supports_profiles': browser_name not in browsers_without_profiles
+        'supports_profiles': browser_name not in browsers_without_profiles,
     }
 
 
@@ -826,7 +826,7 @@ def _choose_linux_keyring(logger):
     elif desktop_environment == _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE6:
         linux_keyring = _LinuxKeyring.KWALLET6
     elif desktop_environment in (
-        _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE3, _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.LXQT, _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.OTHER
+        _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.KDE3, _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.LXQT, _LinuxDesktopEnvironment.OTHER,
     ):
         linux_keyring = _LinuxKeyring.BASICTEXT
     else:
@@ -861,7 +861,7 @@ def _get_kwallet_network_wallet(keyring, logger):
             'dbus-send', '--session', '--print-reply=literal',
             f'--dest={service_name}',
             wallet_path,
-            'org.kde.KWallet.networkWallet'
+            'org.kde.KWallet.networkWallet',
         ], text=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL)
 
         if returncode:
@@ -891,7 +891,7 @@ def _get_kwallet_password(browser_keyring_name, keyring, logger):
             'kwallet-query',
             '--read-password', f'{browser_keyring_name} Safe Storage',
             '--folder', f'{browser_keyring_name} Keys',
-            network_wallet
+            network_wallet,
         ], stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL)
 
         if returncode:
@@ -931,9 +931,8 @@ def _get_gnome_keyring_password(browser_keyring_name, logger):
         for item in col.get_all_items():
             if item.get_label() == f'{browser_keyring_name} Safe Storage':
                 return item.get_secret()
-        else:
-            logger.error('failed to read from keyring')
-            return b''
+        logger.error('failed to read from keyring')
+        return b''
 
 
 def _get_linux_keyring_password(browser_keyring_name, keyring, logger):
@@ -1053,7 +1052,7 @@ def _decrypt_windows_dpapi(ciphertext, logger):
         None,  # pvReserved: must be NULL
         None,  # pPromptStruct: information about prompts to display
         0,  # dwFlags
-        ctypes.byref(blob_out)  # pDataOut
+        ctypes.byref(blob_out),  # pDataOut
     )
     if not ret:
         logger.warning('failed to decrypt with DPAPI', only_once=True)
@@ -1129,24 +1128,24 @@ class LenientSimpleCookie(http.cookies.SimpleCookie):
     _LEGAL_VALUE_CHARS = _LEGAL_KEY_CHARS + re.escape('(),/<=>?@[]{}')
 
     _RESERVED = {
-        "expires",
-        "path",
-        "comment",
-        "domain",
-        "max-age",
-        "secure",
-        "httponly",
-        "version",
-        "samesite",
+        'expires',
+        'path',
+        'comment',
+        'domain',
+        'max-age',
+        'secure',
+        'httponly',
+        'version',
+        'samesite',
     }
 
-    _FLAGS = {"secure", "httponly"}
+    _FLAGS = {'secure', 'httponly'}
 
     # Added 'bad' group to catch the remaining value
-    _COOKIE_PATTERN = re.compile(r"""
+    _COOKIE_PATTERN = re.compile(r'''
         \s*                            # Optional whitespace at start of cookie
         (?P<key>                       # Start of group 'key'
-        [""" + _LEGAL_KEY_CHARS + r"""]+?# Any word of at least one letter
+        [''' + _LEGAL_KEY_CHARS + r''']+?# Any word of at least one letter
         )                              # End of group 'key'
         (                              # Optional group: there may not be a value.
         \s*=\s*                          # Equal Sign
@@ -1156,7 +1155,7 @@ class LenientSimpleCookie(http.cookies.SimpleCookie):
         |                                    # or
         \w{3},\s[\w\d\s-]{9,11}\s[\d:]{8}\sGMT # Special case for "expires" attr
         |                                    # or
-        [""" + _LEGAL_VALUE_CHARS + r"""]*     # Any word or empty string
+        [''' + _LEGAL_VALUE_CHARS + r''']*     # Any word or empty string
         )                                  # End of group 'val'
         |                                  # or
         (?P<bad>(?:\\;|[^;])*?)            # 'bad' group fallback for invalid values
@@ -1164,7 +1163,7 @@ class LenientSimpleCookie(http.cookies.SimpleCookie):
         )?                             # End of optional value group
         \s*                            # Any number of spaces.
         (\s+|;|$)                      # Ending either at space, semicolon, or EOS.
-        """, re.ASCII | re.VERBOSE)
+        ''', re.ASCII | re.VERBOSE)
 
     def load(self, data):
         # Workaround for https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/4776
@@ -1260,14 +1259,14 @@ class YoutubeDLCookieJar(http.cookiejar.MozillaCookieJar):
                 # with no name, whereas http.cookiejar regards it as a
                 # cookie with no value.
                 name, value = '', name
-            f.write('%s\n' % '\t'.join((
+            f.write('{}\n'.format('\t'.join((
                 cookie.domain,
                 self._true_or_false(cookie.domain.startswith('.')),
                 cookie.path,
                 self._true_or_false(cookie.secure),
                 str_or_none(cookie.expires, default=''),
-                name, value
-            )))
+                name, value,
+            ))))
 
     def save(self, filename=None, ignore_discard=True, ignore_expires=True):
         """
@@ -1306,10 +1305,10 @@ class YoutubeDLCookieJar(http.cookiejar.MozillaCookieJar):
                 return line
             cookie_list = line.split('\t')
             if len(cookie_list) != self._ENTRY_LEN:
-                raise http.cookiejar.LoadError('invalid length %d' % len(cookie_list))
+                raise http.cookiejar.LoadError(f'invalid length {len(cookie_list)}')
             cookie = self._CookieFileEntry(*cookie_list)
             if cookie.expires_at and not cookie.expires_at.isdigit():
-                raise http.cookiejar.LoadError('invalid expires at %s' % cookie.expires_at)
+                raise http.cookiejar.LoadError(f'invalid expires at {cookie.expires_at}')
             return line
 
         cf = io.StringIO()
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/common.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/common.py
index 65a0d6f234..2e3ea2fc4e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/common.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/common.py
@@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ class FileDownloader:
 
     def report_resuming_byte(self, resume_len):
         """Report attempt to resume at given byte."""
-        self.to_screen('[download] Resuming download at byte %s' % resume_len)
+        self.to_screen(f'[download] Resuming download at byte {resume_len}')
 
     def report_retry(self, err, count, retries, frag_index=NO_DEFAULT, fatal=True):
         """Report retry"""
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/external.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/external.py
index 8b0b94e725..8b45c671a0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/external.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/external.py
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ class ExternalFD(FragmentFD):
             # correct and expected termination thus all postprocessing
             # should take place
             retval = 0
-            self.to_screen('[%s] Interrupted by user' % self.get_basename())
+            self.to_screen(f'[{self.get_basename()}] Interrupted by user')
         finally:
             if self._cookies_tempfile:
                 self.try_remove(self._cookies_tempfile)
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ class ExternalFD(FragmentFD):
         decrypt_fragment = self.decrypter(info_dict)
         dest, _ = self.sanitize_open(tmpfilename, 'wb')
         for frag_index, fragment in enumerate(info_dict['fragments']):
-            fragment_filename = '%s-Frag%d' % (tmpfilename, frag_index)
+            fragment_filename = f'{tmpfilename}-Frag{frag_index}'
             try:
                 src, _ = self.sanitize_open(fragment_filename, 'rb')
             except OSError as err:
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ class ExternalFD(FragmentFD):
             if not self.params.get('keep_fragments', False):
                 self.try_remove(encodeFilename(fragment_filename))
         dest.close()
-        self.try_remove(encodeFilename('%s.frag.urls' % tmpfilename))
+        self.try_remove(encodeFilename(f'{tmpfilename}.frag.urls'))
         return 0
 
     def _call_process(self, cmd, info_dict):
@@ -336,11 +336,11 @@ class Aria2cFD(ExternalFD):
 
         if 'fragments' in info_dict:
             cmd += ['--uri-selector=inorder']
-            url_list_file = '%s.frag.urls' % tmpfilename
+            url_list_file = f'{tmpfilename}.frag.urls'
             url_list = []
             for frag_index, fragment in enumerate(info_dict['fragments']):
-                fragment_filename = '%s-Frag%d' % (os.path.basename(tmpfilename), frag_index)
-                url_list.append('%s\n\tout=%s' % (fragment['url'], self._aria2c_filename(fragment_filename)))
+                fragment_filename = f'{os.path.basename(tmpfilename)}-Frag{frag_index}'
+                url_list.append('{}\n\tout={}'.format(fragment['url'], self._aria2c_filename(fragment_filename)))
             stream, _ = self.sanitize_open(url_list_file, 'wb')
             stream.write('\n'.join(url_list).encode())
             stream.close()
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ class Aria2cFD(ExternalFD):
             'id': sanitycheck,
             'method': method,
             'params': [f'token:{rpc_secret}', *params],
-        }).encode('utf-8')
+        }).encode()
         request = Request(
             f'http://localhost:{rpc_port}/jsonrpc',
             data=d, headers={
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ class Aria2cFD(ExternalFD):
                     'total_bytes_estimate': total,
                     'eta': (total - downloaded) / (speed or 1),
                     'fragment_index': min(frag_count, len(completed) + 1) if fragmented else None,
-                    'elapsed': time.time() - started
+                    'elapsed': time.time() - started,
                 })
                 self._hook_progress(status, info_dict)
 
@@ -509,12 +509,12 @@ class FFmpegFD(ExternalFD):
         proxy = self.params.get('proxy')
         if proxy:
             if not re.match(r'^[\da-zA-Z]+://', proxy):
-                proxy = 'http://%s' % proxy
+                proxy = f'http://{proxy}'
 
             if proxy.startswith('socks'):
                 self.report_warning(
-                    '%s does not support SOCKS proxies. Downloading is likely to fail. '
-                    'Consider adding --hls-prefer-native to your command.' % self.get_basename())
+                    f'{self.get_basename()} does not support SOCKS proxies. Downloading is likely to fail. '
+                    'Consider adding --hls-prefer-native to your command.')
 
             # Since December 2015 ffmpeg supports -http_proxy option (see
             # http://git.videolan.org/?p=ffmpeg.git;a=commit;h=b4eb1f29ebddd60c41a2eb39f5af701e38e0d3fd)
@@ -575,7 +575,7 @@ class FFmpegFD(ExternalFD):
             if end_time:
                 args += ['-t', str(end_time - start_time)]
 
-            args += self._configuration_args((f'_i{i + 1}', '_i')) + ['-i', fmt['url']]
+            args += [*self._configuration_args((f'_i{i + 1}', '_i')), '-i', fmt['url']]
 
         if not (start_time or end_time) or not self.params.get('force_keyframes_at_cuts'):
             args += ['-c', 'copy']
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/f4m.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/f4m.py
index 28cbba0169..22d0ebd265 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/f4m.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/f4m.py
@@ -67,12 +67,12 @@ class FlvReader(io.BytesIO):
         self.read_bytes(3)
         quality_entry_count = self.read_unsigned_char()
         # QualityEntryCount
-        for i in range(quality_entry_count):
+        for _ in range(quality_entry_count):
             self.read_string()
 
         segment_run_count = self.read_unsigned_int()
         segments = []
-        for i in range(segment_run_count):
+        for _ in range(segment_run_count):
             first_segment = self.read_unsigned_int()
             fragments_per_segment = self.read_unsigned_int()
             segments.append((first_segment, fragments_per_segment))
@@ -91,12 +91,12 @@ class FlvReader(io.BytesIO):
 
         quality_entry_count = self.read_unsigned_char()
         # QualitySegmentUrlModifiers
-        for i in range(quality_entry_count):
+        for _ in range(quality_entry_count):
             self.read_string()
 
         fragments_count = self.read_unsigned_int()
         fragments = []
-        for i in range(fragments_count):
+        for _ in range(fragments_count):
             first = self.read_unsigned_int()
             first_ts = self.read_unsigned_long_long()
             duration = self.read_unsigned_int()
@@ -135,11 +135,11 @@ class FlvReader(io.BytesIO):
         self.read_string()  # MovieIdentifier
         server_count = self.read_unsigned_char()
         # ServerEntryTable
-        for i in range(server_count):
+        for _ in range(server_count):
             self.read_string()
         quality_count = self.read_unsigned_char()
         # QualityEntryTable
-        for i in range(quality_count):
+        for _ in range(quality_count):
             self.read_string()
         # DrmData
         self.read_string()
@@ -148,14 +148,14 @@ class FlvReader(io.BytesIO):
 
         segments_count = self.read_unsigned_char()
         segments = []
-        for i in range(segments_count):
+        for _ in range(segments_count):
             box_size, box_type, box_data = self.read_box_info()
             assert box_type == b'asrt'
             segment = FlvReader(box_data).read_asrt()
             segments.append(segment)
         fragments_run_count = self.read_unsigned_char()
         fragments = []
-        for i in range(fragments_run_count):
+        for _ in range(fragments_run_count):
             box_size, box_type, box_data = self.read_box_info()
             assert box_type == b'afrt'
             fragments.append(FlvReader(box_data).read_afrt())
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ class F4mFD(FragmentFD):
     def real_download(self, filename, info_dict):
         man_url = info_dict['url']
         requested_bitrate = info_dict.get('tbr')
-        self.to_screen('[%s] Downloading f4m manifest' % self.FD_NAME)
+        self.to_screen(f'[{self.FD_NAME}] Downloading f4m manifest')
 
         urlh = self.ydl.urlopen(self._prepare_url(info_dict, man_url))
         man_url = urlh.url
@@ -326,8 +326,8 @@ class F4mFD(FragmentFD):
             formats = sorted(formats, key=lambda f: f[0])
             rate, media = formats[-1]
         else:
-            rate, media = list(filter(
-                lambda f: int(f[0]) == requested_bitrate, formats))[0]
+            rate, media = next(filter(
+                lambda f: int(f[0]) == requested_bitrate, formats))
 
         # Prefer baseURL for relative URLs as per 11.2 of F4M 3.0 spec.
         man_base_url = get_base_url(doc) or man_url
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/fragment.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/fragment.py
index b4f003d37f..0d00196e2e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/fragment.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/fragment.py
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ class FragmentFD(FileDownloader):
                         '.ytdl file is corrupt' if is_corrupt else
                         'Inconsistent state of incomplete fragment download')
                     self.report_warning(
-                        '%s. Restarting from the beginning ...' % message)
+                        f'{message}. Restarting from the beginning ...')
                     ctx['fragment_index'] = resume_len = 0
                     if 'ytdl_corrupt' in ctx:
                         del ctx['ytdl_corrupt']
@@ -366,10 +366,10 @@ class FragmentFD(FileDownloader):
         return decrypt_fragment
 
     def download_and_append_fragments_multiple(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        '''
+        """
         @params (ctx1, fragments1, info_dict1), (ctx2, fragments2, info_dict2), ...
                 all args must be either tuple or list
-        '''
+        """
         interrupt_trigger = [True]
         max_progress = len(args)
         if max_progress == 1:
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ class FragmentFD(FileDownloader):
             finally:
                 tpe.shutdown(wait=True)
         if not interrupt_trigger[0] and not is_live:
-            raise KeyboardInterrupt()
+            raise KeyboardInterrupt
         # we expect the user wants to stop and DO WANT the preceding postprocessors to run;
         # so returning a intermediate result here instead of KeyboardInterrupt on live
         return result
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/hls.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/hls.py
index 4ac5d99dc0..9cb4f014c0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/hls.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/hls.py
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ class HlsFD(FragmentFD):
 
     def real_download(self, filename, info_dict):
         man_url = info_dict['url']
-        self.to_screen('[%s] Downloading m3u8 manifest' % self.FD_NAME)
+        self.to_screen(f'[{self.FD_NAME}] Downloading m3u8 manifest')
 
         urlh = self.ydl.urlopen(self._prepare_url(info_dict, man_url))
         man_url = urlh.url
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ class HlsFD(FragmentFD):
                         'url': frag_url,
                         'decrypt_info': decrypt_info,
                         'byte_range': byte_range,
-                        'media_sequence': media_sequence
+                        'media_sequence': media_sequence,
                     })
                     media_sequence += 1
 
@@ -350,9 +350,8 @@ class HlsFD(FragmentFD):
                             # XXX: this should probably be silent as well
                             # or verify that all segments contain the same data
                             self.report_warning(bug_reports_message(
-                                'Discarding a %s block found in the middle of the stream; '
-                                'if the subtitles display incorrectly,'
-                                % (type(block).__name__)))
+                                f'Discarding a {type(block).__name__} block found in the middle of the stream; '
+                                'if the subtitles display incorrectly,'))
                             continue
                     block.write_into(output)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/http.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/http.py
index 693828b6e5..c0165790d1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/http.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/http.py
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ class HttpFD(FileDownloader):
                                 'downloaded_bytes': ctx.resume_len,
                                 'total_bytes': ctx.resume_len,
                             }, info_dict)
-                            raise SucceedDownload()
+                            raise SucceedDownload
                         else:
                             # The length does not match, we start the download over
                             self.report_unable_to_resume()
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ class HttpFD(FileDownloader):
 
         def close_stream():
             if ctx.stream is not None:
-                if not ctx.tmpfilename == '-':
+                if ctx.tmpfilename != '-':
                     ctx.stream.close()
                 ctx.stream = None
 
@@ -268,20 +268,20 @@ class HttpFD(FileDownloader):
                         ctx.filename = self.undo_temp_name(ctx.tmpfilename)
                         self.report_destination(ctx.filename)
                     except OSError as err:
-                        self.report_error('unable to open for writing: %s' % str(err))
+                        self.report_error(f'unable to open for writing: {err}')
                         return False
 
                     if self.params.get('xattr_set_filesize', False) and data_len is not None:
                         try:
                             write_xattr(ctx.tmpfilename, 'user.ytdl.filesize', str(data_len).encode())
                         except (XAttrUnavailableError, XAttrMetadataError) as err:
-                            self.report_error('unable to set filesize xattr: %s' % str(err))
+                            self.report_error(f'unable to set filesize xattr: {err}')
 
                 try:
                     ctx.stream.write(data_block)
                 except OSError as err:
                     self.to_stderr('\n')
-                    self.report_error('unable to write data: %s' % str(err))
+                    self.report_error(f'unable to write data: {err}')
                     return False
 
                 # Apply rate limit
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ class HttpFD(FileDownloader):
                     elif now - ctx.throttle_start > 3:
                         if ctx.stream is not None and ctx.tmpfilename != '-':
                             ctx.stream.close()
-                        raise ThrottledDownload()
+                        raise ThrottledDownload
                 elif speed:
                     ctx.throttle_start = None
 
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ class HttpFD(FileDownloader):
 
             if not is_test and ctx.chunk_size and ctx.content_len is not None and byte_counter < ctx.content_len:
                 ctx.resume_len = byte_counter
-                raise NextFragment()
+                raise NextFragment
 
             if ctx.tmpfilename != '-':
                 ctx.stream.close()
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/ism.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/ism.py
index dd688f586d..62c3a3b7fd 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/ism.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/ism.py
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ class IsmFD(FragmentFD):
         skip_unavailable_fragments = self.params.get('skip_unavailable_fragments', True)
 
         frag_index = 0
-        for i, segment in enumerate(segments):
+        for segment in segments:
             frag_index += 1
             if frag_index <= ctx['fragment_index']:
                 continue
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/mhtml.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/mhtml.py
index d977dcec31..3d4f2d7634 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/mhtml.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/mhtml.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ from ..version import __version__ as YT_DLP_VERSION
 
 
 class MhtmlFD(FragmentFD):
-    _STYLESHEET = """\
+    _STYLESHEET = '''\
 html, body {
     margin: 0;
     padding: 0;
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ body > figure > img {
     max-width: 100%;
     max-height: calc(100vh - 5em);
 }
-"""
+'''
     _STYLESHEET = re.sub(r'\s+', ' ', _STYLESHEET)
     _STYLESHEET = re.sub(r'\B \B|(?<=[\w\-]) (?=[^\w\-])|(?<=[^\w\-]) (?=[\w\-])', '', _STYLESHEET)
 
@@ -57,24 +57,19 @@ body > figure > img {
         )).decode('us-ascii') + '?='
 
     def _gen_cid(self, i, fragment, frag_boundary):
-        return '%u.%s@yt-dlp.github.io.invalid' % (i, frag_boundary)
+        return f'{i}.{frag_boundary}@yt-dlp.github.io.invalid'
 
     def _gen_stub(self, *, fragments, frag_boundary, title):
         output = io.StringIO()
 
-        output.write((
+        output.write(
             '<!DOCTYPE html>'
             '<html>'
             '<head>'
-            ''  '<meta name="generator" content="yt-dlp {version}">'
-            ''  '<title>{title}</title>'
-            ''  '<style>{styles}</style>'
-            '<body>'
-        ).format(
-            version=escapeHTML(YT_DLP_VERSION),
-            styles=self._STYLESHEET,
-            title=escapeHTML(title)
-        ))
+            f'<meta name="generator" content="yt-dlp {escapeHTML(YT_DLP_VERSION)}">'
+            f'<title>{escapeHTML(title)}</title>'
+            f'<style>{self._STYLESHEET}</style>'
+            '<body>')
 
         t0 = 0
         for i, frag in enumerate(fragments):
@@ -87,15 +82,12 @@ body > figure > img {
                     num=i + 1,
                     t0=srt_subtitles_timecode(t0),
                     t1=srt_subtitles_timecode(t1),
-                    duration=formatSeconds(frag['duration'], msec=True)
+                    duration=formatSeconds(frag['duration'], msec=True),
                 ))
             except (KeyError, ValueError, TypeError):
                 t1 = None
-                output.write((
-                    '<figcaption>Slide #{num}</figcaption>'
-                ).format(num=i + 1))
-            output.write('<img src="cid:{cid}">'.format(
-                cid=self._gen_cid(i, frag, frag_boundary)))
+                output.write(f'<figcaption>Slide #{i + 1}</figcaption>')
+            output.write(f'<img src="cid:{self._gen_cid(i, frag, frag_boundary)}">')
             output.write('</figure>')
             t0 = t1
 
@@ -126,31 +118,24 @@ body > figure > img {
             stub = self._gen_stub(
                 fragments=fragments,
                 frag_boundary=frag_boundary,
-                title=title
+                title=title,
             )
 
             ctx['dest_stream'].write((
                 'MIME-Version: 1.0\r\n'
                 'From: <nowhere@yt-dlp.github.io.invalid>\r\n'
                 'To: <nowhere@yt-dlp.github.io.invalid>\r\n'
-                'Subject: {title}\r\n'
+                f'Subject: {self._escape_mime(title)}\r\n'
                 'Content-type: multipart/related; '
-                ''  'boundary="{boundary}"; '
-                ''  'type="text/html"\r\n'
-                'X.yt-dlp.Origin: {origin}\r\n'
+                f'boundary="{frag_boundary}"; '
+                'type="text/html"\r\n'
+                f'X.yt-dlp.Origin: {origin}\r\n'
                 '\r\n'
-                '--{boundary}\r\n'
+                f'--{frag_boundary}\r\n'
                 'Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8\r\n'
-                'Content-Length: {length}\r\n'
+                f'Content-Length: {len(stub)}\r\n'
                 '\r\n'
-                '{stub}\r\n'
-            ).format(
-                origin=origin,
-                boundary=frag_boundary,
-                length=len(stub),
-                title=self._escape_mime(title),
-                stub=stub
-            ).encode())
+                f'{stub}\r\n').encode())
             extra_state['header_written'] = True
 
         for i, fragment in enumerate(fragments):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/niconico.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/niconico.py
index fef8bff73a..462c6e2d63 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/niconico.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/niconico.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class NiconicoDmcFD(FileDownloader):
     def real_download(self, filename, info_dict):
         from ..extractor.niconico import NiconicoIE
 
-        self.to_screen('[%s] Downloading from DMC' % self.FD_NAME)
+        self.to_screen(f'[{self.FD_NAME}] Downloading from DMC')
         ie = NiconicoIE(self.ydl)
         info_dict, heartbeat_info_dict = ie._get_heartbeat_info(info_dict)
 
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class NiconicoDmcFD(FileDownloader):
             try:
                 self.ydl.urlopen(request).read()
             except Exception:
-                self.to_screen('[%s] Heartbeat failed' % self.FD_NAME)
+                self.to_screen(f'[{self.FD_NAME}] Heartbeat failed')
 
             with heartbeat_lock:
                 if not download_complete:
@@ -85,14 +85,14 @@ class NiconicoLiveFD(FileDownloader):
                             'quality': live_quality,
                             'protocol': 'hls+fmp4',
                             'latency': live_latency,
-                            'chasePlay': False
+                            'chasePlay': False,
                         },
                         'room': {
                             'protocol': 'webSocket',
-                            'commentable': True
+                            'commentable': True,
                         },
                         'reconnect': True,
-                    }
+                    },
                 }))
             else:
                 ws = ws_extractor
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ class NiconicoLiveFD(FileDownloader):
                     elif self.ydl.params.get('verbose', False):
                         if len(recv) > 100:
                             recv = recv[:100] + '...'
-                        self.to_screen('[debug] Server said: %s' % recv)
+                        self.to_screen(f'[debug] Server said: {recv}')
 
         def ws_main():
             reconnect = False
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ class NiconicoLiveFD(FileDownloader):
                     if ret is True:
                         return
                 except BaseException as e:
-                    self.to_screen('[%s] %s: Connection error occured, reconnecting after 10 seconds: %s' % ('niconico:live', video_id, str_or_none(e)))
+                    self.to_screen('[{}] {}: Connection error occured, reconnecting after 10 seconds: {}'.format('niconico:live', video_id, str_or_none(e)))
                     time.sleep(10)
                     continue
                 finally:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/rtmp.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/rtmp.py
index 0e09525991..d7ffb3b34d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/rtmp.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/rtmp.py
@@ -180,9 +180,9 @@ class RtmpFD(FileDownloader):
 
         while retval in (RD_INCOMPLETE, RD_FAILED) and not test and not live:
             prevsize = os.path.getsize(encodeFilename(tmpfilename))
-            self.to_screen('[rtmpdump] Downloaded %s bytes' % prevsize)
+            self.to_screen(f'[rtmpdump] Downloaded {prevsize} bytes')
             time.sleep(5.0)  # This seems to be needed
-            args = basic_args + ['--resume']
+            args = [*basic_args, '--resume']
             if retval == RD_FAILED:
                 args += ['--skip', '1']
             args = [encodeArgument(a) for a in args]
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ class RtmpFD(FileDownloader):
                 break
         if retval == RD_SUCCESS or (test and retval == RD_INCOMPLETE):
             fsize = os.path.getsize(encodeFilename(tmpfilename))
-            self.to_screen('[rtmpdump] Downloaded %s bytes' % fsize)
+            self.to_screen(f'[rtmpdump] Downloaded {fsize} bytes')
             self.try_rename(tmpfilename, filename)
             self._hook_progress({
                 'downloaded_bytes': fsize,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/downloader/youtube_live_chat.py b/yt_dlp/downloader/youtube_live_chat.py
index c7a86374aa..961938d449 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/downloader/youtube_live_chat.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/downloader/youtube_live_chat.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class YoutubeLiveChatFD(FragmentFD):
 
     def real_download(self, filename, info_dict):
         video_id = info_dict['video_id']
-        self.to_screen('[%s] Downloading live chat' % self.FD_NAME)
+        self.to_screen(f'[{self.FD_NAME}] Downloading live chat')
         if not self.params.get('skip_download') and info_dict['protocol'] == 'youtube_live_chat':
             self.report_warning('Live chat download runs until the livestream ends. '
                                 'If you wish to download the video simultaneously, run a separate yt-dlp instance')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/abc.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/abc.py
index 2c0d296fd2..7518ba6f0d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/abc.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/abc.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import re
 import time
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     dict_get,
@@ -67,7 +66,7 @@ class ABCIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'WWI Centenary',
             'description': 'md5:c2379ec0ca84072e86b446e536954546',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.abc.net.au/news/programs/the-world/2020-06-10/black-lives-matter-protests-spawn-support-for/12342074',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -75,7 +74,7 @@ class ABCIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Black Lives Matter protests spawn support for Papuans in Indonesia',
             'description': 'md5:2961a17dc53abc558589ccd0fb8edd6f',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.abc.net.au/btn/newsbreak/btn-newsbreak-20200814/12560476',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -86,7 +85,7 @@ class ABCIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20200813',
             'uploader': 'Behind the News',
             'uploader_id': 'behindthenews',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-06-25/wagner-boss-orders-troops-back-to-bases-to-avoid-bloodshed/102520540',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -95,7 +94,7 @@ class ABCIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'description': 'Wagner troops leave Rostov-on-Don and\xa0Yevgeny Prigozhin will move to Belarus under a deal brokered by Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko to end the mutiny.',
             'thumbnail': 'https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/0c170f5b57f0105c432f366c0e8e267b?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=2813&cropW=5000&xPos=0&yPos=249&width=862&height=485',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -126,7 +125,7 @@ class ABCIE(InfoExtractor):
                 if mobj is None:
                     expired = self._html_search_regex(r'(?s)class="expired-(?:video|audio)".+?<span>(.+?)</span>', webpage, 'expired', None)
                     if expired:
-                        raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, expired), expected=True)
+                        raise ExtractorError(f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {expired}', expected=True)
                     raise ExtractorError('Unable to extract video urls')
 
             urls_info = self._parse_json(
@@ -164,7 +163,7 @@ class ABCIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'height': height,
                 'tbr': bitrate,
                 'filesize': int_or_none(url_info.get('filesize')),
-                'format_id': format_id
+                'format_id': format_id,
             })
 
         return {
@@ -288,13 +287,12 @@ class ABCIViewIE(InfoExtractor):
         stream = next(s for s in video_params['playlist'] if s.get('type') in ('program', 'livestream'))
 
         house_number = video_params.get('episodeHouseNumber') or video_id
-        path = '/auth/hls/sign?ts={0}&hn={1}&d=android-tablet'.format(
-            int(time.time()), house_number)
+        path = f'/auth/hls/sign?ts={int(time.time())}&hn={house_number}&d=android-tablet'
         sig = hmac.new(
             b'android.content.res.Resources',
-            path.encode('utf-8'), hashlib.sha256).hexdigest()
+            path.encode(), hashlib.sha256).hexdigest()
         token = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://iview.abc.net.au{0}&sig={1}'.format(path, sig), video_id)
+            f'http://iview.abc.net.au{path}&sig={sig}', video_id)
 
         def tokenize_url(url, token):
             return update_url_query(url, {
@@ -303,7 +301,7 @@ class ABCIViewIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         for sd in ('1080', '720', 'sd', 'sd-low'):
             sd_url = try_get(
-                stream, lambda x: x['streams']['hls'][sd], compat_str)
+                stream, lambda x: x['streams']['hls'][sd], str)
             if not sd_url:
                 continue
             formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
@@ -358,7 +356,7 @@ class ABCIViewShowSeriesIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:93119346c24a7c322d446d8eece430ff',
             'series': 'Upper Middle Bogan',
             'season': 'Series 1',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://cdn\.iview\.abc\.net\.au/thumbs/.*\.jpg$'
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://cdn\.iview\.abc\.net\.au/thumbs/.*\.jpg$',
         },
         'playlist_count': 8,
     }, {
@@ -386,7 +384,7 @@ class ABCIViewShowSeriesIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'Satirist Mark Humphries brings his unique perspective on current political events for 7.30.',
             'series': '7.30 Mark Humphries Satire',
             'season': 'Episodes',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://cdn\.iview\.abc\.net\.au/thumbs/.*\.jpg$'
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://cdn\.iview\.abc\.net\.au/thumbs/.*\.jpg$',
         },
         'playlist_count': 15,
     }]
@@ -398,7 +396,7 @@ class ABCIViewShowSeriesIE(InfoExtractor):
             r'window\.__INITIAL_STATE__\s*=\s*[\'"](.+?)[\'"]\s*;',
             webpage, 'initial state')
         video_data = self._parse_json(
-            unescapeHTML(webpage_data).encode('utf-8').decode('unicode_escape'), show_id)
+            unescapeHTML(webpage_data).encode().decode('unicode_escape'), show_id)
         video_data = video_data['route']['pageData']['_embedded']
 
         highlight = try_get(video_data, lambda x: x['highlightVideo']['shareUrl'])
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/abcnews.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/abcnews.py
index a57295b131..7215500b91 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/abcnews.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/abcnews.py
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class AbcNewsVideoIE(AMPIE):
         display_id = mobj.group('display_id')
         video_id = mobj.group('id')
         info_dict = self._extract_feed_info(
-            'http://abcnews.go.com/video/itemfeed?id=%s' % video_id)
+            f'http://abcnews.go.com/video/itemfeed?id={video_id}')
         info_dict.update({
             'id': video_id,
             'display_id': display_id,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/abcotvs.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/abcotvs.py
index 6dca19de41..ea5882b260 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/abcotvs.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/abcotvs.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     dict_get,
     int_or_none,
@@ -57,11 +56,11 @@ class ABCOTVSIE(InfoExtractor):
         data = self._download_json(
             'https://api.abcotvs.com/v2/content', display_id, query={
                 'id': video_id,
-                'key': 'otv.web.%s.story' % station,
+                'key': f'otv.web.{station}.story',
                 'station': station,
             })['data']
         video = try_get(data, lambda x: x['featuredMedia']['video'], dict) or data
-        video_id = compat_str(dict_get(video, ('id', 'publishedKey'), video_id))
+        video_id = str(dict_get(video, ('id', 'publishedKey'), video_id))
         title = video.get('title') or video['linkText']
 
         formats = []
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/abematv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/abematv.py
index b8c79b912a..293a6c40e0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/abematv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/abematv.py
@@ -66,8 +66,8 @@ class AbemaLicenseHandler(urllib.request.BaseHandler):
             query={'t': media_token},
             data=json.dumps({
                 'kv': 'a',
-                'lt': ticket
-            }).encode('utf-8'),
+                'lt': ticket,
+            }).encode(),
             headers={
                 'Content-Type': 'application/json',
             })
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class AbemaLicenseHandler(urllib.request.BaseHandler):
 
         h = hmac.new(
             binascii.unhexlify(self.HKEY),
-            (license_response['cid'] + self.ie._DEVICE_ID).encode('utf-8'),
+            (license_response['cid'] + self.ie._DEVICE_ID).encode(),
             digestmod=hashlib.sha256)
         enckey = bytes_to_intlist(h.digest())
 
@@ -103,11 +103,11 @@ class AbemaTVBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     @classmethod
     def _generate_aks(cls, deviceid):
-        deviceid = deviceid.encode('utf-8')
+        deviceid = deviceid.encode()
         # add 1 hour and then drop minute and secs
         ts_1hour = int((time_seconds() // 3600 + 1) * 3600)
         time_struct = time.gmtime(ts_1hour)
-        ts_1hour_str = str(ts_1hour).encode('utf-8')
+        ts_1hour_str = str(ts_1hour).encode()
 
         tmp = None
 
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ class AbemaTVBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         def mix_tmp(count):
             nonlocal tmp
-            for i in range(count):
+            for _ in range(count):
                 mix_once(tmp)
 
         def mix_twist(nonce):
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ class AbemaTVBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             data=json.dumps({
                 'deviceId': self._DEVICE_ID,
                 'applicationKeySecret': aks,
-            }).encode('utf-8'),
+            }).encode(),
             headers={
                 'Content-Type': 'application/json',
             })
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ class AbemaTVBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'osLang': 'ja_JP',
                 'osTimezone': 'Asia/Tokyo',
                 'appId': 'tv.abema',
-                'appVersion': '3.27.1'
+                'appVersion': '3.27.1',
             }, headers={
                 'Authorization': f'bearer {self._get_device_token()}',
             })['token']
@@ -202,8 +202,8 @@ class AbemaTVBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             f'https://api.abema.io/v1/auth/{ep}', None, note='Logging in',
             data=json.dumps({
                 method: username,
-                'password': password
-            }).encode('utf-8'), headers={
+                'password': password,
+            }).encode(), headers={
                 'Authorization': f'bearer {self._get_device_token()}',
                 'Origin': 'https://abema.tv',
                 'Referer': 'https://abema.tv/',
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ class AbemaTVIE(AbemaTVBaseIE):
 
         description = self._html_search_regex(
             (r'<p\s+class="com-video-EpisodeDetailsBlock__content"><span\s+class=".+?">(.+?)</span></p><div',
-             r'<span\s+class=".+?SlotSummary.+?">(.+?)</span></div><div',),
+             r'<span\s+class=".+?SlotSummary.+?">(.+?)</span></div><div'),
             webpage, 'description', default=None, group=1)
         if not description:
             og_desc = self._html_search_meta(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/acast.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/acast.py
index 427d04c312..8f4a2cf0f8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/acast.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/acast.py
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ class ACastIE(ACastBaseIE):
             'display_id': '2.raggarmordet-rosterurdetforflutna',
             'season_number': 4,
             'season': 'Season 4',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://embed.acast.com/adambuxton/ep.12-adam-joeschristmaspodcast2015',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -93,13 +93,13 @@ class ACastIE(ACastBaseIE):
             'series': 'Democracy Sausage with Mark Kenny',
             'timestamp': 1684826362,
             'description': 'md5:feabe1fc5004c78ee59c84a46bf4ba16',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         channel, display_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
         episode = self._call_api(
-            '%s/episodes/%s' % (channel, display_id),
+            f'{channel}/episodes/{display_id}',
             display_id, {'showInfo': 'true'})
         return self._extract_episode(
             episode, self._extract_show_info(episode.get('show') or {}))
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ class ACastChannelIE(ACastBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if ACastIE.suitable(url) else super(ACastChannelIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if ACastIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         show_slug = self._match_id(url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/acfun.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/acfun.py
index 07933192f3..28559baecf 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/acfun.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/acfun.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class AcFunVideoBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'width': int_or_none(video.get('width')),
                     'height': int_or_none(video.get('height')),
                     'tbr': float_or_none(video.get('avgBitrate')),
-                    **parse_codecs(video.get('codecs', ''))
+                    **parse_codecs(video.get('codecs', '')),
                 })
 
         return {
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class AcFunVideoIE(AcFunVideoBaseIE):
             'comment_count': int,
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(jpg|jpeg)',
             'description': 'md5:67583aaf3a0f933bd606bc8a2d3ebb17',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/adn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/adn.py
index 2f3b67dad4..7be990b9cf 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/adn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/adn.py
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import time
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..aes import aes_cbc_decrypt_bytes, unpad_pkcs7
-from ..compat import compat_b64decode
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -111,9 +110,9 @@ class ADNIE(ADNBaseIE):
 
         # http://animationdigitalnetwork.fr/components/com_vodvideo/videojs/adn-vjs.min.js
         dec_subtitles = unpad_pkcs7(aes_cbc_decrypt_bytes(
-            compat_b64decode(enc_subtitles[24:]),
+            base64.b64decode(enc_subtitles[24:]),
             binascii.unhexlify(self._K + '7fac1178830cfe0c'),
-            compat_b64decode(enc_subtitles[:24])))
+            base64.b64decode(enc_subtitles[:24])))
         subtitles_json = self._parse_json(dec_subtitles.decode(), None, fatal=False)
         if not subtitles_json:
             return None
@@ -136,7 +135,7 @@ Format: Marked,Start,End,Style,Name,MarginL,MarginR,MarginV,Effect,Text'''
                 if start is None or end is None or text is None:
                     continue
                 alignment = self._POS_ALIGN_MAP.get(position_align, 2) + self._LINE_ALIGN_MAP.get(line_align, 0)
-                ssa += os.linesep + 'Dialogue: Marked=0,%s,%s,Default,,0,0,0,,%s%s' % (
+                ssa += os.linesep + 'Dialogue: Marked=0,{},{},Default,,0,0,0,,{}{}'.format(
                     ass_subtitles_timecode(start),
                     ass_subtitles_timecode(end),
                     '{\\a%d}' % alignment if alignment != 2 else '',
@@ -178,7 +177,7 @@ Format: Marked,Start,End,Style,Name,MarginL,MarginR,MarginV,Effect,Text'''
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         lang, video_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('lang', 'id')
-        video_base_url = self._PLAYER_BASE_URL + 'video/%s/' % video_id
+        video_base_url = self._PLAYER_BASE_URL + f'video/{video_id}/'
         player = self._download_json(
             video_base_url + 'configuration', video_id,
             'Downloading player config JSON metadata',
@@ -219,12 +218,12 @@ Format: Marked,Start,End,Style,Name,MarginL,MarginR,MarginV,Effect,Text'''
                     links_url, video_id, 'Downloading links JSON metadata', headers={
                         'X-Player-Token': authorization,
                         'X-Target-Distribution': lang,
-                        **self._HEADERS
+                        **self._HEADERS,
                     }, query={
                         'freeWithAds': 'true',
                         'adaptive': 'false',
                         'withMetadata': 'true',
-                        'source': 'Web'
+                        'source': 'Web',
                     })
                 break
             except ExtractorError as e:
@@ -256,7 +255,7 @@ Format: Marked,Start,End,Style,Name,MarginL,MarginR,MarginV,Effect,Text'''
             for quality, load_balancer_url in qualities.items():
                 load_balancer_data = self._download_json(
                     load_balancer_url, video_id,
-                    'Downloading %s %s JSON metadata' % (format_id, quality),
+                    f'Downloading {format_id} {quality} JSON metadata',
                     fatal=False) or {}
                 m3u8_url = load_balancer_data.get('location')
                 if not m3u8_url:
@@ -276,7 +275,7 @@ Format: Marked,Start,End,Style,Name,MarginL,MarginR,MarginV,Effect,Text'''
             self.raise_login_required('This video requires a subscription', method='password')
 
         video = (self._download_json(
-            self._API_BASE_URL + 'video/%s' % video_id, video_id,
+            self._API_BASE_URL + f'video/{video_id}', video_id,
             'Downloading additional video metadata', fatal=False) or {}).get('video') or {}
         show = video.get('show') or {}
 
@@ -320,7 +319,7 @@ class ADNSeasonIE(ADNBaseIE):
             f'{self._API_BASE_URL}video/show/{show_id}', video_show_slug,
             'Downloading episode list', headers={
                 'X-Target-Distribution': lang,
-                **self._HEADERS
+                **self._HEADERS,
             }, query={
                 'order': 'asc',
                 'limit': '-1',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/adobeconnect.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/adobeconnect.py
index 8963b128a5..b2934d6f76 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/adobeconnect.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/adobeconnect.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_parse_qs,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 
 
 class AdobeConnectIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -12,13 +10,13 @@ class AdobeConnectIE(InfoExtractor):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
         title = self._html_extract_title(webpage)
-        qs = compat_parse_qs(self._search_regex(r"swfUrl\s*=\s*'([^']+)'", webpage, 'swf url').split('?')[1])
+        qs = urllib.parse.parse_qs(self._search_regex(r"swfUrl\s*=\s*'([^']+)'", webpage, 'swf url').split('?')[1])
         is_live = qs.get('isLive', ['false'])[0] == 'true'
         formats = []
         for con_string in qs['conStrings'][0].split(','):
             formats.append({
                 'format_id': con_string.split('://')[0],
-                'app': compat_urlparse.quote('?' + con_string.split('?')[1] + 'flvplayerapp/' + qs['appInstance'][0]),
+                'app': urllib.parse.quote('?' + con_string.split('?')[1] + 'flvplayerapp/' + qs['appInstance'][0]),
                 'ext': 'flv',
                 'play_path': 'mp4:' + qs['streamName'][0],
                 'rtmp_conn': 'S:' + qs['ticket'][0],
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/adobepass.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/adobepass.py
index 5eed0ca226..eb7e597e52 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/adobepass.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/adobepass.py
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ import getpass
 import json
 import re
 import time
+import urllib.parse
 import xml.etree.ElementTree as etree
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urlparse
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     NO_DEFAULT,
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ MSO_INFO = {
     },
     'Philo': {
         'name': 'Philo',
-        'username_field': 'ident'
+        'username_field': 'ident',
     },
     'Verizon': {
         'name': 'Verizon FiOS',
@@ -81,1258 +81,1258 @@ MSO_INFO = {
         'password_field': 'j_password',
     },
     'thr030': {
-        'name': '3 Rivers Communications'
+        'name': '3 Rivers Communications',
     },
     'com140': {
-        'name': 'Access Montana'
+        'name': 'Access Montana',
     },
     'acecommunications': {
-        'name': 'AcenTek'
+        'name': 'AcenTek',
     },
     'acm010': {
-        'name': 'Acme Communications'
+        'name': 'Acme Communications',
     },
     'ada020': {
-        'name': 'Adams Cable Service'
+        'name': 'Adams Cable Service',
     },
     'alb020': {
-        'name': 'Albany Mutual Telephone'
+        'name': 'Albany Mutual Telephone',
     },
     'algona': {
-        'name': 'Algona Municipal Utilities'
+        'name': 'Algona Municipal Utilities',
     },
     'allwest': {
-        'name': 'All West Communications'
+        'name': 'All West Communications',
     },
     'all025': {
-        'name': 'Allen\'s Communications'
+        'name': 'Allen\'s Communications',
     },
     'spl010': {
-        'name': 'Alliance Communications'
+        'name': 'Alliance Communications',
     },
     'all070': {
-        'name': 'ALLO Communications'
+        'name': 'ALLO Communications',
     },
     'alpine': {
-        'name': 'Alpine Communications'
+        'name': 'Alpine Communications',
     },
     'hun015': {
-        'name': 'American Broadband'
+        'name': 'American Broadband',
     },
     'nwc010': {
-        'name': 'American Broadband Missouri'
+        'name': 'American Broadband Missouri',
     },
     'com130-02': {
-        'name': 'American Community Networks'
+        'name': 'American Community Networks',
     },
     'com130-01': {
-        'name': 'American Warrior Networks'
+        'name': 'American Warrior Networks',
     },
     'tom020': {
-        'name': 'Amherst Telephone/Tomorrow Valley'
+        'name': 'Amherst Telephone/Tomorrow Valley',
     },
     'tvc020': {
-        'name': 'Andycable'
+        'name': 'Andycable',
     },
     'arkwest': {
-        'name': 'Arkwest Communications'
+        'name': 'Arkwest Communications',
     },
     'art030': {
-        'name': 'Arthur Mutual Telephone Company'
+        'name': 'Arthur Mutual Telephone Company',
     },
     'arvig': {
-        'name': 'Arvig'
+        'name': 'Arvig',
     },
     'nttcash010': {
-        'name': 'Ashland Home Net'
+        'name': 'Ashland Home Net',
     },
     'astound': {
-        'name': 'Astound (now Wave)'
+        'name': 'Astound (now Wave)',
     },
     'dix030': {
-        'name': 'ATC Broadband'
+        'name': 'ATC Broadband',
     },
     'ara010': {
-        'name': 'ATC Communications'
+        'name': 'ATC Communications',
     },
     'she030-02': {
-        'name': 'Ayersville Communications'
+        'name': 'Ayersville Communications',
     },
     'baldwin': {
-        'name': 'Baldwin Lightstream'
+        'name': 'Baldwin Lightstream',
     },
     'bal040': {
-        'name': 'Ballard TV'
+        'name': 'Ballard TV',
     },
     'cit025': {
-        'name': 'Bardstown Cable TV'
+        'name': 'Bardstown Cable TV',
     },
     'bay030': {
-        'name': 'Bay Country Communications'
+        'name': 'Bay Country Communications',
     },
     'tel095': {
-        'name': 'Beaver Creek Cooperative Telephone'
+        'name': 'Beaver Creek Cooperative Telephone',
     },
     'bea020': {
-        'name': 'Beaver Valley Cable'
+        'name': 'Beaver Valley Cable',
     },
     'bee010': {
-        'name': 'Bee Line Cable'
+        'name': 'Bee Line Cable',
     },
     'wir030': {
-        'name': 'Beehive Broadband'
+        'name': 'Beehive Broadband',
     },
     'bra020': {
-        'name': 'BELD'
+        'name': 'BELD',
     },
     'bel020': {
-        'name': 'Bellevue Municipal Cable'
+        'name': 'Bellevue Municipal Cable',
     },
     'vol040-01': {
-        'name': 'Ben Lomand Connect / BLTV'
+        'name': 'Ben Lomand Connect / BLTV',
     },
     'bev010': {
-        'name': 'BEVCOMM'
+        'name': 'BEVCOMM',
     },
     'big020': {
-        'name': 'Big Sandy Broadband'
+        'name': 'Big Sandy Broadband',
     },
     'ble020': {
-        'name': 'Bledsoe Telephone Cooperative'
+        'name': 'Bledsoe Telephone Cooperative',
     },
     'bvt010': {
-        'name': 'Blue Valley Tele-Communications'
+        'name': 'Blue Valley Tele-Communications',
     },
     'bra050': {
-        'name': 'Brandenburg Telephone Co.'
+        'name': 'Brandenburg Telephone Co.',
     },
     'bte010': {
-        'name': 'Bristol Tennessee Essential Services'
+        'name': 'Bristol Tennessee Essential Services',
     },
     'annearundel': {
-        'name': 'Broadstripe'
+        'name': 'Broadstripe',
     },
     'btc010': {
-        'name': 'BTC Communications'
+        'name': 'BTC Communications',
     },
     'btc040': {
-        'name': 'BTC Vision - Nahunta'
+        'name': 'BTC Vision - Nahunta',
     },
     'bul010': {
-        'name': 'Bulloch Telephone Cooperative'
+        'name': 'Bulloch Telephone Cooperative',
     },
     'but010': {
-        'name': 'Butler-Bremer Communications'
+        'name': 'Butler-Bremer Communications',
     },
     'tel160-csp': {
-        'name': 'C Spire SNAP'
+        'name': 'C Spire SNAP',
     },
     'csicable': {
-        'name': 'Cable Services Inc.'
+        'name': 'Cable Services Inc.',
     },
     'cableamerica': {
-        'name': 'CableAmerica'
+        'name': 'CableAmerica',
     },
     'cab038': {
-        'name': 'CableSouth Media 3'
+        'name': 'CableSouth Media 3',
     },
     'weh010-camtel': {
-        'name': 'Cam-Tel Company'
+        'name': 'Cam-Tel Company',
     },
     'car030': {
-        'name': 'Cameron Communications'
+        'name': 'Cameron Communications',
     },
     'canbytel': {
-        'name': 'Canby Telcom'
+        'name': 'Canby Telcom',
     },
     'crt020': {
-        'name': 'CapRock Tv'
+        'name': 'CapRock Tv',
     },
     'car050': {
-        'name': 'Carnegie Cable'
+        'name': 'Carnegie Cable',
     },
     'cas': {
-        'name': 'CAS Cable'
+        'name': 'CAS Cable',
     },
     'casscomm': {
-        'name': 'CASSCOMM'
+        'name': 'CASSCOMM',
     },
     'mid180-02': {
-        'name': 'Catalina Broadband Solutions'
+        'name': 'Catalina Broadband Solutions',
     },
     'cccomm': {
-        'name': 'CC Communications'
+        'name': 'CC Communications',
     },
     'nttccde010': {
-        'name': 'CDE Lightband'
+        'name': 'CDE Lightband',
     },
     'cfunet': {
-        'name': 'Cedar Falls Utilities'
+        'name': 'Cedar Falls Utilities',
     },
     'dem010-01': {
-        'name': 'Celect-Bloomer Telephone Area'
+        'name': 'Celect-Bloomer Telephone Area',
     },
     'dem010-02': {
-        'name': 'Celect-Bruce Telephone Area'
+        'name': 'Celect-Bruce Telephone Area',
     },
     'dem010-03': {
-        'name': 'Celect-Citizens Connected Area'
+        'name': 'Celect-Citizens Connected Area',
     },
     'dem010-04': {
-        'name': 'Celect-Elmwood/Spring Valley Area'
+        'name': 'Celect-Elmwood/Spring Valley Area',
     },
     'dem010-06': {
-        'name': 'Celect-Mosaic Telecom'
+        'name': 'Celect-Mosaic Telecom',
     },
     'dem010-05': {
-        'name': 'Celect-West WI Telephone Area'
+        'name': 'Celect-West WI Telephone Area',
     },
     'net010-02': {
-        'name': 'Cellcom/Nsight Telservices'
+        'name': 'Cellcom/Nsight Telservices',
     },
     'cen100': {
-        'name': 'CentraCom'
+        'name': 'CentraCom',
     },
     'nttccst010': {
-        'name': 'Central Scott / CSTV'
+        'name': 'Central Scott / CSTV',
     },
     'cha035': {
-        'name': 'Chaparral CableVision'
+        'name': 'Chaparral CableVision',
     },
     'cha050': {
-        'name': 'Chariton Valley Communication Corporation, Inc.'
+        'name': 'Chariton Valley Communication Corporation, Inc.',
     },
     'cha060': {
-        'name': 'Chatmoss Cablevision'
+        'name': 'Chatmoss Cablevision',
     },
     'nttcche010': {
-        'name': 'Cherokee Communications'
+        'name': 'Cherokee Communications',
     },
     'che050': {
-        'name': 'Chesapeake Bay Communications'
+        'name': 'Chesapeake Bay Communications',
     },
     'cimtel': {
-        'name': 'Cim-Tel Cable, LLC.'
+        'name': 'Cim-Tel Cable, LLC.',
     },
     'cit180': {
-        'name': 'Citizens Cablevision - Floyd, VA'
+        'name': 'Citizens Cablevision - Floyd, VA',
     },
     'cit210': {
-        'name': 'Citizens Cablevision, Inc.'
+        'name': 'Citizens Cablevision, Inc.',
     },
     'cit040': {
-        'name': 'Citizens Fiber'
+        'name': 'Citizens Fiber',
     },
     'cit250': {
-        'name': 'Citizens Mutual'
+        'name': 'Citizens Mutual',
     },
     'war040': {
-        'name': 'Citizens Telephone Corporation'
+        'name': 'Citizens Telephone Corporation',
     },
     'wat025': {
-        'name': 'City Of Monroe'
+        'name': 'City Of Monroe',
     },
     'wadsworth': {
-        'name': 'CityLink'
+        'name': 'CityLink',
     },
     'nor100': {
-        'name': 'CL Tel'
+        'name': 'CL Tel',
     },
     'cla010': {
-        'name': 'Clarence Telephone and Cedar Communications'
+        'name': 'Clarence Telephone and Cedar Communications',
     },
     'ser060': {
-        'name': 'Clear Choice Communications'
+        'name': 'Clear Choice Communications',
     },
     'tac020': {
-        'name': 'Click! Cable TV'
+        'name': 'Click! Cable TV',
     },
     'war020': {
-        'name': 'CLICK1.NET'
+        'name': 'CLICK1.NET',
     },
     'cml010': {
-        'name': 'CML Telephone Cooperative Association'
+        'name': 'CML Telephone Cooperative Association',
     },
     'cns': {
-        'name': 'CNS'
+        'name': 'CNS',
     },
     'com160': {
-        'name': 'Co-Mo Connect'
+        'name': 'Co-Mo Connect',
     },
     'coa020': {
-        'name': 'Coast Communications'
+        'name': 'Coast Communications',
     },
     'coa030': {
-        'name': 'Coaxial Cable TV'
+        'name': 'Coaxial Cable TV',
     },
     'mid055': {
-        'name': 'Cobalt TV (Mid-State Community TV)'
+        'name': 'Cobalt TV (Mid-State Community TV)',
     },
     'col070': {
-        'name': 'Columbia Power & Water Systems'
+        'name': 'Columbia Power & Water Systems',
     },
     'col080': {
-        'name': 'Columbus Telephone'
+        'name': 'Columbus Telephone',
     },
     'nor105': {
-        'name': 'Communications 1 Cablevision, Inc.'
+        'name': 'Communications 1 Cablevision, Inc.',
     },
     'com150': {
-        'name': 'Community Cable & Broadband'
+        'name': 'Community Cable & Broadband',
     },
     'com020': {
-        'name': 'Community Communications Company'
+        'name': 'Community Communications Company',
     },
     'coy010': {
-        'name': 'commZoom'
+        'name': 'commZoom',
     },
     'com025': {
-        'name': 'Complete Communication Services'
+        'name': 'Complete Communication Services',
     },
     'cat020': {
-        'name': 'Comporium'
+        'name': 'Comporium',
     },
     'com071': {
-        'name': 'ComSouth Telesys'
+        'name': 'ComSouth Telesys',
     },
     'consolidatedcable': {
-        'name': 'Consolidated'
+        'name': 'Consolidated',
     },
     'conwaycorp': {
-        'name': 'Conway Corporation'
+        'name': 'Conway Corporation',
     },
     'coo050': {
-        'name': 'Coon Valley Telecommunications Inc'
+        'name': 'Coon Valley Telecommunications Inc',
     },
     'coo080': {
-        'name': 'Cooperative Telephone Company'
+        'name': 'Cooperative Telephone Company',
     },
     'cpt010': {
-        'name': 'CP-TEL'
+        'name': 'CP-TEL',
     },
     'cra010': {
-        'name': 'Craw-Kan Telephone'
+        'name': 'Craw-Kan Telephone',
     },
     'crestview': {
-        'name': 'Crestview Cable Communications'
+        'name': 'Crestview Cable Communications',
     },
     'cross': {
-        'name': 'Cross TV'
+        'name': 'Cross TV',
     },
     'cro030': {
-        'name': 'Crosslake Communications'
+        'name': 'Crosslake Communications',
     },
     'ctc040': {
-        'name': 'CTC - Brainerd MN'
+        'name': 'CTC - Brainerd MN',
     },
     'phe030': {
-        'name': 'CTV-Beam - East Alabama'
+        'name': 'CTV-Beam - East Alabama',
     },
     'cun010': {
-        'name': 'Cunningham Telephone & Cable'
+        'name': 'Cunningham Telephone & Cable',
     },
     'dpc010': {
-        'name': 'D & P Communications'
+        'name': 'D & P Communications',
     },
     'dak030': {
-        'name': 'Dakota Central Telecommunications'
+        'name': 'Dakota Central Telecommunications',
     },
     'nttcdel010': {
-        'name': 'Delcambre Telephone LLC'
+        'name': 'Delcambre Telephone LLC',
     },
     'tel160-del': {
-        'name': 'Delta Telephone Company'
+        'name': 'Delta Telephone Company',
     },
     'sal040': {
-        'name': 'DiamondNet'
+        'name': 'DiamondNet',
     },
     'ind060-dc': {
-        'name': 'Direct Communications'
+        'name': 'Direct Communications',
     },
     'doy010': {
-        'name': 'Doylestown Cable TV'
+        'name': 'Doylestown Cable TV',
     },
     'dic010': {
-        'name': 'DRN'
+        'name': 'DRN',
     },
     'dtc020': {
-        'name': 'DTC'
+        'name': 'DTC',
     },
     'dtc010': {
-        'name': 'DTC Cable (Delhi)'
+        'name': 'DTC Cable (Delhi)',
     },
     'dum010': {
-        'name': 'Dumont Telephone Company'
+        'name': 'Dumont Telephone Company',
     },
     'dun010': {
-        'name': 'Dunkerton Telephone Cooperative'
+        'name': 'Dunkerton Telephone Cooperative',
     },
     'cci010': {
-        'name': 'Duo County Telecom'
+        'name': 'Duo County Telecom',
     },
     'eagle': {
-        'name': 'Eagle Communications'
+        'name': 'Eagle Communications',
     },
     'weh010-east': {
-        'name': 'East Arkansas Cable TV'
+        'name': 'East Arkansas Cable TV',
     },
     'eatel': {
-        'name': 'EATEL Video, LLC'
+        'name': 'EATEL Video, LLC',
     },
     'ell010': {
-        'name': 'ECTA'
+        'name': 'ECTA',
     },
     'emerytelcom': {
-        'name': 'Emery Telcom Video LLC'
+        'name': 'Emery Telcom Video LLC',
     },
     'nor200': {
-        'name': 'Empire Access'
+        'name': 'Empire Access',
     },
     'endeavor': {
-        'name': 'Endeavor Communications'
+        'name': 'Endeavor Communications',
     },
     'sun045': {
-        'name': 'Enhanced Telecommunications Corporation'
+        'name': 'Enhanced Telecommunications Corporation',
     },
     'mid030': {
-        'name': 'enTouch'
+        'name': 'enTouch',
     },
     'epb020': {
-        'name': 'EPB Smartnet'
+        'name': 'EPB Smartnet',
     },
     'jea010': {
-        'name': 'EPlus Broadband'
+        'name': 'EPlus Broadband',
     },
     'com065': {
-        'name': 'ETC'
+        'name': 'ETC',
     },
     'ete010': {
-        'name': 'Etex Communications'
+        'name': 'Etex Communications',
     },
     'fbc-tele': {
-        'name': 'F&B Communications'
+        'name': 'F&B Communications',
     },
     'fal010': {
-        'name': 'Falcon Broadband'
+        'name': 'Falcon Broadband',
     },
     'fam010': {
-        'name': 'FamilyView CableVision'
+        'name': 'FamilyView CableVision',
     },
     'far020': {
-        'name': 'Farmers Mutual Telephone Company'
+        'name': 'Farmers Mutual Telephone Company',
     },
     'fay010': {
-        'name': 'Fayetteville Public Utilities'
+        'name': 'Fayetteville Public Utilities',
     },
     'sal060': {
-        'name': 'fibrant'
+        'name': 'fibrant',
     },
     'fid010': {
-        'name': 'Fidelity Communications'
+        'name': 'Fidelity Communications',
     },
     'for030': {
-        'name': 'FJ Communications'
+        'name': 'FJ Communications',
     },
     'fli020': {
-        'name': 'Flint River Communications'
+        'name': 'Flint River Communications',
     },
     'far030': {
-        'name': 'FMT - Jesup'
+        'name': 'FMT - Jesup',
     },
     'foo010': {
-        'name': 'Foothills Communications'
+        'name': 'Foothills Communications',
     },
     'for080': {
-        'name': 'Forsyth CableNet'
+        'name': 'Forsyth CableNet',
     },
     'fbcomm': {
-        'name': 'Frankfort Plant Board'
+        'name': 'Frankfort Plant Board',
     },
     'tel160-fra': {
-        'name': 'Franklin Telephone Company'
+        'name': 'Franklin Telephone Company',
     },
     'nttcftc010': {
-        'name': 'FTC'
+        'name': 'FTC',
     },
     'fullchannel': {
-        'name': 'Full Channel, Inc.'
+        'name': 'Full Channel, Inc.',
     },
     'gar040': {
-        'name': 'Gardonville Cooperative Telephone Association'
+        'name': 'Gardonville Cooperative Telephone Association',
     },
     'gbt010': {
-        'name': 'GBT Communications, Inc.'
+        'name': 'GBT Communications, Inc.',
     },
     'tec010': {
-        'name': 'Genuine Telecom'
+        'name': 'Genuine Telecom',
     },
     'clr010': {
-        'name': 'Giant Communications'
+        'name': 'Giant Communications',
     },
     'gla010': {
-        'name': 'Glasgow EPB'
+        'name': 'Glasgow EPB',
     },
     'gle010': {
-        'name': 'Glenwood Telecommunications'
+        'name': 'Glenwood Telecommunications',
     },
     'gra060': {
-        'name': 'GLW Broadband Inc.'
+        'name': 'GLW Broadband Inc.',
     },
     'goldenwest': {
-        'name': 'Golden West Cablevision'
+        'name': 'Golden West Cablevision',
     },
     'vis030': {
-        'name': 'Grantsburg Telcom'
+        'name': 'Grantsburg Telcom',
     },
     'gpcom': {
-        'name': 'Great Plains Communications'
+        'name': 'Great Plains Communications',
     },
     'gri010': {
-        'name': 'Gridley Cable Inc'
+        'name': 'Gridley Cable Inc',
     },
     'hbc010': {
-        'name': 'H&B Cable Services'
+        'name': 'H&B Cable Services',
     },
     'hae010': {
-        'name': 'Haefele TV Inc.'
+        'name': 'Haefele TV Inc.',
     },
     'htc010': {
-        'name': 'Halstad Telephone Company'
+        'name': 'Halstad Telephone Company',
     },
     'har005': {
-        'name': 'Harlan Municipal Utilities'
+        'name': 'Harlan Municipal Utilities',
     },
     'har020': {
-        'name': 'Hart Communications'
+        'name': 'Hart Communications',
     },
     'ced010': {
-        'name': 'Hartelco TV'
+        'name': 'Hartelco TV',
     },
     'hea040': {
-        'name': 'Heart of Iowa Communications Cooperative'
+        'name': 'Heart of Iowa Communications Cooperative',
     },
     'htc020': {
-        'name': 'Hickory Telephone Company'
+        'name': 'Hickory Telephone Company',
     },
     'nttchig010': {
-        'name': 'Highland Communication Services'
+        'name': 'Highland Communication Services',
     },
     'hig030': {
-        'name': 'Highland Media'
+        'name': 'Highland Media',
     },
     'spc010': {
-        'name': 'Hilliary Communications'
+        'name': 'Hilliary Communications',
     },
     'hin020': {
-        'name': 'Hinton CATV Co.'
+        'name': 'Hinton CATV Co.',
     },
     'hometel': {
-        'name': 'HomeTel Entertainment, Inc.'
+        'name': 'HomeTel Entertainment, Inc.',
     },
     'hoodcanal': {
-        'name': 'Hood Canal Communications'
+        'name': 'Hood Canal Communications',
     },
     'weh010-hope': {
-        'name': 'Hope - Prescott Cable TV'
+        'name': 'Hope - Prescott Cable TV',
     },
     'horizoncable': {
-        'name': 'Horizon Cable TV, Inc.'
+        'name': 'Horizon Cable TV, Inc.',
     },
     'hor040': {
-        'name': 'Horizon Chillicothe Telephone'
+        'name': 'Horizon Chillicothe Telephone',
     },
     'htc030': {
-        'name': 'HTC Communications Co. - IL'
+        'name': 'HTC Communications Co. - IL',
     },
     'htccomm': {
-        'name': 'HTC Communications, Inc. - IA'
+        'name': 'HTC Communications, Inc. - IA',
     },
     'wal005': {
-        'name': 'Huxley Communications'
+        'name': 'Huxley Communications',
     },
     'imon': {
-        'name': 'ImOn Communications'
+        'name': 'ImOn Communications',
     },
     'ind040': {
-        'name': 'Independence Telecommunications'
+        'name': 'Independence Telecommunications',
     },
     'rrc010': {
-        'name': 'Inland Networks'
+        'name': 'Inland Networks',
     },
     'stc020': {
-        'name': 'Innovative Cable TV St Croix'
+        'name': 'Innovative Cable TV St Croix',
     },
     'car100': {
-        'name': 'Innovative Cable TV St Thomas-St John'
+        'name': 'Innovative Cable TV St Thomas-St John',
     },
     'icc010': {
-        'name': 'Inside Connect Cable'
+        'name': 'Inside Connect Cable',
     },
     'int100': {
-        'name': 'Integra Telecom'
+        'name': 'Integra Telecom',
     },
     'int050': {
-        'name': 'Interstate Telecommunications Coop'
+        'name': 'Interstate Telecommunications Coop',
     },
     'irv010': {
-        'name': 'Irvine Cable'
+        'name': 'Irvine Cable',
     },
     'k2c010': {
-        'name': 'K2 Communications'
+        'name': 'K2 Communications',
     },
     'kal010': {
-        'name': 'Kalida Telephone Company, Inc.'
+        'name': 'Kalida Telephone Company, Inc.',
     },
     'kal030': {
-        'name': 'Kalona Cooperative Telephone Company'
+        'name': 'Kalona Cooperative Telephone Company',
     },
     'kmt010': {
-        'name': 'KMTelecom'
+        'name': 'KMTelecom',
     },
     'kpu010': {
-        'name': 'KPU Telecommunications'
+        'name': 'KPU Telecommunications',
     },
     'kuh010': {
-        'name': 'Kuhn Communications, Inc.'
+        'name': 'Kuhn Communications, Inc.',
     },
     'lak130': {
-        'name': 'Lakeland Communications'
+        'name': 'Lakeland Communications',
     },
     'lan010': {
-        'name': 'Langco'
+        'name': 'Langco',
     },
     'lau020': {
-        'name': 'Laurel Highland Total Communications, Inc.'
+        'name': 'Laurel Highland Total Communications, Inc.',
     },
     'leh010': {
-        'name': 'Lehigh Valley Cooperative Telephone'
+        'name': 'Lehigh Valley Cooperative Telephone',
     },
     'bra010': {
-        'name': 'Limestone Cable/Bracken Cable'
+        'name': 'Limestone Cable/Bracken Cable',
     },
     'loc020': {
-        'name': 'LISCO'
+        'name': 'LISCO',
     },
     'lit020': {
-        'name': 'Litestream'
+        'name': 'Litestream',
     },
     'tel140': {
-        'name': 'LivCom'
+        'name': 'LivCom',
     },
     'loc010': {
-        'name': 'LocalTel Communications'
+        'name': 'LocalTel Communications',
     },
     'weh010-longview': {
-        'name': 'Longview - Kilgore Cable TV'
+        'name': 'Longview - Kilgore Cable TV',
     },
     'lon030': {
-        'name': 'Lonsdale Video Ventures, LLC'
+        'name': 'Lonsdale Video Ventures, LLC',
     },
     'lns010': {
-        'name': 'Lost Nation-Elwood Telephone Co.'
+        'name': 'Lost Nation-Elwood Telephone Co.',
     },
     'nttclpc010': {
-        'name': 'LPC Connect'
+        'name': 'LPC Connect',
     },
     'lumos': {
-        'name': 'Lumos Networks'
+        'name': 'Lumos Networks',
     },
     'madison': {
-        'name': 'Madison Communications'
+        'name': 'Madison Communications',
     },
     'mad030': {
-        'name': 'Madison County Cable Inc.'
+        'name': 'Madison County Cable Inc.',
     },
     'nttcmah010': {
-        'name': 'Mahaska Communication Group'
+        'name': 'Mahaska Communication Group',
     },
     'mar010': {
-        'name': 'Marne & Elk Horn Telephone Company'
+        'name': 'Marne & Elk Horn Telephone Company',
     },
     'mcc040': {
-        'name': 'McClure Telephone Co.'
+        'name': 'McClure Telephone Co.',
     },
     'mctv': {
-        'name': 'MCTV'
+        'name': 'MCTV',
     },
     'merrimac': {
-        'name': 'Merrimac Communications Ltd.'
+        'name': 'Merrimac Communications Ltd.',
     },
     'metronet': {
-        'name': 'Metronet'
+        'name': 'Metronet',
     },
     'mhtc': {
-        'name': 'MHTC'
+        'name': 'MHTC',
     },
     'midhudson': {
-        'name': 'Mid-Hudson Cable'
+        'name': 'Mid-Hudson Cable',
     },
     'midrivers': {
-        'name': 'Mid-Rivers Communications'
+        'name': 'Mid-Rivers Communications',
     },
     'mid045': {
-        'name': 'Midstate Communications'
+        'name': 'Midstate Communications',
     },
     'mil080': {
-        'name': 'Milford Communications'
+        'name': 'Milford Communications',
     },
     'min030': {
-        'name': 'MINET'
+        'name': 'MINET',
     },
     'nttcmin010': {
-        'name': 'Minford TV'
+        'name': 'Minford TV',
     },
     'san040-02': {
-        'name': 'Mitchell Telecom'
+        'name': 'Mitchell Telecom',
     },
     'mlg010': {
-        'name': 'MLGC'
+        'name': 'MLGC',
     },
     'mon060': {
-        'name': 'Mon-Cre TVE'
+        'name': 'Mon-Cre TVE',
     },
     'mou110': {
-        'name': 'Mountain Telephone'
+        'name': 'Mountain Telephone',
     },
     'mou050': {
-        'name': 'Mountain Village Cable'
+        'name': 'Mountain Village Cable',
     },
     'mtacomm': {
-        'name': 'MTA Communications, LLC'
+        'name': 'MTA Communications, LLC',
     },
     'mtc010': {
-        'name': 'MTC Cable'
+        'name': 'MTC Cable',
     },
     'med040': {
-        'name': 'MTC Technologies'
+        'name': 'MTC Technologies',
     },
     'man060': {
-        'name': 'MTCC'
+        'name': 'MTCC',
     },
     'mtc030': {
-        'name': 'MTCO Communications'
+        'name': 'MTCO Communications',
     },
     'mul050': {
-        'name': 'Mulberry Telecommunications'
+        'name': 'Mulberry Telecommunications',
     },
     'mur010': {
-        'name': 'Murray Electric System'
+        'name': 'Murray Electric System',
     },
     'musfiber': {
-        'name': 'MUS FiberNET'
+        'name': 'MUS FiberNET',
     },
     'mpw': {
-        'name': 'Muscatine Power & Water'
+        'name': 'Muscatine Power & Water',
     },
     'nttcsli010': {
-        'name': 'myEVTV.com'
+        'name': 'myEVTV.com',
     },
     'nor115': {
-        'name': 'NCC'
+        'name': 'NCC',
     },
     'nor260': {
-        'name': 'NDTC'
+        'name': 'NDTC',
     },
     'nctc': {
-        'name': 'Nebraska Central Telecom, Inc.'
+        'name': 'Nebraska Central Telecom, Inc.',
     },
     'nel020': {
-        'name': 'Nelsonville TV Cable'
+        'name': 'Nelsonville TV Cable',
     },
     'nem010': {
-        'name': 'Nemont'
+        'name': 'Nemont',
     },
     'new075': {
-        'name': 'New Hope Telephone Cooperative'
+        'name': 'New Hope Telephone Cooperative',
     },
     'nor240': {
-        'name': 'NICP'
+        'name': 'NICP',
     },
     'cic010': {
-        'name': 'NineStar Connect'
+        'name': 'NineStar Connect',
     },
     'nktelco': {
-        'name': 'NKTelco'
+        'name': 'NKTelco',
     },
     'nortex': {
-        'name': 'Nortex Communications'
+        'name': 'Nortex Communications',
     },
     'nor140': {
-        'name': 'North Central Telephone Cooperative'
+        'name': 'North Central Telephone Cooperative',
     },
     'nor030': {
-        'name': 'Northland Communications'
+        'name': 'Northland Communications',
     },
     'nor075': {
-        'name': 'Northwest Communications'
+        'name': 'Northwest Communications',
     },
     'nor125': {
-        'name': 'Norwood Light Broadband'
+        'name': 'Norwood Light Broadband',
     },
     'net010': {
-        'name': 'Nsight Telservices'
+        'name': 'Nsight Telservices',
     },
     'dur010': {
-        'name': 'Ntec'
+        'name': 'Ntec',
     },
     'nts010': {
-        'name': 'NTS Communications'
+        'name': 'NTS Communications',
     },
     'new045': {
-        'name': 'NU-Telecom'
+        'name': 'NU-Telecom',
     },
     'nulink': {
-        'name': 'NuLink'
+        'name': 'NuLink',
     },
     'jam030': {
-        'name': 'NVC'
+        'name': 'NVC',
     },
     'far035': {
-        'name': 'OmniTel Communications'
+        'name': 'OmniTel Communications',
     },
     'onesource': {
-        'name': 'OneSource Communications'
+        'name': 'OneSource Communications',
     },
     'cit230': {
-        'name': 'Opelika Power Services'
+        'name': 'Opelika Power Services',
     },
     'daltonutilities': {
-        'name': 'OptiLink'
+        'name': 'OptiLink',
     },
     'mid140': {
-        'name': 'OPTURA'
+        'name': 'OPTURA',
     },
     'ote010': {
-        'name': 'OTEC Communication Company'
+        'name': 'OTEC Communication Company',
     },
     'cci020': {
-        'name': 'Packerland Broadband'
+        'name': 'Packerland Broadband',
     },
     'pan010': {
-        'name': 'Panora Telco/Guthrie Center Communications'
+        'name': 'Panora Telco/Guthrie Center Communications',
     },
     'otter': {
-        'name': 'Park Region Telephone & Otter Tail Telcom'
+        'name': 'Park Region Telephone & Otter Tail Telcom',
     },
     'mid050': {
-        'name': 'Partner Communications Cooperative'
+        'name': 'Partner Communications Cooperative',
     },
     'fib010': {
-        'name': 'Pathway'
+        'name': 'Pathway',
     },
     'paulbunyan': {
-        'name': 'Paul Bunyan Communications'
+        'name': 'Paul Bunyan Communications',
     },
     'pem020': {
-        'name': 'Pembroke Telephone Company'
+        'name': 'Pembroke Telephone Company',
     },
     'mck010': {
-        'name': 'Peoples Rural Telephone Cooperative'
+        'name': 'Peoples Rural Telephone Cooperative',
     },
     'pul010': {
-        'name': 'PES Energize'
+        'name': 'PES Energize',
     },
     'phi010': {
-        'name': 'Philippi Communications System'
+        'name': 'Philippi Communications System',
     },
     'phonoscope': {
-        'name': 'Phonoscope Cable'
+        'name': 'Phonoscope Cable',
     },
     'pin070': {
-        'name': 'Pine Belt Communications, Inc.'
+        'name': 'Pine Belt Communications, Inc.',
     },
     'weh010-pine': {
-        'name': 'Pine Bluff Cable TV'
+        'name': 'Pine Bluff Cable TV',
     },
     'pin060': {
-        'name': 'Pineland Telephone Cooperative'
+        'name': 'Pineland Telephone Cooperative',
     },
     'cam010': {
-        'name': 'Pinpoint Communications'
+        'name': 'Pinpoint Communications',
     },
     'pio060': {
-        'name': 'Pioneer Broadband'
+        'name': 'Pioneer Broadband',
     },
     'pioncomm': {
-        'name': 'Pioneer Communications'
+        'name': 'Pioneer Communications',
     },
     'pioneer': {
-        'name': 'Pioneer DTV'
+        'name': 'Pioneer DTV',
     },
     'pla020': {
-        'name': 'Plant TiftNet, Inc.'
+        'name': 'Plant TiftNet, Inc.',
     },
     'par010': {
-        'name': 'PLWC'
+        'name': 'PLWC',
     },
     'pro035': {
-        'name': 'PMT'
+        'name': 'PMT',
     },
     'vik011': {
-        'name': 'Polar Cablevision'
+        'name': 'Polar Cablevision',
     },
     'pottawatomie': {
-        'name': 'Pottawatomie Telephone Co.'
+        'name': 'Pottawatomie Telephone Co.',
     },
     'premiercomm': {
-        'name': 'Premier Communications'
+        'name': 'Premier Communications',
     },
     'psc010': {
-        'name': 'PSC'
+        'name': 'PSC',
     },
     'pan020': {
-        'name': 'PTCI'
+        'name': 'PTCI',
     },
     'qco010': {
-        'name': 'QCOL'
+        'name': 'QCOL',
     },
     'qua010': {
-        'name': 'Quality Cablevision'
+        'name': 'Quality Cablevision',
     },
     'rad010': {
-        'name': 'Radcliffe Telephone Company'
+        'name': 'Radcliffe Telephone Company',
     },
     'car040': {
-        'name': 'Rainbow Communications'
+        'name': 'Rainbow Communications',
     },
     'rai030': {
-        'name': 'Rainier Connect'
+        'name': 'Rainier Connect',
     },
     'ral010': {
-        'name': 'Ralls Technologies'
+        'name': 'Ralls Technologies',
     },
     'rct010': {
-        'name': 'RC Technologies'
+        'name': 'RC Technologies',
     },
     'red040': {
-        'name': 'Red River Communications'
+        'name': 'Red River Communications',
     },
     'ree010': {
-        'name': 'Reedsburg Utility Commission'
+        'name': 'Reedsburg Utility Commission',
     },
     'mol010': {
-        'name': 'Reliance Connects- Oregon'
+        'name': 'Reliance Connects- Oregon',
     },
     'res020': {
-        'name': 'Reserve Telecommunications'
+        'name': 'Reserve Telecommunications',
     },
     'weh010-resort': {
-        'name': 'Resort TV Cable'
+        'name': 'Resort TV Cable',
     },
     'rld010': {
-        'name': 'Richland Grant Telephone Cooperative, Inc.'
+        'name': 'Richland Grant Telephone Cooperative, Inc.',
     },
     'riv030': {
-        'name': 'River Valley Telecommunications Coop'
+        'name': 'River Valley Telecommunications Coop',
     },
     'rockportcable': {
-        'name': 'Rock Port Cablevision'
+        'name': 'Rock Port Cablevision',
     },
     'rsf010': {
-        'name': 'RS Fiber'
+        'name': 'RS Fiber',
     },
     'rtc': {
-        'name': 'RTC Communication Corp'
+        'name': 'RTC Communication Corp',
     },
     'res040': {
-        'name': 'RTC-Reservation Telephone Coop.'
+        'name': 'RTC-Reservation Telephone Coop.',
     },
     'rte010': {
-        'name': 'RTEC Communications'
+        'name': 'RTEC Communications',
     },
     'stc010': {
-        'name': 'S&T'
+        'name': 'S&T',
     },
     'san020': {
-        'name': 'San Bruno Cable TV'
+        'name': 'San Bruno Cable TV',
     },
     'san040-01': {
-        'name': 'Santel'
+        'name': 'Santel',
     },
     'sav010': {
-        'name': 'SCI Broadband-Savage Communications Inc.'
+        'name': 'SCI Broadband-Savage Communications Inc.',
     },
     'sco050': {
-        'name': 'Scottsboro Electric Power Board'
+        'name': 'Scottsboro Electric Power Board',
     },
     'scr010': {
-        'name': 'Scranton Telephone Company'
+        'name': 'Scranton Telephone Company',
     },
     'selco': {
-        'name': 'SELCO'
+        'name': 'SELCO',
     },
     'she010': {
-        'name': 'Shentel'
+        'name': 'Shentel',
     },
     'she030': {
-        'name': 'Sherwood Mutual Telephone Association, Inc.'
+        'name': 'Sherwood Mutual Telephone Association, Inc.',
     },
     'ind060-ssc': {
-        'name': 'Silver Star Communications'
+        'name': 'Silver Star Communications',
     },
     'sjoberg': {
-        'name': 'Sjoberg\'s Inc.'
+        'name': 'Sjoberg\'s Inc.',
     },
     'sou025': {
-        'name': 'SKT'
+        'name': 'SKT',
     },
     'sky050': {
-        'name': 'SkyBest TV'
+        'name': 'SkyBest TV',
     },
     'nttcsmi010': {
-        'name': 'Smithville Communications'
+        'name': 'Smithville Communications',
     },
     'woo010': {
-        'name': 'Solarus'
+        'name': 'Solarus',
     },
     'sou075': {
-        'name': 'South Central Rural Telephone Cooperative'
+        'name': 'South Central Rural Telephone Cooperative',
     },
     'sou065': {
-        'name': 'South Holt Cablevision, Inc.'
+        'name': 'South Holt Cablevision, Inc.',
     },
     'sou035': {
-        'name': 'South Slope Cooperative Communications'
+        'name': 'South Slope Cooperative Communications',
     },
     'spa020': {
-        'name': 'Spanish Fork Community Network'
+        'name': 'Spanish Fork Community Network',
     },
     'spe010': {
-        'name': 'Spencer Municipal Utilities'
+        'name': 'Spencer Municipal Utilities',
     },
     'spi005': {
-        'name': 'Spillway Communications, Inc.'
+        'name': 'Spillway Communications, Inc.',
     },
     'srt010': {
-        'name': 'SRT'
+        'name': 'SRT',
     },
     'cccsmc010': {
-        'name': 'St. Maarten Cable TV'
+        'name': 'St. Maarten Cable TV',
     },
     'sta025': {
-        'name': 'Star Communications'
+        'name': 'Star Communications',
     },
     'sco020': {
-        'name': 'STE'
+        'name': 'STE',
     },
     'uin010': {
-        'name': 'STRATA Networks'
+        'name': 'STRATA Networks',
     },
     'sum010': {
-        'name': 'Sumner Cable TV'
+        'name': 'Sumner Cable TV',
     },
     'pie010': {
-        'name': 'Surry TV/PCSI TV'
+        'name': 'Surry TV/PCSI TV',
     },
     'swa010': {
-        'name': 'Swayzee Communications'
+        'name': 'Swayzee Communications',
     },
     'sweetwater': {
-        'name': 'Sweetwater Cable Television Co'
+        'name': 'Sweetwater Cable Television Co',
     },
     'weh010-talequah': {
-        'name': 'Tahlequah Cable TV'
+        'name': 'Tahlequah Cable TV',
     },
     'tct': {
-        'name': 'TCT'
+        'name': 'TCT',
     },
     'tel050': {
-        'name': 'Tele-Media Company'
+        'name': 'Tele-Media Company',
     },
     'com050': {
-        'name': 'The Community Agency'
+        'name': 'The Community Agency',
     },
     'thr020': {
-        'name': 'Three River'
+        'name': 'Three River',
     },
     'cab140': {
-        'name': 'Town & Country Technologies'
+        'name': 'Town & Country Technologies',
     },
     'tra010': {
-        'name': 'Trans-Video'
+        'name': 'Trans-Video',
     },
     'tre010': {
-        'name': 'Trenton TV Cable Company'
+        'name': 'Trenton TV Cable Company',
     },
     'tcc': {
-        'name': 'Tri County Communications Cooperative'
+        'name': 'Tri County Communications Cooperative',
     },
     'tri025': {
-        'name': 'TriCounty Telecom'
+        'name': 'TriCounty Telecom',
     },
     'tri110': {
-        'name': 'TrioTel Communications, Inc.'
+        'name': 'TrioTel Communications, Inc.',
     },
     'tro010': {
-        'name': 'Troy Cablevision, Inc.'
+        'name': 'Troy Cablevision, Inc.',
     },
     'tsc': {
-        'name': 'TSC'
+        'name': 'TSC',
     },
     'cit220': {
-        'name': 'Tullahoma Utilities Board'
+        'name': 'Tullahoma Utilities Board',
     },
     'tvc030': {
-        'name': 'TV Cable of Rensselaer'
+        'name': 'TV Cable of Rensselaer',
     },
     'tvc015': {
-        'name': 'TVC Cable'
+        'name': 'TVC Cable',
     },
     'cab180': {
-        'name': 'TVision'
+        'name': 'TVision',
     },
     'twi040': {
-        'name': 'Twin Lakes'
+        'name': 'Twin Lakes',
     },
     'tvtinc': {
-        'name': 'Twin Valley'
+        'name': 'Twin Valley',
     },
     'uis010': {
-        'name': 'Union Telephone Company'
+        'name': 'Union Telephone Company',
     },
     'uni110': {
-        'name': 'United Communications - TN'
+        'name': 'United Communications - TN',
     },
     'uni120': {
-        'name': 'United Services'
+        'name': 'United Services',
     },
     'uss020': {
-        'name': 'US Sonet'
+        'name': 'US Sonet',
     },
     'cab060': {
-        'name': 'USA Communications'
+        'name': 'USA Communications',
     },
     'she005': {
-        'name': 'USA Communications/Shellsburg, IA'
+        'name': 'USA Communications/Shellsburg, IA',
     },
     'val040': {
-        'name': 'Valley TeleCom Group'
+        'name': 'Valley TeleCom Group',
     },
     'val025': {
-        'name': 'Valley Telecommunications'
+        'name': 'Valley Telecommunications',
     },
     'val030': {
-        'name': 'Valparaiso Broadband'
+        'name': 'Valparaiso Broadband',
     },
     'cla050': {
-        'name': 'Vast Broadband'
+        'name': 'Vast Broadband',
     },
     'sul015': {
-        'name': 'Venture Communications Cooperative, Inc.'
+        'name': 'Venture Communications Cooperative, Inc.',
     },
     'ver025': {
-        'name': 'Vernon Communications Co-op'
+        'name': 'Vernon Communications Co-op',
     },
     'weh010-vicksburg': {
-        'name': 'Vicksburg Video'
+        'name': 'Vicksburg Video',
     },
     'vis070': {
-        'name': 'Vision Communications'
+        'name': 'Vision Communications',
     },
     'volcanotel': {
-        'name': 'Volcano Vision, Inc.'
+        'name': 'Volcano Vision, Inc.',
     },
     'vol040-02': {
-        'name': 'VolFirst / BLTV'
+        'name': 'VolFirst / BLTV',
     },
     'ver070': {
-        'name': 'VTel'
+        'name': 'VTel',
     },
     'nttcvtx010': {
-        'name': 'VTX1'
+        'name': 'VTX1',
     },
     'bci010-02': {
-        'name': 'Vyve Broadband'
+        'name': 'Vyve Broadband',
     },
     'wab020': {
-        'name': 'Wabash Mutual Telephone'
+        'name': 'Wabash Mutual Telephone',
     },
     'waitsfield': {
-        'name': 'Waitsfield Cable'
+        'name': 'Waitsfield Cable',
     },
     'wal010': {
-        'name': 'Walnut Communications'
+        'name': 'Walnut Communications',
     },
     'wavebroadband': {
-        'name': 'Wave'
+        'name': 'Wave',
     },
     'wav030': {
-        'name': 'Waverly Communications Utility'
+        'name': 'Waverly Communications Utility',
     },
     'wbi010': {
-        'name': 'WBI'
+        'name': 'WBI',
     },
     'web020': {
-        'name': 'Webster-Calhoun Cooperative Telephone Association'
+        'name': 'Webster-Calhoun Cooperative Telephone Association',
     },
     'wes005': {
-        'name': 'West Alabama TV Cable'
+        'name': 'West Alabama TV Cable',
     },
     'carolinata': {
-        'name': 'West Carolina Communications'
+        'name': 'West Carolina Communications',
     },
     'wct010': {
-        'name': 'West Central Telephone Association'
+        'name': 'West Central Telephone Association',
     },
     'wes110': {
-        'name': 'West River Cooperative Telephone Company'
+        'name': 'West River Cooperative Telephone Company',
     },
     'ani030': {
-        'name': 'WesTel Systems'
+        'name': 'WesTel Systems',
     },
     'westianet': {
-        'name': 'Western Iowa Networks'
+        'name': 'Western Iowa Networks',
     },
     'nttcwhi010': {
-        'name': 'Whidbey Telecom'
+        'name': 'Whidbey Telecom',
     },
     'weh010-white': {
-        'name': 'White County Cable TV'
+        'name': 'White County Cable TV',
     },
     'wes130': {
-        'name': 'Wiatel'
+        'name': 'Wiatel',
     },
     'wik010': {
-        'name': 'Wiktel'
+        'name': 'Wiktel',
     },
     'wil070': {
-        'name': 'Wilkes Communications, Inc./RiverStreet Networks'
+        'name': 'Wilkes Communications, Inc./RiverStreet Networks',
     },
     'wil015': {
-        'name': 'Wilson Communications'
+        'name': 'Wilson Communications',
     },
     'win010': {
-        'name': 'Windomnet/SMBS'
+        'name': 'Windomnet/SMBS',
     },
     'win090': {
-        'name': 'Windstream Cable TV'
+        'name': 'Windstream Cable TV',
     },
     'wcta': {
-        'name': 'Winnebago Cooperative Telecom Association'
+        'name': 'Winnebago Cooperative Telecom Association',
     },
     'wtc010': {
-        'name': 'WTC'
+        'name': 'WTC',
     },
     'wil040': {
-        'name': 'WTC Communications, Inc.'
+        'name': 'WTC Communications, Inc.',
     },
     'wya010': {
-        'name': 'Wyandotte Cable'
+        'name': 'Wyandotte Cable',
     },
     'hin020-02': {
-        'name': 'X-Stream Services'
+        'name': 'X-Stream Services',
     },
     'xit010': {
-        'name': 'XIT Communications'
+        'name': 'XIT Communications',
     },
     'yel010': {
-        'name': 'Yelcot Communications'
+        'name': 'Yelcot Communications',
     },
     'mid180-01': {
-        'name': 'yondoo'
+        'name': 'yondoo',
     },
     'cou060': {
-        'name': 'Zito Media'
+        'name': 'Zito Media',
     },
     'slingtv': {
         'name': 'Sling TV',
@@ -1363,7 +1363,7 @@ class AdobePassIE(InfoExtractor):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should en
         headers = self.geo_verification_headers()
         headers.update(kwargs.get('headers', {}))
         kwargs['headers'] = headers
-        return super(AdobePassIE, self)._download_webpage_handle(
+        return super()._download_webpage_handle(
             *args, **kwargs)
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -1384,7 +1384,7 @@ class AdobePassIE(InfoExtractor):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should en
     def _extract_mvpd_auth(self, url, video_id, requestor_id, resource):
         def xml_text(xml_str, tag):
             return self._search_regex(
-                '<%s>(.+?)</%s>' % (tag, tag), xml_str, tag)
+                f'<{tag}>(.+?)</{tag}>', xml_str, tag)
 
         def is_expired(token, date_ele):
             token_expires = unified_timestamp(re.sub(r'[_ ]GMT', '', xml_text(token, date_ele)))
@@ -1394,7 +1394,7 @@ class AdobePassIE(InfoExtractor):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should en
             form_page, urlh = form_page_res
             post_url = self._html_search_regex(r'<form[^>]+action=(["\'])(?P<url>.+?)\1', form_page, 'post url', group='url')
             if not re.match(r'https?://', post_url):
-                post_url = compat_urlparse.urljoin(urlh.url, post_url)
+                post_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(urlh.url, post_url)
             form_data = self._hidden_inputs(form_page)
             form_data.update(data)
             return self._download_webpage_handle(
@@ -1414,13 +1414,13 @@ class AdobePassIE(InfoExtractor):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should en
             REDIRECT_REGEX = r'[0-9]{,2};\s*(?:URL|url)=\'?([^\'"]+)'
             redirect_url = self._search_regex(
                 r'(?i)<meta\s+(?=(?:[a-z-]+="[^"]+"\s+)*http-equiv="refresh")'
-                r'(?:[a-z-]+="[^"]+"\s+)*?content="%s' % REDIRECT_REGEX,
+                rf'(?:[a-z-]+="[^"]+"\s+)*?content="{REDIRECT_REGEX}',
                 html, 'meta refresh redirect',
                 default=NO_DEFAULT if fatal else None, fatal=fatal)
             if not redirect_url:
                 return None
             if url:
-                redirect_url = compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, unescapeHTML(redirect_url))
+                redirect_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(url, unescapeHTML(redirect_url))
             return redirect_url
 
         mvpd_headers = {
@@ -1506,12 +1506,12 @@ class AdobePassIE(InfoExtractor):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should en
                             'ident': username,
                             'device': 'web',
                             'send_confirm_link': False,
-                            'send_token': True
+                            'send_token': True,
                         }))
                     philo_code = getpass.getpass('Type auth code you have received [Return]: ')
                     self._download_webpage(
                         'https://idp.philo.com/auth/update/login_code', video_id, 'Submitting token', data=urlencode_postdata({
-                            'token': philo_code
+                            'token': philo_code,
                         }))
                     mvpd_confirm_page_res = self._download_webpage_handle('https://idp.philo.com/idp/submit', video_id, 'Confirming Philo Login')
                     post_form(mvpd_confirm_page_res, 'Confirming Login')
@@ -1569,9 +1569,9 @@ class AdobePassIE(InfoExtractor):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should en
                         saml_response_json['targetValue'], video_id,
                         'Confirming Login', data=urlencode_postdata({
                             'SAMLResponse': saml_response_json['SAMLResponse'],
-                            'RelayState': saml_response_json['RelayState']
+                            'RelayState': saml_response_json['RelayState'],
                         }), headers={
-                            'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
+                            'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
                         })
                 elif mso_id in ('Spectrum', 'Charter_Direct'):
                     # Spectrum's login for is dynamically loaded via JS so we need to hardcode the flow
@@ -1606,7 +1606,7 @@ class AdobePassIE(InfoExtractor):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should en
                             'SAMLResponse': saml_response_json['SAMLResponse'],
                             'RelayState': relay_state,
                         }), headers={
-                            'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
+                            'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
                         })
                 elif mso_id == 'slingtv':
                     # SlingTV has a meta-refresh based authentication, but also
@@ -1625,7 +1625,7 @@ class AdobePassIE(InfoExtractor):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should en
                     provider_association_redirect, urlh = post_form(
                         provider_login_page_res, 'Logging in', {
                             mso_info['username_field']: username,
-                            mso_info['password_field']: password
+                            mso_info['password_field']: password,
                         })
 
                     provider_refresh_redirect_url = extract_redirect_url(
@@ -1676,7 +1676,7 @@ class AdobePassIE(InfoExtractor):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should en
                     provider_association_redirect, urlh = post_form(
                         provider_login_page_res, 'Logging in', {
                             mso_info['username_field']: username,
-                            mso_info['password_field']: password
+                            mso_info['password_field']: password,
                         })
 
                     provider_refresh_redirect_url = extract_redirect_url(
@@ -1708,7 +1708,7 @@ class AdobePassIE(InfoExtractor):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should en
                         provider_redirect_page_res, self._DOWNLOADING_LOGIN_PAGE)
                     form_data = {
                         mso_info.get('username_field', 'username'): username,
-                        mso_info.get('password_field', 'password'): password
+                        mso_info.get('password_field', 'password'): password,
                     }
                     if mso_id in ('Cablevision', 'AlticeOne'):
                         form_data['_eventId_proceed'] = ''
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/adobetv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/adobetv.py
index 08e9e51823..4608e5c13d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/adobetv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/adobetv.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import functools
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     ISO639Utils,
     OnDemandPagedList,
@@ -36,7 +35,7 @@ class AdobeTVBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         return subtitles
 
     def _parse_video_data(self, video_data):
-        video_id = compat_str(video_data['id'])
+        video_id = str(video_data['id'])
         title = video_data['title']
 
         s3_extracted = False
@@ -151,7 +150,7 @@ class AdobeTVPlaylistBaseIE(AdobeTVBaseIE):
         page += 1
         query['page'] = page
         for element_data in self._call_api(
-                self._RESOURCE, display_id, query, 'Download Page %d' % page):
+                self._RESOURCE, display_id, query, f'Download Page {page}'):
             yield self._process_data(element_data)
 
     def _extract_playlist_entries(self, display_id, query):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/adultswim.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/adultswim.py
index d807c41812..2c83701e78 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/adultswim.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/adultswim.py
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class AdultSwimIE(TurnerBaseIE):
   getShowBySlug(slug:"%s") {
     %%s
   }
-}''' % show_path
+}''' % show_path  # noqa: UP031
         if episode_path:
             query = query % '''title
     getVideoBySlug(slug:"%s") {
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ class AdultSwimIE(TurnerBaseIE):
             episode_title = title = video_data['title']
             series = show_data.get('title')
             if series:
-                title = '%s - %s' % (series, title)
+                title = f'{series} - {title}'
             info = {
                 'id': video_id,
                 'title': title,
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ class AdultSwimIE(TurnerBaseIE):
                 if not slug:
                     continue
                 entries.append(self.url_result(
-                    'http://adultswim.com/videos/%s/%s' % (show_path, slug),
+                    f'http://adultswim.com/videos/{show_path}/{slug}',
                     'AdultSwim', video.get('_id')))
             return self.playlist_result(
                 entries, show_path, show_data.get('title'),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/aenetworks.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/aenetworks.py
index ab4b6c0ebc..8e257865fb 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/aenetworks.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/aenetworks.py
@@ -73,8 +73,8 @@ class AENetworksBaseIE(ThePlatformIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
     def _extract_aetn_info(self, domain, filter_key, filter_value, url):
         requestor_id, brand = self._DOMAIN_MAP[domain]
         result = self._download_json(
-            'https://feeds.video.aetnd.com/api/v2/%s/videos' % brand,
-            filter_value, query={'filter[%s]' % filter_key: filter_value})
+            f'https://feeds.video.aetnd.com/api/v2/{brand}/videos',
+            filter_value, query={f'filter[{filter_key}]': filter_value})
         result = traverse_obj(
             result, ('results',
                      lambda k, v: k == 0 and v[filter_key] == filter_value),
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ class AENetworksIE(AENetworksBaseIE):
             'skip_download': True,
         },
         'add_ie': ['ThePlatform'],
-        'skip': 'Geo-restricted - This content is not available in your location.'
+        'skip': 'Geo-restricted - This content is not available in your location.',
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.aetv.com/shows/duck-dynasty/season-9/episode-1',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -171,28 +171,28 @@ class AENetworksIE(AENetworksBaseIE):
         'skip': 'This video is only available for users of participating TV providers.',
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.fyi.tv/shows/tiny-house-nation/season-1/episode-8',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.mylifetime.com/shows/project-runway-junior/season-1/episode-6',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.mylifetime.com/movies/center-stage-on-pointe/full-movie',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://watch.lifetimemovieclub.com/movies/10-year-reunion/full-movie',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.history.com/specials/sniper-into-the-kill-zone/full-special',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.aetv.com/specials/hunting-jonbenets-killer-the-untold-story/preview-hunting-jonbenets-killer-the-untold-story',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.history.com/videos/history-of-valentines-day',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://play.aetv.com/shows/duck-dynasty/videos/best-of-duck-dynasty-getting-quack-in-shape',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -209,14 +209,14 @@ class AENetworksListBaseIE(AENetworksBaseIE):
   %s(slug: "%s") {
     %s
   }
-}''' % (resource, slug, fields),
+}''' % (resource, slug, fields),  # noqa: UP031
             }))['data'][resource]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         domain, slug = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
         _, brand = self._DOMAIN_MAP[domain]
         playlist = self._call_api(self._RESOURCE, slug, brand, self._FIELDS)
-        base_url = 'http://watch.%s' % domain
+        base_url = f'http://watch.{domain}'
 
         entries = []
         for item in (playlist.get(self._ITEMS_KEY) or []):
@@ -248,10 +248,10 @@ class AENetworksCollectionIE(AENetworksListBaseIE):
         'playlist_mincount': 12,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://watch.historyvault.com/shows/america-the-story-of-us-2/season-1/list/america-the-story-of-us',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.historyvault.com/collections/mysteryquest',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
     _RESOURCE = 'list'
     _ITEMS_KEY = 'items'
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ class HistoryTopicIE(AENetworksBaseIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '40700995724',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': "History of Valentine’s Day",
+            'title': 'History of Valentine’s Day',
             'description': 'md5:7b57ea4829b391995b405fa60bd7b5f7',
             'timestamp': 1375819729,
             'upload_date': '20130806',
@@ -364,6 +364,6 @@ class BiographyIE(AENetworksBaseIE):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
         player_url = self._search_regex(
-            r'<phoenix-iframe[^>]+src="(%s)' % HistoryPlayerIE._VALID_URL,
+            rf'<phoenix-iframe[^>]+src="({HistoryPlayerIE._VALID_URL})',
             webpage, 'player URL')
         return self.url_result(player_url, HistoryPlayerIE.ie_key())
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/aeonco.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/aeonco.py
index 390eae32bf..22d0266bae 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/aeonco.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/aeonco.py
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ class AeonCoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'Semiconductor',
             'uploader_id': 'semiconductor',
             'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/semiconductor',
-            'duration': 348
-        }
+            'duration': 348,
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://aeon.co/videos/dazzling-timelapse-shows-how-microbes-spoil-our-food-and-sometimes-enrich-it',
         'md5': '03582d795382e49f2fd0b427b55de409',
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ class AeonCoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'Aeon Video',
             'uploader_id': 'aeonvideo',
             'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/aeonvideo',
-            'duration': 1344
-        }
+            'duration': 1344,
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://aeon.co/videos/chew-over-the-prisoners-dilemma-and-see-if-you-can-find-the-rational-path-out',
         'md5': '1cfda0bf3ae24df17d00f2c0cb6cc21b',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/afreecatv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/afreecatv.py
index 3e5738f6ab..bcfb02cb95 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/afreecatv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/afreecatv.py
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ class AfreecaTVBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         if result != 1:
             error = _ERRORS.get(result, 'You have failed to log in.')
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'Unable to login: %s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, error),
+                f'Unable to login: {self.IE_NAME} said: {error}',
                 expected=True)
 
 
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ class AfreecaTVIE(AfreecaTVBaseIE):
                 **traverse_obj(file_element, {
                     'duration': ('duration', {functools.partial(int_or_none, scale=1000)}),
                     'timestamp': ('file_start', {unified_timestamp}),
-                })
+                }),
             })
 
         if traverse_obj(data, ('adult_status', {str})) == 'notLogin':
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/agora.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/agora.py
index abb2d3ff27..9835584254 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/agora.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/agora.py
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ class TokFMPodcastIE(InfoExtractor):
         for ext in ('aac', 'mp3'):
             url_data = self._download_json(
                 f'https://api.podcast.radioagora.pl/api4/getSongUrl?podcast_id={media_id}&device_id={uuid.uuid4()}&ppre=false&audio={ext}',
-                media_id, 'Downloading podcast %s URL' % ext)
+                media_id, f'Downloading podcast {ext} URL')
             # prevents inserting the mp3 (default) multiple times
             if 'link_ssl' in url_data and f'.{ext}' in url_data['link_ssl']:
                 formats.append({
@@ -206,8 +206,8 @@ class TokFMAuditionIE(InfoExtractor):
     }
 
     @staticmethod
-    def _create_url(id):
-        return f'https://audycje.tokfm.pl/audycja/{id}'
+    def _create_url(video_id):
+        return f'https://audycje.tokfm.pl/audycja/{video_id}'
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         audition_id = self._match_id(url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/airtv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/airtv.py
index 6cc63cd7f9..cee660dfcf 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/airtv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/airtv.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class AirTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'view_count': int,
             'thumbnail': 'https://cdn-sp-gcs.air.tv/videos/W/8/W87jcWleSn2hXZN47zJZsQ/b13fc56464f47d9d62a36d110b9b5a72-4096x2160_9.jpg',
             'timestamp': 1664792603,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # with youtube_id
         'url': 'https://www.air.tv/watch?v=sv57EC8tRXG6h8dNXFUU1Q',
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class AirTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'channel': 'Newsflare',
             'duration': 37,
             'upload_date': '20180511',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _get_formats_and_subtitle(self, json_data, video_id):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/aitube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/aitube.py
index 89a64503fb..5179b72e9f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/aitube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/aitube.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class AitubeKZVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1667370519,
             'title': 'Ангел хранитель 1 серия',
             'channel_follower_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # embed url
         'url': 'https://aitube.kz/embed/?id=9291d29b-c038-49a1-ad42-3da2051d353c',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/aliexpress.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/aliexpress.py
index 2e83f2eb6e..e8f8618fa9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/aliexpress.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/aliexpress.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     float_or_none,
     try_get,
@@ -44,7 +43,7 @@ class AliExpressLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': title,
             'thumbnail': data.get('coverUrl'),
             'uploader': try_get(
-                data, lambda x: x['followBar']['name'], compat_str),
+                data, lambda x: x['followBar']['name'], str),
             'timestamp': float_or_none(data.get('startTimeLong'), scale=1000),
             'formats': formats,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/aljazeera.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/aljazeera.py
index 124bab0d92..9715b497e8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/aljazeera.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/aljazeera.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class AlJazeeraIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1636219149,
             'description': 'U sarajevskim naseljima Rajlovac i Reljevo stambeni objekti, ali i industrijska postrojenja i dalje su pod vodom.',
             'upload_date': '20211106',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://balkans.aljazeera.net/videos/2021/11/6/djokovic-usao-u-finale-mastersa-u-parizu',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class AlJazeeraIE(InfoExtractor):
     BRIGHTCOVE_URL_RE = r'https?://players.brightcove.net/(?P<account>\d+)/(?P<player_id>[a-zA-Z0-9]+)_(?P<embed>[^/]+)/index.html\?videoId=(?P<id>\d+)'
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        base, post_type, id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
+        base, post_type, display_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
         wp = {
             'balkans.aljazeera.net': 'ajb',
             'chinese.aljazeera.net': 'chinese',
@@ -47,11 +47,11 @@ class AlJazeeraIE(InfoExtractor):
             'news': 'news',
         }[post_type.split('/')[0]]
         video = self._download_json(
-            f'https://{base}/graphql', id, query={
+            f'https://{base}/graphql', display_id, query={
                 'wp-site': wp,
                 'operationName': 'ArchipelagoSingleArticleQuery',
                 'variables': json.dumps({
-                    'name': id,
+                    'name': display_id,
                     'postType': post_type,
                 }),
             }, headers={
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ class AlJazeeraIE(InfoExtractor):
         embed = 'default'
 
         if video_id is None:
-            webpage = self._download_webpage(url, id)
+            webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
 
             account, player_id, embed, video_id = self._search_regex(self.BRIGHTCOVE_URL_RE, webpage, 'video id',
                                                                      group=(1, 2, 3, 4), default=(None, None, None, None))
@@ -73,11 +73,11 @@ class AlJazeeraIE(InfoExtractor):
                 return {
                     '_type': 'url_transparent',
                     'url': url,
-                    'ie_key': 'Generic'
+                    'ie_key': 'Generic',
                 }
 
         return {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
             'url': f'https://players.brightcove.net/{account}/{player_id}_{embed}/index.html?videoId={video_id}',
-            'ie_key': 'BrightcoveNew'
+            'ie_key': 'BrightcoveNew',
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/allocine.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/allocine.py
index 2d342cf039..e0859d4514 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/allocine.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/allocine.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     qualities,
@@ -95,11 +94,11 @@ class AllocineIE(InfoExtractor):
             duration = int_or_none(video.get('duration'))
             view_count = int_or_none(video.get('view_count'))
             timestamp = unified_timestamp(try_get(
-                video, lambda x: x['added_at']['date'], compat_str))
+                video, lambda x: x['added_at']['date'], str))
         else:
             video_id = display_id
             media_data = self._download_json(
-                'http://www.allocine.fr/ws/AcVisiondataV5.ashx?media=%s' % video_id, display_id)
+                f'http://www.allocine.fr/ws/AcVisiondataV5.ashx?media={video_id}', display_id)
             title = remove_end(strip_or_none(self._html_extract_title(webpage), ' - AlloCiné'))
             for key, value in media_data['video'].items():
                 if not key.endswith('Path'):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/allstar.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/allstar.py
index 49df4bf3aa..5ea1c30e3d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/allstar.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/allstar.py
@@ -33,27 +33,27 @@ _QUERIES = {
         video: getClip(clipIdentifier: $id) {
             %s %s
         }
-    }''' % (_FIELDS, _EXTRA_FIELDS),
+    }''' % (_FIELDS, _EXTRA_FIELDS),  # noqa: UP031
     'montage': '''query ($id: String!) {
         video: getMontage(clipIdentifier: $id) {
             %s
         }
-    }''' % _FIELDS,
+    }''' % _FIELDS,  # noqa: UP031
     'Clips': '''query ($page: Int!, $user: String!, $game: Int) {
         videos: clips(search: createdDate, page: $page, user: $user, mobile: false, game: $game) {
             data { %s %s }
         }
-    }''' % (_FIELDS, _EXTRA_FIELDS),
+    }''' % (_FIELDS, _EXTRA_FIELDS),  # noqa: UP031
     'Montages': '''query ($page: Int!, $user: String!) {
         videos: montages(search: createdDate, page: $page, user: $user) {
             data { %s }
         }
-    }''' % _FIELDS,
+    }''' % _FIELDS,  # noqa: UP031
     'Mobile Clips': '''query ($page: Int!, $user: String!) {
         videos: clips(search: createdDate, page: $page, user: $user, mobile: true) {
             data { %s %s }
         }
-    }''' % (_FIELDS, _EXTRA_FIELDS),
+    }''' % (_FIELDS, _EXTRA_FIELDS),  # noqa: UP031
 }
 
 
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ class AllstarIE(AllstarBaseIE):
             'uploader_url': 'https://allstar.gg/u/62b8bdfc9021052f7905882d',
             'upload_date': '20230425',
             'view_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://allstar.gg/clip?clip=8LJLY4JKB',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ class AllstarIE(AllstarBaseIE):
             'uploader_url': 'https://allstar.gg/u/62b8bdfc9021052f7905882d',
             'upload_date': '20230702',
             'view_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://allstar.gg/montage?montage=643e64089da7e9363e1fa66c',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ class AllstarIE(AllstarBaseIE):
             'uploader_url': 'https://allstar.gg/u/62b8bdfc9021052f7905882d',
             'upload_date': '20230418',
             'view_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://allstar.gg/montage?montage=RILJMH6QOS',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ class AllstarIE(AllstarBaseIE):
             'uploader_url': 'https://allstar.gg/u/62b8bdfc9021052f7905882d',
             'upload_date': '20230703',
             'view_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -191,28 +191,28 @@ class AllstarProfileIE(AllstarBaseIE):
             'id': '62b8bdfc9021052f7905882d-clips',
             'title': 'cherokee - Clips',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 15
+        'playlist_mincount': 15,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://allstar.gg/u/cherokee?game=730&view=Clips',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '62b8bdfc9021052f7905882d-clips-730',
             'title': 'cherokee - Clips - 730',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 15
+        'playlist_mincount': 15,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://allstar.gg/u/62b8bdfc9021052f7905882d?view=Montages',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '62b8bdfc9021052f7905882d-montages',
             'title': 'cherokee - Montages',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 4
+        'playlist_mincount': 4,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://allstar.gg/profile?user=cherokee&view=Mobile Clips',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '62b8bdfc9021052f7905882d-mobile',
             'title': 'cherokee - Mobile Clips',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 1
+        'playlist_mincount': 1,
     }]
 
     _PAGE_SIZE = 10
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/alphaporno.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/alphaporno.py
index f927965de9..7b74d5524d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/alphaporno.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/alphaporno.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class AlphaPornoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'tbr': 1145,
             'categories': list,
             'age_limit': 18,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/alsace20tv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/alsace20tv.py
index ea3332e3d5..c315e4f217 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/alsace20tv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/alsace20tv.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ from ..utils import (
 class Alsace20TVBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _extract_video(self, video_id, url=None):
         info = self._download_json(
-            'https://www.alsace20.tv/visionneuse/visio_v9_js.php?key=%s&habillage=0&mode=html' % (video_id, ),
+            f'https://www.alsace20.tv/visionneuse/visio_v9_js.php?key={video_id}&habillage=0&mode=html',
             video_id) or {}
         title = info.get('titre')
 
@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ class Alsace20TVBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                 else self._extract_mpd_formats(fmt_url, video_id, mpd_id=res, fatal=False))
 
         webpage = (url and self._download_webpage(url, video_id, fatal=False)) or ''
-        thumbnail = url_or_none(dict_get(info, ('image', 'preview', )) or self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage))
+        thumbnail = url_or_none(dict_get(info, ('image', 'preview')) or self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage))
         upload_date = self._search_regex(r'/(\d{6})_', thumbnail, 'upload_date', default=None)
-        upload_date = unified_strdate('20%s-%s-%s' % (upload_date[:2], upload_date[2:4], upload_date[4:])) if upload_date else None
+        upload_date = unified_strdate(f'20{upload_date[:2]}-{upload_date[2:4]}-{upload_date[4:]}') if upload_date else None
         return {
             'id': video_id,
             'title': title,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/altcensored.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/altcensored.py
index 6878918a00..bfbf6b6afd 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/altcensored.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/altcensored.py
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class AltCensoredIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://archive.org/download/youtube-k0srjLSkga8/youtube-k0srjLSkga8.thumbs/k0srjLSkga8_000925.jpg',
             'view_count': int,
             'categories': ['News & Politics'],
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/alura.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/alura.py
index cb2b9891e9..ce03a4265b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/alura.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/alura.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urlparse
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     clean_html,
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class AluraIE(InfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '60095',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Referências, ref-set e alter'
+            'title': 'Referências, ref-set e alter',
         },
         'skip': 'Requires alura account credentials'},
         {
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class AluraIE(InfoExtractor):
             'only_matching': True},
         {
             'url': 'https://cursos.alura.com.br/course/fundamentos-market-digital/task/55219',
-            'only_matching': True}
+            'only_matching': True},
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class AluraIE(InfoExtractor):
             return {
                 'id': video_id,
                 'title': video_title,
-                "formats": formats
+                'formats': formats,
             }
 
     def _perform_login(self, username, password):
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class AluraIE(InfoExtractor):
             'post url', default=self._LOGIN_URL, group='url')
 
         if not post_url.startswith('http'):
-            post_url = compat_urlparse.urljoin(self._LOGIN_URL, post_url)
+            post_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(self._LOGIN_URL, post_url)
 
         response = self._download_webpage(
             post_url, None, 'Logging in',
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ class AluraIE(InfoExtractor):
                 r'(?s)<p[^>]+class="alert-message[^"]*">(.+?)</p>',
                 response, 'error message', default=None)
             if error:
-                raise ExtractorError('Unable to login: %s' % error, expected=True)
+                raise ExtractorError(f'Unable to login: {error}', expected=True)
             raise ExtractorError('Unable to log in')
 
 
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ class AluraCourseIE(AluraIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if AluraIE.suitable(url) else super(AluraCourseIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if AluraIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
 
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ class AluraCourseIE(AluraIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
                         'url': video_url,
                         'id_key': self.ie_key(),
                         'chapter': chapter,
-                        'chapter_number': chapter_number
+                        'chapter_number': chapter_number,
                     }
                     entries.append(entry)
         return self.playlist_result(entries, course_path, course_title)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/amadeustv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/amadeustv.py
index 2f5ca9137a..f4ea04efd8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/amadeustv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/amadeustv.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class AmadeusTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'display_id': '65091a87ff85af59d9fc54c3',
             'view_count': int,
             'description': 'md5:a0357b9c215489e2067cbae0b777bb95',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/amara.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/amara.py
index 509b21a531..ed0f0cd357 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/amara.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/amara.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class AmaraIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'PBS NewsHour',
             'uploader_id': 'PBSNewsHour',
             'timestamp': 1549639570,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # Vimeo
         'url': 'https://amara.org/en/videos/kYkK1VUTWW5I/info/vimeo-at-ces-2011',
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ class AmaraIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1294763658,
             'upload_date': '20110111',
             'uploader': 'Sam Morrill',
-            'uploader_id': 'sammorrill'
-        }
+            'uploader_id': 'sammorrill',
+        },
     }, {
         # Direct Link
         'url': 'https://amara.org/en/videos/s8KL7I3jLmh6/info/the-danger-of-a-single-story/',
@@ -55,13 +55,13 @@ class AmaraIE(InfoExtractor):
             'subtitles': dict,
             'upload_date': '20091007',
             'timestamp': 1254942511,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         meta = self._download_json(
-            'https://amara.org/api/videos/%s/' % video_id,
+            f'https://amara.org/api/videos/{video_id}/',
             video_id, query={'format': 'json'})
         title = meta['title']
         video_url = meta['all_urls'][0]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/amazon.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/amazon.py
index a03f983e0e..d1b91665c2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/amazon.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/amazon.py
@@ -61,13 +61,13 @@ class AmazonStoreIE(InfoExtractor):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
+        playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         for retry in self.RetryManager():
-            webpage = self._download_webpage(url, id)
+            webpage = self._download_webpage(url, playlist_id)
             try:
                 data_json = self._search_json(
-                    r'var\s?obj\s?=\s?jQuery\.parseJSON\(\'', webpage, 'data', id,
+                    r'var\s?obj\s?=\s?jQuery\.parseJSON\(\'', webpage, 'data', playlist_id,
                     transform_source=js_to_json)
             except ExtractorError as e:
                 retry.error = e
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ class AmazonStoreIE(InfoExtractor):
             'height': int_or_none(video.get('videoHeight')),
             'width': int_or_none(video.get('videoWidth')),
         } for video in (data_json.get('videos') or []) if video.get('isVideo') and video.get('url')]
-        return self.playlist_result(entries, playlist_id=id, playlist_title=data_json.get('title'))
+        return self.playlist_result(entries, playlist_id=playlist_id, playlist_title=data_json.get('title'))
 
 
 class AmazonReviewsIE(InfoExtractor):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/amazonminitv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/amazonminitv.py
index 2c71c5ef56..0590a344aa 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/amazonminitv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/amazonminitv.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class AmazonMiniTVBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             asin, note=note, headers={
                 'Content-Type': 'application/json',
                 'currentpageurl': '/',
-                'currentplatform': 'dWeb'
+                'currentplatform': 'dWeb',
             }, data=json.dumps(data).encode() if data else None,
             query=None if data else {
                 'deviceType': 'A1WMMUXPCUJL4N',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/amcnetworks.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/amcnetworks.py
index 10bd021c55..15a86e2452 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/amcnetworks.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/amcnetworks.py
@@ -64,8 +64,8 @@ class AMCNetworksIE(ThePlatformIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
         site, display_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
         requestor_id = self._REQUESTOR_ID_MAP[site]
         page_data = self._download_json(
-            'https://content-delivery-gw.svc.ds.amcn.com/api/v2/content/amcn/%s/url/%s'
-            % (requestor_id.lower(), display_id), display_id)['data']
+            f'https://content-delivery-gw.svc.ds.amcn.com/api/v2/content/amcn/{requestor_id.lower()}/url/{display_id}',
+            display_id)['data']
         properties = page_data.get('properties') or {}
         query = {
             'mbr': 'true',
@@ -76,15 +76,15 @@ class AMCNetworksIE(ThePlatformIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
         try:
             for v in page_data['children']:
                 if v.get('type') == 'video-player':
-                    releasePid = v['properties']['currentVideo']['meta']['releasePid']
-                    tp_path = 'M_UwQC/' + releasePid
+                    release_pid = v['properties']['currentVideo']['meta']['releasePid']
+                    tp_path = 'M_UwQC/' + release_pid
                     media_url = 'https://link.theplatform.com/s/' + tp_path
                     video_player_count += 1
         except KeyError:
             pass
         if video_player_count > 1:
             self.report_warning(
-                'The JSON data has %d video players. Only one will be extracted' % video_player_count)
+                f'The JSON data has {video_player_count} video players. Only one will be extracted')
 
         # Fall back to videoPid if releasePid not found.
         # TODO: Fall back to videoPid if releasePid manifest uses DRM.
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ class AMCNetworksIE(ThePlatformIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
         })
         ns_keys = theplatform_metadata.get('$xmlns', {}).keys()
         if ns_keys:
-            ns = list(ns_keys)[0]
+            ns = next(iter(ns_keys))
             episode = theplatform_metadata.get(ns + '$episodeTitle') or None
             episode_number = int_or_none(
                 theplatform_metadata.get(ns + '$episode'))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/americastestkitchen.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/americastestkitchen.py
index e889458a28..a6337e4825 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/americastestkitchen.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/americastestkitchen.py
@@ -87,13 +87,13 @@ class AmericasTestKitchenIE(InfoExtractor):
             resource_type = 'episodes'
 
         resource = self._download_json(
-            'https://www.americastestkitchen.com/api/v6/%s/%s' % (resource_type, video_id), video_id)
+            f'https://www.americastestkitchen.com/api/v6/{resource_type}/{video_id}', video_id)
         video = resource['video'] if is_episode else resource
         episode = resource if is_episode else resource.get('episode') or {}
 
         return {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
-            'url': 'https://player.zype.com/embed/%s.js?api_key=jZ9GUhRmxcPvX7M3SlfejB6Hle9jyHTdk2jVxG7wOHPLODgncEKVdPYBhuz9iWXQ' % video['zypeId'],
+            'url': 'https://player.zype.com/embed/{}.js?api_key=jZ9GUhRmxcPvX7M3SlfejB6Hle9jyHTdk2jVxG7wOHPLODgncEKVdPYBhuz9iWXQ'.format(video['zypeId']),
             'ie_key': 'Zype',
             'description': clean_html(video.get('description')),
             'timestamp': unified_timestamp(video.get('publishDate')),
@@ -174,22 +174,22 @@ class AmericasTestKitchenSeasonIE(InfoExtractor):
         ]
 
         if season_number:
-            playlist_id = 'season_%d' % season_number
-            playlist_title = 'Season %d' % season_number
+            playlist_id = f'season_{season_number}'
+            playlist_title = f'Season {season_number}'
             facet_filters.append('search_season_list:' + playlist_title)
         else:
             playlist_id = show
             playlist_title = title
 
         season_search = self._download_json(
-            'https://y1fnzxui30-dsn.algolia.net/1/indexes/everest_search_%s_season_desc_production' % slug,
+            f'https://y1fnzxui30-dsn.algolia.net/1/indexes/everest_search_{slug}_season_desc_production',
             playlist_id, headers={
                 'Origin': 'https://www.americastestkitchen.com',
                 'X-Algolia-API-Key': '8d504d0099ed27c1b73708d22871d805',
                 'X-Algolia-Application-Id': 'Y1FNZXUI30',
             }, query={
                 'facetFilters': json.dumps(facet_filters),
-                'attributesToRetrieve': 'description,search_%s_episode_number,search_document_date,search_url,title,search_atk_episode_season' % slug,
+                'attributesToRetrieve': f'description,search_{slug}_episode_number,search_document_date,search_url,title,search_atk_episode_season',
                 'attributesToHighlight': '',
                 'hitsPerPage': 1000,
             })
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ class AmericasTestKitchenSeasonIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'description': episode.get('description'),
                     'timestamp': unified_timestamp(episode.get('search_document_date')),
                     'season_number': season_number,
-                    'episode_number': int_or_none(episode.get('search_%s_episode_number' % slug)),
+                    'episode_number': int_or_none(episode.get(f'search_{slug}_episode_number')),
                     'ie_key': AmericasTestKitchenIE.ie_key(),
                 }
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/amp.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/amp.py
index 6b2bf2db2c..adf4733749 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/amp.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/amp.py
@@ -19,12 +19,12 @@ class AMPIE(InfoExtractor):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should end with
             'Unable to download Akamai AMP feed', transform_source=strip_jsonp)
         item = feed.get('channel', {}).get('item')
         if not item:
-            raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, feed['error']))
+            raise ExtractorError('{} said: {}'.format(self.IE_NAME, feed['error']))
 
         video_id = item['guid']
 
         def get_media_node(name, default=None):
-            media_name = 'media-%s' % name
+            media_name = f'media-{name}'
             media_group = item.get('media-group') or item
             return media_group.get(media_name) or item.get(media_name) or item.get(name, default)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/anchorfm.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/anchorfm.py
index 5e78f372e4..652154a4a8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/anchorfm.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/anchorfm.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class AnchorFMEpisodeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'release_date': '20230121',
             'release_timestamp': 1674285179,
             'episode_id': 'e1tpt3d',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # embed url
         'url': 'https://anchor.fm/apakatatempo/embed/episodes/S2E75-Perang-Bintang-di-Balik-Kasus-Ferdy-Sambo-dan-Ismail-Bolong-e1shjqd',
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class AnchorFMEpisodeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'season': 'Season 2',
             'season_number': 2,
             'episode_id': 'e1shjqd',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ class AnchorFMEpisodeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/anchor-generated-image-bank/production/podcast_uploaded_episode400/2627805/2627805-1671590688729-4db3882ac9e4b.jpg',
             'uploader': 'Podcast Tempo',
             'channel': 'apakatatempo',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/angel.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/angel.py
index 9f5b9b523e..6800fe3d7f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/angel.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/angel.py
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ class AngelIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Tuttle Twins Season 1, Episode 1: When Laws Give You Lemons',
             'description': 'md5:73b704897c20ab59c433a9c0a8202d5e',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://images.angelstudios.com/image/upload/angel-app/.*$',
-            'duration': 1359.0
-        }
+            'duration': 1359.0,
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.angel.com/watch/the-chosen/episode/8dfb714d-bca5-4812-8125-24fb9514cd10/season-1/episode-1/i-have-called-you-by-name',
         'md5': 'e4774bad0a5f0ad2e90d175cafdb797d',
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ class AngelIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'The Chosen Season 1, Episode 1: I Have Called You By Name',
             'description': 'md5:aadfb4827a94415de5ff6426e6dee3be',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://images.angelstudios.com/image/upload/angel-app/.*$',
-            'duration': 3276.0
-        }
+            'duration': 3276.0,
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class AngelIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': self._og_search_title(webpage),
             'description': self._og_search_description(webpage),
             'formats': formats,
-            'subtitles': subtitles
+            'subtitles': subtitles,
         }
 
         # Angel uses cloudinary in the background and supports image transformations.
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/antenna.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/antenna.py
index 2929d6550f..b1a01791f6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/antenna.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/antenna.py
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ class Ant1NewsGrArticleIE(AntennaBaseIE):
         info = self._search_json_ld(webpage, video_id, expected_type='NewsArticle')
         embed_urls = list(Ant1NewsGrEmbedIE._extract_embed_urls(url, webpage))
         if not embed_urls:
-            raise ExtractorError('no videos found for %s' % video_id, expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'no videos found for {video_id}', expected=True)
         return self.playlist_from_matches(
             embed_urls, video_id, info.get('title'), ie=Ant1NewsGrEmbedIE.ie_key(),
             video_kwargs={'url_transparent': True, 'timestamp': info.get('timestamp')})
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/anvato.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/anvato.py
index 0df50333c3..bf3d60b5ee 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/anvato.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/anvato.py
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ class AnvatoIE(InfoExtractor):
         'gray': 'anvato_mcp_gray_web_prod_4c10f067c393ed8fc453d3930f8ab2b159973900',
         'hearst': 'anvato_mcp_hearst_web_prod_5356c3de0fc7c90a3727b4863ca7fec3a4524a99',
         'cbs': 'anvato_mcp_cbs_web_prod_02f26581ff80e5bda7aad28226a8d369037f2cbe',
-        'telemundo': 'anvato_mcp_telemundo_web_prod_c5278d51ad46fda4b6ca3d0ea44a7846a054f582'
+        'telemundo': 'anvato_mcp_telemundo_web_prod_c5278d51ad46fda4b6ca3d0ea44a7846a054f582',
     }
 
     def _generate_nfl_token(self, anvack, mcp_id):
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ class AnvatoIE(InfoExtractor):
       token
     }
   }
-}''' % (anvack, mcp_id),
+}''' % (anvack, mcp_id),  # noqa: UP031
             }).encode(), headers={
                 'Authorization': auth_token,
                 'Content-Type': 'application/json',
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ class AnvatoIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         return self._download_json(
             video_data_url, video_id, transform_source=strip_jsonp, query=query,
-            data=json.dumps({'api': api}, separators=(',', ':')).encode('utf-8'))
+            data=json.dumps({'api': api}, separators=(',', ':')).encode())
 
     def _get_anvato_videos(self, access_key, video_id, token):
         video_data = self._get_video_json(access_key, video_id, token)
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ class AnvatoIE(InfoExtractor):
         for caption in video_data.get('captions', []):
             a_caption = {
                 'url': caption['url'],
-                'ext': 'tt' if caption.get('format') == 'SMPTE-TT' else None
+                'ext': 'tt' if caption.get('format') == 'SMPTE-TT' else None,
             }
             subtitles.setdefault(caption['language'], []).append(a_caption)
         subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subtitles, hls_subs, vtt_subs)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/aol.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/aol.py
index 455f66795b..893dce7b02 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/aol.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/aol.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class AolIE(YahooIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
         'params': {
             # m3u8 download
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # video with vidible ID
         'url': 'https://www.aol.com/video/view/netflix-is-raising-rates/5707d6b8e4b090497b04f706/',
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class AolIE(YahooIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
         'params': {
             # m3u8 download
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.aol.com/video/view/park-bench-season-2-trailer/559a1b9be4b0c3bfad3357a7/',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -83,10 +83,10 @@ class AolIE(YahooIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             return self._extract_yahoo_video(video_id, 'us')
 
         response = self._download_json(
-            'https://feedapi.b2c.on.aol.com/v1.0/app/videos/aolon/%s/details' % video_id,
+            f'https://feedapi.b2c.on.aol.com/v1.0/app/videos/aolon/{video_id}/details',
             video_id)['response']
         if response['statusText'] != 'Ok':
-            raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, response['statusText']), expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError('{} said: {}'.format(self.IE_NAME, response['statusText']), expected=True)
 
         video_data = response['data']
         formats = []
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/apa.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/apa.py
index 1ea0b1de45..fed597042a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/apa.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/apa.py
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class APAIE(InfoExtractor):
         video_id, base_url = mobj.group('id', 'base_url')
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            '%s/player/%s' % (base_url, video_id), video_id)
+            f'{base_url}/player/{video_id}', video_id)
 
         jwplatform_id = self._search_regex(
             r'media[iI]d\s*:\s*["\'](?P<id>[a-zA-Z0-9]{8})', webpage,
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class APAIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         def extract(field, name=None):
             return self._search_regex(
-                r'\b%s["\']\s*:\s*(["\'])(?P<value>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1' % field,
+                rf'\b{field}["\']\s*:\s*(["\'])(?P<value>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1',
                 webpage, name or field, default=None, group='value')
 
         title = extract('title') or video_id
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/applepodcasts.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/applepodcasts.py
index 49bbeab823..bd301e904a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/applepodcasts.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/applepodcasts.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class ApplePodcastsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 6454,
             'series': 'The Tim Dillon Show',
             'thumbnail': 're:.+[.](png|jpe?g|webp)',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/207-whitney-webb-returns/id1135137367?i=1000482637777',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/appletrailers.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/appletrailers.py
index 21103aee57..0a600f6df9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/appletrailers.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/appletrailers.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import json
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urlparse
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     parse_duration,
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ class AppleTrailersIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'uploader_id': 'wb',
                 },
             },
-        ]
+        ],
     }, {
         'url': 'http://trailers.apple.com/trailers/magnolia/blackthorn/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ class AppleTrailersIE(InfoExtractor):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, movie)
         film_id = self._search_regex(r"FilmId\s*=\s*'(\d+)'", webpage, 'film id')
         film_data = self._download_json(
-            'http://trailers.apple.com/trailers/feeds/data/%s.json' % film_id,
+            f'http://trailers.apple.com/trailers/feeds/data/{film_id}.json',
             film_id, fatal=False)
 
         if film_data:
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ class AppleTrailersIE(InfoExtractor):
                         if not src:
                             continue
                         formats.append({
-                            'format_id': '%s-%s' % (version, size),
+                            'format_id': f'{version}-{size}',
                             'url': re.sub(r'_(\d+p\.mov)', r'_h\1', src),
                             'width': int_or_none(size_data.get('width')),
                             'height': int_or_none(size_data.get('height')),
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ class AppleTrailersIE(InfoExtractor):
             page_data = film_data.get('page', {})
             return self.playlist_result(entries, film_id, page_data.get('movie_title'))
 
-        playlist_url = compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, 'includes/playlists/itunes.inc')
+        playlist_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(url, 'includes/playlists/itunes.inc')
 
         def fix_html(s):
             s = re.sub(r'(?s)<script[^<]*?>.*?</script>', '', s)
@@ -143,10 +143,9 @@ class AppleTrailersIE(InfoExtractor):
             # like: http://trailers.apple.com/trailers/wb/gravity/
 
             def _clean_json(m):
-                return 'iTunes.playURL(%s);' % m.group(1).replace('\'', '&#39;')
+                return 'iTunes.playURL({});'.format(m.group(1).replace('\'', '&#39;'))
             s = re.sub(self._JSON_RE, _clean_json, s)
-            s = '<html>%s</html>' % s
-            return s
+            return f'<html>{s}</html>'
         doc = self._download_xml(playlist_url, movie, transform_source=fix_html)
 
         playlist = []
@@ -170,18 +169,18 @@ class AppleTrailersIE(InfoExtractor):
                 duration = 60 * int(m.group('minutes')) + int(m.group('seconds'))
 
             trailer_id = first_url.split('/')[-1].rpartition('_')[0].lower()
-            settings_json_url = compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, 'includes/settings/%s.json' % trailer_id)
+            settings_json_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(url, f'includes/settings/{trailer_id}.json')
             settings = self._download_json(settings_json_url, trailer_id, 'Downloading settings json')
 
             formats = []
-            for format in settings['metadata']['sizes']:
+            for fmt in settings['metadata']['sizes']:
                 # The src is a file pointing to the real video file
-                format_url = re.sub(r'_(\d*p\.mov)', r'_h\1', format['src'])
+                format_url = re.sub(r'_(\d*p\.mov)', r'_h\1', fmt['src'])
                 formats.append({
                     'url': format_url,
-                    'format': format['type'],
-                    'width': int_or_none(format['width']),
-                    'height': int_or_none(format['height']),
+                    'format': fmt['type'],
+                    'width': int_or_none(fmt['width']),
+                    'height': int_or_none(fmt['height']),
                 })
 
             playlist.append({
@@ -229,7 +228,7 @@ class AppleTrailersSectionIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Movie Studios',
         },
     }
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?trailers\.apple\.com/#section=(?P<id>%s)' % '|'.join(_SECTIONS)
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?trailers\.apple\.com/#section=(?P<id>{})'.format('|'.join(_SECTIONS))
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'http://trailers.apple.com/#section=justadded',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -270,7 +269,7 @@ class AppleTrailersSectionIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         section = self._match_id(url)
         section_data = self._download_json(
-            'http://trailers.apple.com/trailers/home/feeds/%s.json' % self._SECTIONS[section]['feed_path'],
+            'http://trailers.apple.com/trailers/home/feeds/{}.json'.format(self._SECTIONS[section]['feed_path']),
             section)
         entries = [
             self.url_result('http://trailers.apple.com' + e['location'])
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/archiveorg.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/archiveorg.py
index 41f3a4ff27..f5a55efc4f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/archiveorg.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/archiveorg.py
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import json
 import re
 import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .youtube import YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor, YoutubeIE
-from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_unquote
 from ..networking import HEADRequest
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
@@ -145,7 +146,7 @@ class ArchiveOrgIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Bells Of Rostov',
             'ext': 'mp3',
         },
-        'skip': 'restricted'
+        'skip': 'restricted',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://archive.org/details/lp_the-music-of-russia_various-artists-a-askaryan-alexander-melik/disc1/02.02.+Song+And+Chorus+In+The+Polovetsian+Camp+From+%22Prince+Igor%22+(Act+2%2C+Scene+1).mp3',
         'md5': '1d0aabe03edca83ca58d9ed3b493a3c3',
@@ -158,7 +159,7 @@ class ArchiveOrgIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:012b2d668ae753be36896f343d12a236',
             'upload_date': '20190928',
         },
-        'skip': 'restricted'
+        'skip': 'restricted',
     }, {
         # Original formats are private
         'url': 'https://archive.org/details/irelandthemakingofarepublic',
@@ -202,8 +203,8 @@ class ArchiveOrgIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'thumbnail': 'https://archive.org/download/irelandthemakingofarepublic/irelandthemakingofarepublic.thumbs/irelandthemakingofarepublicreel2_001554.jpg',
                     'display_id': 'irelandthemakingofarepublicreel2.mov',
                 },
-            }
-        ]
+            },
+        ],
     }]
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -220,7 +221,7 @@ class ArchiveOrgIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = urllib.parse.unquote_plus(self._match_id(url))
-        identifier, entry_id = (video_id.split('/', 1) + [None])[:2]
+        identifier, _, entry_id = video_id.partition('/')
 
         # Archive.org metadata API doesn't clearly demarcate playlist entries
         # or subtitle tracks, so we get them from the embeddable player.
@@ -246,7 +247,7 @@ class ArchiveOrgIE(InfoExtractor):
                 if track['kind'] != 'subtitles':
                     continue
                 entries[p['orig']][track['label']] = {
-                    'url': 'https://archive.org/' + track['file'].lstrip('/')
+                    'url': 'https://archive.org/' + track['file'].lstrip('/'),
                 }
 
         metadata = self._download_json('http://archive.org/metadata/' + identifier, identifier)
@@ -293,7 +294,9 @@ class ArchiveOrgIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'height': int_or_none(f.get('width')),
                     'filesize': int_or_none(f.get('size'))})
 
-            extension = (f['name'].rsplit('.', 1) + [None])[1]
+            _, has_ext, extension = f['name'].rpartition('.')
+            if not has_ext:
+                extension = None
 
             # We don't want to skip private formats if the user has access to them,
             # however without access to an account with such privileges we can't implement/test this.
@@ -308,7 +311,7 @@ class ArchiveOrgIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'filesize': int_or_none(f.get('size')),
                     'protocol': 'https',
                     'source_preference': 0 if f.get('source') == 'original' else -1,
-                    'format_note': f.get('source')
+                    'format_note': f.get('source'),
                 })
 
         for entry in entries.values():
@@ -371,7 +374,7 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/user/Zeurel',
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.(jpg|webp)',
                 'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCukCyHaD-bK3in_pKpfH9Eg',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             # Internal link
             'url': 'https://web.archive.org/web/2oe/http://wayback-fakeurl.archive.org/yt/97t7Xj_iBv0',
@@ -388,7 +391,7 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/user/1veritasium',
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.(jpg|webp)',
                 'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             # Video from 2012, webm format itag 45. Newest capture is deleted video, with an invalid description.
             # Should use the date in the link. Title ends with '- Youtube'. Capture has description in eow-description
@@ -403,8 +406,8 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'uploader_id': 'machinima',
                 'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/user/machinima',
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.(jpg|webp)',
-                'uploader': 'machinima'
-            }
+                'uploader': 'machinima',
+            },
         }, {
             # FLV video. Video file URL does not provide itag information
             'url': 'https://web.archive.org/web/20081211103536/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNQXAC9IVRw',
@@ -421,7 +424,7 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4QobU6STFB0P71PMvOGN5A',
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.(jpg|webp)',
                 'uploader': 'jawed',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'url': 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110712231407/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lTx3G6h2xyA',
             'info_dict': {
@@ -437,7 +440,7 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/user/itsmadeon',
                 'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqMDNf3Pn5L7pcNkuSEeO3w',
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.(jpg|webp)',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             # First capture is of dead video, second is the oldest from CDX response.
             'url': 'https://web.archive.org/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1JYutPM8O6E',
@@ -454,7 +457,7 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdIaNUarhzLSXGoItz7BHVA',
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.(jpg|webp)',
                 'uploader': 'ETC News',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             # First capture of dead video, capture date in link links to dead capture.
             'url': 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180803221945/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FPhZJGvf4E',
@@ -473,15 +476,15 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'uploader': 'ETC News',
             },
             'expected_warnings': [
-                r'unable to download capture webpage \(it may not be archived\)'
-            ]
+                r'unable to download capture webpage \(it may not be archived\)',
+            ],
         }, {   # Very old YouTube page, has - YouTube in title.
             'url': 'http://web.archive.org/web/20070302011044/http://youtube.com/watch?v=-06-KB9XTzg',
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '-06-KB9XTzg',
                 'ext': 'flv',
-                'title': 'New Coin Hack!! 100% Safe!!'
-            }
+                'title': 'New Coin Hack!! 100% Safe!!',
+            },
         }, {
             'url': 'web.archive.org/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dWW7qP423y8',
             'info_dict': {
@@ -495,7 +498,7 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'description': 'md5:7b567f898d8237b256f36c1a07d6d7bc',
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.(jpg|webp)',
                 'uploader': 'DankPods',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             # player response contains '};' See: https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/27093
             'url': 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200827003909if_/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Dh-RL__uN4',
@@ -512,7 +515,7 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'uploader_id': 'PewDiePie',
                 'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/user/PewDiePie',
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.(jpg|webp)',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             # ~June 2010 Capture. swfconfig
             'url': 'https://web.archive.org/web/0/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8XeW5ilk-9Y',
@@ -527,7 +530,7 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.(jpg|webp)',
                 'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/user/HowTheWorldWorks',
                 'upload_date': '20090520',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             # Jan 2011: watch-video-date/eow-date surrounded by whitespace
             'url': 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110126141719/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q_yjX80U7Yc',
@@ -542,7 +545,7 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.(jpg|webp)',
                 'duration': 132,
                 'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/user/claybutlermusic',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             # ~May 2009 swfArgs. ytcfg is spread out over various vars
             'url': 'https://web.archive.org/web/0/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5uJgG05xUY',
@@ -557,7 +560,7 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'description': 'md5:4ca77d79538064e41e4cc464e93f44f0',
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.(jpg|webp)',
                 'duration': 754,
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             # ~June 2012. Upload date is in another lang so cannot extract.
             'url': 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120607174520/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xWTLLl-dQaA',
@@ -571,7 +574,7 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'uploader': 'BlackNerdComedy',
                 'duration': 182,
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.(jpg|webp)',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             # ~July 2013
             'url': 'https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9eO1aasHyTM',
@@ -587,7 +590,7 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC62R2cBezNBOqxSerfb1nMQ',
                 'upload_date': '20060428',
                 'uploader': 'punkybird',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             # April 2020: Player response in player config
             'url': 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200416034815/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cf7vS8jc7dY&gl=US&hl=en',
@@ -604,7 +607,7 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.(jpg|webp)',
                 'description': 'md5:c625bb3c02c4f5fb4205971e468fa341',
                 'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/user/GameGrumps',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             # watch7-user-header with yt-user-info
             'url': 'ytarchive:kbh4T_b4Ixw:20160307085057',
@@ -619,7 +622,7 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.(jpg|webp)',
                 'upload_date': '20150503',
                 'channel_id': 'UCnTaGvsHmMy792DWeT6HbGA',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             # April 2012
             'url': 'https://web.archive.org/web/0/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SOm7mPoPskU',
@@ -634,35 +637,35 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'duration': 200,
                 'upload_date': '20120407',
                 'uploader_id': 'thecomputernerd01',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'url': 'https://web.archive.org/web/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kH-G_aIBlFw',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         }, {
             'url': 'https://web.archive.org/web/20050214000000_if/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0altSZ96U4M',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         }, {
             # Video not archived, only capture is unavailable video page
             'url': 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210530071008/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHJTf93HL1s&spfreload=10',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         }, {   # Encoded url
             'url': 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120712231619/http%3A//www.youtube.com/watch%3Fgl%3DUS%26v%3DAkhihxRKcrs%26hl%3Den',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         }, {
             'url': 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120712231619/http%3A//www.youtube.com/watch%3Fv%3DAkhihxRKcrs%26gl%3DUS%26hl%3Den',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         }, {
             'url': 'https://web.archive.org/web/20060527081937/http://www.youtube.com:80/watch.php?v=ELTFsLT73fA&amp;search=soccer',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         }, {
             'url': 'https://web.archive.org/http://www.youtube.com:80/watch?v=-05VVye-ffg',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         }, {
             'url': 'ytarchive:BaW_jenozKc:20050214000000',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         }, {
             'url': 'ytarchive:BaW_jenozKc',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         },
     ]
     _YT_INITIAL_DATA_RE = YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor._YT_INITIAL_DATA_RE
@@ -673,13 +676,13 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     _YT_DEFAULT_THUMB_SERVERS = ['i.ytimg.com']  # thumbnails most likely archived on these servers
     _YT_ALL_THUMB_SERVERS = orderedSet(
-        _YT_DEFAULT_THUMB_SERVERS + ['img.youtube.com', *[f'{c}{n or ""}.ytimg.com' for c in ('i', 's') for n in (*range(0, 5), 9)]])
+        [*_YT_DEFAULT_THUMB_SERVERS, 'img.youtube.com', *[f'{c}{n or ""}.ytimg.com' for c in ('i', 's') for n in (*range(5), 9)]])
 
     _WAYBACK_BASE_URL = 'https://web.archive.org/web/%sif_/'
     _OLDEST_CAPTURE_DATE = 20050214000000
     _NEWEST_CAPTURE_DATE = 20500101000000
 
-    def _call_cdx_api(self, item_id, url, filters: list = None, collapse: list = None, query: dict = None, note=None, fatal=False):
+    def _call_cdx_api(self, item_id, url, filters: list | None = None, collapse: list | None = None, query: dict | None = None, note=None, fatal=False):
         # CDX docs: https://github.com/internetarchive/wayback/blob/master/wayback-cdx-server/README.md
         query = {
             'url': url,
@@ -688,14 +691,14 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
             'limit': 500,
             'filter': ['statuscode:200'] + (filters or []),
             'collapse': collapse or [],
-            **(query or {})
+            **(query or {}),
         }
         res = self._download_json(
             'https://web.archive.org/cdx/search/cdx', item_id,
             note or 'Downloading CDX API JSON', query=query, fatal=fatal)
         if isinstance(res, list) and len(res) >= 2:
             # format response to make it easier to use
-            return list(dict(zip(res[0], v)) for v in res[1:])
+            return [dict(zip(res[0], v)) for v in res[1:]]
         elif not isinstance(res, list) or len(res) != 0:
             self.report_warning('Error while parsing CDX API response' + bug_reports_message())
 
@@ -852,7 +855,7 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 {
                     'url': (self._WAYBACK_BASE_URL % (int_or_none(thumbnail_dict.get('timestamp')) or self._OLDEST_CAPTURE_DATE)) + thumbnail_dict.get('original'),
                     'filesize': int_or_none(thumbnail_dict.get('length')),
-                    'preference': int_or_none(thumbnail_dict.get('length'))
+                    'preference': int_or_none(thumbnail_dict.get('length')),
                 } for thumbnail_dict in response)
             if not try_all:
                 break
@@ -893,7 +896,7 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
         for retry in retry_manager:
             try:
                 urlh = self._request_webpage(
-                    HEADRequest('https://web.archive.org/web/2oe_/http://wayback-fakeurl.archive.org/yt/%s' % video_id),
+                    HEADRequest(f'https://web.archive.org/web/2oe_/http://wayback-fakeurl.archive.org/yt/{video_id}'),
                     video_id, note='Fetching archived video file url', expected_status=True)
             except ExtractorError as e:
                 # HTTP Error 404 is expected if the video is not saved.
@@ -924,21 +927,21 @@ class YoutubeWebArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
         info['thumbnails'] = self._extract_thumbnails(video_id)
 
         if urlh:
-            url = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(urlh.url)
+            url = urllib.parse.unquote(urlh.url)
             video_file_url_qs = parse_qs(url)
             # Attempt to recover any ext & format info from playback url & response headers
-            format = {'url': url, 'filesize': int_or_none(urlh.headers.get('x-archive-orig-content-length'))}
+            fmt = {'url': url, 'filesize': int_or_none(urlh.headers.get('x-archive-orig-content-length'))}
             itag = try_get(video_file_url_qs, lambda x: x['itag'][0])
             if itag and itag in YoutubeIE._formats:
-                format.update(YoutubeIE._formats[itag])
-                format.update({'format_id': itag})
+                fmt.update(YoutubeIE._formats[itag])
+                fmt.update({'format_id': itag})
             else:
                 mime = try_get(video_file_url_qs, lambda x: x['mime'][0])
                 ext = (mimetype2ext(mime)
                        or urlhandle_detect_ext(urlh)
                        or mimetype2ext(urlh.headers.get('x-archive-guessed-content-type')))
-                format.update({'ext': ext})
-            info['formats'] = [format]
+                fmt.update({'ext': ext})
+            info['formats'] = [fmt]
             if not info.get('duration'):
                 info['duration'] = str_to_int(try_get(video_file_url_qs, lambda x: x['dur'][0]))
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/arcpublishing.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/arcpublishing.py
index febd3d28a5..338bada7c8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/arcpublishing.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/arcpublishing.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ from ..utils import (
 
 class ArcPublishingIE(InfoExtractor):
     _UUID_REGEX = r'[\da-f]{8}-(?:[\da-f]{4}-){3}[\da-f]{12}'
-    _VALID_URL = r'arcpublishing:(?P<org>[a-z]+):(?P<id>%s)' % _UUID_REGEX
+    _VALID_URL = rf'arcpublishing:(?P<org>[a-z]+):(?P<id>{_UUID_REGEX})'
     _TESTS = [{
         # https://www.adn.com/politics/2020/11/02/video-senate-candidates-campaign-in-anchorage-on-eve-of-election-day/
         'url': 'arcpublishing:adn:8c99cb6e-b29c-4bc9-9173-7bf9979225ab',
@@ -74,12 +74,12 @@ class ArcPublishingIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _extract_embed_urls(cls, url, webpage):
         entries = []
         # https://arcpublishing.atlassian.net/wiki/spaces/POWA/overview
-        for powa_el in re.findall(r'(<div[^>]+class="[^"]*\bpowa\b[^"]*"[^>]+data-uuid="%s"[^>]*>)' % ArcPublishingIE._UUID_REGEX, webpage):
+        for powa_el in re.findall(rf'(<div[^>]+class="[^"]*\bpowa\b[^"]*"[^>]+data-uuid="{ArcPublishingIE._UUID_REGEX}"[^>]*>)', webpage):
             powa = extract_attributes(powa_el) or {}
             org = powa.get('data-org')
             uuid = powa.get('data-uuid')
             if org and uuid:
-                entries.append('arcpublishing:%s:%s' % (org, uuid))
+                entries.append(f'arcpublishing:{org}:{uuid}')
         return entries
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ class ArcPublishingIE(InfoExtractor):
             elif stream_type in ('ts', 'hls'):
                 m3u8_formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
                     s_url, uuid, 'mp4', live=is_live, m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False)
-                if all([f.get('acodec') == 'none' for f in m3u8_formats]):
+                if all(f.get('acodec') == 'none' for f in m3u8_formats):
                     continue
                 for f in m3u8_formats:
                     height = f.get('height')
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ class ArcPublishingIE(InfoExtractor):
             else:
                 vbr = int_or_none(s.get('bitrate'))
                 formats.append({
-                    'format_id': '%s-%d' % (stream_type, vbr) if vbr else stream_type,
+                    'format_id': f'{stream_type}-{vbr}' if vbr else stream_type,
                     'vbr': vbr,
                     'width': int_or_none(s.get('width')),
                     'height': int_or_none(s.get('height')),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ard.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ard.py
index 3db59c5ca9..6fd6413479 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ard.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ard.py
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ class ARDMediathekBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                         formats.extend(self._extract_f4m_formats(
                             update_url_query(stream_url, {
                                 'hdcore': '3.1.1',
-                                'plugin': 'aasp-3.1.1.69.124'
+                                'plugin': 'aasp-3.1.1.69.124',
                             }), video_id, f4m_id='hds', fatal=False))
                     elif ext == 'm3u8':
                         formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
@@ -96,12 +96,12 @@ class ARDMediathekBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                             f = {
                                 'url': server,
                                 'play_path': stream_url,
-                                'format_id': 'a%s-rtmp-%s' % (num, quality),
+                                'format_id': f'a{num}-rtmp-{quality}',
                             }
                         else:
                             f = {
                                 'url': stream_url,
-                                'format_id': 'a%s-%s-%s' % (num, ext, quality)
+                                'format_id': f'a{num}-{ext}-{quality}',
                             }
                         m = re.search(
                             r'_(?P<width>\d+)x(?P<height>\d+)\.mp4$',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/arkena.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/arkena.py
index de36ec8868..b0e853d57a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/arkena.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/arkena.py
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ class ArkenaIE(InfoExtractor):
                 raise ExtractorError('Invalid URL', expected=True)
 
         media = self._download_json(
-            'https://video.qbrick.com/api/v1/public/accounts/%s/medias/%s' % (account_id, video_id),
+            f'https://video.qbrick.com/api/v1/public/accounts/{account_id}/medias/{video_id}',
             video_id, query={
                 # https://video.qbrick.com/docs/api/examples/library-api.html
                 'fields': 'asset/resources/*/renditions/*(height,id,language,links/*(href,mimeType),type,size,videos/*(audios/*(codec,sampleRate),bitrate,codec,duration,height,width),width),created,metadata/*(title,description),tags',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/arnes.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/arnes.py
index 9a5524aabe..f196f611ab 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/arnes.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/arnes.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_parse_qs,
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     float_or_none,
     format_field,
@@ -35,7 +33,7 @@ class ArnesIE(InfoExtractor):
             'view_count': int,
             'tags': ['linearna_algebra'],
             'start_time': 10,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://video.arnes.si/api/asset/s1YjnV7hadlC/play.mp4',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -93,6 +91,6 @@ class ArnesIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': float_or_none(video.get('duration'), 1000),
             'view_count': int_or_none(video.get('views')),
             'tags': video.get('hashtags'),
-            'start_time': int_or_none(compat_parse_qs(
-                compat_urllib_parse_urlparse(url).query).get('t', [None])[0]),
+            'start_time': int_or_none(urllib.parse.parse_qs(
+                urllib.parse.urlparse(url).query).get('t', [None])[0]),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/art19.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/art19.py
index 271c505daf..deec7ad012 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/art19.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/art19.py
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ class Art19IE(InfoExtractor):
                 'series_id': ('series_id', {str}),
                 'timestamp': ('created_at', {parse_iso8601}),
                 'release_timestamp': ('released_at', {parse_iso8601}),
-                'modified_timestamp': ('updated_at', {parse_iso8601})
+                'modified_timestamp': ('updated_at', {parse_iso8601}),
             })),
             **traverse_obj(rss_metadata, ('content', {
                 'title': ('episode_title', {str}),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/arte.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/arte.py
index 46fe006cc9..142d4b066b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/arte.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/arte.py
@@ -20,15 +20,15 @@ class ArteTVBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
 
 class ArteTVIE(ArteTVBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
+    _VALID_URL = rf'''(?x)
                     (?:https?://
                         (?:
-                            (?:www\.)?arte\.tv/(?P<lang>%(langs)s)/videos|
-                            api\.arte\.tv/api/player/v\d+/config/(?P<lang_2>%(langs)s)
+                            (?:www\.)?arte\.tv/(?P<lang>{ArteTVBaseIE._ARTE_LANGUAGES})/videos|
+                            api\.arte\.tv/api/player/v\d+/config/(?P<lang_2>{ArteTVBaseIE._ARTE_LANGUAGES})
                         )
                     |arte://program)
-                        /(?P<id>\d{6}-\d{3}-[AF]|LIVE)
-                    ''' % {'langs': ArteTVBaseIE._ARTE_LANGUAGES}
+                        /(?P<id>\d{{6}}-\d{{3}}-[AF]|LIVE)
+                    '''
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.arte.tv/en/videos/088501-000-A/mexico-stealing-petrol-to-survive/',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ class ArteTVIE(ArteTVBaseIE):
         language_code = self._LANG_MAP.get(lang)
 
         config = self._download_json(f'{self._API_BASE}/config/{lang}/{video_id}', video_id, headers={
-            'x-validated-age': '18'
+            'x-validated-age': '18',
         })
 
         geoblocking = traverse_obj(config, ('data', 'attributes', 'restriction', 'geoblocking')) or {}
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ class ArteTVEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:be40b667f45189632b78c1425c7c2ce1',
             'upload_date': '20201116',
         },
-        'skip': 'No video available'
+        'skip': 'No video available',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.arte.tv/player/v3/index.php?json_url=https://api.arte.tv/api/player/v2/config/de/100605-013-A',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ class ArteTVEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
 
 
 class ArteTVPlaylistIE(ArteTVBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?arte\.tv/(?P<lang>%s)/videos/(?P<id>RC-\d{6})' % ArteTVBaseIE._ARTE_LANGUAGES
+    _VALID_URL = rf'https?://(?:www\.)?arte\.tv/(?P<lang>{ArteTVBaseIE._ARTE_LANGUAGES})/videos/(?P<id>RC-\d{{6}})'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.arte.tv/en/videos/RC-016954/earn-a-living/',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ class ArteTVPlaylistIE(ArteTVBaseIE):
 
 
 class ArteTVCategoryIE(ArteTVBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?arte\.tv/(?P<lang>%s)/videos/(?P<id>[\w-]+(?:/[\w-]+)*)/?\s*$' % ArteTVBaseIE._ARTE_LANGUAGES
+    _VALID_URL = rf'https?://(?:www\.)?arte\.tv/(?P<lang>{ArteTVBaseIE._ARTE_LANGUAGES})/videos/(?P<id>[\w-]+(?:/[\w-]+)*)/?\s*$'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.arte.tv/en/videos/politics-and-society/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ class ArteTVCategoryIE(ArteTVBaseIE):
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
         return (
-            not any(ie.suitable(url) for ie in (ArteTVIE, ArteTVPlaylistIE, ))
+            not any(ie.suitable(url) for ie in (ArteTVIE, ArteTVPlaylistIE))
             and super().suitable(url))
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -321,12 +321,12 @@ class ArteTVCategoryIE(ArteTVBaseIE):
 
         items = []
         for video in re.finditer(
-                r'<a\b[^>]*?href\s*=\s*(?P<q>"|\'|\b)(?P<url>https?://www\.arte\.tv/%s/videos/[\w/-]+)(?P=q)' % lang,
+                rf'<a\b[^>]*?href\s*=\s*(?P<q>"|\'|\b)(?P<url>https?://www\.arte\.tv/{lang}/videos/[\w/-]+)(?P=q)',
                 webpage):
             video = video.group('url')
             if video == url:
                 continue
-            if any(ie.suitable(video) for ie in (ArteTVIE, ArteTVPlaylistIE, )):
+            if any(ie.suitable(video) for ie in (ArteTVIE, ArteTVPlaylistIE)):
                 items.append(video)
 
         title = strip_or_none(self._generic_title('', webpage, default='').rsplit('|', 1)[0]) or None
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/atresplayer.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/atresplayer.py
index 3a44e5265b..7c8139714f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/atresplayer.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/atresplayer.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class AtresPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'description': 'md5:7634cdcb4d50d5381bedf93efb537fbc',
                 'duration': 3413,
             },
-            'skip': 'This video is only available for registered users'
+            'skip': 'This video is only available for registered users',
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.atresplayer.com/lasexta/programas/el-club-de-la-comedia/temporada-4/capitulo-10-especial-solidario-nochebuena_5ad08edf986b2855ed47adc4/',
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class AtresPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
             target_url = self._download_json(
                 'https://account.atresmedia.com/api/login', None,
                 'Logging in', headers={
-                    'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
+                    'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
                 }, data=urlencode_postdata({
                     'username': username,
                     'password': password,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/atscaleconf.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/atscaleconf.py
index 3f7b1e9f8d..b219eeec5c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/atscaleconf.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/atscaleconf.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class AtScaleConfEventIE(InfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'data-scale-spring-2022',
             'title': 'Data @Scale Spring 2022',
-            'description': 'md5:7d7ca1c42ac9c6d8a785092a1aea4b55'
+            'description': 'md5:7d7ca1c42ac9c6d8a785092a1aea4b55',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://atscaleconference.com/events/video-scale-2021/',
@@ -20,15 +20,15 @@ class AtScaleConfEventIE(InfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'video-scale-2021',
             'title': 'Video @Scale 2021',
-            'description': 'md5:7d7ca1c42ac9c6d8a785092a1aea4b55'
+            'description': 'md5:7d7ca1c42ac9c6d8a785092a1aea4b55',
         },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, id)
+        playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, playlist_id)
 
         return self.playlist_from_matches(
             re.findall(r'data-url\s*=\s*"(https?://(?:www\.)?atscaleconference\.com/videos/[^"]+)"', webpage),
-            ie='Generic', playlist_id=id,
+            ie='Generic', playlist_id=playlist_id,
             title=self._og_search_title(webpage), description=self._og_search_description(webpage))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/atvat.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/atvat.py
index 20ee34cca7..37bb616952 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/atvat.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/atvat.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class ATVAtIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': 'v-ce9cgn1e70n5-1',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Bauer sucht Frau - Staffel 18 Folge 3 - Die Hofwochen',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.atv.at/tv/bauer-sucht-frau/staffel-18/episode-01/bauer-sucht-frau-staffel-18-vorstellungsfolge-1',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -66,10 +66,10 @@ class ATVAtIE(InfoExtractor):
             video_id=video_id)
 
         video_title = json_data['views']['default']['page']['title']
-        contentResource = json_data['views']['default']['page']['contentResource']
-        content_id = contentResource[0]['id']
-        content_ids = [{'id': id, 'subclip_start': content['start'], 'subclip_end': content['end']}
-                       for id, content in enumerate(contentResource)]
+        content_resource = json_data['views']['default']['page']['contentResource']
+        content_id = content_resource[0]['id']
+        content_ids = [{'id': id_, 'subclip_start': content['start'], 'subclip_end': content['end']}
+                       for id_, content in enumerate(content_resource)]
 
         time_of_request = dt.datetime.now()
         not_before = time_of_request - dt.timedelta(minutes=5)
@@ -87,17 +87,17 @@ class ATVAtIE(InfoExtractor):
         videos = self._download_json(
             'https://vas-v4.p7s1video.net/4.0/getsources',
             content_id, 'Downloading videos JSON', query={
-                'token': jwt_token.decode('utf-8')
+                'token': jwt_token.decode('utf-8'),
             })
 
-        video_id, videos_data = list(videos['data'].items())[0]
+        video_id, videos_data = next(iter(videos['data'].items()))
         error_msg = try_get(videos_data, lambda x: x['error']['title'])
         if error_msg == 'Geo check failed':
             self.raise_geo_restricted(error_msg)
         elif error_msg:
             raise ExtractorError(error_msg)
         entries = [
-            self._extract_video_info(url, contentResource[video['id']], video)
+            self._extract_video_info(url, content_resource[video['id']], video)
             for video in videos_data]
 
         return {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/audimedia.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/audimedia.py
index 35114e5455..c5a9c7e294 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/audimedia.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/audimedia.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class AudiMediaIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1448354940,
             'duration': 74022,
             'view_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.audi-mediacenter.com/en/audimediatv/video/60-seconds-of-audi-sport-104-2015-wec-bahrain-rookie-test-2991',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class AudiMediaIE(InfoExtractor):
                 bitrate = self._search_regex(r'(\d+)k', video_version_url, 'bitrate', default=None)
                 if bitrate:
                     f.update({
-                        'format_id': 'http-%s' % bitrate,
+                        'format_id': f'http-{bitrate}',
                     })
                 formats.append(f)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/audioboom.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/audioboom.py
index a23fcd2999..751b74add7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/audioboom.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/audioboom.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class AudioBoomIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 4000.99,
             'uploader': 'Sue Perkins: An hour or so with...',
             'uploader_url': r're:https?://(?:www\.)?audioboom\.com/channel/perkins',
-        }
+        },
     }, {  # Direct mp3-file link
         'url': 'https://audioboom.com/posts/8128496.mp3',
         'md5': 'e329edf304d450def95c7f86a9165ee1',
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class AudioBoomIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 1689.7,
             'uploader': 'Lost Dot Podcast: The Trans Pyrenees and Transcontinental Race',
             'uploader_url': r're:https?://(?:www\.)?audioboom\.com/channels/5003904',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://audioboom.com/posts/4279833-3-09-2016-czaban-hour-3?t=0',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/audiodraft.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/audiodraft.py
index 71e5afd8c8..484ad4e1ab 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/audiodraft.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/audiodraft.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ class AudiodraftBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             headers={
                 'Content-type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8',
                 'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
-            }, data=f'id={player_entry_id}'.encode('utf-8'))
+            }, data=f'id={player_entry_id}'.encode())
 
         return {
             'id': str(data_json['entry_id']),
@@ -65,9 +65,10 @@ class AudiodraftCustomIE(AudiodraftBaseIE):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, id)
-        player_entry_id = self._search_regex(r'playAudio\(\'(player_entry_\d+)\'\);', webpage, id, 'play entry id')
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
+        player_entry_id = self._search_regex(
+            r'playAudio\(\'(player_entry_\d+)\'\);', webpage, video_id, 'play entry id')
         return self._audiodraft_extract_from_id(player_entry_id)
 
 
@@ -89,5 +90,5 @@ class AudiodraftGenericIE(AudiodraftBaseIE):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        return self._audiodraft_extract_from_id(f'player_entry_{id}')
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        return self._audiodraft_extract_from_id(f'player_entry_{video_id}')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/audiomack.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/audiomack.py
index 5c4160fe46..1d4460c9f8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/audiomack.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/audiomack.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import time
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .soundcloud import SoundcloudIE
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     url_basename,
@@ -22,8 +21,8 @@ class AudiomackIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'id': '310086',
                 'ext': 'mp3',
                 'uploader': 'Roosh Williams',
-                'title': 'Extraordinary'
-            }
+                'title': 'Extraordinary',
+            },
         },
         # audiomack wrapper around soundcloud song
         # Needs new test URL.
@@ -56,7 +55,7 @@ class AudiomackIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         # API is inconsistent with errors
         if 'url' not in api_response or not api_response['url'] or 'error' in api_response:
-            raise ExtractorError('Invalid url %s' % url)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'Invalid url {url}')
 
         # Audiomack wraps a lot of soundcloud tracks in their branded wrapper
         # if so, pass the work off to the soundcloud extractor
@@ -64,7 +63,7 @@ class AudiomackIE(InfoExtractor):
             return self.url_result(api_response['url'], SoundcloudIE.ie_key())
 
         return {
-            'id': compat_str(api_response.get('id', album_url_tag)),
+            'id': str(api_response.get('id', album_url_tag)),
             'uploader': api_response.get('artist'),
             'title': api_response.get('title'),
             'url': api_response['url'],
@@ -82,8 +81,8 @@ class AudiomackAlbumIE(InfoExtractor):
             'info_dict':
             {
                 'id': '812251',
-                'title': 'Tha Tour: Part 2 (Official Mixtape)'
-            }
+                'title': 'Tha Tour: Part 2 (Official Mixtape)',
+            },
         },
         # Album playlist ripped from fakeshoredrive with no metadata
         {
@@ -98,16 +97,16 @@ class AudiomackAlbumIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'id': '837576',
                     'ext': 'mp3',
                     'uploader': 'Lil Herb a.k.a. G Herbo',
-                }
+                },
             }, {
                 'info_dict': {
                     'title': 'PPP (Pistol P Project) - 10. 4 Minutes Of Hell Part 4 (prod by DY OF 808 MAFIA)',
                     'id': '837580',
                     'ext': 'mp3',
                     'uploader': 'Lil Herb a.k.a. G Herbo',
-                }
+                },
             }],
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -123,12 +122,12 @@ class AudiomackAlbumIE(InfoExtractor):
             api_response = self._download_json(
                 'http://www.audiomack.com/api/music/url/album/%s/%d?extended=1&_=%d'
                 % (album_url_tag, track_no, time.time()), album_url_tag,
-                note='Querying song information (%d)' % (track_no + 1))
+                note=f'Querying song information ({track_no + 1})')
 
             # Total failure, only occurs when url is totally wrong
             # Won't happen in middle of valid playlist (next case)
             if 'url' not in api_response or 'error' in api_response:
-                raise ExtractorError('Invalid url for track %d of album url %s' % (track_no, url))
+                raise ExtractorError(f'Invalid url for track {track_no} of album url {url}')
             # URL is good but song id doesn't exist - usually means end of playlist
             elif not api_response['url']:
                 break
@@ -136,10 +135,10 @@ class AudiomackAlbumIE(InfoExtractor):
                 # Pull out the album metadata and add to result (if it exists)
                 for resultkey, apikey in [('id', 'album_id'), ('title', 'album_title')]:
                     if apikey in api_response and resultkey not in result:
-                        result[resultkey] = compat_str(api_response[apikey])
+                        result[resultkey] = str(api_response[apikey])
                 song_id = url_basename(api_response['url']).rpartition('.')[0]
                 result['entries'].append({
-                    'id': compat_str(api_response.get('id', song_id)),
+                    'id': str(api_response.get('id', song_id)),
                     'uploader': api_response.get('artist'),
                     'title': api_response.get('title', song_id),
                     'url': api_response['url'],
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/audius.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/audius.py
index 6448b449b9..c611c6e081 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/audius.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/audius.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import random
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str, compat_urllib_parse_unquote
 from ..utils import ExtractorError, str_or_none, try_get
 
 
@@ -15,13 +15,13 @@ class AudiusBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             if response_data is not None:
                 return response_data
             if len(response) == 1 and 'message' in response:
-                raise ExtractorError('API error: %s' % response['message'],
+                raise ExtractorError('API error: {}'.format(response['message']),
                                      expected=True)
         raise ExtractorError('Unexpected API response')
 
     def _select_api_base(self):
         """Selecting one of the currently available API hosts"""
-        response = super(AudiusBaseIE, self)._download_json(
+        response = super()._download_json(
             'https://api.audius.co/', None,
             note='Requesting available API hosts',
             errnote='Unable to request available API hosts')
@@ -41,8 +41,8 @@ class AudiusBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         anything from this link, since the Audius API won't be able to resolve
         this url
         """
-        url = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(url)
-        title = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(title)
+        url = urllib.parse.unquote(url)
+        title = urllib.parse.unquote(title)
         if '/' in title or '%2F' in title:
             fixed_title = title.replace('/', '%5C').replace('%2F', '%5C')
             return url.replace(title, fixed_title)
@@ -54,19 +54,19 @@ class AudiusBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         if self._API_BASE is None:
             self._select_api_base()
         try:
-            response = super(AudiusBaseIE, self)._download_json(
-                '%s%s%s' % (self._API_BASE, self._API_V, path), item_id, note=note,
+            response = super()._download_json(
+                f'{self._API_BASE}{self._API_V}{path}', item_id, note=note,
                 errnote=errnote, expected_status=expected_status)
         except ExtractorError as exc:
             # some of Audius API hosts may not work as expected and return HTML
-            if 'Failed to parse JSON' in compat_str(exc):
+            if 'Failed to parse JSON' in str(exc):
                 raise ExtractorError('An error occurred while receiving data. Try again',
                                      expected=True)
             raise exc
         return self._get_response_data(response)
 
     def _resolve_url(self, url, item_id):
-        return self._api_request('/resolve?url=%s' % url, item_id,
+        return self._api_request(f'/resolve?url={url}', item_id,
                                  expected_status=404)
 
 
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class AudiusIE(AudiusBaseIE):
                 'view_count': int,
                 'like_count': int,
                 'repost_count': int,
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             # Regular track
@@ -109,14 +109,14 @@ class AudiusIE(AudiusBaseIE):
                 'view_count': int,
                 'like_count': int,
                 'repost_count': int,
-            }
+            },
         },
     ]
 
     _ARTWORK_MAP = {
-        "150x150": 150,
-        "480x480": 480,
-        "1000x1000": 1000
+        '150x150': 150,
+        '480x480': 480,
+        '1000x1000': 1000,
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ class AudiusIE(AudiusBaseIE):
         else:  # API link
             title = None
             # uploader = None
-            track_data = self._api_request('/tracks/%s' % track_id, track_id)
+            track_data = self._api_request(f'/tracks/{track_id}', track_id)
 
         if not isinstance(track_data, dict):
             raise ExtractorError('Unexpected API response')
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ class AudiusIE(AudiusBaseIE):
         if isinstance(artworks_data, dict):
             for quality_key, thumbnail_url in artworks_data.items():
                 thumbnail = {
-                    "url": thumbnail_url
+                    'url': thumbnail_url,
                 }
                 quality_code = self._ARTWORK_MAP.get(quality_key)
                 if quality_code is not None:
@@ -154,12 +154,12 @@ class AudiusIE(AudiusBaseIE):
         return {
             'id': track_id,
             'title': track_data.get('title', title),
-            'url': '%s/v1/tracks/%s/stream' % (self._API_BASE, track_id),
+            'url': f'{self._API_BASE}/v1/tracks/{track_id}/stream',
             'ext': 'mp3',
             'description': track_data.get('description'),
             'duration': track_data.get('duration'),
             'track': track_data.get('title'),
-            'artist': try_get(track_data, lambda x: x['user']['name'], compat_str),
+            'artist': try_get(track_data, lambda x: x['user']['name'], str),
             'genre': track_data.get('genre'),
             'thumbnails': thumbnails,
             'view_count': track_data.get('play_count'),
@@ -175,11 +175,11 @@ class AudiusTrackIE(AudiusIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
     _TESTS = [
         {
             'url': 'audius:9RWlo',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         },
         {
             'url': 'audius:http://discoveryprovider.audius.prod-us-west-2.staked.cloud/v1/tracks/9RWlo',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         },
     ]
 
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ class AudiusPlaylistIE(AudiusBaseIE):
             if not track_id:
                 raise ExtractorError('Unable to get track ID from playlist')
             entries.append(self.url_result(
-                'audius:%s' % track_id,
+                f'audius:{track_id}',
                 ie=AudiusTrackIE.ie_key(), video_id=track_id))
         return entries
 
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ class AudiusPlaylistIE(AudiusBaseIE):
             raise ExtractorError('Unable to get playlist ID')
 
         playlist_tracks = self._api_request(
-            '/playlists/%s/tracks' % playlist_id,
+            f'/playlists/{playlist_id}/tracks',
             title, note='Downloading playlist tracks metadata',
             errnote='Unable to download playlist tracks metadata')
         if not isinstance(playlist_tracks, list):
@@ -267,5 +267,5 @@ class AudiusProfileIE(AudiusPlaylistIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete I
         profile_audius_id = _profile_data[0]['id']
         profile_bio = _profile_data[0].get('bio')
 
-        api_call = self._api_request('/full/users/handle/%s/tracks' % profile_id, profile_id)
+        api_call = self._api_request(f'/full/users/handle/{profile_id}/tracks', profile_id)
         return self.playlist_result(self._build_playlist(api_call), profile_audius_id, profile_id, profile_bio)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/awaan.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/awaan.py
index a8dfb3efcc..4066a5a83f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/awaan.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/awaan.py
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 import base64
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlencode,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     format_field,
     int_or_none,
@@ -22,14 +19,14 @@ class AWAANIE(InfoExtractor):
         show_id, video_id, season_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
         if video_id and int(video_id) > 0:
             return self.url_result(
-                'http://awaan.ae/media/%s' % video_id, 'AWAANVideo')
+                f'http://awaan.ae/media/{video_id}', 'AWAANVideo')
         elif season_id and int(season_id) > 0:
             return self.url_result(smuggle_url(
-                'http://awaan.ae/program/season/%s' % season_id,
+                f'http://awaan.ae/program/season/{season_id}',
                 {'show_id': show_id}), 'AWAANSeason')
         else:
             return self.url_result(
-                'http://awaan.ae/program/%s' % show_id, 'AWAANSeason')
+                f'http://awaan.ae/program/{show_id}', 'AWAANSeason')
 
 
 class AWAANBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -75,11 +72,11 @@ class AWAANVideoIE(AWAANBaseIE):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         video_data = self._download_json(
-            'http://admin.mangomolo.com/analytics/index.php/plus/video?id=%s' % video_id,
+            f'http://admin.mangomolo.com/analytics/index.php/plus/video?id={video_id}',
             video_id, headers={'Origin': 'http://awaan.ae'})
         info = self._parse_video_data(video_data, video_id, False)
 
-        embed_url = 'http://admin.mangomolo.com/analytics/index.php/customers/embed/video?' + compat_urllib_parse_urlencode({
+        embed_url = 'http://admin.mangomolo.com/analytics/index.php/customers/embed/video?' + urllib.parse.urlencode({
             'id': video_data['id'],
             'user_id': video_data['user_id'],
             'signature': video_data['signature'],
@@ -117,11 +114,11 @@ class AWAANLiveIE(AWAANBaseIE):
         channel_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         channel_data = self._download_json(
-            'http://admin.mangomolo.com/analytics/index.php/plus/getchanneldetails?channel_id=%s' % channel_id,
+            f'http://admin.mangomolo.com/analytics/index.php/plus/getchanneldetails?channel_id={channel_id}',
             channel_id, headers={'Origin': 'http://awaan.ae'})
         info = self._parse_video_data(channel_data, channel_id, True)
 
-        embed_url = 'http://admin.mangomolo.com/analytics/index.php/customers/embed/index?' + compat_urllib_parse_urlencode({
+        embed_url = 'http://admin.mangomolo.com/analytics/index.php/customers/embed/index?' + urllib.parse.urlencode({
             'id': base64.b64encode(channel_data['user_id'].encode()).decode(),
             'channelid': base64.b64encode(channel_data['id'].encode()).decode(),
             'signature': channel_data['signature'],
@@ -159,7 +156,7 @@ class AWAANSeasonIE(InfoExtractor):
             show_id = smuggled_data.get('show_id')
             if show_id is None:
                 season = self._download_json(
-                    'http://admin.mangomolo.com/analytics/index.php/plus/season_info?id=%s' % season_id,
+                    f'http://admin.mangomolo.com/analytics/index.php/plus/season_info?id={season_id}',
                     season_id, headers={'Origin': 'http://awaan.ae'})
                 show_id = season['id']
         data['show_id'] = show_id
@@ -167,7 +164,7 @@ class AWAANSeasonIE(InfoExtractor):
             'http://admin.mangomolo.com/analytics/index.php/plus/show',
             show_id, data=urlencode_postdata(data), headers={
                 'Origin': 'http://awaan.ae',
-                'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
+                'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
             })
         if not season_id:
             season_id = show['default_season']
@@ -177,8 +174,8 @@ class AWAANSeasonIE(InfoExtractor):
 
                 entries = []
                 for video in show['videos']:
-                    video_id = compat_str(video['id'])
+                    video_id = str(video['id'])
                     entries.append(self.url_result(
-                        'http://awaan.ae/media/%s' % video_id, 'AWAANVideo', video_id))
+                        f'http://awaan.ae/media/{video_id}', 'AWAANVideo', video_id))
 
                 return self.playlist_result(entries, season_id, title)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/aws.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/aws.py
index 4ebef92957..177c410275 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/aws.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/aws.py
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 import datetime as dt
 import hashlib
 import hmac
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_urlencode
 
 
 class AWSIE(InfoExtractor):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should end with BaseIE/InfoExtractor
@@ -18,20 +18,20 @@ class AWSIE(InfoExtractor):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should end with
             'Accept': 'application/json',
             'Host': self._AWS_PROXY_HOST,
             'X-Amz-Date': amz_date,
-            'X-Api-Key': self._AWS_API_KEY
+            'X-Api-Key': self._AWS_API_KEY,
         }
         session_token = aws_dict.get('session_token')
         if session_token:
             headers['X-Amz-Security-Token'] = session_token
 
         def aws_hash(s):
-            return hashlib.sha256(s.encode('utf-8')).hexdigest()
+            return hashlib.sha256(s.encode()).hexdigest()
 
         # Task 1: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/general/latest/gr/sigv4-create-canonical-request.html
-        canonical_querystring = compat_urllib_parse_urlencode(query)
+        canonical_querystring = urllib.parse.urlencode(query)
         canonical_headers = ''
         for header_name, header_value in sorted(headers.items()):
-            canonical_headers += '%s:%s\n' % (header_name.lower(), header_value)
+            canonical_headers += f'{header_name.lower()}:{header_value}\n'
         signed_headers = ';'.join([header.lower() for header in sorted(headers.keys())])
         canonical_request = '\n'.join([
             'GET',
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class AWSIE(InfoExtractor):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should end with
             canonical_querystring,
             canonical_headers,
             signed_headers,
-            aws_hash('')
+            aws_hash(''),
         ])
 
         # Task 2: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/general/latest/gr/sigv4-create-string-to-sign.html
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class AWSIE(InfoExtractor):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should end with
 
         # Task 3: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/general/latest/gr/sigv4-calculate-signature.html
         def aws_hmac(key, msg):
-            return hmac.new(key, msg.encode('utf-8'), hashlib.sha256)
+            return hmac.new(key, msg.encode(), hashlib.sha256)
 
         def aws_hmac_digest(key, msg):
             return aws_hmac(key, msg).digest()
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class AWSIE(InfoExtractor):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should end with
         def aws_hmac_hexdigest(key, msg):
             return aws_hmac(key, msg).hexdigest()
 
-        k_signing = ('AWS4' + aws_dict['secret_key']).encode('utf-8')
+        k_signing = ('AWS4' + aws_dict['secret_key']).encode()
         for value in credential_scope_list:
             k_signing = aws_hmac_digest(k_signing, value)
 
@@ -65,11 +65,11 @@ class AWSIE(InfoExtractor):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should end with
 
         # Task 4: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/general/latest/gr/sigv4-add-signature-to-request.html
         headers['Authorization'] = ', '.join([
-            '%s Credential=%s/%s' % (self._AWS_ALGORITHM, aws_dict['access_key'], credential_scope),
-            'SignedHeaders=%s' % signed_headers,
-            'Signature=%s' % signature,
+            '{} Credential={}/{}'.format(self._AWS_ALGORITHM, aws_dict['access_key'], credential_scope),
+            f'SignedHeaders={signed_headers}',
+            f'Signature={signature}',
         ])
 
         return self._download_json(
-            'https://%s%s%s' % (self._AWS_PROXY_HOST, aws_dict['uri'], '?' + canonical_querystring if canonical_querystring else ''),
+            'https://{}{}{}'.format(self._AWS_PROXY_HOST, aws_dict['uri'], '?' + canonical_querystring if canonical_querystring else ''),
             video_id, headers=headers)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/azmedien.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/azmedien.py
index d1686eed64..0e3a03f03f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/azmedien.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/azmedien.py
@@ -38,14 +38,14 @@ class AZMedienIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1538328802,
             'view_count': int,
             'thumbnail': 'http://cfvod.kaltura.com/p/1719221/sp/171922100/thumbnail/entry_id/1_anruz3wy/version/100031',
-            'duration': 1930
+            'duration': 1930,
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.telebaern.tv/telebaern-news/montag-1-oktober-2018-ganze-sendung-133531189#video=0_7xjo9lf1',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
     _API_TEMPL = 'https://www.%s/api/pub/gql/%s/NewsArticleTeaser/a4016f65fe62b81dc6664dd9f4910e4ab40383be'
     _PARTNER_ID = '1719221'
@@ -62,5 +62,5 @@ class AZMedienIE(InfoExtractor):
                 })['data']['context']['mainAsset']['video']['kaltura']['kalturaId']
 
         return self.url_result(
-            'kaltura:%s:%s' % (self._PARTNER_ID, entry_id),
+            f'kaltura:{self._PARTNER_ID}:{entry_id}',
             ie=KalturaIE.ie_key(), video_id=entry_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/baidu.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/baidu.py
index 8786d67e06..a1ad4240ff 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/baidu.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/baidu.py
@@ -24,8 +24,9 @@ class BaiduVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
     }]
 
     def _call_api(self, path, category, playlist_id, note):
-        return self._download_json('http://app.video.baidu.com/%s/?worktype=adnative%s&id=%s' % (
-            path, category, playlist_id), playlist_id, note)
+        return self._download_json(
+            f'http://app.video.baidu.com/{path}/?worktype=adnative{category}&id={playlist_id}',
+            playlist_id, note)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         category, playlist_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
@@ -44,7 +45,7 @@ class BaiduVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'xqsingle', category, playlist_id, 'Download episodes JSON metadata')
 
         entries = [self.url_result(
-            episode['url'], video_title=episode['title']
+            episode['url'], video_title=episode['title'],
         ) for episode in episodes_detail['videos']]
 
         return self.playlist_result(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/banbye.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/banbye.py
index c4e07a79a8..d10bdf8daa 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/banbye.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/banbye.py
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 import math
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_parse_qs,
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     InAdvancePagedList,
     format_field,
@@ -20,8 +17,8 @@ class BanByeBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     @staticmethod
     def _extract_playlist_id(url, param='playlist'):
-        return compat_parse_qs(
-            compat_urllib_parse_urlparse(url).query).get(param, [None])[0]
+        return urllib.parse.parse_qs(
+            urllib.parse.urlparse(url).query).get(param, [None])[0]
 
     def _extract_playlist(self, playlist_id):
         data = self._download_json(f'{self._API_BASE}/playlists/{playlist_id}', playlist_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bandcamp.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bandcamp.py
index e89b3a69b3..6128de791b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bandcamp.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bandcamp.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import re
 import time
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     KNOWN_EXTENSIONS,
     ExtractorError,
@@ -42,7 +41,7 @@ class BandcampIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': 'youtube-dl',
             'thumbnail': 'https://f4.bcbits.com/img/a3216802731_5.jpg',
         },
-        '_skip': 'There is a limit of 200 free downloads / month for the test song'
+        '_skip': 'There is a limit of 200 free downloads / month for the test song',
     }, {
         # free download
         'url': 'http://benprunty.bandcamp.com/track/lanius-battle',
@@ -119,7 +118,7 @@ class BandcampIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _extract_data_attr(self, webpage, video_id, attr='tralbum', fatal=True):
         return self._parse_json(self._html_search_regex(
-            r'data-%s=(["\'])({.+?})\1' % attr, webpage,
+            rf'data-{attr}=(["\'])({{.+?}})\1', webpage,
             attr + ' data', group=2), video_id, fatal=fatal)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -167,7 +166,7 @@ class BandcampIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         download_link = tralbum.get('freeDownloadPage')
         if download_link:
-            track_id = compat_str(tralbum['id'])
+            track_id = str(tralbum['id'])
 
             download_webpage = self._download_webpage(
                 download_link, track_id, 'Downloading free downloads page')
@@ -192,7 +191,7 @@ class BandcampIE(InfoExtractor):
                     if isinstance(download_formats_list, list):
                         for f in blob['download_formats']:
                             name, ext = f.get('name'), f.get('file_extension')
-                            if all(isinstance(x, compat_str) for x in (name, ext)):
+                            if all(isinstance(x, str) for x in (name, ext)):
                                 download_formats[name] = ext.strip('.')
 
                     for format_id, f in downloads.items():
@@ -207,7 +206,7 @@ class BandcampIE(InfoExtractor):
                             })
                         format_id = f.get('encoding_name') or format_id
                         stat = self._download_json(
-                            stat_url, track_id, 'Downloading %s JSON' % format_id,
+                            stat_url, track_id, f'Downloading {format_id} JSON',
                             transform_source=lambda s: s[s.index('{'):s.rindex('}') + 1],
                             fatal=False)
                         if not stat:
@@ -225,7 +224,7 @@ class BandcampIE(InfoExtractor):
                             'acodec': format_id.split('-')[0],
                         })
 
-        title = '%s - %s' % (artist, track) if artist else track
+        title = f'{artist} - {track}' if artist else track
 
         if not duration:
             duration = float_or_none(self._html_search_meta(
@@ -267,7 +266,7 @@ class BandcampAlbumIE(BandcampIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
                     'timestamp': 1311756226,
                     'upload_date': '20110727',
                     'uploader': 'Blazo',
-                }
+                },
             },
             {
                 'md5': '1a2c32e2691474643e912cc6cd4bffaa',
@@ -278,7 +277,7 @@ class BandcampAlbumIE(BandcampIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
                     'timestamp': 1311757238,
                     'upload_date': '20110727',
                     'uploader': 'Blazo',
-                }
+                },
             },
         ],
         'info_dict': {
@@ -287,9 +286,9 @@ class BandcampAlbumIE(BandcampIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             'uploader_id': 'blazo',
         },
         'params': {
-            'playlistend': 2
+            'playlistend': 2,
         },
-        'skip': 'Bandcamp imposes download limits.'
+        'skip': 'Bandcamp imposes download limits.',
     }, {
         'url': 'http://nightbringer.bandcamp.com/album/hierophany-of-the-open-grave',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -324,7 +323,7 @@ class BandcampAlbumIE(BandcampIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
     def suitable(cls, url):
         return (False
                 if BandcampWeeklyIE.suitable(url) or BandcampIE.suitable(url)
-                else super(BandcampAlbumIE, cls).suitable(url))
+                else super().suitable(url))
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         uploader_id, album_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
@@ -376,7 +375,7 @@ class BandcampWeeklyIE(BandcampIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://bandcamp.com/?blah/blah@&show=228',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -407,7 +406,7 @@ class BandcampWeeklyIE(BandcampIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
         title = show.get('audio_title') or 'Bandcamp Weekly'
         subtitle = show.get('subtitle')
         if subtitle:
-            title += ' - %s' % subtitle
+            title += f' - {subtitle}'
 
         return {
             'id': show_id,
@@ -419,7 +418,7 @@ class BandcampWeeklyIE(BandcampIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             'series': 'Bandcamp Weekly',
             'episode': show.get('subtitle'),
             'episode_id': show_id,
-            'formats': formats
+            'formats': formats,
         }
 
 
@@ -440,7 +439,7 @@ class BandcampUserIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'http://dotscale.bandcamp.com',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'dotscale',
-            'title': 'Discography of dotscale'
+            'title': 'Discography of dotscale',
         },
         'playlist_count': 1,
     }, {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bannedvideo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bannedvideo.py
index 82dc9ab025..46f2978f7f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bannedvideo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bannedvideo.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class BannedVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:560d96f02abbebe6c6b78b47465f6b28',
             'upload_date': '20200324',
             'timestamp': 1585087895,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     _GRAPHQL_GETMETADATA_QUERY = '''
@@ -84,15 +84,15 @@ query GetCommentReplies($id: String!) {
         'GetCommentReplies': _GRAPHQL_GETCOMMENTSREPLIES_QUERY,
     }
 
-    def _call_api(self, video_id, id, operation, note):
+    def _call_api(self, video_id, id_var, operation, note):
         return self._download_json(
             'https://api.infowarsmedia.com/graphql', video_id, note=note,
             headers={
-                'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=utf-8'
+                'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=utf-8',
             }, data=json.dumps({
-                'variables': {'id': id},
+                'variables': {'id': id_var},
                 'operationName': operation,
-                'query': self._GRAPHQL_QUERIES[operation]
+                'query': self._GRAPHQL_QUERIES[operation],
             }).encode('utf8')).get('data')
 
     def _get_comments(self, video_id, comments, comment_data):
@@ -151,5 +151,5 @@ query GetCommentReplies($id: String!) {
             'tags': [tag.get('name') for tag in video_info.get('tags')],
             'availability': self._availability(is_unlisted=video_info.get('unlisted')),
             'comments': comments,
-            '__post_extractor': self.extract_comments(video_id, comments, video_json.get('getVideoComments'))
+            '__post_extractor': self.extract_comments(video_id, comments, video_json.get('getVideoComments')),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bbc.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bbc.py
index f6b58b361f..3af923f958 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bbc.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bbc.py
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ import functools
 import itertools
 import json
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 import xml.etree.ElementTree
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str, compat_urlparse
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class BBCCoUkIE(InfoExtractor):
     IE_NAME = 'bbc.co.uk'
     IE_DESC = 'BBC iPlayer'
     _ID_REGEX = r'(?:[pbml][\da-z]{7}|w[\da-z]{7,14})'
-    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
+    _VALID_URL = rf'''(?x)
                     https?://
                         (?:www\.)?bbc\.co\.uk/
                         (?:
@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ class BBCCoUkIE(InfoExtractor):
                             radio/player/|
                             events/[^/]+/play/[^/]+/
                         )
-                        (?P<id>%s)(?!/(?:episodes|broadcasts|clips))
-                    ''' % _ID_REGEX
+                        (?P<id>{_ID_REGEX})(?!/(?:episodes|broadcasts|clips))
+                    '''
     _EMBED_REGEX = [r'setPlaylist\("(?P<url>https?://www\.bbc\.co\.uk/iplayer/[^/]+/[\da-z]{8})"\)']
 
     _LOGIN_URL = 'https://account.bbc.com/signin'
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class BBCCoUkIE(InfoExtractor):
             'params': {
                 # rtmp download
                 'skip_download': True,
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b00yng5w/The_Man_in_Black_Series_3_The_Printed_Name/',
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ class BBCCoUkIE(InfoExtractor):
             'params': {
                 # rtmp download
                 'skip_download': True,
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'url': 'http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/clips/p025c0zz',
             'note': 'Video',
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ class BBCCoUkIE(InfoExtractor):
             'params': {
                 # rtmp download
                 'skip_download': True,
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'url': 'http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b054fn09/ad/natural-world-20152016-2-super-powered-owls',
             'info_dict': {
@@ -268,19 +268,19 @@ class BBCCoUkIE(InfoExtractor):
             error = clean_html(get_element_by_class('form-message', response))
             if error:
                 raise ExtractorError(
-                    'Unable to login: %s' % error, expected=True)
+                    f'Unable to login: {error}', expected=True)
             raise ExtractorError('Unable to log in')
 
     class MediaSelectionError(Exception):
-        def __init__(self, id):
-            self.id = id
+        def __init__(self, error_id):
+            self.id = error_id
 
     def _extract_asx_playlist(self, connection, programme_id):
         asx = self._download_xml(connection.get('href'), programme_id, 'Downloading ASX playlist')
         return [ref.get('href') for ref in asx.findall('./Entry/ref')]
 
     def _extract_items(self, playlist):
-        return playlist.findall('./{%s}item' % self._EMP_PLAYLIST_NS)
+        return playlist.findall(f'./{{{self._EMP_PLAYLIST_NS}}}item')
 
     def _extract_medias(self, media_selection):
         error = media_selection.get('result')
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ class BBCCoUkIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _raise_extractor_error(self, media_selection_error):
         raise ExtractorError(
-            '%s returned error: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, media_selection_error.id),
+            f'{self.IE_NAME} returned error: {media_selection_error.id}',
             expected=True)
 
     def _download_media_selector(self, programme_id):
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ class BBCCoUkIE(InfoExtractor):
                         for i, ref in enumerate(self._extract_asx_playlist(connection, programme_id)):
                             formats.append({
                                 'url': ref,
-                                'format_id': 'ref%s_%s' % (i, format_id),
+                                'format_id': f'ref{i}_{format_id}',
                             })
                     elif transfer_format == 'dash':
                         formats.extend(self._extract_mpd_formats(
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ class BBCCoUkIE(InfoExtractor):
                             href, programme_id, f4m_id=format_id, fatal=False))
                     else:
                         if not supplier and bitrate:
-                            format_id += '-%d' % bitrate
+                            format_id += f'-{bitrate}'
                         fmt = {
                             'format_id': format_id,
                             'filesize': file_size,
@@ -423,9 +423,9 @@ class BBCCoUkIE(InfoExtractor):
                             identifier = connection.get('identifier')
                             server = connection.get('server')
                             fmt.update({
-                                'url': '%s://%s/%s?%s' % (protocol, server, application, auth_string),
+                                'url': f'{protocol}://{server}/{application}?{auth_string}',
                                 'play_path': identifier,
-                                'app': '%s?%s' % (application, auth_string),
+                                'app': f'{application}?{auth_string}',
                                 'page_url': 'http://www.bbc.co.uk',
                                 'player_url': 'http://www.bbc.co.uk/emp/releases/iplayer/revisions/617463_618125_4/617463_618125_4_emp.swf',
                                 'rtmp_live': False,
@@ -441,7 +441,7 @@ class BBCCoUkIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _download_playlist(self, playlist_id):
         try:
             playlist = self._download_json(
-                'http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/%s/playlist.json' % playlist_id,
+                f'http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/{playlist_id}/playlist.json',
                 playlist_id, 'Downloading playlist JSON')
             formats = []
             subtitles = {}
@@ -480,32 +480,32 @@ class BBCCoUkIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _process_legacy_playlist(self, playlist_id):
         return self._process_legacy_playlist_url(
-            'http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/playlist/%s' % playlist_id, playlist_id)
+            f'http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/playlist/{playlist_id}', playlist_id)
 
     def _download_legacy_playlist_url(self, url, playlist_id=None):
         return self._download_xml(
             url, playlist_id, 'Downloading legacy playlist XML')
 
     def _extract_from_legacy_playlist(self, playlist, playlist_id):
-        no_items = playlist.find('./{%s}noItems' % self._EMP_PLAYLIST_NS)
+        no_items = playlist.find(f'./{{{self._EMP_PLAYLIST_NS}}}noItems')
         if no_items is not None:
             reason = no_items.get('reason')
             if reason == 'preAvailability':
-                msg = 'Episode %s is not yet available' % playlist_id
+                msg = f'Episode {playlist_id} is not yet available'
             elif reason == 'postAvailability':
-                msg = 'Episode %s is no longer available' % playlist_id
+                msg = f'Episode {playlist_id} is no longer available'
             elif reason == 'noMedia':
-                msg = 'Episode %s is not currently available' % playlist_id
+                msg = f'Episode {playlist_id} is not currently available'
             else:
-                msg = 'Episode %s is not available: %s' % (playlist_id, reason)
+                msg = f'Episode {playlist_id} is not available: {reason}'
             raise ExtractorError(msg, expected=True)
 
         for item in self._extract_items(playlist):
             kind = item.get('kind')
             if kind not in ('programme', 'radioProgramme'):
                 continue
-            title = playlist.find('./{%s}title' % self._EMP_PLAYLIST_NS).text
-            description_el = playlist.find('./{%s}summary' % self._EMP_PLAYLIST_NS)
+            title = playlist.find(f'./{{{self._EMP_PLAYLIST_NS}}}title').text
+            description_el = playlist.find(f'./{{{self._EMP_PLAYLIST_NS}}}summary')
             description = description_el.text if description_el is not None else None
 
             def get_programme_id(item):
@@ -515,7 +515,7 @@ class BBCCoUkIE(InfoExtractor):
                         if value and re.match(r'^[pb][\da-z]{7}$', value):
                             return value
                 get_from_attributes(item)
-                mediator = item.find('./{%s}mediator' % self._EMP_PLAYLIST_NS)
+                mediator = item.find(f'./{{{self._EMP_PLAYLIST_NS}}}mediator')
                 if mediator is not None:
                     return get_from_attributes(mediator)
 
@@ -555,7 +555,7 @@ class BBCCoUkIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         if not programme_id:
             programme_id = self._search_regex(
-                r'"vpid"\s*:\s*"(%s)"' % self._ID_REGEX, webpage, 'vpid', fatal=False, default=None)
+                rf'"vpid"\s*:\s*"({self._ID_REGEX})"', webpage, 'vpid', fatal=False, default=None)
 
         if programme_id:
             formats, subtitles = self._download_media_selector(programme_id)
@@ -641,7 +641,7 @@ class BBCIE(BBCCoUkIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # article with single video embedded with data-playable containing XML playlist
         # with direct video links as progressiveDownloadUrl (for now these are extracted)
@@ -884,7 +884,7 @@ class BBCIE(BBCCoUkIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             'uploader_id': 'bbc_world_service',
             'series': 'CrowdScience',
             'chapters': [],
-        }
+        },
     }, {  # onion routes
         'url': 'https://www.bbcnewsd73hkzno2ini43t4gblxvycyac5aw4gnv7t2rccijh7745uqd.onion/news/av/world-europe-63208576',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -897,7 +897,7 @@ class BBCIE(BBCCoUkIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
     def suitable(cls, url):
         EXCLUDE_IE = (BBCCoUkIE, BBCCoUkArticleIE, BBCCoUkIPlayerEpisodesIE, BBCCoUkIPlayerGroupIE, BBCCoUkPlaylistIE)
         return (False if any(ie.suitable(url) for ie in EXCLUDE_IE)
-                else super(BBCIE, cls).suitable(url))
+                else super().suitable(url))
 
     def _extract_from_media_meta(self, media_meta, video_id):
         # Direct links to media in media metadata (e.g.
@@ -1009,7 +1009,7 @@ class BBCIE(BBCCoUkIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
                         if playlist:
                             entry = None
                             for key in ('streaming', 'progressiveDownload'):
-                                playlist_url = playlist.get('%sUrl' % key)
+                                playlist_url = playlist.get(f'{key}Url')
                                 if not playlist_url:
                                     continue
                                 try:
@@ -1035,7 +1035,7 @@ class BBCIE(BBCCoUkIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
 
         # http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningenglish/chinese/features/lingohack/ep-181227
         group_id = self._search_regex(
-            r'<div[^>]+\bclass=["\']video["\'][^>]+\bdata-pid=["\'](%s)' % self._ID_REGEX,
+            rf'<div[^>]+\bclass=["\']video["\'][^>]+\bdata-pid=["\']({self._ID_REGEX})',
             webpage, 'group id', default=None)
         if group_id:
             return self.url_result(
@@ -1043,9 +1043,9 @@ class BBCIE(BBCCoUkIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
 
         # single video story (e.g. http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20150625-sri-lankas-spicy-secret)
         programme_id = self._search_regex(
-            [r'data-(?:video-player|media)-vpid="(%s)"' % self._ID_REGEX,
-             r'<param[^>]+name="externalIdentifier"[^>]+value="(%s)"' % self._ID_REGEX,
-             r'videoId\s*:\s*["\'](%s)["\']' % self._ID_REGEX],
+            [rf'data-(?:video-player|media)-vpid="({self._ID_REGEX})"',
+             rf'<param[^>]+name="externalIdentifier"[^>]+value="({self._ID_REGEX})"',
+             rf'videoId\s*:\s*["\']({self._ID_REGEX})["\']'],
             webpage, 'vpid', default=None)
 
         if programme_id:
@@ -1142,7 +1142,7 @@ class BBCIE(BBCCoUkIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
                         video_id, url_transparent=True)
                 entry.update({
                     'timestamp': traverse_obj(morph_payload, (
-                        'body', 'content', 'article', 'dateTimeInfo', 'dateTime', {parse_iso8601})
+                        'body', 'content', 'article', 'dateTimeInfo', 'dateTime', {parse_iso8601}),
                     ),
                     **traverse_obj(video_data, {
                         'thumbnail': (('iChefImage', 'image'), {url_or_none}, any),
@@ -1189,7 +1189,7 @@ class BBCIE(BBCCoUkIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
                             'primary', 'secondary', 'tertiary', delim=' - ', from_dict=x)}),
                         'start_time': ('offset', 'start', {float_or_none}),
                         'end_time': ('offset', 'end', {float_or_none}),
-                    })
+                    }),
                 ),
             }
 
@@ -1287,7 +1287,7 @@ class BBCIE(BBCCoUkIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
                     'description': ('synopses', ('long', 'medium', 'short'), {str}, {lambda x: x or None}, any),
                     'duration': ('versions', 0, 'duration', {int}),
                     'timestamp': ('versions', 0, 'availableFrom', {functools.partial(int_or_none, scale=1000)}),
-                })
+                }),
             }
 
         def is_type(*types):
@@ -1331,7 +1331,7 @@ class BBCIE(BBCCoUkIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
                     if blocks:
                         summary = []
                         for block in blocks:
-                            text = try_get(block, lambda x: x['model']['text'], compat_str)
+                            text = try_get(block, lambda x: x['model']['text'], str)
                             if text:
                                 summary.append(text)
                         if summary:
@@ -1411,9 +1411,9 @@ class BBCIE(BBCCoUkIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
                     entries, playlist_id, playlist_title, playlist_description)
 
         def extract_all(pattern):
-            return list(filter(None, map(
-                lambda s: self._parse_json(s, playlist_id, fatal=False),
-                re.findall(pattern, webpage))))
+            return list(filter(None, (
+                self._parse_json(s, playlist_id, fatal=False)
+                for s in re.findall(pattern, webpage))))
 
         # US accessed article with single embedded video (e.g.
         # https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-68546268)
@@ -1435,14 +1435,14 @@ class BBCIE(BBCCoUkIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
 
         # Multiple video article (e.g.
         # http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/adamcurtis/entries/3662a707-0af9-3149-963f-47bea720b460)
-        EMBED_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?bbc\.co\.uk/(?:[^/]+/)+%s(?:\b[^"]+)?' % self._ID_REGEX
+        EMBED_URL = rf'https?://(?:www\.)?bbc\.co\.uk/(?:[^/]+/)+{self._ID_REGEX}(?:\b[^"]+)?'
         entries = []
         for match in extract_all(r'new\s+SMP\(({.+?})\)'):
             embed_url = match.get('playerSettings', {}).get('externalEmbedUrl')
             if embed_url and re.match(EMBED_URL, embed_url):
                 entries.append(embed_url)
         entries.extend(re.findall(
-            r'setPlaylist\("(%s)"\)' % EMBED_URL, webpage))
+            rf'setPlaylist\("({EMBED_URL})"\)', webpage))
         if entries:
             return self.playlist_result(
                 [self.url_result(entry_, 'BBCCoUk') for entry_ in entries],
@@ -1492,11 +1492,11 @@ class BBCIE(BBCCoUkIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
 
             video_id = media_meta.get('externalId')
             if not video_id:
-                video_id = playlist_id if len(medias) == 1 else '%s-%s' % (playlist_id, num)
+                video_id = playlist_id if len(medias) == 1 else f'{playlist_id}-{num}'
 
             title = media_meta.get('caption')
             if not title:
-                title = playlist_title if len(medias) == 1 else '%s - Video %s' % (playlist_title, num)
+                title = playlist_title if len(medias) == 1 else f'{playlist_title} - Video {num}'
 
             duration = int_or_none(media_meta.get('durationInSeconds')) or parse_duration(media_meta.get('duration'))
 
@@ -1557,8 +1557,8 @@ class BBCCoUkArticleIE(InfoExtractor):
 
 class BBCCoUkPlaylistBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _entries(self, webpage, url, playlist_id):
-        single_page = 'page' in compat_urlparse.parse_qs(
-            compat_urlparse.urlparse(url).query)
+        single_page = 'page' in urllib.parse.parse_qs(
+            urllib.parse.urlparse(url).query)
         for page_num in itertools.count(2):
             for video_id in re.findall(
                     self._VIDEO_ID_TEMPLATE % BBCCoUkIE._ID_REGEX, webpage):
@@ -1572,8 +1572,8 @@ class BBCCoUkPlaylistBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             if not next_page:
                 break
             webpage = self._download_webpage(
-                compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, next_page), playlist_id,
-                'Downloading page %d' % page_num, page_num)
+                urllib.parse.urljoin(url, next_page), playlist_id,
+                f'Downloading page {page_num}', page_num)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -1588,7 +1588,7 @@ class BBCCoUkPlaylistBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
 
 class BBCCoUkIPlayerPlaylistBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL_TMPL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?bbc\.co\.uk/iplayer/%%s/(?P<id>%s)' % BBCCoUkIE._ID_REGEX
+    _VALID_URL_TMPL = rf'https?://(?:www\.)?bbc\.co\.uk/iplayer/%s/(?P<id>{BBCCoUkIE._ID_REGEX})'
 
     @staticmethod
     def _get_default(episode, key, default_key='default'):
@@ -1712,11 +1712,11 @@ class BBCCoUkIPlayerEpisodesIE(BBCCoUkIPlayerPlaylistBaseIE):
             variables['sliceId'] = series_id
         return self._download_json(
             'https://graph.ibl.api.bbc.co.uk/', pid, headers={
-                'Content-Type': 'application/json'
+                'Content-Type': 'application/json',
             }, data=json.dumps({
                 'id': '5692d93d5aac8d796a0305e895e61551',
                 'variables': variables,
-            }).encode('utf-8'))['data']['programme']
+            }).encode())['data']['programme']
 
     @staticmethod
     def _get_playlist_data(data):
@@ -1776,7 +1776,7 @@ class BBCCoUkIPlayerGroupIE(BBCCoUkIPlayerPlaylistBaseIE):
 
     def _call_api(self, pid, per_page, page=1, series_id=None):
         return self._download_json(
-            'http://ibl.api.bbc.co.uk/ibl/v1/groups/%s/episodes' % pid,
+            f'http://ibl.api.bbc.co.uk/ibl/v1/groups/{pid}/episodes',
             pid, query={
                 'page': page,
                 'per_page': per_page,
@@ -1792,7 +1792,7 @@ class BBCCoUkIPlayerGroupIE(BBCCoUkIPlayerPlaylistBaseIE):
 
 class BBCCoUkPlaylistIE(BBCCoUkPlaylistBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'bbc.co.uk:playlist'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?bbc\.co\.uk/programmes/(?P<id>%s)/(?:episodes|broadcasts|clips)' % BBCCoUkIE._ID_REGEX
+    _VALID_URL = rf'https?://(?:www\.)?bbc\.co\.uk/programmes/(?P<id>{BBCCoUkIE._ID_REGEX})/(?:episodes|broadcasts|clips)'
     _URL_TEMPLATE = 'http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/%s'
     _VIDEO_ID_TEMPLATE = r'data-pid=["\'](%s)'
     _TESTS = [{
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/beatport.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/beatport.py
index 0aecbd089d..acc8d12595 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/beatport.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/beatport.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import int_or_none
 
 
@@ -33,7 +32,7 @@ class BeatportIE(InfoExtractor):
             'display_id': 'birds-original-mix',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': "Tos, Middle Milk, Mumblin' Johnsson - Birds (Original Mix)",
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -51,7 +50,7 @@ class BeatportIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         track = next(t for t in playables['tracks'] if t['id'] == int(track_id))
 
-        title = ', '.join((a['name'] for a in track['artists'])) + ' - ' + track['name']
+        title = ', '.join(a['name'] for a in track['artists']) + ' - ' + track['name']
         if track['mix']:
             title += ' (' + track['mix'] + ')'
 
@@ -89,7 +88,7 @@ class BeatportIE(InfoExtractor):
             images.append(image)
 
         return {
-            'id': compat_str(track.get('id')) or track_id,
+            'id': str(track.get('id')) or track_id,
             'display_id': track.get('slug') or display_id,
             'title': title,
             'formats': formats,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/beeg.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/beeg.py
index da98ac3140..960cdfabdd 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/beeg.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/beeg.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class BeegIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20220131',
             'timestamp': 1643656455,
             'display_id': '2540839',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://beeg.com/-0599050563103750?t=4-861',
         'md5': 'bd8b5ea75134f7f07fad63008db2060e',
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class BeegIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1643623200,
             'display_id': '2569965',
             'upload_date': '20220131',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # api/v6 v2
         'url': 'https://beeg.com/1941093077?t=911-1391',
@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ class BeegIE(InfoExtractor):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
 
         video = self._download_json(
-            'https://store.externulls.com/facts/file/%s' % video_id,
-            video_id, 'Downloading JSON for %s' % video_id)
+            f'https://store.externulls.com/facts/file/{video_id}',
+            video_id, f'Downloading JSON for {video_id}')
 
         fc_facts = video.get('fc_facts')
         first_fact = {}
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/behindkink.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/behindkink.py
index 9d2324f4f4..45f45d03ba 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/behindkink.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/behindkink.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class BehindKinkIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20141205',
             'thumbnail': 'http://www.behindkink.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/blaze-1.jpg',
             'age_limit': 18,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bellmedia.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bellmedia.py
index 677680b428..ac45dd4779 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bellmedia.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bellmedia.py
@@ -86,6 +86,6 @@ class BellMediaIE(InfoExtractor):
         return {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
             'id': video_id,
-            'url': '9c9media:%s_web:%s' % (self._DOMAINS.get(domain, domain), video_id),
+            'url': f'9c9media:{self._DOMAINS.get(domain, domain)}_web:{video_id}',
             'ie_key': 'NineCNineMedia',
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/berufetv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/berufetv.py
index 8160cbd9a7..5bba33a44c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/berufetv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/berufetv.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class BerufeTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'tags': ['Studienfilm'],
             'duration': 602.440,
             'thumbnail': r're:^https://asset-out-cdn\.video-cdn\.net/private/videos/DvKC3DUpMKvUZ_6fEnfg3u/thumbnails/793063\?quality=thumbnail&__token__=[^\s]+$',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class BerufeTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             subtitles.setdefault(track['language'], []).append({
                 'url': track['source'],
                 'name': track.get('label'),
-                'ext': 'vtt'
+                'ext': 'vtt',
             })
 
         return {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bet.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bet.py
index cbf3dd0824..3a8e743092 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bet.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bet.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class BetIE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
                 'thumbnail': r're:(?i)^https?://.*\.jpg$',
                 'subtitles': {
                     'en': 'mincount:2',
-                }
+                },
             },
             'params': {
                 # rtmp download
@@ -39,16 +39,16 @@ class BetIE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
                 'thumbnail': r're:(?i)^https?://.*\.jpg$',
                 'subtitles': {
                     'en': 'mincount:2',
-                }
+                },
             },
             'params': {
                 # rtmp download
                 'skip_download': True,
             },
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
-    _FEED_URL = "http://feeds.mtvnservices.com/od/feed/bet-mrss-player"
+    _FEED_URL = 'http://feeds.mtvnservices.com/od/feed/bet-mrss-player'
 
     def _get_feed_query(self, uri):
         return {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bfmtv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bfmtv.py
index c4621ca826..87f011783b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bfmtv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bfmtv.py
@@ -98,8 +98,8 @@ class BFMTVArticleIE(BFMTVBaseIE):
             'timestamp': 1673341692,
             'duration': 109.269,
             'tags': ['rmc', 'show', 'apolline de malherbe', 'info', 'talk', 'matinale', 'radio'],
-            'thumbnail': 'https://cf-images.eu-west-1.prod.boltdns.net/v1/static/876630703001/5bef74b8-9d5e-4480-a21f-60c2e2480c46/96c88b74-f9db-45e1-8040-e199c5da216c/1920x1080/match/image.jpg'
-        }
+            'thumbnail': 'https://cf-images.eu-west-1.prod.boltdns.net/v1/static/876630703001/5bef74b8-9d5e-4480-a21f-60c2e2480c46/96c88b74-f9db-45e1-8040-e199c5da216c/1920x1080/match/image.jpg',
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bigflix.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bigflix.py
index 02d1ba0e3f..9c55bb9682 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bigflix.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bigflix.py
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
+import base64
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_b64decode,
-    compat_urllib_parse_unquote,
-)
 
 
 class BigflixIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -21,7 +19,7 @@ class BigflixIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # multiple formats
         'url': 'http://www.bigflix.com/Malayalam-movies/Drama-movies/Indian-Rupee/15967',
@@ -38,7 +36,7 @@ class BigflixIE(InfoExtractor):
             webpage, 'title')
 
         def decode_url(quoted_b64_url):
-            return compat_b64decode(compat_urllib_parse_unquote(
+            return base64.b64decode(urllib.parse.unquote(
                 quoted_b64_url)).decode('utf-8')
 
         formats = []
@@ -47,7 +45,7 @@ class BigflixIE(InfoExtractor):
             video_url = decode_url(encoded_url)
             f = {
                 'url': video_url,
-                'format_id': '%sp' % height,
+                'format_id': f'{height}p',
                 'height': int(height),
             }
             if video_url.startswith('rtmp'):
@@ -69,5 +67,5 @@ class BigflixIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': video_id,
             'title': title,
             'description': description,
-            'formats': formats
+            'formats': formats,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bigo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bigo.py
index acf78e49a7..b1c230f357 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bigo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bigo.py
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class BigoIE(InfoExtractor):
             raise ExtractorError('Received invalid JSON data')
         if info_raw.get('code'):
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'Bigo says: %s (code %s)' % (info_raw.get('msg'), info_raw.get('code')), expected=True)
+                'Bigo says: {} (code {})'.format(info_raw.get('msg'), info_raw.get('code')), expected=True)
         info = info_raw.get('data') or {}
 
         if not info.get('alive'):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bild.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bild.py
index eb289329d8..2ba63700c6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bild.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bild.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class BildIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:a4058c4fa2a804ab59c00d7244bbf62f',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'duration': 196,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'note': 'static MP4 and HLS',
         'url': 'https://www.bild.de/video/clip/news-ausland/deftiger-abgang-vom-10m-turm-bademeister-sorgt-fuer-skandal-85158620.bild.html',
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class BildIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:709b543c24dc31bbbffee73bccda34ad',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'duration': 69,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bilibili.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bilibili.py
index b38c90b1d1..411b48c282 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bilibili.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bilibili.py
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ class BilibiliBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             'danmaku': [{
                 'ext': 'xml',
                 'url': f'https://comment.bilibili.com/{cid}.xml',
-            }]
+            }],
         }
 
         subtitle_info = traverse_obj(self._download_json(
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ class BilibiliBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         for s in subs_list:
             subtitles.setdefault(s['lan'], []).append({
                 'ext': 'srt',
-                'data': self.json2srt(self._download_json(s['subtitle_url'], video_id))
+                'data': self.json2srt(self._download_json(s['subtitle_url'], video_id)),
             })
         return subtitles
 
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ class BilibiliBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             yield {
                 **metainfo,
                 'id': f'{video_id}_{cid}',
-                'title': f'{metainfo.get("title")} - {list(edges.values())[0].get("title")}',
+                'title': f'{metainfo.get("title")} - {next(iter(edges.values())).get("title")}',
                 'formats': self.extract_formats(play_info),
                 'description': f'{json.dumps(edges, ensure_ascii=False)}\n{metainfo.get("description", "")}',
                 'duration': float_or_none(play_info.get('timelength'), scale=1000),
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ class BiliBiliIE(BilibiliBaseIE):
         'url': 'https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1bK411W797',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'BV1bK411W797',
-            'title': '物语中的人物是如何吐槽自己的OP的'
+            'title': '物语中的人物是如何吐槽自己的OP的',
         },
         'playlist_count': 18,
         'playlist': [{
@@ -288,8 +288,8 @@ class BiliBiliIE(BilibiliBaseIE):
                 'view_count': int,
                 'description': 'md5:e3c401cf7bc363118d1783dd74068a68',
                 'duration': 90.314,
-            }
-        }]
+            },
+        }],
     }, {
         'note': 'Specific page of Anthology',
         'url': 'https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1bK411W797?p=1',
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ class BiliBiliIE(BilibiliBaseIE):
             'view_count': int,
             'description': 'md5:e3c401cf7bc363118d1783dd74068a68',
             'duration': 90.314,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'note': 'video has subtitles',
         'url': 'https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV12N4y1M7rh',
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ class BiliBiliIE(BilibiliBaseIE):
             'view_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(jpg|jpeg|png)$',
-            'subtitles': 'count:2'
+            'subtitles': 'count:2',
         },
         'params': {'listsubtitles': True},
     }, {
@@ -586,10 +586,9 @@ class BiliBiliIE(BilibiliBaseIE):
         is_interactive = traverse_obj(video_data, ('rights', 'is_stein_gate'))
         if is_interactive:
             return self.playlist_result(
-                self._get_interactive_entries(video_id, cid, metainfo), **metainfo, **{
-                    'duration': traverse_obj(initial_state, ('videoData', 'duration', {int_or_none})),
-                    '__post_extractor': self.extract_comments(aid),
-                })
+                self._get_interactive_entries(video_id, cid, metainfo), **metainfo,
+                duration=traverse_obj(initial_state, ('videoData', 'duration', {int_or_none})),
+                __post_extractor=self.extract_comments(aid))
         else:
             return {
                 **metainfo,
@@ -640,7 +639,7 @@ class BiliBiliBangumiIE(BilibiliBaseIE):
             'duration': 1425.256,
             'timestamp': 1554566400,
             'upload_date': '20190406',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(jpg|jpeg|png)$'
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(jpg|jpeg|png)$',
         },
         'skip': 'Geo-restricted',
     }, {
@@ -661,7 +660,7 @@ class BiliBiliBangumiIE(BilibiliBaseIE):
             'duration': 1922.129,
             'timestamp': 1602853860,
             'upload_date': '20201016',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(jpg|jpeg|png)$'
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(jpg|jpeg|png)$',
         },
     }]
 
@@ -764,7 +763,7 @@ class BiliBiliBangumiMediaIE(BilibiliBaseIE):
                 'duration': 1525.777,
                 'timestamp': 1425074413,
                 'upload_date': '20150227',
-                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(jpg|jpeg|png)$'
+                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(jpg|jpeg|png)$',
             },
         }],
     }]
@@ -794,7 +793,7 @@ class BiliBiliBangumiSeasonIE(BilibiliBaseIE):
             'title': '鬼灭之刃',
             'description': 'md5:e2cc9848b6f69be6db79fc2a82d9661b',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 26
+        'playlist_mincount': 26,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.bilibili.com/bangumi/play/ss2251',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -819,7 +818,7 @@ class BiliBiliBangumiSeasonIE(BilibiliBaseIE):
                 'duration': 1436.992,
                 'timestamp': 1343185080,
                 'upload_date': '20120725',
-                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(jpg|jpeg|png)$'
+                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(jpg|jpeg|png)$',
             },
         }],
     }]
@@ -906,7 +905,7 @@ class BilibiliCheeseIE(BilibiliCheeseBaseIE):
             'upload_date': '20230924',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(jpg|jpeg|png)$',
             'view_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -939,7 +938,7 @@ class BilibiliCheeseSeasonIE(BilibiliCheeseBaseIE):
                 'upload_date': '20230924',
                 'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(jpg|jpeg|png)$',
                 'view_count': int,
-            }
+            },
         }],
         'params': {'playlist_items': '1'},
     }, {
@@ -1012,7 +1011,7 @@ class BilibiliSpaceVideoIE(BilibiliSpaceBaseIE):
         for position in (
             46, 47, 18, 2, 53, 8, 23, 32, 15, 50, 10, 31, 58, 3, 45, 35, 27, 43, 5, 49, 33, 9, 42, 19, 29, 28, 14, 39,
             12, 38, 41, 13, 37, 48, 7, 16, 24, 55, 40, 61, 26, 17, 0, 1, 60, 51, 30, 4, 22, 25, 54, 21, 56, 59, 6, 63,
-            57, 62, 11, 36, 20, 34, 44, 52
+            57, 62, 11, 36, 20, 34, 44, 52,
         ):
             char_at_position = try_call(lambda: session_key[position])
             if char_at_position:
@@ -1163,7 +1162,7 @@ class BilibiliCollectionListIE(BilibiliSpaceListBaseIE):
                     'uploader_id': ('meta', 'mid', {str_or_none}),
                     'timestamp': ('meta', 'ptime', {int_or_none}),
                     'thumbnail': ('meta', 'cover', {url_or_none}),
-                })
+                }),
             }
 
         def get_entries(page_data):
@@ -1195,7 +1194,7 @@ class BilibiliSeriesListIE(BilibiliSpaceListBaseIE):
         mid, sid = self._match_valid_url(url).group('mid', 'sid')
         playlist_id = f'{mid}_{sid}'
         playlist_meta = traverse_obj(self._download_json(
-            f'https://api.bilibili.com/x/series/series?series_id={sid}', playlist_id, fatal=False
+            f'https://api.bilibili.com/x/series/series?series_id={sid}', playlist_id, fatal=False,
         ), {
             'title': ('data', 'meta', 'name', {str}),
             'description': ('data', 'meta', 'description', {str}),
@@ -1217,7 +1216,7 @@ class BilibiliSeriesListIE(BilibiliSpaceListBaseIE):
                 'page_count': math.ceil(entry_count / page_size),
                 'page_size': page_size,
                 'uploader': self._get_uploader(mid, playlist_id),
-                **playlist_meta
+                **playlist_meta,
             }
 
         def get_entries(page_data):
@@ -1241,7 +1240,7 @@ class BilibiliFavoritesListIE(BilibiliSpaceListBaseIE):
             'upload_date': '20201109',
             'modified_timestamp': int,
             'modified_date': str,
-            'thumbnail': r"re:http://i\d\.hdslb\.com/bfs/archive/14b83c62aa8871b79083df1e9ab4fbc699ad16fe\.jpg",
+            'thumbnail': r're:http://i\d\.hdslb\.com/bfs/archive/14b83c62aa8871b79083df1e9ab4fbc699ad16fe\.jpg',
             'view_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
         },
@@ -1345,7 +1344,7 @@ class BilibiliPlaylistIE(BilibiliSpaceListBaseIE):
             'uploader_id': '84912',
             'timestamp': 1604905176,
             'upload_date': '20201109',
-            'thumbnail': r"re:http://i\d\.hdslb\.com/bfs/archive/14b83c62aa8871b79083df1e9ab4fbc699ad16fe\.jpg",
+            'thumbnail': r're:http://i\d\.hdslb\.com/bfs/archive/14b83c62aa8871b79083df1e9ab4fbc699ad16fe\.jpg',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 22,
     }, {
@@ -1371,7 +1370,7 @@ class BilibiliPlaylistIE(BilibiliSpaceListBaseIE):
         for page_num in itertools.count(1):
             page_data = self._download_json(
                 'https://api.bilibili.com/x/v2/medialist/resource/list',
-                list_id, query=query, note=f'getting playlist {query["biz_id"]} page {page_num}'
+                list_id, query=query, note=f'getting playlist {query["biz_id"]} page {page_num}',
             )['data']
             yield from self._get_entries(page_data, 'media_list', ending_key='bv_id')
             query['oid'] = traverse_obj(page_data, ('media_list', -1, 'id'))
@@ -1407,7 +1406,7 @@ class BilibiliPlaylistIE(BilibiliSpaceListBaseIE):
                 'tid': ('tid', {int_or_none}),
                 'sort_field': ('sortFiled', {int_or_none}),
                 'desc': ('desc', {bool_or_none}, {str_or_none}, {str.lower}),
-            })
+            }),
         }
         metadata = {
             'id': f'{query["type"]}_{query["biz_id"]}',
@@ -1430,26 +1429,26 @@ class BilibiliCategoryIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'https://www.bilibili.com/v/kichiku/mad',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'kichiku: mad',
-            'title': 'kichiku: mad'
+            'title': 'kichiku: mad',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 45,
         'params': {
-            'playlistend': 45
-        }
+            'playlistend': 45,
+        },
     }]
 
     def _fetch_page(self, api_url, num_pages, query, page_num):
         parsed_json = self._download_json(
             api_url, query, query={'Search_key': query, 'pn': page_num},
-            note='Extracting results from page %s of %s' % (page_num, num_pages))
+            note=f'Extracting results from page {page_num} of {num_pages}')
 
         video_list = traverse_obj(parsed_json, ('data', 'archives'), expected_type=list)
         if not video_list:
-            raise ExtractorError('Failed to retrieve video list for page %d' % page_num)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'Failed to retrieve video list for page {page_num}')
 
         for video in video_list:
             yield self.url_result(
-                'https://www.bilibili.com/video/%s' % video['bvid'], 'BiliBili', video['bvid'])
+                'https://www.bilibili.com/video/{}'.format(video['bvid']), 'BiliBili', video['bvid'])
 
     def _entries(self, category, subcategory, query):
         # map of categories : subcategories : RIDs
@@ -1459,7 +1458,7 @@ class BilibiliCategoryIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'manual_vocaloid': 126,
                 'guide': 22,
                 'theatre': 216,
-                'course': 127
+                'course': 127,
             },
         }
 
@@ -1485,7 +1484,7 @@ class BilibiliCategoryIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         category, subcategory = urllib.parse.urlparse(url).path.split('/')[2:4]
-        query = '%s: %s' % (category, subcategory)
+        query = f'{category}: {subcategory}'
 
         return self.playlist_result(self._entries(category, subcategory, query), query, query)
 
@@ -1588,7 +1587,7 @@ class BilibiliAudioIE(BilibiliAudioBaseIE):
         formats = [{
             'url': play_data['cdns'][0],
             'filesize': int_or_none(play_data.get('size')),
-            'vcodec': 'none'
+            'vcodec': 'none',
         }]
 
         for a_format in formats:
@@ -1606,7 +1605,7 @@ class BilibiliAudioIE(BilibiliAudioBaseIE):
             subtitles = {
                 'origin': [{
                     'url': lyric,
-                }]
+                }],
             }
 
         return {
@@ -1674,7 +1673,7 @@ class BiliBiliPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         return self.url_result(
-            'http://www.bilibili.tv/video/av%s/' % video_id,
+            f'http://www.bilibili.tv/video/av{video_id}/',
             ie=BiliBiliIE.ie_key(), video_id=video_id)
 
 
@@ -1702,11 +1701,10 @@ class BiliIntlBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         return json.get('data')
 
     def json2srt(self, json):
-        data = '\n\n'.join(
+        return '\n\n'.join(
             f'{i + 1}\n{srt_subtitles_timecode(line["from"])} --> {srt_subtitles_timecode(line["to"])}\n{line["content"]}'
             for i, line in enumerate(traverse_obj(json, (
                 'body', lambda _, l: l['content'] and l['from'] and l['to']))))
-        return data
 
     def _get_subtitles(self, *, ep_id=None, aid=None):
         sub_json = self._call_api(
@@ -1808,14 +1806,14 @@ class BiliIntlBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             note='Downloading login key', errnote='Unable to download login key')['data']
 
         public_key = Cryptodome.RSA.importKey(key_data['key'])
-        password_hash = Cryptodome.PKCS1_v1_5.new(public_key).encrypt((key_data['hash'] + password).encode('utf-8'))
+        password_hash = Cryptodome.PKCS1_v1_5.new(public_key).encrypt((key_data['hash'] + password).encode())
         login_post = self._download_json(
             'https://passport.bilibili.tv/x/intl/passport-login/web/login/password?lang=en-US', None, data=urlencode_postdata({
                 'username': username,
                 'password': base64.b64encode(password_hash).decode('ascii'),
                 'keep_me': 'true',
                 's_locale': 'en_US',
-                'isTrusted': 'true'
+                'isTrusted': 'true',
             }), note='Logging in', errnote='Unable to log in')
         if login_post.get('code'):
             if login_post.get('message'):
@@ -1842,17 +1840,17 @@ class BiliIntlIE(BiliIntlBaseIE):
             'chapters': [{
                 'start_time': 0,
                 'end_time': 76.242,
-                'title': '<Untitled Chapter 1>'
+                'title': '<Untitled Chapter 1>',
             }, {
                 'start_time': 76.242,
                 'end_time': 161.161,
-                'title': 'Intro'
+                'title': 'Intro',
             }, {
                 'start_time': 1325.742,
                 'end_time': 1403.903,
-                'title': 'Outro'
+                'title': 'Outro',
             }],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # Non-Bstation page
         'url': 'https://www.bilibili.tv/en/play/1033760/11005006',
@@ -1869,17 +1867,17 @@ class BiliIntlIE(BiliIntlBaseIE):
             'chapters': [{
                 'start_time': 0,
                 'end_time': 88.0,
-                'title': '<Untitled Chapter 1>'
+                'title': '<Untitled Chapter 1>',
             }, {
                 'start_time': 88.0,
                 'end_time': 156.0,
-                'title': 'Intro'
+                'title': 'Intro',
             }, {
                 'start_time': 1173.0,
                 'end_time': 1259.535,
-                'title': 'Outro'
+                'title': 'Outro',
             }],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # Subtitle with empty content
         'url': 'https://www.bilibili.tv/en/play/1005144/10131790',
@@ -1890,7 +1888,7 @@ class BiliIntlIE(BiliIntlBaseIE):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https://pic\.bstarstatic\.com/ogv/.+\.png$',
             'episode_number': 140,
         },
-        'skip': 'According to the copyright owner\'s request, you may only watch the video after you log in.'
+        'skip': 'According to the copyright owner\'s request, you may only watch the video after you log in.',
     }, {
         # episode comment extraction
         'url': 'https://www.bilibili.tv/en/play/34580/340317',
@@ -1908,20 +1906,20 @@ class BiliIntlIE(BiliIntlBaseIE):
             'chapters': [{
                 'start_time': 0,
                 'end_time': 61.0,
-                'title': '<Untitled Chapter 1>'
+                'title': '<Untitled Chapter 1>',
             }, {
                 'start_time': 61.0,
                 'end_time': 134.0,
-                'title': 'Intro'
+                'title': 'Intro',
             }, {
                 'start_time': 1290.0,
                 'end_time': 1379.0,
-                'title': 'Outro'
+                'title': 'Outro',
             }],
         },
         'params': {
-            'getcomments': True
-        }
+            'getcomments': True,
+        },
     }, {
         # user generated content comment extraction
         'url': 'https://www.bilibili.tv/en/video/2045730385',
@@ -1936,8 +1934,8 @@ class BiliIntlIE(BiliIntlBaseIE):
             'thumbnail': r're:https://pic\.bstarstatic\.(?:com|net)/ugc/f6c363659efd2eabe5683fbb906b1582\.jpg',
         },
         'params': {
-            'getcomments': True
-        }
+            'getcomments': True,
+        },
     }, {
         # episode id without intro and outro
         'url': 'https://www.bilibili.tv/en/play/1048837/11246489',
@@ -1992,7 +1990,7 @@ class BiliIntlIE(BiliIntlBaseIE):
             # Non-Bstation layout, read through episode list
             season_json = self._call_api(f'/web/v2/ogv/play/episodes?season_id={season_id}&platform=web', video_id)
             video_data = traverse_obj(season_json, (
-                'sections', ..., 'episodes', lambda _, v: str(v['episode_id']) == video_id
+                'sections', ..., 'episodes', lambda _, v: str(v['episode_id']) == video_id,
             ), expected_type=dict, get_all=False)
 
         # XXX: webpage metadata may not accurate, it just used to not crash when video_data not found
@@ -2024,7 +2022,7 @@ class BiliIntlIE(BiliIntlBaseIE):
                 'id': replies.get('rpid'),
                 'like_count': int_or_none(replies.get('like_count')),
                 'parent': replies.get('parent'),
-                'timestamp': unified_timestamp(replies.get('ctime_text'))
+                'timestamp': unified_timestamp(replies.get('ctime_text')),
             }
 
         if not traverse_obj(comment_api_raw_data, ('data', 'cursor', 'is_end')):
@@ -2077,11 +2075,11 @@ class BiliIntlIE(BiliIntlBaseIE):
                 chapters = [{
                     'start_time': float_or_none(traverse_obj(intro_ending_json, ('skip', 'opening_start_time')), 1000),
                     'end_time': float_or_none(traverse_obj(intro_ending_json, ('skip', 'opening_end_time')), 1000),
-                    'title': 'Intro'
+                    'title': 'Intro',
                 }, {
                     'start_time': float_or_none(traverse_obj(intro_ending_json, ('skip', 'ending_start_time')), 1000),
                     'end_time': float_or_none(traverse_obj(intro_ending_json, ('skip', 'ending_end_time')), 1000),
-                    'title': 'Outro'
+                    'title': 'Outro',
                 }]
 
         return {
@@ -2137,7 +2135,7 @@ class BiliIntlSeriesIE(BiliIntlBaseIE):
             episode_id = str(episode['episode_id'])
             yield self.url_result(smuggle_url(
                 BiliIntlIE._make_url(episode_id, series_id),
-                self._parse_video_metadata(episode)
+                self._parse_video_metadata(episode),
             ), BiliIntlIE, episode_id)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -2156,19 +2154,19 @@ class BiliLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'https://live.bilibili.com/196',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '33989',
-            'description': "周六杂谈回，其他时候随机游戏。 | \n录播：@下播型泛式录播组。 | \n直播通知群（全员禁言）：666906670，902092584，59971⑧481 （功能一样，别多加）",
+            'description': '周六杂谈回，其他时候随机游戏。 | \n录播：@下播型泛式录播组。 | \n直播通知群（全员禁言）：666906670，902092584，59971⑧481 （功能一样，别多加）',
             'ext': 'flv',
-            'title': "太空狼人杀联动，不被爆杀就算赢",
-            'thumbnail': "https://i0.hdslb.com/bfs/live/new_room_cover/e607bc1529057ef4b332e1026e62cf46984c314d.jpg",
+            'title': '太空狼人杀联动，不被爆杀就算赢',
+            'thumbnail': 'https://i0.hdslb.com/bfs/live/new_room_cover/e607bc1529057ef4b332e1026e62cf46984c314d.jpg',
             'timestamp': 1650802769,
         },
-        'skip': 'not live'
+        'skip': 'not live',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://live.bilibili.com/196?broadcast_type=0&is_room_feed=1?spm_id_from=333.999.space_home.strengthen_live_card.click',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://live.bilibili.com/blanc/196',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     _FORMATS = {
@@ -2209,7 +2207,7 @@ class BiliLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
             raise ExtractorError('Streamer is not live', expected=True)
 
         formats = []
-        for qn in self._FORMATS.keys():
+        for qn in self._FORMATS:
             stream_data = self._call_api('xlive/web-room/v2/index/getRoomPlayInfo', room_id, {
                 'room_id': room_id,
                 'qn': qn,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bitchute.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bitchute.py
index 194bf1f468..c74f34c2a9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bitchute.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bitchute.py
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class BitChuteIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20170103',
             'uploader_url': 'https://www.bitchute.com/profile/I5NgtHZn9vPj/',
             'channel': 'BitChute',
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.bitchute.com/channel/bitchute/'
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.bitchute.com/channel/bitchute/',
         },
     }, {
         # test case: video with different channel and uploader
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ class BitChuteIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20231106',
             'uploader_url': 'https://www.bitchute.com/profile/9K0kUWA9zmd9/',
             'channel': 'Full Measure with Sharyl Attkisson',
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.bitchute.com/channel/sharylattkisson/'
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.bitchute.com/channel/sharylattkisson/',
         },
     }, {
         # video not downloadable in browser, but we can recover it
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ class BitChuteIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20181113',
             'uploader_url': 'https://www.bitchute.com/profile/I5NgtHZn9vPj/',
             'channel': 'BitChute',
-            'channel_url': 'https://www.bitchute.com/channel/bitchute/'
+            'channel_url': 'https://www.bitchute.com/channel/bitchute/',
         },
         'params': {'check_formats': None},
     }, {
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ class BitChuteIE(InfoExtractor):
                 continue
             return {
                 'url': url,
-                'filesize': int_or_none(response.headers.get('Content-Length'))
+                'filesize': int_or_none(response.headers.get('Content-Length')),
             }
 
     def _raise_if_restricted(self, webpage):
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ class BitChuteChannelIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'duration': 16,
                     'view_count': int,
                 },
-            }
+            },
         ],
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ class BitChuteChannelIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': 'wV9Imujxasw9',
             'title': 'Bruce MacDonald and "The Light of Darkness"',
             'description': 'md5:747724ef404eebdfc04277714f81863e',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     _TOKEN = 'zyG6tQcGPE5swyAEFLqKUwMuMMuF6IO2DZ6ZDQjGfsL0e4dcTLwqkTTul05Jdve7'
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ class BitChuteChannelIE(InfoExtractor):
             'container': 'playlist-video',
             'title': 'title',
             'description': 'description',
-        }
+        },
 
     }
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/blackboardcollaborate.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/blackboardcollaborate.py
index 8f41c897ad..535890979b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/blackboardcollaborate.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/blackboardcollaborate.py
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class BlackboardCollaborateIE(InfoExtractor):
         region = mobj.group('region')
         video_id = mobj.group('id')
         info = self._download_json(
-            'https://{}.bbcollab.com/collab/api/csa/recordings/{}/data'.format(region, video_id), video_id)
+            f'https://{region}.bbcollab.com/collab/api/csa/recordings/{video_id}/data', video_id)
         duration = info.get('duration')
         title = info['name']
         upload_date = info.get('created')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bleacherreport.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bleacherreport.py
index aa3d63ee7b..71b237d4b2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bleacherreport.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bleacherreport.py
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class BleacherReportIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         article_id = self._match_id(url)
 
-        article_data = self._download_json('http://api.bleacherreport.com/api/v1/articles/%s' % article_id, article_id)['article']
+        article_data = self._download_json(f'http://api.bleacherreport.com/api/v1/articles/{article_id}', article_id)['article']
 
         thumbnails = []
         primary_photo = article_data.get('primaryPhoto')
@@ -71,11 +71,11 @@ class BleacherReportIE(InfoExtractor):
         if video:
             video_type = video['type']
             if video_type in ('cms.bleacherreport.com', 'vid.bleacherreport.com'):
-                info['url'] = 'http://bleacherreport.com/video_embed?id=%s' % video['id']
+                info['url'] = 'http://bleacherreport.com/video_embed?id={}'.format(video['id'])
             elif video_type == 'youtube.com':
                 info['url'] = video['id']
             elif video_type == 'vine.co':
-                info['url'] = 'https://vine.co/v/%s' % video['id']
+                info['url'] = 'https://vine.co/v/{}'.format(video['id'])
             else:
                 info['url'] = video_type + video['id']
             return info
@@ -99,12 +99,12 @@ class BleacherReportCMSIE(AMPIE):
 
         },
         'expected_warnings': [
-            'Unable to download f4m manifest'
-        ]
+            'Unable to download f4m manifest',
+        ],
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        info = self._extract_feed_info('http://vid.bleacherreport.com/videos/%s.akamai' % video_id)
+        info = self._extract_feed_info(f'http://vid.bleacherreport.com/videos/{video_id}.akamai')
         info['id'] = video_id
         return info
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/blerp.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/blerp.py
index 4631ad2e97..f4f22488e9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/blerp.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/blerp.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class BlerpIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': '5fb81e51aa66ae000c395478',
             'ext': 'mp3',
             'tags': ['samsung', 'galaxy', 's8', 'over the horizon', '2016', 'ringtone'],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://blerp.com/soundbites/5bc94ef4796001000498429f',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -25,11 +25,11 @@ class BlerpIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': '179617322678353920',
             'uploader_id': '5ba99cf71386730004552c42',
             'ext': 'mp3',
-            'tags': ['YEE', 'YEET', 'wo ha haah catchy tune yee', 'yee']
-        }
+            'tags': ['YEE', 'YEET', 'wo ha haah catchy tune yee', 'yee'],
+        },
     }]
 
-    _GRAPHQL_OPERATIONNAME = "webBitePageGetBite"
+    _GRAPHQL_OPERATIONNAME = 'webBitePageGetBite'
     _GRAPHQL_QUERY = (
         '''query webBitePageGetBite($_id: MongoID!) {
             web {
@@ -141,27 +141,26 @@ class BlerpIE(InfoExtractor):
             'operationName': self._GRAPHQL_OPERATIONNAME,
             'query': self._GRAPHQL_QUERY,
             'variables': {
-                '_id': audio_id
-            }
+                '_id': audio_id,
+            },
         }
 
         headers = {
-            'Content-Type': 'application/json'
+            'Content-Type': 'application/json',
         }
 
-        json_result = self._download_json('https://api.blerp.com/graphql',
-                                          audio_id, data=json.dumps(data).encode('utf-8'), headers=headers)
+        json_result = self._download_json(
+            'https://api.blerp.com/graphql', audio_id,
+            data=json.dumps(data).encode(), headers=headers)
 
         bite_json = json_result['data']['web']['biteById']
 
-        info_dict = {
+        return {
             'id': bite_json['_id'],
             'url': bite_json['audio']['mp3']['url'],
             'title': bite_json['title'],
             'uploader': traverse_obj(bite_json, ('ownerObject', 'username'), expected_type=strip_or_none),
             'uploader_id': traverse_obj(bite_json, ('ownerObject', '_id'), expected_type=strip_or_none),
             'ext': 'mp3',
-            'tags': list(filter(None, map(strip_or_none, (traverse_obj(bite_json, 'userKeywords', expected_type=list) or []))) or None)
+            'tags': list(filter(None, map(strip_or_none, (traverse_obj(bite_json, 'userKeywords', expected_type=list) or []))) or None),
         }
-
-        return info_dict
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/blogger.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/blogger.py
index ef0151de67..1614b6f947 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/blogger.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/blogger.py
@@ -21,14 +21,14 @@ class BloggerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*',
             'duration': 76.068,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         token_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, token_id)
         data_json = self._search_regex(r'var\s+VIDEO_CONFIG\s*=\s*(\{.*)', webpage, 'JSON data')
-        data = self._parse_json(data_json.encode('utf-8').decode('unicode_escape'), token_id)
+        data = self._parse_json(data_json.encode().decode('unicode_escape'), token_id)
         streams = data['streams']
         formats = [{
             'ext': mimetype2ext(traverse_obj(parse_qs(stream['play_url']), ('mime', 0))),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bloomberg.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bloomberg.py
index 792155e51a..ec6b7a86eb 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bloomberg.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bloomberg.py
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ class BloombergIE(InfoExtractor):
         title = re.sub(': Video$', '', self._og_search_title(webpage))
 
         embed_info = self._download_json(
-            'http://www.bloomberg.com/multimedia/api/embed?id=%s' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'http://www.bloomberg.com/multimedia/api/embed?id={video_id}', video_id)
         formats = []
         for stream in embed_info['streams']:
             stream_url = stream.get('url')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bokecc.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bokecc.py
index ca326f25fa..5fe937a6ac 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bokecc.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bokecc.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_parse_qs
 from ..utils import ExtractorError
 
 
@@ -9,20 +10,18 @@ class BokeCCBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             r'<(?:script|embed)[^>]+src=(?P<q>["\'])(?:https?:)?//p\.bokecc\.com/(?:player|flash/player\.swf)\?(?P<query>.+?)(?P=q)',
             webpage, 'player params', group='query')
 
-        player_params = compat_parse_qs(player_params_str)
+        player_params = urllib.parse.parse_qs(player_params_str)
 
         info_xml = self._download_xml(
-            'http://p.bokecc.com/servlet/playinfo?uid=%s&vid=%s&m=1' % (
+            'http://p.bokecc.com/servlet/playinfo?uid={}&vid={}&m=1'.format(
                 player_params['siteid'][0], player_params['vid'][0]), video_id)
 
-        formats = [{
+        return [{
             'format_id': format_id,
             'url': quality.find('./copy').attrib['playurl'],
             'quality': int(quality.attrib['value']),
         } for quality in info_xml.findall('./video/quality')]
 
-        return formats
-
 
 class BokeCCIE(BokeCCBaseIE):
     _IE_DESC = 'CC视频'
@@ -38,11 +37,11 @@ class BokeCCIE(BokeCCBaseIE):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        qs = compat_parse_qs(self._match_valid_url(url).group('query'))
+        qs = urllib.parse.parse_qs(self._match_valid_url(url).group('query'))
         if not qs.get('vid') or not qs.get('uid'):
             raise ExtractorError('Invalid URL', expected=True)
 
-        video_id = '%s_%s' % (qs['uid'][0], qs['vid'][0])
+        video_id = '{}_{}'.format(qs['uid'][0], qs['vid'][0])
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bongacams.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bongacams.py
index bf955668df..ab85477de4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bongacams.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bongacams.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     try_get,
@@ -38,7 +37,7 @@ class BongaCamsIE(InfoExtractor):
         channel_id = mobj.group('id')
 
         amf = self._download_json(
-            'https://%s/tools/amf.php' % host, channel_id,
+            f'https://{host}/tools/amf.php', channel_id,
             data=urlencode_postdata((
                 ('method', 'getRoomData'),
                 ('args[]', channel_id),
@@ -48,14 +47,14 @@ class BongaCamsIE(InfoExtractor):
         server_url = amf['localData']['videoServerUrl']
 
         uploader_id = try_get(
-            amf, lambda x: x['performerData']['username'], compat_str) or channel_id
+            amf, lambda x: x['performerData']['username'], str) or channel_id
         uploader = try_get(
-            amf, lambda x: x['performerData']['displayName'], compat_str)
+            amf, lambda x: x['performerData']['displayName'], str)
         like_count = int_or_none(try_get(
             amf, lambda x: x['performerData']['loversCount']))
 
         formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-            '%s/hls/stream_%s/playlist.m3u8' % (server_url, uploader_id),
+            f'{server_url}/hls/stream_{uploader_id}/playlist.m3u8',
             channel_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls', live=True)
 
         return {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bostonglobe.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bostonglobe.py
index 2675866872..f5b8196788 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bostonglobe.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bostonglobe.py
@@ -57,8 +57,7 @@ class BostonGlobeIE(InfoExtractor):
 
             if video_id and account_id and player_id and embed:
                 entries.append(
-                    'http://players.brightcove.net/%s/%s_%s/index.html?videoId=%s'
-                    % (account_id, player_id, embed, video_id))
+                    f'http://players.brightcove.net/{account_id}/{player_id}_{embed}/index.html?videoId={video_id}')
 
         if len(entries) == 0:
             return self.url_result(url, 'Generic')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/box.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/box.py
index 008c011cc8..3547ad9973 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/box.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/box.py
@@ -72,20 +72,20 @@ class BoxIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'BoxApi': 'shared_link=' + shared_link,
                 'X-Rep-Hints': '[dash]',  # TODO: extract `hls` formats
             }, query={
-                'fields': 'authenticated_download_url,created_at,created_by,description,extension,is_download_available,name,representations,size'
+                'fields': 'authenticated_download_url,created_at,created_by,description,extension,is_download_available,name,representations,size',
             })
         title = f['name']
 
         query = {
             'access_token': access_token,
-            'shared_link': shared_link
+            'shared_link': shared_link,
         }
 
         formats = []
 
         for url_tmpl in traverse_obj(f, (
             'representations', 'entries', lambda _, v: v['representation'] == 'dash',
-            'content', 'url_template', {url_or_none}
+            'content', 'url_template', {url_or_none},
         )):
             manifest_url = update_url_query(url_tmpl.replace('{+asset_path}', 'manifest.mpd'), query)
             fmts = self._extract_mpd_formats(manifest_url, file_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/boxcast.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/boxcast.py
index da06cc3f86..efa66994aa 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/boxcast.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/boxcast.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class BoxCastVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'release_date': '20221210',
             'uploader_id': 're8w0v8hohhvpqtbskpe',
             'uploader': 'Children\'s Health Defense',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://boxcast.tv/video-portal/vctwevwntun3o0ikq7af/rvyblnn0fxbfjx5nwxhl/otbpltj2kzkveo2qz3ad',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ class BoxCastVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': 'vctwevwntun3o0ikq7af',
             'uploader': 'Legacy Christian Church',
             'title': 'The Quest | 1: Beginner\'s Bay | Jamie Schools',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://uploads.boxcast.com/(?:[\w-]+/){3}.+\.jpg'
-        }
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://uploads.boxcast.com/(?:[\w-]+/){3}.+\.jpg',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://boxcast.tv/channel/z03fqwaeaby5lnaawox2?b=ssihlw5gvfij2by8tkev',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class BoxCastVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'Lighthouse Ministries International  - Beltsville, Maryland',
             'description': 'md5:ac23e3d01b0b0be592e8f7fe0ec3a340',
             'title': 'New Year\'s Eve CROSSOVER Service at LHMI | December 31, 2022',
-        }
+        },
     }]
     _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://childrenshealthdefense.eu/live-stream/',
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class BoxCastVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'release_date': '20221210',
             'uploader_id': 're8w0v8hohhvpqtbskpe',
             'uploader': 'Children\'s Health Defense',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/br.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/br.py
index 6e1c63e2bb..0568e06f68 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/br.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/br.py
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ class BRIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'title': 'Umweltbewusster Häuslebauer',
                 'description': 'md5:d52dae9792d00226348c1dbb13c9bae2',
                 'duration': 116,
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'http://www.br.de/fernsehen/br-alpha/sendungen/kant-fuer-anfaenger/kritik-der-reinen-vernunft/kant-kritik-01-metaphysik100.html',
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ class BRIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'duration': 893,
                 'uploader': 'Eva Maria Steimle',
                 'upload_date': '20170208',
-            }
+            },
         },
     ]
 
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ class BRIE(InfoExtractor):
                     http_format_info = format_info.copy()
                     http_format_info.update({
                         'url': format_url,
-                        'format_id': 'http-%s' % asset_type,
+                        'format_id': f'http-{asset_type}',
                     })
                     formats.append(http_format_info)
                 server_prefix = xpath_text(asset, 'serverPrefix')
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ class BRIE(InfoExtractor):
                     rtmp_format_info.update({
                         'url': server_prefix,
                         'play_path': xpath_text(asset, 'fileName'),
-                        'format_id': 'rtmp-%s' % asset_type,
+                        'format_id': f'rtmp-{asset_type}',
                     })
                     formats.append(rtmp_format_info)
         return formats
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/brainpop.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/brainpop.py
index 04b1dd80c8..df10299a0c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/brainpop.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/brainpop.py
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ class BrainPOPBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             '%s': {},
             'ad_%s': {
                 'format_note': 'Audio description',
-                'source_preference': -2
-            }
+                'source_preference': -2,
+            },
         }
         for additional_key_format, additional_key_fields in additional_key_formats.items():
             for key_quality, key_index in enumerate(('high', 'low')):
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class BrainPOPBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                     formats.extend(self._assemble_formats(data[full_key_index], full_key_index, display_id, token, {
                         'quality': -1 - key_quality,
                         **additional_key_fields,
-                        **extra_fields
+                        **extra_fields,
                     }))
         return formats
 
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ class BrainPOPBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             data=json.dumps({'username': username, 'password': password}).encode(),
             headers={
                 'Content-Type': 'application/json',
-                'Referer': self._ORIGIN
+                'Referer': self._ORIGIN,
             }, note='Logging in', errnote='Unable to log in', expected_status=400)
         status_code = int_or_none(login_res['status_code'])
         if status_code != 1505:
@@ -131,12 +131,12 @@ class BrainPOPIE(BrainPOPBaseIE):
         formats, subtitles = [], {}
         formats.extend(self._extract_adaptive_formats(movie_feature_data, movie_feature_data.get('token', ''), display_id, '%s_v2', {
             'language': movie_feature.get('language') or 'en',
-            'language_preference': 10
+            'language_preference': 10,
         }))
         for lang, localized_feature in traverse_obj(movie_feature, 'localization', default={}, expected_type=dict).items():
             formats.extend(self._extract_adaptive_formats(localized_feature, localized_feature.get('token', ''), display_id, '%s_v2', {
                 'language': lang,
-                'language_preference': -10
+                'language_preference': -10,
             }))
 
         # TODO: Do localization fields also have subtitles?
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ class BrainPOPIE(BrainPOPBaseIE):
                 r'^subtitles_(?P<lang>\w+)$', name, 'subtitle metadata', default=None)
             if lang and url:
                 subtitles.setdefault(lang, []).append({
-                    'url': urljoin(self._CDN_URL, url)
+                    'url': urljoin(self._CDN_URL, url),
                 })
 
         return {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bravotv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bravotv.py
index 419fe8c9c8..ec72f0d884 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bravotv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bravotv.py
@@ -185,5 +185,5 @@ class BravoTVIE(AdobePassIE):
                 'episode_number': ('episodeNumber', {int_or_none}),
                 'episode': 'episodeTitle',
                 'series': 'show',
-            }))
+            })),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/breitbart.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/breitbart.py
index b5abb7f194..fedf4772a9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/breitbart.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/breitbart.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ class BreitBartIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:bac35eb0256d1cb17f517f54c79404d5',
             'thumbnail': 'https://cdn.jwplayer.com/thumbs/5cOz1yup-1920.jpg',
             'age_limit': 0,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.breitbart.com/videos/v/eaiZjVOn/',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -30,5 +30,5 @@ class BreitBartIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': self._og_search_description(webpage),
             'thumbnail': self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage),
             'age_limit': self._rta_search(webpage),
-            'formats': formats
+            'formats': formats,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/brightcove.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/brightcove.py
index 4190e1a099..dc0c83572a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/brightcove.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/brightcove.py
@@ -1,15 +1,12 @@
 import base64
 import re
 import struct
+import urllib.parse
 import xml.etree.ElementTree
 
 from .adobepass import AdobePassIE
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_etree_fromstring,
-    compat_parse_qs,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
+from ..compat import compat_etree_fromstring
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -142,7 +139,7 @@ class BrightcoveLegacyIE(InfoExtractor):
             # from http://www.un.org/chinese/News/story.asp?NewsID=27724
             'url': 'https://link.brightcove.com/services/player/bcpid1722935254001/?bctid=5360463607001&autoStart=false&secureConnections=true&width=650&height=350',
             'only_matching': True,  # Tested in GenericIE
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
@@ -315,7 +312,7 @@ class BrightcoveLegacyIE(InfoExtractor):
         object_str = fix_xml_ampersands(object_str)
 
         try:
-            object_doc = compat_etree_fromstring(object_str.encode('utf-8'))
+            object_doc = compat_etree_fromstring(object_str.encode())
         except xml.etree.ElementTree.ParseError:
             return
 
@@ -323,7 +320,7 @@ class BrightcoveLegacyIE(InfoExtractor):
         if fv_el is not None:
             flashvars = dict(
                 (k, v[0])
-                for k, v in compat_parse_qs(fv_el.attrib['value']).items())
+                for k, v in urllib.parse.parse_qs(fv_el.attrib['value']).items())
         else:
             flashvars = {}
 
@@ -340,32 +337,32 @@ class BrightcoveLegacyIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         params = {}
 
-        playerID = find_param('playerID') or find_param('playerId')
-        if playerID is None:
+        player_id = find_param('playerID') or find_param('playerId')
+        if player_id is None:
             raise ExtractorError('Cannot find player ID')
-        params['playerID'] = playerID
+        params['playerID'] = player_id
 
-        playerKey = find_param('playerKey')
+        player_key = find_param('playerKey')
         # Not all pages define this value
-        if playerKey is not None:
-            params['playerKey'] = playerKey
+        if player_key is not None:
+            params['playerKey'] = player_key
         # These fields hold the id of the video
-        videoPlayer = find_param('@videoPlayer') or find_param('videoId') or find_param('videoID') or find_param('@videoList')
-        if videoPlayer is not None:
-            if isinstance(videoPlayer, list):
-                videoPlayer = videoPlayer[0]
-            videoPlayer = videoPlayer.strip()
+        video_player = find_param('@videoPlayer') or find_param('videoId') or find_param('videoID') or find_param('@videoList')
+        if video_player is not None:
+            if isinstance(video_player, list):
+                video_player = video_player[0]
+            video_player = video_player.strip()
             # UUID is also possible for videoPlayer (e.g.
             # http://www.popcornflix.com/hoodies-vs-hooligans/7f2d2b87-bbf2-4623-acfb-ea942b4f01dd
             # or http://www8.hp.com/cn/zh/home.html)
             if not (re.match(
                     r'^(?:\d+|[\da-fA-F]{8}-?[\da-fA-F]{4}-?[\da-fA-F]{4}-?[\da-fA-F]{4}-?[\da-fA-F]{12})$',
-                    videoPlayer) or videoPlayer.startswith('ref:')):
+                    video_player) or video_player.startswith('ref:')):
                 return None
-            params['@videoPlayer'] = videoPlayer
-        linkBase = find_param('linkBaseURL')
-        if linkBase is not None:
-            params['linkBaseURL'] = linkBase
+            params['@videoPlayer'] = video_player
+        link_base = find_param('linkBaseURL')
+        if link_base is not None:
+            params['linkBaseURL'] = link_base
         return cls._make_brightcove_url(params)
 
     @classmethod
@@ -448,13 +445,13 @@ class BrightcoveLegacyIE(InfoExtractor):
         url = re.sub(r'(?<=[?&])bckey', 'playerKey', url)
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
         query_str = mobj.group('query')
-        query = compat_urlparse.parse_qs(query_str)
+        query = urllib.parse.parse_qs(query_str)
 
-        videoPlayer = query.get('@videoPlayer')
-        if videoPlayer:
+        video_player = query.get('@videoPlayer')
+        if video_player:
             # We set the original url as the default 'Referer' header
             referer = query.get('linkBaseURL', [None])[0] or smuggled_data.get('Referer', url)
-            video_id = videoPlayer[0]
+            video_id = video_player[0]
             if 'playerID' not in query:
                 mobj = re.search(r'/bcpid(\d+)', url)
                 if mobj is not None:
@@ -483,7 +480,7 @@ class BrightcoveLegacyIE(InfoExtractor):
                     enc_pub_id = player_key.split(',')[1].replace('~', '=')
                     publisher_id = struct.unpack('>Q', base64.urlsafe_b64decode(enc_pub_id))[0]
             if publisher_id:
-                brightcove_new_url = 'http://players.brightcove.net/%s/default_default/index.html?videoId=%s' % (publisher_id, video_id)
+                brightcove_new_url = f'http://players.brightcove.net/{publisher_id}/default_default/index.html?videoId={video_id}'
                 if referer:
                     brightcove_new_url = smuggle_url(brightcove_new_url, {'referrer': referer})
                 return self.url_result(brightcove_new_url, BrightcoveNewIE.ie_key(), video_id)
@@ -543,9 +540,9 @@ class BrightcoveNewBaseIE(AdobePassIE):
                 def build_format_id(kind):
                     format_id = kind
                     if tbr:
-                        format_id += '-%dk' % int(tbr)
+                        format_id += f'-{int(tbr)}k'
                     if height:
-                        format_id += '-%dp' % height
+                        format_id += f'-{height}p'
                     return format_id
 
                 if src or streaming_src:
@@ -654,7 +651,7 @@ class BrightcoveNewIE(BrightcoveNewBaseIE):
         'params': {
             # m3u8 download
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # playlist stream
         'url': 'https://players.brightcove.net/1752604059001/S13cJdUBz_default/index.html?playlistId=5718313430001',
@@ -666,7 +663,7 @@ class BrightcoveNewIE(BrightcoveNewBaseIE):
         'params': {
             # m3u8 download
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://players.brightcove.net/5690807595001/HyZNerRl7_default/index.html?playlistId=5743160747001',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -833,8 +830,7 @@ class BrightcoveNewIE(BrightcoveNewBaseIE):
             player_id = player_id or attrs.get('data-player') or 'default'
             embed = embed or attrs.get('data-embed') or 'default'
 
-            bc_url = 'http://players.brightcove.net/%s/%s_%s/index.html?videoId=%s' % (
-                account_id, player_id, embed, video_id)
+            bc_url = f'http://players.brightcove.net/{account_id}/{player_id}_{embed}/index.html?videoId={video_id}'
 
             # Some brightcove videos may be embedded with video tag only and
             # without script tag or any mentioning of brightcove at all. Such
@@ -865,13 +861,13 @@ class BrightcoveNewIE(BrightcoveNewBaseIE):
 
         account_id, player_id, embed, content_type, video_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
 
-        policy_key_id = '%s_%s' % (account_id, player_id)
+        policy_key_id = f'{account_id}_{player_id}'
         policy_key = self.cache.load('brightcove', policy_key_id)
         policy_key_extracted = False
         store_pk = lambda x: self.cache.store('brightcove', policy_key_id, x)
 
         def extract_policy_key():
-            base_url = 'http://players.brightcove.net/%s/%s_%s/' % (account_id, player_id, embed)
+            base_url = f'http://players.brightcove.net/{account_id}/{player_id}_{embed}/'
             config = self._download_json(
                 base_url + 'config.json', video_id, fatal=False) or {}
             policy_key = try_get(
@@ -910,7 +906,7 @@ class BrightcoveNewIE(BrightcoveNewBaseIE):
             if not policy_key:
                 policy_key = extract_policy_key()
                 policy_key_extracted = True
-            headers['Accept'] = 'application/json;pk=%s' % policy_key
+            headers['Accept'] = f'application/json;pk={policy_key}'
             try:
                 json_data = self._download_json(api_url, video_id, headers=headers)
                 break
@@ -936,7 +932,7 @@ class BrightcoveNewIE(BrightcoveNewBaseIE):
                 custom_fields['bcadobepassresourceid'])
             json_data = self._download_json(
                 api_url, video_id, headers={
-                    'Accept': 'application/json;pk=%s' % policy_key
+                    'Accept': f'application/json;pk={policy_key}',
                 }, query={
                     'tveToken': tve_token,
                 })
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/bundesliga.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/bundesliga.py
index e76dd58ddb..29f8f94157 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/bundesliga.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/bundesliga.py
@@ -16,17 +16,17 @@ class BundesligaIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'upload_date': '20220928',
                 'duration': 146,
                 'timestamp': 1664366511,
-                'description': 'md5:803d4411bd134140c774021dd4b7598b'
-            }
+                'description': 'md5:803d4411bd134140c774021dd4b7598b',
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/videos/latest-features/T8IKc8TX?vid=ROHjs06G',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/videos/goals?vid=mOG56vWA',
-            'only_matching': True
-        }
+            'only_matching': True,
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/businessinsider.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/businessinsider.py
index 4b3f5e68b8..7cb9af692a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/businessinsider.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/businessinsider.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ class BusinessInsiderIE(InfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'cjGDb0X9',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': "Bananas give you more radiation exposure than living next to a nuclear power plant",
+            'title': 'Bananas give you more radiation exposure than living next to a nuclear power plant',
             'description': 'md5:0175a3baf200dd8fa658f94cade841b3',
             'upload_date': '20160611',
             'timestamp': 1465675620,
@@ -41,5 +41,5 @@ class BusinessInsiderIE(InfoExtractor):
              r'(?:jwplatform\.com/players/|jwplayer_)([a-zA-Z0-9]{8})'),
             webpage, 'jwplatform id')
         return self.url_result(
-            'jwplatform:%s' % jwplatform_id, ie=JWPlatformIE.ie_key(),
+            f'jwplatform:{jwplatform_id}', ie=JWPlatformIE.ie_key(),
             video_id=video_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/buzzfeed.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/buzzfeed.py
index b30a3b7ae2..9847095bcf 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/buzzfeed.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/buzzfeed.py
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ class BuzzFeedIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'upload_date': '20141024',
                 'uploader_id': 'Buddhanz1',
                 'uploader': 'Angry Ram',
-            }
-        }]
+            },
+        }],
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.buzzfeed.com/sheridanwatson/look-at-this-cute-dog-omg?utm_term=4ldqpia',
         'params': {
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class BuzzFeedIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'uploader_id': 'CindysMunchkin',
                 'uploader': 're:^Munchkin the',
             },
-        }]
+        }],
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/the-most-adorable-crash-landing-ever#.eq7pX0BAmK',
         'info_dict': {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/byutv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/byutv.py
index ad35427ed7..e9796f7dab 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/byutv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/byutv.py
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class BYUtvIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 11645,
         },
         'params': {
-            'skip_download': True
+            'skip_download': True,
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.byutv.org/watch/6587b9a3-89d2-42a6-a7f7-fd2f81840a7d',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/c56.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/c56.py
index e4b1c9a84c..6264803dd6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/c56.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/c56.py
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class C56IE(InfoExtractor):
             return self.url_result(sohu_video_info['url'], 'Sohu')
 
         page = self._download_json(
-            'http://vxml.56.com/json/%s/' % text_id, text_id, 'Downloading video info')
+            f'http://vxml.56.com/json/{text_id}/', text_id, 'Downloading video info')
 
         info = page['info']
 
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class C56IE(InfoExtractor):
             {
                 'format_id': f['type'],
                 'filesize': int(f['filesize']),
-                'url': f['url']
+                'url': f['url'],
             } for f in info['rfiles']
         ]
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/callin.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/callin.py
index c77179c7bb..b7061a7d14 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/callin.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/callin.py
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ class CallinIE(InfoExtractor):
             'series_id': '436d1f82ddeb30cd2306ea9156044d8d2cfdc3f1f1552d245117a42173e78553',
             'episode': 'The Title IX Regime and the Long March Through and Beyond the Institutions',
             'episode_number': 1,
-            'episode_id': '218b979630a35ead12c6fd096f2996c56c37e4d0dc1f6dc0feada32dcf7b31cd'
-        }
+            'episode_id': '218b979630a35ead12c6fd096f2996c56c37e4d0dc1f6dc0feada32dcf7b31cd',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.callin.com/episode/fcc-commissioner-brendan-carr-on-elons-PrumRdSQJW',
         'md5': '14ede27ee2c957b7e4db93140fc0745c',
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class CallinIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://d1z76fhpoqkd01.cloudfront.net/shows/legacy/1ade9142625344045dc17cf523469ced1d93610762f4c886d06aa190a2f979e8.png',
             'episode_id': 'c3dab47f237bf953d180d3f243477a84302798be0e0b29bc9ade6d60a69f04f5',
             'timestamp': 1662100688.005,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.callin.com/episode/episode-81-elites-melt-down-over-student-debt-lzxMidUnjA',
         'md5': '16f704ddbf82a27e3930533b12062f07',
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ class CallinIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://d1z76fhpoqkd01.cloudfront.net/shows/legacy/461ea0d86172cb6aff7d6c80fd49259cf5e64bdf737a4650f8bc24cf392ca218.png',
             'episode_id': '8d06f869798f93a7814e380bceabea72d501417e620180416ff6bd510596e83c',
             'timestamp': 1661476708.282,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def try_get_user_name(self, d):
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ class CallinIE(InfoExtractor):
         next_data = self._search_nextjs_data(webpage, display_id)
         episode = next_data['props']['pageProps']['episode']
 
-        id = episode['id']
+        video_id = episode['id']
         title = episode.get('title') or self._generic_title('', webpage)
         url = episode['m3u8']
         formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(url, display_id, ext='ts')
@@ -125,11 +125,11 @@ class CallinIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         episode_list = traverse_obj(show_json, ('pageProps', 'show', 'episodes')) or []
         episode_number = next(
-            (len(episode_list) - i for (i, e) in enumerate(episode_list) if e.get('id') == id),
+            (len(episode_list) - i for i, e in enumerate(episode_list) if e.get('id') == video_id),
             None)
 
         return {
-            'id': id,
+            'id': video_id,
             '_old_archive_ids': [make_archive_id(self, display_id.rsplit('-', 1)[-1])],
             'display_id': display_id,
             'title': title,
@@ -151,5 +151,5 @@ class CallinIE(InfoExtractor):
             'series_id': show_id,
             'episode': title,
             'episode_number': episode_number,
-            'episode_id': id
+            'episode_id': video_id,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/caltrans.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/caltrans.py
index f4a4a834b8..5513bb2dfa 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/caltrans.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/caltrans.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class CaltransIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'US-50 : Sacramento : Hwy 50 at 24th',
             'live_status': 'is_live',
             'thumbnail': 'https://cwwp2.dot.ca.gov/data/d3/cctv/image/hwy50at24th/hwy50at24th.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cam4.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cam4.py
index 2650cc1ef1..0d0dccb794 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cam4.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cam4.py
@@ -12,12 +12,12 @@ class CAM4IE(InfoExtractor):
             'age_limit': 18,
             'live_status': 'is_live',
             'thumbnail': 'https://snapshots.xcdnpro.com/thumbnails/foxynesss',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         channel_id = self._match_id(url)
-        m3u8_playlist = self._download_json('https://www.cam4.com/rest/v1.0/profile/{}/streamInfo'.format(channel_id), channel_id).get('cdnURL')
+        m3u8_playlist = self._download_json(f'https://www.cam4.com/rest/v1.0/profile/{channel_id}/streamInfo', channel_id).get('cdnURL')
 
         formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(m3u8_playlist, channel_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls', live=True)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/camdemy.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/camdemy.py
index c7079e4224..34dc095af8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/camdemy.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/camdemy.py
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlencode,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     clean_html,
     parse_duration,
@@ -28,7 +25,7 @@ class CamdemyIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 1591,
             'upload_date': '20130114',
             'view_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # With non-empty description
         # webpage returns "No permission or not login"
@@ -42,7 +39,7 @@ class CamdemyIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:2a9f989c2b153a2342acee579c6e7db6',
             'creator': 'evercam',
             'duration': 318,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # External source (YouTube)
         'url': 'http://www.camdemy.com/media/14842',
@@ -76,12 +73,12 @@ class CamdemyIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         title = oembed_obj['title']
         thumb_url = oembed_obj['thumbnail_url']
-        video_folder = compat_urlparse.urljoin(thumb_url, 'video/')
+        video_folder = urllib.parse.urljoin(thumb_url, 'video/')
         file_list_doc = self._download_xml(
-            compat_urlparse.urljoin(video_folder, 'fileList.xml'),
+            urllib.parse.urljoin(video_folder, 'fileList.xml'),
             video_id, 'Downloading filelist XML')
         file_name = file_list_doc.find('./video/item/fileName').text
-        video_url = compat_urlparse.urljoin(video_folder, file_name)
+        video_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(video_folder, file_name)
 
         # Some URLs return "No permission or not login" in a webpage despite being
         # freely available via oembed JSON URL (e.g. http://www.camdemy.com/media/13885)
@@ -117,35 +114,35 @@ class CamdemyFolderIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': '450',
             'title': '信號與系統 2012 & 2011 (Signals and Systems)',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 145
+        'playlist_mincount': 145,
     }, {
         # links without trailing slash
         # and multi-page
         'url': 'http://www.camdemy.com/folder/853',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '853',
-            'title': '科學計算 - 使用 Matlab'
+            'title': '科學計算 - 使用 Matlab',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 20
+        'playlist_mincount': 20,
     }, {
         # with displayMode parameter. For testing the codes to add parameters
         'url': 'http://www.camdemy.com/folder/853/?displayMode=defaultOrderByOrg',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '853',
-            'title': '科學計算 - 使用 Matlab'
+            'title': '科學計算 - 使用 Matlab',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 20
+        'playlist_mincount': 20,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         folder_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         # Add displayMode=list so that all links are displayed in a single page
-        parsed_url = list(compat_urlparse.urlparse(url))
-        query = dict(compat_urlparse.parse_qsl(parsed_url[4]))
+        parsed_url = list(urllib.parse.urlparse(url))
+        query = dict(urllib.parse.parse_qsl(parsed_url[4]))
         query.update({'displayMode': 'list'})
-        parsed_url[4] = compat_urllib_parse_urlencode(query)
-        final_url = compat_urlparse.urlunparse(parsed_url)
+        parsed_url[4] = urllib.parse.urlencode(query)
+        final_url = urllib.parse.urlunparse(parsed_url)
 
         page = self._download_webpage(final_url, folder_id)
         matches = re.findall(r"href='(/media/\d+/?)'", page)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/camfm.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/camfm.py
index 11dafa4a21..6036f136fd 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/camfm.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/camfm.py
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class CamFMShowIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': urljoin('https://camfm.co.uk', self._search_regex(
                 r'<img[^>]+class="thumb-expand"[^>]+src="([^"]+)"', page, 'thumbnail', fatal=False)),
             'title': self._html_search_regex('<h1>([^<]+)</h1>', page, 'title', fatal=False),
-            'description': clean_html(get_element_by_class('small-12 medium-8 cell', page))
+            'description': clean_html(get_element_by_class('small-12 medium-8 cell', page)),
         }
 
 
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class CamFMEpisodeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'series': 'AITAA: Am I the Agony Aunt?',
             'thumbnail': 'md5:5980a831360d0744c3764551be3d09c1',
             'categories': ['Entertainment'],
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cammodels.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cammodels.py
index 135b31529f..7388cfb6cd 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cammodels.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cammodels.py
@@ -7,14 +7,14 @@ class CamModelsIE(InfoExtractor):
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.cammodels.com/cam/AutumnKnight/',
         'only_matching': True,
-        'age_limit': 18
+        'age_limit': 18,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         user_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         manifest = self._download_json(
-            'https://manifest-server.naiadsystems.com/live/s:%s.json' % user_id, user_id)
+            f'https://manifest-server.naiadsystems.com/live/s:{user_id}.json', user_id)
 
         formats = []
         thumbnails = []
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class CamModelsIE(InfoExtractor):
                 format_id_list = [format_id]
                 height = int_or_none(media.get('videoHeight'))
                 if height is not None:
-                    format_id_list.append('%dp' % height)
+                    format_id_list.append(f'{height}p')
                 f = {
                     'url': media_url,
                     'format_id': '-'.join(format_id_list),
@@ -73,5 +73,5 @@ class CamModelsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnails': thumbnails,
             'is_live': True,
             'formats': formats,
-            'age_limit': 18
+            'age_limit': 18,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/camtasia.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/camtasia.py
index 70ab6c62a1..326643175b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/camtasia.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/camtasia.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class CamtasiaEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'title': 'Fenn-AA_PA_Radar_Course_Lecture_1c_Final - video1',
                     'ext': 'flv',
                     'duration': 2235.90,
-                }
+                },
             }, {
                 'md5': '10e4bb3aaca9fd630e273ff92d9f3c63',
                 'info_dict': {
@@ -25,12 +25,12 @@ class CamtasiaEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'title': 'Fenn-AA_PA_Radar_Course_Lecture_1c_Final - pip',
                     'ext': 'flv',
                     'duration': 2235.93,
-                }
+                },
             }],
             'info_dict': {
                 'title': 'Fenn-AA_PA_Radar_Course_Lecture_1c_Final',
             },
-            'skip': 'webpage dead'
+            'skip': 'webpage dead',
         },
 
     ]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/canalalpha.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/canalalpha.py
index 745e6954c7..3a0df95450 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/canalalpha.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/canalalpha.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class CanalAlphaIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20211028',
             'duration': 1125,
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.canalalpha.ch/play/le-journal/topic/24512/la-poste-fait-de-neuchatel-un-pole-cryptographique',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class CanalAlphaIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20211028',
             'duration': 138,
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.canalalpha.ch/play/eureka/episode/24484/ces-innovations-qui-veulent-rendre-lagriculture-plus-durable',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class CanalAlphaIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20211026',
             'duration': 360,
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.canalalpha.ch/play/avec-le-temps/episode/23516/redonner-de-leclat-grace-au-polissage',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class CanalAlphaIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20210726',
             'duration': 360,
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.canalalpha.ch/play/le-journal/topic/33500/encore-des-mesures-deconomie-dans-le-jura',
         'info_dict': {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/canalc2.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/canalc2.py
index 597cb2a6b0..c725545fa2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/canalc2.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/canalc2.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class Canalc2IE(InfoExtractor):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://www.canalc2.tv/video/%s' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'http://www.canalc2.tv/video/{video_id}', video_id)
 
         title = self._html_search_regex(
             r'(?s)class="[^"]*col_description[^"]*">.*?<h3>(.+?)</h3>',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/canalplus.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/canalplus.py
index 3ff5c3fbfc..728b7a0472 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/canalplus.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/canalplus.py
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class CanalplusIE(InfoExtractor):
         video_data = self._download_json(info_url, video_id, 'Downloading video JSON')
 
         if isinstance(video_data, list):
-            video_data = [video for video in video_data if video.get('ID') == video_id][0]
+            video_data = next(video for video in video_data if video.get('ID') == video_id)
         media = video_data['MEDIA']
         infos = video_data['INFOS']
 
@@ -97,8 +97,7 @@ class CanalplusIE(InfoExtractor):
         return {
             'id': video_id,
             'display_id': display_id,
-            'title': '%s - %s' % (titrage['TITRE'],
-                                  titrage['SOUS_TITRE']),
+            'title': '{} - {}'.format(titrage['TITRE'], titrage['SOUS_TITRE']),
             'upload_date': unified_strdate(infos.get('PUBLICATION', {}).get('DATE')),
             'thumbnails': thumbnails,
             'description': infos.get('DESCRIPTION'),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/caracoltv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/caracoltv.py
index 79f7752fe0..493ffdae5e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/caracoltv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/caracoltv.py
@@ -78,13 +78,13 @@ class CaracolTvPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'device_data': {
                     'device_id': str(uuid.uuid4()),
                     'device_token': '',
-                    'device_type': 'web'
+                    'device_type': 'web',
                 },
                 'login_data': {
                     'enabled': True,
                     'email': email,
                     'password': password,
-                }
+                },
             }).encode())['user_token']
 
     def _extract_video(self, video_data, series_id=None, season_id=None, season_number=None):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cartoonnetwork.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cartoonnetwork.py
index 4dd7ac46d4..1749a008a2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cartoonnetwork.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cartoonnetwork.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class CartoonNetworkIE(TurnerBaseIE):
             if content_re:
                 metadata_re = r'|video_metadata\.content_' + content_re
             return self._search_regex(
-                r'(?:_cnglobal\.currentVideo\.%s%s)\s*=\s*"(%s)";' % (global_re, metadata_re, value_re),
+                rf'(?:_cnglobal\.currentVideo\.{global_re}{metadata_re})\s*=\s*"({value_re})";',
                 webpage, name, fatal=fatal)
 
         media_id = find_field('mediaId', 'media id', 'id', '[0-9a-f]{40}', True)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cbc.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cbc.py
index a4180262b7..740e129264 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cbc.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cbc.py
@@ -6,9 +6,6 @@ import urllib.parse
 import xml.etree.ElementTree
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
@@ -99,7 +96,7 @@ class CBCIE(InfoExtractor):
         # multiple CBC.APP.Caffeine.initInstance(...)
         'url': 'http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/dog-indoor-exercise-winter-1.3928238',
         'info_dict': {
-            'title': 'Keep Rover active during the deep freeze with doggie pushups and other fun indoor tasks',  # FIXME
+            'title': 'Keep Rover active during the deep freeze with doggie pushups and other fun indoor tasks',  # FIXME: actual title includes " | CBC News"
             'id': 'dog-indoor-exercise-winter-1.3928238',
             'description': 'md5:c18552e41726ee95bd75210d1ca9194c',
         },
@@ -108,7 +105,7 @@ class CBCIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if CBCPlayerIE.suitable(url) else super(CBCIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if CBCPlayerIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _extract_player_init(self, player_init, display_id):
         player_info = self._parse_json(player_init, display_id, js_to_json)
@@ -116,15 +113,15 @@ class CBCIE(InfoExtractor):
         if not media_id:
             clip_id = player_info['clipId']
             feed = self._download_json(
-                'http://tpfeed.cbc.ca/f/ExhSPC/vms_5akSXx4Ng_Zn?byCustomValue={:mpsReleases}{%s}' % clip_id,
+                f'http://tpfeed.cbc.ca/f/ExhSPC/vms_5akSXx4Ng_Zn?byCustomValue={{:mpsReleases}}{{{clip_id}}}',
                 clip_id, fatal=False)
             if feed:
-                media_id = try_get(feed, lambda x: x['entries'][0]['guid'], compat_str)
+                media_id = try_get(feed, lambda x: x['entries'][0]['guid'], str)
             if not media_id:
                 media_id = self._download_json(
                     'http://feed.theplatform.com/f/h9dtGB/punlNGjMlc1F?fields=id&byContent=byReleases%3DbyId%253D' + clip_id,
                     clip_id)['entries'][0]['id'].split('/')[-1]
-        return self.url_result('cbcplayer:%s' % media_id, 'CBCPlayer', media_id)
+        return self.url_result(f'cbcplayer:{media_id}', 'CBCPlayer', media_id)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -142,7 +139,7 @@ class CBCIE(InfoExtractor):
                 r'guid["\']\s*:\s*["\'](\d+)'):
             media_ids.extend(re.findall(media_id_re, webpage))
         entries.extend([
-            self.url_result('cbcplayer:%s' % media_id, 'CBCPlayer', media_id)
+            self.url_result(f'cbcplayer:{media_id}', 'CBCPlayer', media_id)
             for media_id in orderedSet(media_ids)])
         return self.playlist_result(
             entries, display_id, strip_or_none(title),
@@ -322,11 +319,11 @@ class CBCPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
             'ie_key': 'ThePlatform',
             'url': smuggle_url(
-                'http://link.theplatform.com/s/ExhSPC/media/guid/2655402169/%s?mbr=true&formats=MPEG4,FLV,MP3' % video_id, {
-                    'force_smil_url': True
+                f'http://link.theplatform.com/s/ExhSPC/media/guid/2655402169/{video_id}?mbr=true&formats=MPEG4,FLV,MP3', {
+                    'force_smil_url': True,
                 }),
             'id': video_id,
-            '_format_sort_fields': ('res', 'proto')  # Prioritize direct http formats over HLS
+            '_format_sort_fields': ('res', 'proto'),  # Prioritize direct http formats over HLS
         }
 
 
@@ -338,13 +335,13 @@ class CBCPlayerPlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
         'playlist_mincount': 25,
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'news/tv shows/the national/latest broadcast',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.cbc.ca/player/news/Canada/North',
         'playlist_mincount': 25,
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'news/canada/north',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -355,7 +352,7 @@ class CBCPlayerPlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         def entries():
             for video_id in traverse_obj(json_content, (
-                'video', 'clipsByCategory', lambda k, _: k.lower() == playlist_id, 'items', ..., 'id'
+                'video', 'clipsByCategory', lambda k, _: k.lower() == playlist_id, 'items', ..., 'id',
             )):
                 yield self.url_result(f'https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/{video_id}', CBCPlayerIE)
 
@@ -453,7 +450,7 @@ class CBCGemIE(InfoExtractor):
         # JWT is decoded here and 'exp' field is extracted
         # It is a Unix timestamp for when the token expires
         b64_data = self._claims_token.split('.')[1]
-        data = base64.urlsafe_b64decode(b64_data + "==")
+        data = base64.urlsafe_b64decode(b64_data + '==')
         return json.loads(data)['exp']
 
     def claims_token_expired(self):
@@ -535,17 +532,17 @@ class CBCGemIE(InfoExtractor):
         self._remove_duplicate_formats(formats)
         formats.extend(self._find_secret_formats(formats, video_id))
 
-        for format in formats:
-            if format.get('vcodec') == 'none':
-                if format.get('ext') is None:
-                    format['ext'] = 'm4a'
-                if format.get('acodec') is None:
-                    format['acodec'] = 'mp4a.40.2'
+        for fmt in formats:
+            if fmt.get('vcodec') == 'none':
+                if fmt.get('ext') is None:
+                    fmt['ext'] = 'm4a'
+                if fmt.get('acodec') is None:
+                    fmt['acodec'] = 'mp4a.40.2'
 
                 # Put described audio at the beginning of the list, so that it
                 # isn't chosen by default, as most people won't want it.
-                if 'descriptive' in format['format_id'].lower():
-                    format['preference'] = -2
+                if 'descriptive' in fmt['format_id'].lower():
+                    fmt['preference'] = -2
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
@@ -670,7 +667,7 @@ class CBCGemLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'title': r're:^Ottawa [0-9\-: ]+',
                 'description': 'The live TV channel and local programming from Ottawa',
                 'live_status': 'is_live',
-                'thumbnail': r're:https://images.gem.cbc.ca/v1/cbc-gem/live/.*'
+                'thumbnail': r're:https://images.gem.cbc.ca/v1/cbc-gem/live/.*',
             },
             'params': {'skip_download': True},
             'skip': 'Live might have ended',
@@ -690,7 +687,7 @@ class CBCGemLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
             },
             'params': {'skip_download': True},
             'skip': 'Live might have ended',
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -729,5 +726,5 @@ class CBCGemLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'description': 'description',
                 'thumbnail': ('images', 'card', 'url'),
                 'timestamp': ('airDate', {parse_iso8601}),
-            })
+            }),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cbs.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cbs.py
index aca9782c76..e825588972 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cbs.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cbs.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class CBSBaseIE(ThePlatformFeedIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
         return subtitles
 
     def _extract_common_video_info(self, content_id, asset_types, mpx_acc, extra_info):
-        tp_path = 'dJ5BDC/media/guid/%d/%s' % (mpx_acc, content_id)
+        tp_path = f'dJ5BDC/media/guid/{mpx_acc}/{content_id}'
         tp_release_url = f'https://link.theplatform.com/s/{tp_path}'
         info = self._extract_theplatform_metadata(tp_path, content_id)
 
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class CBSBaseIE(ThePlatformFeedIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             try:
                 tp_formats, tp_subtitles = self._extract_theplatform_smil(
                     update_url_query(tp_release_url, query), content_id,
-                    'Downloading %s SMIL data' % asset_type)
+                    f'Downloading {asset_type} SMIL data')
             except ExtractorError as e:
                 last_e = e
                 if asset_type != 'fallback':
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class CBSBaseIE(ThePlatformFeedIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
                 try:
                     tp_formats, tp_subtitles = self._extract_theplatform_smil(
                         update_url_query(tp_release_url, query), content_id,
-                        'Downloading %s SMIL data, trying again with another format' % asset_type)
+                        f'Downloading {asset_type} SMIL data, trying again with another format')
                 except ExtractorError as e:
                     last_e = e
                     continue
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ccc.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ccc.py
index ca6b82c981..1d781cc477 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ccc.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ccc.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class CCCIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1388188800,
             'duration': 3710,
             'tags': list,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://media.ccc.de/v/32c3-7368-shopshifting#download',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class CCCIE(InfoExtractor):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
         event_id = self._search_regex(r"data-id='(\d+)'", webpage, 'event id')
-        event_data = self._download_json('https://media.ccc.de/public/events/%s' % event_id, event_id)
+        event_data = self._download_json(f'https://media.ccc.de/public/events/{event_id}', event_id)
 
         formats = []
         for recording in event_data.get('recordings', []):
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ class CCCPlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Datenspuren 2023',
             'id': 'DS2023',
         },
-        'playlist_count': 37
+        'playlist_count': 37,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ccma.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ccma.py
index ab840f3016..ffe4b49c15 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ccma.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ccma.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class CCMAIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1478608140,
             'upload_date': '20161108',
             'age_limit': 0,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.ccma.cat/catradio/alacarta/programa/el-consell-de-savis-analitza-el-derbi/audio/943685/',
         'md5': 'fa3e38f269329a278271276330261425',
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class CCMAIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1494622500,
             'vcodec': 'none',
             'categories': ['Esports'],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.ccma.cat/tv3/alacarta/crims/crims-josep-tallada-lespereu-me-capitol-1/video/6031387/',
         'md5': 'b43c3d3486f430f3032b5b160d80cbc3',
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class CCMAIE(InfoExtractor):
             'subtitles': 'mincount:4',
             'age_limit': 16,
             'series': 'Crims',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cctv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cctv.py
index 8552ee511c..18c080df1b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cctv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cctv.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     float_or_none,
     try_get,
@@ -167,17 +166,17 @@ class CCTVIE(InfoExtractor):
         if isinstance(video, dict):
             for quality, chapters_key in enumerate(('lowChapters', 'chapters')):
                 video_url = try_get(
-                    video, lambda x: x[chapters_key][0]['url'], compat_str)
+                    video, lambda x: x[chapters_key][0]['url'], str)
                 if video_url:
                     formats.append({
                         'url': video_url,
                         'format_id': 'http',
                         'quality': quality,
                         # Sample clip
-                        'preference': -10
+                        'preference': -10,
                     })
 
-        hls_url = try_get(data, lambda x: x['hls_url'], compat_str)
+        hls_url = try_get(data, lambda x: x['hls_url'], str)
         if hls_url:
             hls_url = re.sub(r'maxbr=\d+&?', '', hls_url)
             formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cda.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cda.py
index 0a5a524c16..62ee8b17f1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cda.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cda.py
@@ -6,9 +6,10 @@ import hmac
 import json
 import random
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_ord, compat_urllib_parse_unquote
+from ..compat import compat_ord
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     float_or_none,
@@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ class CDAIE(InfoExtractor):
             'age_limit': 0,
             'upload_date': '20160221',
             'timestamp': 1456078244,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.cda.pl/video/57413289',
         'md5': 'a88828770a8310fc00be6c95faf7f4d5',
@@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ class CDAIE(InfoExtractor):
             'age_limit': 0,
             'upload_date': '20160220',
             'timestamp': 1455968218,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # Age-restricted with vfilm redirection
         'url': 'https://www.cda.pl/video/8753244c4',
@@ -85,7 +86,7 @@ class CDAIE(InfoExtractor):
             'average_rating': float,
             'timestamp': 1633888264,
             'upload_date': '20211010',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # Age-restricted without vfilm redirection
         'url': 'https://www.cda.pl/video/17028157b8',
@@ -103,7 +104,7 @@ class CDAIE(InfoExtractor):
             'average_rating': float,
             'timestamp': 1699705901,
             'upload_date': '20231111',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://ebd.cda.pl/0x0/5749950c',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -263,7 +264,7 @@ class CDAIE(InfoExtractor):
         def decrypt_file(a):
             for p in ('_XDDD', '_CDA', '_ADC', '_CXD', '_QWE', '_Q5', '_IKSDE'):
                 a = a.replace(p, '')
-            a = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(a)
+            a = urllib.parse.unquote(a)
             b = []
             for c in a:
                 f = compat_ord(c)
@@ -280,16 +281,16 @@ class CDAIE(InfoExtractor):
         def extract_format(page, version):
             json_str = self._html_search_regex(
                 r'player_data=(\\?["\'])(?P<player_data>.+?)\1', page,
-                '%s player_json' % version, fatal=False, group='player_data')
+                f'{version} player_json', fatal=False, group='player_data')
             if not json_str:
                 return
             player_data = self._parse_json(
-                json_str, '%s player_data' % version, fatal=False)
+                json_str, f'{version} player_data', fatal=False)
             if not player_data:
                 return
             video = player_data.get('video')
             if not video or 'file' not in video:
-                self.report_warning('Unable to extract %s version information' % version)
+                self.report_warning(f'Unable to extract {version} version information')
                 return
             if video['file'].startswith('uggc'):
                 video['file'] = codecs.decode(video['file'], 'rot_13')
@@ -310,11 +311,11 @@ class CDAIE(InfoExtractor):
                     continue
                 data = {'jsonrpc': '2.0', 'method': 'videoGetLink', 'id': 2,
                         'params': [video_id, cda_quality, video.get('ts'), video.get('hash2'), {}]}
-                data = json.dumps(data).encode('utf-8')
+                data = json.dumps(data).encode()
                 video_url = self._download_json(
                     f'https://www.cda.pl/video/{video_id}', video_id, headers={
                         'Content-Type': 'application/json',
-                        'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest'
+                        'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
                     }, data=data, note=f'Fetching {quality} url',
                     errnote=f'Failed to fetch {quality} url', fatal=False)
                 if try_get(video_url, lambda x: x['result']['status']) == 'ok':
@@ -322,7 +323,7 @@ class CDAIE(InfoExtractor):
                     info_dict['formats'].append({
                         'url': video_url,
                         'format_id': quality,
-                        'height': int_or_none(quality[:-1])
+                        'height': int_or_none(quality[:-1]),
                     })
 
             if not info_dict['duration']:
@@ -340,11 +341,11 @@ class CDAIE(InfoExtractor):
 
             webpage = handler(
                 urljoin(self._BASE_URL, href), video_id,
-                'Downloading %s version information' % resolution, fatal=False)
+                f'Downloading {resolution} version information', fatal=False)
             if not webpage:
                 # Manually report warning because empty page is returned when
                 # invalid version is requested.
-                self.report_warning('Unable to download %s version information' % resolution)
+                self.report_warning(f'Unable to download {resolution} version information')
                 continue
 
             extract_format(webpage, resolution)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cellebrite.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cellebrite.py
index 9896a31afe..e90365a8be 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cellebrite.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cellebrite.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class CellebriteIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Ask the Expert: Chat Capture - Collect Data from Android Devices in Cellebrite UFED',
             'duration': 455,
             'tags': [],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://cellebrite.com/en/how-to-lawfully-collect-the-maximum-amount-of-data-from-android-devices/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class CellebriteIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:e9a3d124c7287b0b07bad2547061cacf',
             'thumbnail': 'https://cellebrite.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/How-to-Lawfully-Collect-the-Maximum-Amount-of-Data-From-Android-Devices.png',
             'title': 'Android Extractions Explained',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _get_formats_and_subtitles(self, json_data, display_id):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ceskatelevize.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ceskatelevize.py
index 5d63357296..c323985caf 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ceskatelevize.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ceskatelevize.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_unquote, compat_urllib_parse_urlparse
 from ..networking import Request
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -97,11 +97,11 @@ class CeskaTelevizeIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage, urlh = self._download_webpage_handle(url, playlist_id)
-        parsed_url = compat_urllib_parse_urlparse(urlh.url)
+        parsed_url = urllib.parse.urlparse(urlh.url)
         site_name = self._og_search_property('site_name', webpage, fatal=False, default='Česká televize')
         playlist_title = self._og_search_title(webpage, default=None)
         if site_name and playlist_title:
-            playlist_title = re.split(r'\s*[—|]\s*%s' % (site_name, ), playlist_title, maxsplit=1)[0]
+            playlist_title = re.split(rf'\s*[—|]\s*{site_name}', playlist_title, maxsplit=1)[0]
         playlist_description = self._og_search_description(webpage, default=None)
         if playlist_description:
             playlist_description = playlist_description.replace('\xa0', ' ')
@@ -122,15 +122,15 @@ class CeskaTelevizeIE(InfoExtractor):
             iframe_hash = self._download_webpage(
                 'https://www.ceskatelevize.cz/v-api/iframe-hash/',
                 playlist_id, note='Getting IFRAME hash')
-            query = {'hash': iframe_hash, 'origin': 'iVysilani', 'autoStart': 'true', type_: idec, }
+            query = {'hash': iframe_hash, 'origin': 'iVysilani', 'autoStart': 'true', type_: idec}
             webpage = self._download_webpage(
                 'https://www.ceskatelevize.cz/ivysilani/embed/iFramePlayer.php',
                 playlist_id, note='Downloading player', query=query)
 
         NOT_AVAILABLE_STRING = 'This content is not available at your territory due to limited copyright.'
-        if '%s</p>' % NOT_AVAILABLE_STRING in webpage:
+        if f'{NOT_AVAILABLE_STRING}</p>' in webpage:
             self.raise_geo_restricted(NOT_AVAILABLE_STRING)
-        if any(not_found in webpage for not_found in ('Neplatný parametr pro videopřehrávač', 'IDEC nebyl nalezen', )):
+        if any(not_found in webpage for not_found in ('Neplatný parametr pro videopřehrávač', 'IDEC nebyl nalezen')):
             raise ExtractorError('no video with IDEC available', video_id=idec, expected=True)
 
         type_ = None
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ class CeskaTelevizeIE(InfoExtractor):
             if playlist_url == 'error_region':
                 raise ExtractorError(NOT_AVAILABLE_STRING, expected=True)
 
-            req = Request(compat_urllib_parse_unquote(playlist_url))
+            req = Request(urllib.parse.unquote(playlist_url))
             req.headers['Referer'] = url
 
             playlist = self._download_json(req, playlist_id, fatal=False)
@@ -203,11 +203,11 @@ class CeskaTelevizeIE(InfoExtractor):
                     if 'playerType=flash' in stream_url:
                         stream_formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
                             stream_url, playlist_id, 'mp4', 'm3u8_native',
-                            m3u8_id='hls-%s' % format_id, fatal=False)
+                            m3u8_id=f'hls-{format_id}', fatal=False)
                     else:
                         stream_formats = self._extract_mpd_formats(
                             stream_url, playlist_id,
-                            mpd_id='dash-%s' % format_id, fatal=False)
+                            mpd_id=f'dash-{format_id}', fatal=False)
                     if 'drmOnly=true' in stream_url:
                         for f in stream_formats:
                             f['has_drm'] = True
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ class CeskaTelevizeIE(InfoExtractor):
                 if playlist_len == 1:
                     final_title = playlist_title or title
                 else:
-                    final_title = '%s (%s)' % (playlist_title, title)
+                    final_title = f'{playlist_title} ({title})'
 
                 entries.append({
                     'id': item_id,
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ class CeskaTelevizeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'cs': [{
                 'ext': 'srt',
                 'data': srt_subs,
-            }]
+            }],
         }
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ class CeskaTelevizeIE(InfoExtractor):
                 if m:
                     yield m.group(1)
                     start, stop = (_msectotimecode(int(t)) for t in m.groups()[1:])
-                    yield '{0} --> {1}'.format(start, stop)
+                    yield f'{start} --> {stop}'
                 else:
                     yield line
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cgtn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cgtn.py
index 5d9d9bcde7..b9757e0639 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cgtn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cgtn.py
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ class CGTNIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'categories': ['Video'],
             },
             'params': {
-                'skip_download': True
-            }
+                'skip_download': True,
+            },
         }, {
             'url': 'https://news.cgtn.com/news/2021-06-06/China-Indonesia-vow-to-further-deepen-maritime-cooperation-10REvJCewCY/index.html',
             'info_dict': {
@@ -36,9 +36,9 @@ class CGTNIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'upload_date': '20210606',
             },
             'params': {
-                'skip_download': False
-            }
-        }
+                'skip_download': False,
+            },
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/chaturbate.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/chaturbate.py
index 99dfcfdebb..b49f741efa 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/chaturbate.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/chaturbate.py
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class ChaturbateIE(InfoExtractor):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            'https://chaturbate.com/%s/' % video_id, video_id,
+            f'https://chaturbate.com/{video_id}/', video_id,
             headers=self.geo_verification_headers())
 
         found_m3u8_urls = []
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ class ChaturbateIE(InfoExtractor):
         formats = []
         for m3u8_url in m3u8_urls:
             for known_id in ('fast', 'slow'):
-                if '_%s' % known_id in m3u8_url:
+                if f'_{known_id}' in m3u8_url:
                     m3u8_id = known_id
                     break
             else:
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ class ChaturbateIE(InfoExtractor):
         return {
             'id': video_id,
             'title': video_id,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://roomimg.stream.highwebmedia.com/ri/%s.jpg' % video_id,
+            'thumbnail': f'https://roomimg.stream.highwebmedia.com/ri/{video_id}.jpg',
             'age_limit': self._rta_search(webpage),
             'is_live': True,
             'formats': formats,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cinemax.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cinemax.py
index 706ec8553b..66831ef62d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cinemax.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cinemax.py
@@ -20,6 +20,6 @@ class CinemaxIE(HBOBaseIE):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         path, video_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
-        info = self._extract_info('https://www.cinemax.com/%s.xml' % path, video_id)
+        info = self._extract_info(f'https://www.cinemax.com/{path}.xml', video_id)
         info['id'] = video_id
         return info
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cinetecamilano.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cinetecamilano.py
index 745b71f243..834890d56f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cinetecamilano.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cinetecamilano.py
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ class CinetecaMilanoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'modified_date': '20200520',
             'duration': 3139,
             'release_timestamp': 1643446208,
-            'modified_timestamp': int
-        }
+            'modified_timestamp': int,
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class CinetecaMilanoIE(InfoExtractor):
                 f'https://www.cinetecamilano.it/api/catalogo/{video_id}/?',
                 video_id, headers={
                     'Referer': url,
-                    'Authorization': try_get(self._get_cookies('https://www.cinetecamilano.it'), lambda x: f'Bearer {x["cnt-token"].value}') or ''
+                    'Authorization': try_get(self._get_cookies('https://www.cinetecamilano.it'), lambda x: f'Bearer {x["cnt-token"].value}') or '',
                 })
         except ExtractorError as e:
             if ((isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 500)
@@ -58,5 +58,5 @@ class CinetecaMilanoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'modified_timestamp': parse_iso8601(archive.get('created_at'), delimiter=' '),
             'thumbnail': urljoin(url, try_get(archive, lambda x: x['thumb']['src'].replace('/public/', '/storage/'))),
             'formats': self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                urljoin(url, traverse_obj(archive, ('drm', 'hls'))), video_id, 'mp4')
+                urljoin(url, traverse_obj(archive, ('drm', 'hls'))), video_id, 'mp4'),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cineverse.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cineverse.py
index 4405297c62..c8c6c48c27 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cineverse.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cineverse.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ from ..utils import (
 
 
 class CineverseBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL_BASE = r'https?://www\.(?P<host>%s)' % '|'.join(map(re.escape, (
+    _VALID_URL_BASE = r'https?://www\.(?P<host>{})'.format('|'.join(map(re.escape, (
         'cineverse.com',
         'asiancrush.com',
         'dovechannel.com',
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class CineverseBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         'midnightpulp.com',
         'fandor.com',
         'retrocrush.tv',
-    )))
+    ))))
 
 
 class CineverseIE(CineverseBaseIE):
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class CineverseIE(CineverseBaseIE):
             'duration': 5811.597,
             'description': 'md5:892fd62a05611d394141e8394ace0bc6',
             'age_limit': 13,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.retrocrush.tv/watch/1000000023016/Archenemy! Crystal Bowie',
         'skip': 'geo-blocked',
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ class CineverseIE(CineverseBaseIE):
             'duration': 1485.067,
             'description': 'Cobra meets a beautiful bounty hunter by the name of Jane Royal.',
             'series': 'Space Adventure COBRA (Original Japanese)',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ class CineverseDetailsIE(CineverseBaseIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'title': 'Space Adventure COBRA (Original Japanese)',
             'id': '1000000023012',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.asiancrush.com/details/NNVG4938/Hansel-and-Gretel',
         'info_dict': {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ciscolive.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ciscolive.py
index 0668578170..1584ca6657 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ciscolive.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ciscolive.py
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ class CiscoLiveSearchIE(CiscoLiveBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if CiscoLiveSessionIE.suitable(url) else super(CiscoLiveSearchIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if CiscoLiveSessionIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     @staticmethod
     def _check_bc_id_exists(rf_item):
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ class CiscoLiveSearchIE(CiscoLiveBaseIE):
         for page_num in itertools.count(1):
             results = self._call_api(
                 'search', None, query, url,
-                'Downloading search JSON page %d' % page_num)
+                f'Downloading search JSON page {page_num}')
             sl = try_get(results, lambda x: x['sectionList'][0], dict)
             if sl:
                 results = sl
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ciscowebex.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ciscowebex.py
index 85585dffbb..d39347c82c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ciscowebex.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ciscowebex.py
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class CiscoWebexIE(InfoExtractor):
             headers['accessPwd'] = password
 
         stream, urlh = self._download_json_handle(
-            'https://%s.webex.com/webappng/api/v1/recordings/%s/stream' % (subdomain, video_id),
+            f'https://{subdomain}.webex.com/webappng/api/v1/recordings/{video_id}/stream',
             video_id, headers=headers, query={'siteurl': siteurl}, expected_status=(403, 429))
 
         if urlh.status == 403:
@@ -101,6 +101,6 @@ class CiscoWebexIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': stream.get('ownerUserName') or stream.get('ownerId'),
             'timestamp': unified_timestamp(stream.get('createTime')),
             'duration': int_or_none(stream.get('duration'), 1000),
-            'webpage_url': 'https://%s.webex.com/recordingservice/sites/%s/recording/playback/%s' % (subdomain, siteurl, video_id),
+            'webpage_url': f'https://{subdomain}.webex.com/recordingservice/sites/{siteurl}/recording/playback/{video_id}',
             'formats': formats,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cjsw.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cjsw.py
index c37a3b8482..b80236a7ee 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cjsw.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cjsw.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class CJSWIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
         program, episode_id = mobj.group('program', 'id')
-        audio_id = '%s/%s' % (program, episode_id)
+        audio_id = f'{program}/{episode_id}'
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, episode_id)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/clippit.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/clippit.py
index 67b56e00d9..393f217308 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/clippit.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/clippit.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class ClippitIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20160826',
             'description': 'BattleBots | ABC',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class ClippitIE(InfoExtractor):
         quality = qualities(FORMATS)
         formats = []
         for format_id in FORMATS:
-            url = self._html_search_regex(r'data-%s-file="(.+?)"' % format_id,
+            url = self._html_search_regex(rf'data-{format_id}-file="(.+?)"',
                                           webpage, 'url', fatal=False)
             if not url:
                 continue
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cliprs.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cliprs.py
index c2add02da4..42f78cac65 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cliprs.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cliprs.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class ClipRsIE(OnetBaseIE):
             'duration': 229,
             'timestamp': 1459850243,
             'upload_date': '20160405',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/closertotruth.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/closertotruth.py
index 1f9a5f6114..77469eda99 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/closertotruth.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/closertotruth.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class CloserToTruthIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Solutions to the Mind-Body Problem?',
             'upload_date': '20140221',
             'timestamp': 1392956007,
-            'uploader_id': 'CTTXML'
+            'uploader_id': 'CTTXML',
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class CloserToTruthIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'How do Brains Work?',
             'upload_date': '20140221',
             'timestamp': 1392956024,
-            'uploader_id': 'CTTXML'
+            'uploader_id': 'CTTXML',
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ class CloserToTruthIE(InfoExtractor):
                 entry_ids.add(entry_id)
                 entries.append({
                     '_type': 'url_transparent',
-                    'url': 'kaltura:%s:%s' % (partner_id, entry_id),
+                    'url': f'kaltura:{partner_id}:{entry_id}',
                     'ie_key': 'Kaltura',
                     'title': mobj.group('title'),
                 })
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ class CloserToTruthIE(InfoExtractor):
         return {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
             'display_id': display_id,
-            'url': 'kaltura:%s:%s' % (partner_id, entry_id),
+            'url': f'kaltura:{partner_id}:{entry_id}',
             'ie_key': 'Kaltura',
-            'title': title
+            'title': title,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cloudflarestream.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cloudflarestream.py
index a812c24af8..f902daacf6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cloudflarestream.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cloudflarestream.py
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class CloudflareStreamIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         domain = 'bytehighway.net' if 'bytehighway.net/' in url else 'videodelivery.net'
-        base_url = 'https://%s/%s/' % (domain, video_id)
+        base_url = f'https://{domain}/{video_id}/'
         if '.' in video_id:
             video_id = self._parse_json(base64.urlsafe_b64decode(
                 video_id.split('.')[1] + '==='), video_id)['sub']
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cloudycdn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cloudycdn.py
index e6e470e073..58bde46663 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cloudycdn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cloudycdn.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class CloudyCDNIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20231121',
             'title': 'D23-6000-105_cetstud',
             'thumbnail': 'https://store.cloudycdn.services/tmsp00060/assets/media/660858/placeholder1700589200.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://embed.cloudycdn.services/izm/media/26e_lv-8-5-1',
         'md5': '798828a479151e2444d8dcfbec76e482',
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class CloudyCDNIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://store.cloudycdn.services/tmsp00120/assets/media/488306/placeholder1679423604.jpg',
             'duration': 1205,
             'upload_date': '20221130',
-        }
+        },
     }]
     _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.tavaklase.lv/video/es-esmu-mina-um-2/',
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class CloudyCDNIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://store.cloudycdn.services/tmsp00120/assets/media/518407/placeholder1678748124.jpg',
             'timestamp': 1677181513,
             'title': 'LIB-2',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/clubic.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/clubic.py
index 716f259694..c908e61a1e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/clubic.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/clubic.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class ClubicIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Clubic Week 2.0 : le FBI se lance dans la photo d\u0092identité',
             'description': 're:Gueule de bois chez Nokia. Le constructeur a indiqué cette.*',
             'thumbnail': r're:^http://img\.clubic\.com/.*\.jpg$',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.clubic.com/video/video-clubic-week-2-0-apple-iphone-6s-et-plus-mais-surtout-le-pencil-469792.html',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class ClubicIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
-        player_url = 'http://player.m6web.fr/v1/player/clubic/%s.html' % video_id
+        player_url = f'http://player.m6web.fr/v1/player/clubic/{video_id}.html'
         player_page = self._download_webpage(player_url, video_id)
 
         config = self._parse_json(self._search_regex(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/clyp.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/clyp.py
index 273d0025f0..2702427c86 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/clyp.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/clyp.py
@@ -58,13 +58,13 @@ class ClypIE(InfoExtractor):
             query['token'] = token
 
         metadata = self._download_json(
-            'https://api.clyp.it/%s' % audio_id, audio_id, query=query)
+            f'https://api.clyp.it/{audio_id}', audio_id, query=query)
 
         formats = []
         for secure in ('', 'Secure'):
             for ext in ('Ogg', 'Mp3'):
-                format_id = '%s%s' % (secure, ext)
-                format_url = metadata.get('%sUrl' % format_id)
+                format_id = f'{secure}{ext}'
+                format_url = metadata.get(f'{format_id}Url')
                 if format_url:
                     formats.append({
                         'url': format_url,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cmt.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cmt.py
index 6359102aa5..8e53b7fbf8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cmt.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cmt.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 from .mtv import MTVIE
 
-# TODO Remove - Reason: Outdated Site
+# TODO: Remove - Reason: Outdated Site
 
 
 class CMTIE(MTVIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
@@ -52,4 +52,4 @@ class CMTIE(MTVIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
         mgid = self._extract_mgid(webpage, url)
-        return self.url_result('http://media.mtvnservices.com/embed/%s' % mgid)
+        return self.url_result(f'http://media.mtvnservices.com/embed/{mgid}')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cnn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cnn.py
index 61b62fae9f..fe7615a891 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cnn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cnn.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class CNNIE(TurnerBaseIE):
             'id': 'us/2013/08/21/sot-student-gives-epic-speech.georgia-institute-of-technology',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': "Student's epic speech stuns new freshmen",
-            'description': "A Georgia Tech student welcomes the incoming freshmen with an epic speech backed by music from \"2001: A Space Odyssey.\"",
+            'description': 'A Georgia Tech student welcomes the incoming freshmen with an epic speech backed by music from "2001: A Space Odyssey."',
             'upload_date': '20130821',
         },
         'expected_warnings': ['Failed to download m3u8 information'],
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ class CNNIndonesiaIE(InfoExtractor):
             'release_timestamp': 1662859088,
             'release_date': '20220911',
             'uploader': 'Asfahan Yahsyi',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20220911104341-139-846189/video-momen-charles-disambut-meriah-usai-dilantik-jadi-raja-inggris',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ class CNNIndonesiaIE(InfoExtractor):
             'release_date': '20220911',
             'uploader': 'REUTERS',
             'release_timestamp': 1662869995,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -194,5 +194,5 @@ class CNNIndonesiaIE(InfoExtractor):
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
             'url': embed_url,
             'upload_date': upload_date,
-            'tags': try_call(lambda: self._html_search_meta('keywords', webpage).split(', '))
+            'tags': try_call(lambda: self._html_search_meta('keywords', webpage).split(', ')),
         })
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/common.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/common.py
index 1d2c443c0b..2799747ece 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/common.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/common.py
@@ -60,7 +60,6 @@ from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
     dict_get,
     encode_data_uri,
-    error_to_compat_str,
     extract_attributes,
     filter_dict,
     fix_xml_ampersands,
@@ -767,8 +766,8 @@ class InfoExtractor:
             self._x_forwarded_for_ip = GeoUtils.random_ipv4(country_code)
             if self._x_forwarded_for_ip:
                 self.report_warning(
-                    'Video is geo restricted. Retrying extraction with fake IP %s (%s) as X-Forwarded-For.'
-                    % (self._x_forwarded_for_ip, country_code.upper()))
+                    'Video is geo restricted. Retrying extraction with fake IP '
+                    f'{self._x_forwarded_for_ip} ({country_code.upper()}) as X-Forwarded-For.')
                 return True
         return False
 
@@ -841,7 +840,7 @@ class InfoExtractor:
         if not self._downloader._first_webpage_request:
             sleep_interval = self.get_param('sleep_interval_requests') or 0
             if sleep_interval > 0:
-                self.to_screen('Sleeping %s seconds ...' % sleep_interval)
+                self.to_screen(f'Sleeping {sleep_interval} seconds ...')
                 time.sleep(sleep_interval)
         else:
             self._downloader._first_webpage_request = False
@@ -898,7 +897,7 @@ class InfoExtractor:
             if errnote is None:
                 errnote = 'Unable to download webpage'
 
-            errmsg = f'{errnote}: {error_to_compat_str(err)}'
+            errmsg = f'{errnote}: {err}'
             if fatal:
                 raise ExtractorError(errmsg, cause=err)
             else:
@@ -987,7 +986,7 @@ class InfoExtractor:
                 r'<iframe src="([^"]+)"', content,
                 'Websense information URL', default=None)
             if blocked_iframe:
-                msg += ' Visit %s for more details' % blocked_iframe
+                msg += f' Visit {blocked_iframe} for more details'
             raise ExtractorError(msg, expected=True)
         if '<title>The URL you requested has been blocked</title>' in first_block:
             msg = (
@@ -997,7 +996,7 @@ class InfoExtractor:
                 r'</h1><p>(.*?)</p>',
                 content, 'block message', default=None)
             if block_msg:
-                msg += ' (Message: "%s")' % block_msg.replace('\n', ' ')
+                msg += ' (Message: "{}")'.format(block_msg.replace('\n', ' '))
             raise ExtractorError(msg, expected=True)
         if ('<title>TTK :: Доступ к ресурсу ограничен</title>' in content
                 and 'blocklist.rkn.gov.ru' in content):
@@ -1012,7 +1011,7 @@ class InfoExtractor:
         basen = join_nonempty(video_id, data, url, delim='_')
         trim_length = self.get_param('trim_file_name') or 240
         if len(basen) > trim_length:
-            h = '___' + hashlib.md5(basen.encode('utf-8')).hexdigest()
+            h = '___' + hashlib.md5(basen.encode()).hexdigest()
             basen = basen[:trim_length - len(h)] + h
         filename = sanitize_filename(f'{basen}.dump', restricted=True)
         # Working around MAX_PATH limitation on Windows (see
@@ -1063,7 +1062,7 @@ class InfoExtractor:
         if transform_source:
             xml_string = transform_source(xml_string)
         try:
-            return compat_etree_fromstring(xml_string.encode('utf-8'))
+            return compat_etree_fromstring(xml_string.encode())
         except xml.etree.ElementTree.ParseError as ve:
             self.__print_error('Failed to parse XML' if errnote is None else errnote, fatal, video_id, ve)
 
@@ -1214,11 +1213,11 @@ class InfoExtractor:
 
     def report_extraction(self, id_or_name):
         """Report information extraction."""
-        self.to_screen('%s: Extracting information' % id_or_name)
+        self.to_screen(f'{id_or_name}: Extracting information')
 
     def report_download_webpage(self, video_id):
         """Report webpage download."""
-        self.to_screen('%s: Downloading webpage' % video_id)
+        self.to_screen(f'{video_id}: Downloading webpage')
 
     def report_age_confirmation(self):
         """Report attempt to confirm age."""
@@ -1324,9 +1323,9 @@ class InfoExtractor:
         elif default is not NO_DEFAULT:
             return default
         elif fatal:
-            raise RegexNotFoundError('Unable to extract %s' % _name)
+            raise RegexNotFoundError(f'Unable to extract {_name}')
         else:
-            self.report_warning('unable to extract %s' % _name + bug_reports_message())
+            self.report_warning(f'unable to extract {_name}' + bug_reports_message())
             return None
 
     def _search_json(self, start_pattern, string, name, video_id, *, end_pattern='',
@@ -1425,14 +1424,14 @@ class InfoExtractor:
         if tfa is not None:
             return tfa
 
-        return getpass.getpass('Type %s and press [Return]: ' % note)
+        return getpass.getpass(f'Type {note} and press [Return]: ')
 
     # Helper functions for extracting OpenGraph info
     @staticmethod
     def _og_regexes(prop):
         content_re = r'content=(?:"([^"]+?)"|\'([^\']+?)\'|\s*([^\s"\'=<>`]+?)(?=\s|/?>))'
-        property_re = (r'(?:name|property)=(?:\'og%(sep)s%(prop)s\'|"og%(sep)s%(prop)s"|\s*og%(sep)s%(prop)s\b)'
-                       % {'prop': re.escape(prop), 'sep': '(?:&#x3A;|[:-])'})
+        property_re = r'(?:name|property)=(?:\'og{sep}{prop}\'|"og{sep}{prop}"|\s*og{sep}{prop}\b)'.format(
+            prop=re.escape(prop), sep='(?:&#x3A;|[:-])')
         template = r'<meta[^>]+?%s[^>]+?%s'
         return [
             template % (property_re, content_re),
@@ -1441,14 +1440,14 @@ class InfoExtractor:
 
     @staticmethod
     def _meta_regex(prop):
-        return r'''(?isx)<meta
-                    (?=[^>]+(?:itemprop|name|property|id|http-equiv)=(["\']?)%s\1)
-                    [^>]+?content=(["\'])(?P<content>.*?)\2''' % re.escape(prop)
+        return rf'''(?isx)<meta
+                    (?=[^>]+(?:itemprop|name|property|id|http-equiv)=(["\']?){re.escape(prop)}\1)
+                    [^>]+?content=(["\'])(?P<content>.*?)\2'''
 
     def _og_search_property(self, prop, html, name=None, **kargs):
         prop = variadic(prop)
         if name is None:
-            name = 'OpenGraph %s' % prop[0]
+            name = f'OpenGraph {prop[0]}'
         og_regexes = []
         for p in prop:
             og_regexes.extend(self._og_regexes(p))
@@ -1571,7 +1570,7 @@ class InfoExtractor:
         elif fatal:
             raise RegexNotFoundError('Unable to extract JSON-LD')
         else:
-            self.report_warning('unable to extract JSON-LD %s' % bug_reports_message())
+            self.report_warning(f'unable to extract JSON-LD {bug_reports_message()}')
             return {}
 
     def _json_ld(self, json_ld, video_id, fatal=True, expected_type=None):
@@ -1593,8 +1592,8 @@ class InfoExtractor:
         }
 
         def is_type(e, *expected_types):
-            type = variadic(traverse_obj(e, '@type'))
-            return any(x in type for x in expected_types)
+            type_ = variadic(traverse_obj(e, '@type'))
+            return any(x in type_ for x in expected_types)
 
         def extract_interaction_type(e):
             interaction_type = e.get('interactionType')
@@ -1623,7 +1622,7 @@ class InfoExtractor:
                 count_kind = INTERACTION_TYPE_MAP.get(interaction_type.split('/')[-1])
                 if not count_kind:
                     continue
-                count_key = '%s_count' % count_kind
+                count_key = f'{count_kind}_count'
                 if info.get(count_key) is not None:
                     continue
                 info[count_key] = interaction_count
@@ -1635,7 +1634,7 @@ class InfoExtractor:
                 'end_time': part.get('endOffset'),
             } for part in variadic(e.get('hasPart') or []) if part.get('@type') == 'Clip']
             for idx, (last_c, current_c, next_c) in enumerate(zip(
-                    [{'end_time': 0}] + chapters, chapters, chapters[1:])):
+                    [{'end_time': 0}, *chapters], chapters, chapters[1:])):
                 current_c['end_time'] = current_c['end_time'] or next_c['start_time']
                 current_c['start_time'] = current_c['start_time'] or last_c['end_time']
                 if None in current_c.values():
@@ -1776,9 +1775,9 @@ class InfoExtractor:
     def _hidden_inputs(html):
         html = re.sub(r'<!--(?:(?!<!--).)*-->', '', html)
         hidden_inputs = {}
-        for input in re.findall(r'(?i)(<input[^>]+>)', html):
-            attrs = extract_attributes(input)
-            if not input:
+        for input_el in re.findall(r'(?i)(<input[^>]+>)', html):
+            attrs = extract_attributes(input_el)
+            if not input_el:
                 continue
             if attrs.get('type') not in ('hidden', 'submit'):
                 continue
@@ -1790,8 +1789,8 @@ class InfoExtractor:
 
     def _form_hidden_inputs(self, form_id, html):
         form = self._search_regex(
-            r'(?is)<form[^>]+?id=(["\'])%s\1[^>]*>(?P<form>.+?)</form>' % form_id,
-            html, '%s form' % form_id, group='form')
+            rf'(?is)<form[^>]+?id=(["\']){form_id}\1[^>]*>(?P<form>.+?)</form>',
+            html, f'{form_id} form', group='form')
         return self._hidden_inputs(form)
 
     @classproperty(cache=True)
@@ -1821,7 +1820,7 @@ class InfoExtractor:
             formats[:] = filter(
                 lambda f: self._is_valid_url(
                     f['url'], video_id,
-                    item='%s video format' % f.get('format_id') if f.get('format_id') else 'video'),
+                    item='{} video format'.format(f.get('format_id')) if f.get('format_id') else 'video'),
                 formats)
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -1837,15 +1836,14 @@ class InfoExtractor:
     def _is_valid_url(self, url, video_id, item='video', headers={}):
         url = self._proto_relative_url(url, scheme='http:')
         # For now assume non HTTP(S) URLs always valid
-        if not (url.startswith('http://') or url.startswith('https://')):
+        if not url.startswith(('http://', 'https://')):
             return True
         try:
-            self._request_webpage(url, video_id, 'Checking %s URL' % item, headers=headers)
+            self._request_webpage(url, video_id, f'Checking {item} URL', headers=headers)
             return True
         except ExtractorError as e:
             self.to_screen(
-                '%s: %s URL is invalid, skipping: %s'
-                % (video_id, item, error_to_compat_str(e.cause)))
+                f'{video_id}: {item} URL is invalid, skipping: {e.cause!s}')
             return False
 
     def http_scheme(self):
@@ -1899,8 +1897,8 @@ class InfoExtractor:
         # currently yt-dlp cannot decode the playerVerificationChallenge as Akamai uses Adobe Alchemy
         akamai_pv = manifest.find('{http://ns.adobe.com/f4m/1.0}pv-2.0')
         if akamai_pv is not None and ';' in akamai_pv.text:
-            playerVerificationChallenge = akamai_pv.text.split(';')[0]
-            if playerVerificationChallenge.strip() != '':
+            player_verification_challenge = akamai_pv.text.split(';')[0]
+            if player_verification_challenge.strip() != '':
                 return []
 
         formats = []
@@ -1946,7 +1944,7 @@ class InfoExtractor:
                 if not media_url:
                     continue
                 manifest_url = (
-                    media_url if media_url.startswith('http://') or media_url.startswith('https://')
+                    media_url if media_url.startswith(('http://', 'https://'))
                     else ((manifest_base_url or '/'.join(manifest_url.split('/')[:-1])) + '/' + media_url))
                 # If media_url is itself a f4m manifest do the recursive extraction
                 # since bitrates in parent manifest (this one) and media_url manifest
@@ -2007,7 +2005,7 @@ class InfoExtractor:
     def _report_ignoring_subs(self, name):
         self.report_warning(bug_reports_message(
             f'Ignoring subtitle tracks found in the {name} manifest; '
-            'if any subtitle tracks are missing,'
+            'if any subtitle tracks are missing,',
         ), only_once=True)
 
     def _extract_m3u8_formats(self, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -2098,7 +2096,7 @@ class InfoExtractor:
             formats = [{
                 'format_id': join_nonempty(m3u8_id, idx),
                 'format_index': idx,
-                'url': m3u8_url or encode_data_uri(m3u8_doc.encode('utf-8'), 'application/x-mpegurl'),
+                'url': m3u8_url or encode_data_uri(m3u8_doc.encode(), 'application/x-mpegurl'),
                 'ext': ext,
                 'protocol': entry_protocol,
                 'preference': preference,
@@ -2310,7 +2308,7 @@ class InfoExtractor:
             if not c or c == '.':
                 out.append(c)
             else:
-                out.append('{%s}%s' % (namespace, c))
+                out.append(f'{{{namespace}}}{c}')
         return '/'.join(out)
 
     def _extract_smil_formats_and_subtitles(self, smil_url, video_id, fatal=True, f4m_params=None, transform_source=None):
@@ -2507,7 +2505,7 @@ class InfoExtractor:
 
             imgs_count += 1
             formats.append({
-                'format_id': 'imagestream-%d' % (imgs_count),
+                'format_id': f'imagestream-{imgs_count}',
                 'url': src,
                 'ext': mimetype2ext(medium.get('type')),
                 'acodec': 'none',
@@ -2525,7 +2523,7 @@ class InfoExtractor:
     def _parse_smil_subtitles(self, smil, namespace=None, subtitles_lang='en'):
         urls = []
         subtitles = {}
-        for num, textstream in enumerate(smil.findall(self._xpath_ns('.//textstream', namespace))):
+        for textstream in smil.findall(self._xpath_ns('.//textstream', namespace)):
             src = textstream.get('src')
             if not src or src in urls:
                 continue
@@ -2656,7 +2654,7 @@ class InfoExtractor:
             if subtitles and period['subtitles']:
                 self.report_warning(bug_reports_message(
                     'Found subtitles in multiple periods in the DASH manifest; '
-                    'if part of the subtitles are missing,'
+                    'if part of the subtitles are missing,',
                 ), only_once=True)
 
             for sub_lang, sub_info in period['subtitles'].items():
@@ -2782,7 +2780,7 @@ class InfoExtractor:
                         elif mimetype2ext(mime_type) in ('tt', 'dfxp', 'ttml', 'xml', 'json'):
                             content_type = 'text'
                         else:
-                            self.report_warning('Unknown MIME type %s in DASH manifest' % mime_type)
+                            self.report_warning(f'Unknown MIME type {mime_type} in DASH manifest')
                             continue
 
                     base_url = ''
@@ -2820,10 +2818,10 @@ class InfoExtractor:
                             'asr': int_or_none(representation_attrib.get('audioSamplingRate')),
                             'fps': int_or_none(representation_attrib.get('frameRate')),
                             'language': lang if lang not in ('mul', 'und', 'zxx', 'mis') else None,
-                            'format_note': 'DASH %s' % content_type,
+                            'format_note': f'DASH {content_type}',
                             'filesize': filesize,
                             'container': mimetype2ext(mime_type) + '_dash',
-                            **codecs
+                            **codecs,
                         }
                     elif content_type == 'text':
                         f = {
@@ -2864,8 +2862,8 @@ class InfoExtractor:
                                 t += c
                         # Next, $...$ templates are translated to their
                         # %(...) counterparts to be used with % operator
-                        t = re.sub(r'\$(%s)\$' % '|'.join(identifiers), r'%(\1)d', t)
-                        t = re.sub(r'\$(%s)%%([^$]+)\$' % '|'.join(identifiers), r'%(\1)\2', t)
+                        t = re.sub(r'\$({})\$'.format('|'.join(identifiers)), r'%(\1)d', t)
+                        t = re.sub(r'\$({})%([^$]+)\$'.format('|'.join(identifiers)), r'%(\1)\2', t)
                         t.replace('$$', '$')
                         return t
 
@@ -2928,12 +2926,12 @@ class InfoExtractor:
                                     'duration': float_or_none(segment_d, representation_ms_info['timescale']),
                                 })
 
-                            for num, s in enumerate(representation_ms_info['s']):
+                            for s in representation_ms_info['s']:
                                 segment_time = s.get('t') or segment_time
                                 segment_d = s['d']
                                 add_segment_url()
                                 segment_number += 1
-                                for r in range(s.get('r', 0)):
+                                for _ in range(s.get('r', 0)):
                                     segment_time += segment_d
                                     add_segment_url()
                                     segment_number += 1
@@ -2947,7 +2945,7 @@ class InfoExtractor:
                         timescale = representation_ms_info['timescale']
                         for s in representation_ms_info['s']:
                             duration = float_or_none(s['d'], timescale)
-                            for r in range(s.get('r', 0) + 1):
+                            for _ in range(s.get('r', 0) + 1):
                                 segment_uri = representation_ms_info['segment_urls'][segment_index]
                                 fragments.append({
                                     location_key(segment_uri): segment_uri,
@@ -3055,7 +3053,7 @@ class InfoExtractor:
                 fourcc = track.get('FourCC') or KNOWN_TAGS.get(track.get('AudioTag'))
                 # TODO: add support for WVC1 and WMAP
                 if fourcc not in ('H264', 'AVC1', 'AACL', 'TTML', 'EC-3'):
-                    self.report_warning('%s is not a supported codec' % fourcc)
+                    self.report_warning(f'{fourcc} is not a supported codec')
                     continue
                 tbr = int(track.attrib['Bitrate']) // 1000
                 # [1] does not mention Width and Height attributes. However,
@@ -3104,7 +3102,7 @@ class InfoExtractor:
                             'fourcc': fourcc,
                             'language': stream_language,
                             'codec_private_data': track.get('CodecPrivateData'),
-                        }
+                        },
                     })
                 elif stream_type in ('video', 'audio'):
                     formats.append({
@@ -3186,13 +3184,13 @@ class InfoExtractor:
         _MEDIA_TAG_NAME_RE = r'(?:(?:amp|dl8(?:-live)?)-)?(video|audio)'
         media_tags = [(media_tag, media_tag_name, media_type, '')
                       for media_tag, media_tag_name, media_type
-                      in re.findall(r'(?s)(<(%s)[^>]*/>)' % _MEDIA_TAG_NAME_RE, webpage)]
+                      in re.findall(rf'(?s)(<({_MEDIA_TAG_NAME_RE})[^>]*/>)', webpage)]
         media_tags.extend(re.findall(
             # We only allow video|audio followed by a whitespace or '>'.
             # Allowing more characters may end up in significant slow down (see
             # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/11979,
             # e.g. http://www.porntrex.com/maps/videositemap.xml).
-            r'(?s)(<(?P<tag>%s)(?:\s+[^>]*)?>)(.*?)</(?P=tag)>' % _MEDIA_TAG_NAME_RE, webpage))
+            rf'(?s)(<(?P<tag>{_MEDIA_TAG_NAME_RE})(?:\s+[^>]*)?>)(.*?)</(?P=tag)>', webpage))
         for media_tag, _, media_type, media_content in media_tags:
             media_info = {
                 'formats': [],
@@ -3336,13 +3334,13 @@ class InfoExtractor:
         mobj = re.search(
             r'(?:(?:http|rtmp|rtsp)(?P<s>s)?:)?(?P<url>//[^?]+)', url)
         url_base = mobj.group('url')
-        http_base_url = '%s%s:%s' % ('http', mobj.group('s') or '', url_base)
+        http_base_url = '{}{}:{}'.format('http', mobj.group('s') or '', url_base)
         formats = []
 
         def manifest_url(manifest):
             m_url = f'{http_base_url}/{manifest}'
             if query:
-                m_url += '?%s' % query
+                m_url += f'?{query}'
             return m_url
 
         if 'm3u8' not in skip_protocols:
@@ -3364,7 +3362,7 @@ class InfoExtractor:
                     video_id, fatal=False)
                 for rtmp_format in rtmp_formats:
                     rtsp_format = rtmp_format.copy()
-                    rtsp_format['url'] = '%s/%s' % (rtmp_format['url'], rtmp_format['play_path'])
+                    rtsp_format['url'] = '{}/{}'.format(rtmp_format['url'], rtmp_format['play_path'])
                     del rtsp_format['play_path']
                     del rtsp_format['ext']
                     rtsp_format.update({
@@ -3431,7 +3429,7 @@ class InfoExtractor:
                 if not track_url:
                     continue
                 subtitles.setdefault(track.get('label') or 'en', []).append({
-                    'url': self._proto_relative_url(track_url)
+                    'url': self._proto_relative_url(track_url),
                 })
 
             entry = {
@@ -3510,7 +3508,7 @@ class InfoExtractor:
                     'tbr': int_or_none(source.get('bitrate'), scale=1000),
                     'filesize': int_or_none(source.get('filesize')),
                     'ext': ext,
-                    'format_id': format_id
+                    'format_id': format_id,
                 }
                 if source_url.startswith('rtmp'):
                     a_format['ext'] = 'flv'
@@ -3584,7 +3582,7 @@ class InfoExtractor:
                 continue
             cookies = cookies.encode('iso-8859-1').decode('utf-8')
             cookie_value = re.search(
-                r'%s=(.+?);.*?\b[Dd]omain=(.+?)(?:[,;]|$)' % cookie, cookies)
+                rf'{cookie}=(.+?);.*?\b[Dd]omain=(.+?)(?:[,;]|$)', cookies)
             if cookie_value:
                 value, domain = cookie_value.groups()
                 self._set_cookie(domain, cookie, value)
@@ -3668,7 +3666,7 @@ class InfoExtractor:
             desc += ' (**Currently broken**)' if markdown else ' (Currently broken)'
 
         # Escape emojis. Ref: https://github.com/github/markup/issues/1153
-        name = (' - **%s**' % re.sub(r':(\w+:)', ':\u200B\\g<1>', cls.IE_NAME)) if markdown else cls.IE_NAME
+        name = (' - **{}**'.format(re.sub(r':(\w+:)', ':\u200B\\g<1>', cls.IE_NAME))) if markdown else cls.IE_NAME
         return f'{name}:{desc}' if desc else name
 
     def extract_subtitles(self, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -3708,7 +3706,7 @@ class InfoExtractor:
             self.to_screen(f'Extracted {comment_count} comments')
             return {
                 'comments': comments,
-                'comment_count': None if interrupted else comment_count
+                'comment_count': None if interrupted else comment_count,
             }
         return extractor
 
@@ -3812,9 +3810,9 @@ class InfoExtractor:
 
     @staticmethod
     def _availability(is_private=None, needs_premium=None, needs_subscription=None, needs_auth=None, is_unlisted=None):
-        all_known = all(map(
-            lambda x: x is not None,
-            (is_private, needs_premium, needs_subscription, needs_auth, is_unlisted)))
+        all_known = all(
+            x is not None for x in
+            (is_private, needs_premium, needs_subscription, needs_auth, is_unlisted))
         return (
             'private' if is_private
             else 'premium_only' if needs_premium
@@ -3934,7 +3932,7 @@ class SearchInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
 
     @classproperty
     def _VALID_URL(cls):
-        return r'%s(?P<prefix>|[1-9][0-9]*|all):(?P<query>[\s\S]+)' % cls._SEARCH_KEY
+        return rf'{cls._SEARCH_KEY}(?P<prefix>|[1-9][0-9]*|all):(?P<query>[\s\S]+)'
 
     def _real_extract(self, query):
         prefix, query = self._match_valid_url(query).group('prefix', 'query')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/commonmistakes.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/commonmistakes.py
index 4514424e8e..8ddb164b97 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/commonmistakes.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/commonmistakes.py
@@ -16,10 +16,10 @@ class CommonMistakesIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         msg = (
-            'You\'ve asked yt-dlp to download the URL "%s". '
+            f'You\'ve asked yt-dlp to download the URL "{url}". '
             'That doesn\'t make any sense. '
             'Simply remove the parameter in your command or configuration.'
-        ) % url
+        )
         if not self.get_param('verbose'):
             msg += ' Add -v to the command line to see what arguments and configuration yt-dlp has'
         raise ExtractorError(msg, expected=True)
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class UnicodeBOMIE(InfoExtractor):
         real_url = self._match_id(url)
         self.report_warning(
             'Your URL starts with a Byte Order Mark (BOM). '
-            'Removing the BOM and looking for "%s" ...' % real_url)
+            f'Removing the BOM and looking for "{real_url}" ...')
         return self.url_result(real_url)
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/commonprotocols.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/commonprotocols.py
index 2f93e8ea5a..7b3a5b6546 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/commonprotocols.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/commonprotocols.py
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class ViewSourceIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     _TEST = {
         'url': 'view-source:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaW_jenozKc',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/condenast.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/condenast.py
index 3170c2990e..9c02cd3429 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/condenast.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/condenast.py
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlparse,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
     extract_attributes,
@@ -48,20 +45,20 @@ class CondeNastIE(InfoExtractor):
         'wmagazine': 'W Magazine',
     }
 
-    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)https?://(?:video|www|player(?:-backend)?)\.(?:%s)\.com/
+    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)https?://(?:video|www|player(?:-backend)?)\.(?:{})\.com/
         (?:
             (?:
                 embed(?:js)?|
                 (?:script|inline)/video
-            )/(?P<id>[0-9a-f]{24})(?:/(?P<player_id>[0-9a-f]{24}))?(?:.+?\btarget=(?P<target>[^&]+))?|
+            )/(?P<id>[0-9a-f]{{24}})(?:/(?P<player_id>[0-9a-f]{{24}}))?(?:.+?\btarget=(?P<target>[^&]+))?|
             (?P<type>watch|series|video)/(?P<display_id>[^/?#]+)
-        )''' % '|'.join(_SITES.keys())
-    IE_DESC = 'Condé Nast media group: %s' % ', '.join(sorted(_SITES.values()))
+        )'''.format('|'.join(_SITES.keys()))
+    IE_DESC = 'Condé Nast media group: {}'.format(', '.join(sorted(_SITES.values())))
 
     _EMBED_REGEX = [r'''(?x)
         <(?:iframe|script)[^>]+?src=(["\'])(?P<url>
-            (?:https?:)?//player(?:-backend)?\.(?:%s)\.com/(?:embed(?:js)?|(?:script|inline)/video)/.+?
-        )\1''' % '|'.join(_SITES.keys())]
+            (?:https?:)?//player(?:-backend)?\.(?:{})\.com/(?:embed(?:js)?|(?:script|inline)/video)/.+?
+        )\1'''.format('|'.join(_SITES.keys()))]
 
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'http://video.wired.com/watch/3d-printed-speakers-lit-with-led',
@@ -74,7 +71,7 @@ class CondeNastIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'wired',
             'upload_date': '20130314',
             'timestamp': 1363219200,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://video.gq.com/watch/the-closer-with-keith-olbermann-the-only-true-surprise-trump-s-an-idiot?c=series',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -97,7 +94,7 @@ class CondeNastIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'arstechnica',
             'upload_date': '20150916',
             'timestamp': 1442434920,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://player.cnevids.com/inline/video/59138decb57ac36b83000005.js?target=js-cne-player',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -110,12 +107,12 @@ class CondeNastIE(InfoExtractor):
         title = self._html_search_regex(
             r'(?s)<div class="cne-series-info">.*?<h1>(.+?)</h1>',
             webpage, 'series title')
-        url_object = compat_urllib_parse_urlparse(url)
-        base_url = '%s://%s' % (url_object.scheme, url_object.netloc)
+        url_object = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)
+        base_url = f'{url_object.scheme}://{url_object.netloc}'
         m_paths = re.finditer(
             r'(?s)<p class="cne-thumb-title">.*?<a href="(/watch/.+?)["\?]', webpage)
         paths = orderedSet(m.group(1) for m in m_paths)
-        build_url = lambda path: compat_urlparse.urljoin(base_url, path)
+        build_url = lambda path: urllib.parse.urljoin(base_url, path)
         entries = [self.url_result(build_url(path), 'CondeNast') for path in paths]
         return self.playlist_result(entries, playlist_title=title)
 
@@ -166,9 +163,9 @@ class CondeNastIE(InfoExtractor):
                 video_id, 'Downloading loader info', query=params)
         if not video_info:
             info_page = self._download_webpage(
-                'https://player.cnevids.com/inline/video/%s.js' % video_id,
+                f'https://player.cnevids.com/inline/video/{video_id}.js',
                 video_id, 'Downloading inline info', query={
-                    'target': params.get('target', 'embedplayer')
+                    'target': params.get('target', 'embedplayer'),
                 })
 
         if not video_info:
@@ -192,7 +189,7 @@ class CondeNastIE(InfoExtractor):
                 continue
             quality = fdata.get('quality')
             formats.append({
-                'format_id': ext + ('-%s' % quality if quality else ''),
+                'format_id': ext + (f'-{quality}' if quality else ''),
                 'url': src,
                 'ext': ext,
                 'quality': 1 if quality == 'high' else 0,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/contv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/contv.py
index d69e81610b..63d760a39b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/contv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/contv.py
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class CONtvIE(InfoExtractor):
         captions = m_details.get('captions') or {}
         for caption_url in captions.values():
             subtitles.setdefault('en', []).append({
-                'url': caption_url
+                'url': caption_url,
             })
 
         thumbnails = []
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/corus.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/corus.py
index 0a98c980f1..4af2d186de 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/corus.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/corus.py
@@ -69,16 +69,16 @@ class CorusIE(ThePlatformFeedIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
         'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.bigbrothercanada.ca/video/1457812035894/',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.bigbrothercanada.ca/video/big-brother-canada-704/1457812035894/',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.seriesplus.com/emissions/dre-mary-mort-sur-ordonnance/videos/deux-coeurs-battant/SERP0055626330000200/',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.disneychannel.ca/shows/gabby-duran-the-unsittables/video/crybaby-duran-clip/2f557eec-0588-11ea-ae2b-e2c6776b770e/',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
     _GEO_BYPASS = False
     _SITE_MAP = {
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ class CorusIE(ThePlatformFeedIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
         if path != 'series':
             path = 'migration/' + path
         video = self._download_json(
-            'https://globalcontent.corusappservices.com/templates/%s/playlist/' % path,
+            f'https://globalcontent.corusappservices.com/templates/{path}/playlist/',
             video_id, query={'byId': video_id},
             headers={'Accept': 'application/json'})[0]
         title = video['title']
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ class CorusIE(ThePlatformFeedIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             if not smil_url:
                 continue
             source_type = source.get('type')
-            note = 'Downloading%s smil file' % (' ' + source_type if source_type else '')
+            note = 'Downloading{} smil file'.format(' ' + source_type if source_type else '')
             resp = self._download_webpage(
                 smil_url, video_id, note, fatal=False,
                 headers=self.geo_verification_headers())
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/coub.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/coub.py
index 9bab698a3d..95ad66518f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/coub.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/coub.py
@@ -44,11 +44,11 @@ class CoubIE(InfoExtractor):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         coub = self._download_json(
-            'http://coub.com/api/v2/coubs/%s.json' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'http://coub.com/api/v2/coubs/{video_id}.json', video_id)
 
         if coub.get('error'):
             raise ExtractorError(
-                '%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, coub['error']), expected=True)
+                '{} said: {}'.format(self.IE_NAME, coub['error']), expected=True)
 
         title = coub['title']
 
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class CoubIE(InfoExtractor):
                     continue
                 formats.append({
                     'url': item_url,
-                    'format_id': '%s-%s-%s' % (HTML5, kind, quality),
+                    'format_id': f'{HTML5}-{kind}-{quality}',
                     'filesize': int_or_none(item.get('size')),
                     'vcodec': 'none' if kind == 'audio' else None,
                     'acodec': 'none' if kind == 'video' else None,
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ class CoubIE(InfoExtractor):
         if mobile_url:
             formats.append({
                 'url': mobile_url,
-                'format_id': '%s-audio' % MOBILE,
+                'format_id': f'{MOBILE}-audio',
                 'source_preference': preference_key(MOBILE),
             })
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cozytv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cozytv.py
index 5ef5afcc21..b84dd2ad5e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cozytv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cozytv.py
@@ -16,17 +16,17 @@ class CozyTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'was_live': True,
             'duration': 7981,
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         uploader, date = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
-        id = f'{uploader}-{date}'
-        data_json = self._download_json(f'https://api.cozy.tv/cache/{uploader}/replay/{date}', id)
+        video_id = f'{uploader}-{date}'
+        data_json = self._download_json(f'https://api.cozy.tv/cache/{uploader}/replay/{date}', video_id)
         formats, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
-            f'https://cozycdn.foxtrotstream.xyz/replays/{uploader}/{date}/index.m3u8', id, ext='mp4')
+            f'https://cozycdn.foxtrotstream.xyz/replays/{uploader}/{date}/index.m3u8', video_id, ext='mp4')
         return {
-            'id': id,
+            'id': video_id,
             'title': data_json.get('title'),
             'uploader': data_json.get('user') or uploader,
             'upload_date': unified_strdate(data_json.get('date')),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cpac.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cpac.py
index 32bba1e5a9..08d79a22f4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cpac.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cpac.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     str_or_none,
@@ -38,11 +37,11 @@ class CPACIE(InfoExtractor):
         content = self._download_json(
             'https://www.cpac.ca/api/1/services/contentModel.json?url=/site/website/episode/index.xml&crafterSite=cpacca&id=' + video_id,
             video_id)
-        video_url = try_get(content, lambda x: x['page']['details']['videoUrl'], compat_str)
+        video_url = try_get(content, lambda x: x['page']['details']['videoUrl'], str)
         formats = []
         if video_url:
             content = content['page']
-            title = str_or_none(content['details']['title_%s_t' % (url_lang, )])
+            title = str_or_none(content['details'][f'title_{url_lang}_t'])
             formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(video_url, video_id, m3u8_id='hls', ext='mp4')
             for fmt in formats:
                 # prefer language to match URL
@@ -54,7 +53,7 @@ class CPACIE(InfoExtractor):
                 else:
                     fmt['language_preference'] = -10
 
-        category = str_or_none(content['details']['category_%s_t' % (url_lang, )])
+        category = str_or_none(content['details'][f'category_{url_lang}_t'])
 
         def is_live(v_type):
             return (v_type == 'live') if v_type is not None else None
@@ -63,10 +62,10 @@ class CPACIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': video_id,
             'formats': formats,
             'title': title,
-            'description': str_or_none(content['details'].get('description_%s_t' % (url_lang, ))),
+            'description': str_or_none(content['details'].get(f'description_{url_lang}_t')),
             'timestamp': unified_timestamp(content['details'].get('liveDateTime')),
             'categories': [category] if category else None,
-            'thumbnail': urljoin(url, str_or_none(content['details'].get('image_%s_s' % (url_lang, )))),
+            'thumbnail': urljoin(url, str_or_none(content['details'].get(f'image_{url_lang}_s'))),
             'is_live': is_live(content['details'].get('type')),
         }
 
@@ -110,27 +109,26 @@ class CPACPlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
         url_lang = 'fr' if any(x in url for x in ('/emission?', '/rechercher?')) else 'en'
         pl_type, list_type = ('program', 'itemList') if any(x in url for x in ('/program?', '/emission?')) else ('search', 'searchResult')
         api_url = (
-            'https://www.cpac.ca/api/1/services/contentModel.json?url=/site/website/%s/index.xml&crafterSite=cpacca&%s'
-            % (pl_type, video_id, ))
+            f'https://www.cpac.ca/api/1/services/contentModel.json?url=/site/website/{pl_type}/index.xml&crafterSite=cpacca&{video_id}')
         content = self._download_json(api_url, video_id)
         entries = []
         total_pages = int_or_none(try_get(content, lambda x: x['page'][list_type]['totalPages']), default=1)
         for page in range(1, total_pages + 1):
             if page > 1:
-                api_url = update_url_query(api_url, {'page': '%d' % (page, ), })
+                api_url = update_url_query(api_url, {'page': page})
                 content = self._download_json(
                     api_url, video_id,
-                    note='Downloading continuation - %d' % (page, ),
+                    note=f'Downloading continuation - {page}',
                     fatal=False)
 
             for item in try_get(content, lambda x: x['page'][list_type]['item'], list) or []:
-                episode_url = urljoin(url, try_get(item, lambda x: x['url_%s_s' % (url_lang, )]))
+                episode_url = urljoin(url, try_get(item, lambda x: x[f'url_{url_lang}_s']))
                 if episode_url:
                     entries.append(episode_url)
 
         return self.playlist_result(
             (self.url_result(entry) for entry in entries),
             playlist_id=video_id,
-            playlist_title=try_get(content, lambda x: x['page']['program']['title_%s_t' % (url_lang, )]) or video_id.split('=')[-1],
-            playlist_description=try_get(content, lambda x: x['page']['program']['description_%s_t' % (url_lang, )]),
+            playlist_title=try_get(content, lambda x: x['page']['program'][f'title_{url_lang}_t']) or video_id.split('=')[-1],
+            playlist_description=try_get(content, lambda x: x['page']['program'][f'description_{url_lang}_t']),
         )
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cracked.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cracked.py
index c6aabccc68..f2276547ef 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cracked.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cracked.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class CrackedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'If Animal Actors Got E! True Hollywood Stories',
             'timestamp': 1404954000,
             'upload_date': '20140710',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # youtube embed
         'url': 'http://www.cracked.com/video_19006_4-plot-holes-you-didnt-notice-in-your-favorite-movies.html',
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class CrackedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20140725',
             'uploader_id': 'Cracked',
             'uploader': 'Cracked',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/crackle.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/crackle.py
index 0cb7d940cd..c4ceba9408 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/crackle.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/crackle.py
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class CrackleIE(InfoExtractor):
             'skip_download': True,
         },
         'expected_warnings': [
-            'Trying with a list of known countries'
+            'Trying with a list of known countries',
         ],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.sonycrackle.com/thanksgiving/2510064',
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ class CrackleIE(InfoExtractor):
         for num, country in enumerate(countries):
             if num == 1:  # start hard-coded list
                 self.report_warning('%s. Trying with a list of known countries' % (
-                    'Unable to obtain video formats from %s API' % geo_bypass_country if geo_bypass_country
+                    f'Unable to obtain video formats from {geo_bypass_country} API' if geo_bypass_country
                     else 'No country code was given using --geo-bypass-country'))
             elif num == num_countries:  # end of list
                 geo_info = self._download_json(
@@ -99,17 +99,17 @@ class CrackleIE(InfoExtractor):
                 country = geo_info.get('CountryCode')
                 if country is None:
                     continue
-                self.to_screen('%s identified country as %s' % (self.IE_NAME, country))
+                self.to_screen(f'{self.IE_NAME} identified country as {country}')
                 if country in countries:
-                    self.to_screen('Downloading from %s API was already attempted. Skipping...' % country)
+                    self.to_screen(f'Downloading from {country} API was already attempted. Skipping...')
                     continue
 
             if country is None:
                 continue
             try:
                 media = self._download_json(
-                    'https://web-api-us.crackle.com/Service.svc/details/media/%s/%s?disableProtocols=true' % (video_id, country),
-                    video_id, note='Downloading media JSON from %s API' % country,
+                    f'https://web-api-us.crackle.com/Service.svc/details/media/{video_id}/{country}?disableProtocols=true',
+                    video_id, note=f'Downloading media JSON from {country} API',
                     errnote='Unable to download media JSON')
             except ExtractorError as e:
                 # 401 means geo restriction, trying next country
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ class CrackleIE(InfoExtractor):
             status = media.get('status')
             if status.get('messageCode') != '0':
                 raise ExtractorError(
-                    '%s said: %s %s - %s' % (
+                    '{} said: {} {} - {}'.format(
                         self.IE_NAME, status.get('messageCodeDescription'), status.get('messageCode'), status.get('message')),
                     expected=True)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/craftsy.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/craftsy.py
index 3a05ed48a9..0d7d759ab7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/craftsy.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/craftsy.py
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class CraftsyIE(InfoExtractor):
             if not lessons and not has_access:
                 self.report_warning(
                     'Only extracting preview. For the full class, pass cookies '
-                    + f'from an account that has access. {self._login_hint()}')
+                    f'from an account that has access. {self._login_hint()}')
             lessons.append({'video_id': preview_id})
 
         if not lessons and not has_access:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/crooksandliars.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/crooksandliars.py
index 2ee0730c99..abd3322a95 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/crooksandliars.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/crooksandliars.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class CrooksAndLiarsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20150405',
             'uploader': 'Heather',
             'duration': 236,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://embed.crooksandliars.com/v/MTE3MjUtMzQ2MzA',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class CrooksAndLiarsIE(InfoExtractor):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://embed.crooksandliars.com/embed/%s' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'http://embed.crooksandliars.com/embed/{video_id}', video_id)
 
         manifest = self._search_json(r'var\s+manifest\s*=', webpage, 'manifest JSON', video_id)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/crowdbunker.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/crowdbunker.py
index d83c01560c..bf814570fe 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/crowdbunker.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/crowdbunker.py
@@ -24,15 +24,16 @@ class CrowdBunkerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': 'UCeN_qQV829NYf0pvPJhW5dQ',
             'like_count': int,
             'upload_date': '20211218',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://scw.divulg.org/cb-medias4/images/0z4Kms8pi8I/maxres.jpg'
+            'thumbnail': 'https://scw.divulg.org/cb-medias4/images/0z4Kms8pi8I/maxres.jpg',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        data_json = self._download_json(f'https://api.divulg.org/post/{id}/details',
-                                        id, headers={'accept': 'application/json, text/plain, */*'})
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        data_json = self._download_json(
+            f'https://api.divulg.org/post/{video_id}/details', video_id,
+            headers={'accept': 'application/json, text/plain, */*'})
         video_json = data_json['video']
         formats, subtitles = [], {}
         for sub in video_json.get('captions') or []:
@@ -45,12 +46,12 @@ class CrowdBunkerIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         mpd_url = try_get(video_json, lambda x: x['dashManifest']['url'])
         if mpd_url:
-            fmts, subs = self._extract_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(mpd_url, id)
+            fmts, subs = self._extract_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(mpd_url, video_id)
             formats.extend(fmts)
             subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subtitles, subs)
         m3u8_url = try_get(video_json, lambda x: x['hlsManifest']['url'])
         if m3u8_url:
-            fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(mpd_url, id)
+            fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(mpd_url, video_id)
             formats.extend(fmts)
             subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subtitles, subs)
 
@@ -61,7 +62,7 @@ class CrowdBunkerIE(InfoExtractor):
         } for image in video_json.get('thumbnails') or [] if image.get('url')]
 
         return {
-            'id': id,
+            'id': video_id,
             'title': video_json.get('title'),
             'description': video_json.get('description'),
             'view_count': video_json.get('viewCount'),
@@ -87,23 +88,24 @@ class CrowdBunkerChannelIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
     }]
 
-    def _entries(self, id):
+    def _entries(self, playlist_id):
         last = None
 
         for page in itertools.count():
             channel_json = self._download_json(
-                f'https://api.divulg.org/organization/{id}/posts', id, headers={'accept': 'application/json, text/plain, */*'},
+                f'https://api.divulg.org/organization/{playlist_id}/posts', playlist_id,
+                headers={'accept': 'application/json, text/plain, */*'},
                 query={'after': last} if last else {}, note=f'Downloading Page {page}')
             for item in channel_json.get('items') or []:
                 v_id = item.get('uid')
                 if not v_id:
                     continue
                 yield self.url_result(
-                    'https://crowdbunker.com/v/%s' % v_id, ie=CrowdBunkerIE.ie_key(), video_id=v_id)
+                    f'https://crowdbunker.com/v/{v_id}', ie=CrowdBunkerIE.ie_key(), video_id=v_id)
             last = channel_json.get('last')
             if not last:
                 break
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        return self.playlist_result(self._entries(id), playlist_id=id)
+        playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
+        return self.playlist_result(self._entries(playlist_id), playlist_id=playlist_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/crtvg.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/crtvg.py
index 21325e331d..6d9a77824e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/crtvg.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/crtvg.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class CrtvgIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(?:jpg|png)',
             '_old_archive_ids': ['crtvg 5839623'],
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'}
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.crtvg.es/tvg/a-carta/a-parabolica-love-story',
         'md5': '9a47b95a1749db7b7eb3214904624584',
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class CrtvgIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:f71cfba21ae564f0a6f415b31de1f842',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(?:jpg|png)',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'}
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/crunchyroll.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/crunchyroll.py
index ea54f01951..1b124c6557 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/crunchyroll.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/crunchyroll.py
@@ -442,7 +442,7 @@ class CrunchyrollBetaIE(CrunchyrollCmsBaseIE):
         return {
             'id': data['id'],
             'title': ' \u2013 '.join((
-                ('%s%s' % (
+                ('{}{}'.format(
                     format_field(metadata, 'season_title'),
                     format_field(metadata, 'episode', ' Episode %s'))),
                 format_field(data, 'title'))),
@@ -519,7 +519,7 @@ class CrunchyrollBetaShowIE(CrunchyrollCmsBaseIE):
             seasons_response = self._call_cms_api_signed(f'seasons?series_id={internal_id}', internal_id, lang, 'seasons')
             for season in traverse_obj(seasons_response, ('items', ..., {dict})):
                 episodes_response = self._call_cms_api_signed(
-                    f'episodes?season_id={season["id"]}', season["id"], lang, 'episode list')
+                    f'episodes?season_id={season["id"]}', season['id'], lang, 'episode list')
                 for episode_response in traverse_obj(episodes_response, ('items', ..., {dict})):
                     yield self.url_result(
                         f'{self._BASE_URL}/{lang}watch/{episode_response["id"]}',
@@ -535,7 +535,7 @@ class CrunchyrollBetaShowIE(CrunchyrollCmsBaseIE):
                     'url': ('source', {url_or_none}),
                     'width': ('width', {int_or_none}),
                     'height': ('height', {int_or_none}),
-                })
+                }),
             })))
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cspan.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cspan.py
index e56584e4e7..e940c2dea3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cspan.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cspan.py
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class CSpanIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'CSPAN - International Health Care Models',
             'description': 'md5:7a985a2d595dba00af3d9c9f0783c967',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.c-span.org/video/?318608-1/gm-ignition-switch-recall',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ class CSpanIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,  # m3u8 downloads
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # Ustream embedded video
         'url': 'https://www.c-span.org/video/?114917-1/armed-services',
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ class CSpanIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         # Obsolete
         # We first look for clipid, because clipprog always appears before
-        patterns = [r'id=\'clip(%s)\'\s*value=\'([0-9]+)\'' % t for t in ('id', 'prog')]
+        patterns = [rf'id=\'clip({t})\'\s*value=\'([0-9]+)\'' for t in ('id', 'prog')]
         results = list(filter(None, (re.search(p, webpage) for p in patterns)))
         if results:
             matches = results[0]
@@ -183,13 +183,13 @@ class CSpanIE(InfoExtractor):
             return d.get(attr, {}).get('#text')
 
         data = self._download_json(
-            'http://www.c-span.org/assets/player/ajax-player.php?os=android&html5=%s&id=%s' % (video_type, video_id),
+            f'http://www.c-span.org/assets/player/ajax-player.php?os=android&html5={video_type}&id={video_id}',
             video_id)['video']
         if data['@status'] != 'Success':
-            raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, get_text_attr(data, 'error')), expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError('{} said: {}'.format(self.IE_NAME, get_text_attr(data, 'error')), expected=True)
 
         doc = self._download_xml(
-            'http://www.c-span.org/common/services/flashXml.php?%sid=%s' % (video_type, video_id),
+            f'http://www.c-span.org/common/services/flashXml.php?{video_type}id={video_id}',
             video_id)
 
         description = self._html_search_meta('description', webpage)
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ class CSpanIE(InfoExtractor):
             formats = []
             for quality in f.get('qualities', []):
                 formats.append({
-                    'format_id': '%s-%sp' % (get_text_attr(quality, 'bitrate'), get_text_attr(quality, 'height')),
+                    'format_id': '{}-{}p'.format(get_text_attr(quality, 'bitrate'), get_text_attr(quality, 'height')),
                     'url': unescapeHTML(get_text_attr(quality, 'file')),
                     'height': int_or_none(get_text_attr(quality, 'height')),
                     'tbr': int_or_none(get_text_attr(quality, 'bitrate')),
@@ -216,13 +216,13 @@ class CSpanIE(InfoExtractor):
                     continue
                 formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
                     path, video_id, 'mp4', entry_protocol='m3u8_native',
-                    m3u8_id='hls') if determine_ext(path) == 'm3u8' else [{'url': path, }]
+                    m3u8_id='hls') if determine_ext(path) == 'm3u8' else [{'url': path}]
             add_referer(formats)
             entries.append({
-                'id': '%s_%d' % (video_id, partnum + 1),
+                'id': f'{video_id}_{partnum + 1}',
                 'title': (
                     title if len(files) == 1 else
-                    '%s part %d' % (title, partnum + 1)),
+                    f'{title} part {partnum + 1}'),
                 'formats': formats,
                 'description': description,
                 'thumbnail': thumbnail,
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ class CSpanIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'subtitles': {
                     'en': [{
                         'url': capfile,
-                        'ext': determine_ext(capfile, 'dfxp')
+                        'ext': determine_ext(capfile, 'dfxp'),
                     }],
                 } if capfile else None,
             })
@@ -257,8 +257,8 @@ class CSpanCongressIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Congressional Chronicle - Members of Congress, Hearings and More',
             'description': 'md5:54c264b7a8f219937987610243305a84',
             'thumbnail': r're:https://ximage.c-spanvideo.org/.+',
-            'ext': 'mp4'
-        }
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ctsnews.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ctsnews.py
index 1817bd2ff9..b249c7b553 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ctsnews.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ctsnews.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class CtsNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': '以色列和黎巴嫩真主黨，爆發五年最嚴重衝突，雙方砲轟交火，兩名以軍死亡，還有一名西班牙籍的聯合國維和人員也不幸罹難。大陸陝西、河南、安徽、江蘇和湖北五個省份出現大暴雪，嚴重影響陸空交通，不過九華山卻出現...',
             'timestamp': 1422528540,
             'upload_date': '20150129',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # News count not appear on page but still available in database
         'url': 'http://news.cts.com.tw/cts/international/201309/201309031304098.html',
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class CtsNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'timestamp': 1378205880,
             'upload_date': '20130903',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # With Youtube embedded video
         'url': 'http://news.cts.com.tw/cts/money/201501/201501291578003.html',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ctv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ctv.py
index f125c1ce99..a41dab11b1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ctv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ctv.py
@@ -41,9 +41,9 @@ class CTVIE(InfoExtractor):
       }
     }
   }
-}''' % display_id,
+}''' % display_id,  # noqa: UP031
             })['data']['resolvedPath']['lastSegment']['content']
         video_id = content['axisId']
         return self.url_result(
-            '9c9media:%s:%s' % (content['videoPlayerDestCode'], video_id),
+            '9c9media:{}:{}'.format(content['videoPlayerDestCode'], video_id),
             'NineCNineMedia', video_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ctvnews.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ctvnews.py
index ad3f0d8e4d..ebed9eb2d3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ctvnews.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ctvnews.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class CTVNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:958dd3b4f5bbbf0ed4d045c790d89285',
             'timestamp': 1467286284,
             'upload_date': '20160630',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.ctvnews.ca/video?playlistId=1.2966224',
         'info_dict':
@@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ class CTVNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
             return {
                 '_type': 'url_transparent',
                 'id': clip_id,
-                'url': '9c9media:ctvnews_web:%s' % clip_id,
+                'url': f'9c9media:ctvnews_web:{clip_id}',
                 'ie_key': 'NineCNineMedia',
             }
 
         if page_id.isdigit():
             return ninecninemedia_url_result(page_id)
         else:
-            webpage = self._download_webpage('http://www.ctvnews.ca/%s' % page_id, page_id, query={
+            webpage = self._download_webpage(f'http://www.ctvnews.ca/{page_id}', page_id, query={
                 'ot': 'example.AjaxPageLayout.ot',
                 'maxItemsPerPage': 1000000,
             })
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cultureunplugged.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cultureunplugged.py
index 9c8509f1f3..8e6579c355 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cultureunplugged.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cultureunplugged.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class CultureUnpluggedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'creator': 'Coldstream Creative',
             'duration': 2203,
             'view_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.cultureunplugged.com/documentary/watch-online/play/53662',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class CultureUnpluggedIE(InfoExtractor):
         self._request_webpage(HEADRequest(
             'http://www.cultureunplugged.com/setClientTimezone.php?timeOffset=%d' % -(time.timezone / 3600)), display_id)
         movie_data = self._download_json(
-            'http://www.cultureunplugged.com/movie-data/cu-%s.json' % video_id, display_id)
+            f'http://www.cultureunplugged.com/movie-data/cu-{video_id}.json', display_id)
 
         video_url = movie_data['url']
         title = movie_data['title']
@@ -46,11 +46,11 @@ class CultureUnpluggedIE(InfoExtractor):
         view_count = int_or_none(movie_data.get('views'))
 
         thumbnails = [{
-            'url': movie_data['%s_thumb' % size],
+            'url': movie_data[f'{size}_thumb'],
             'id': size,
             'preference': preference,
         } for preference, size in enumerate((
-            'small', 'large')) if movie_data.get('%s_thumb' % size)]
+            'small', 'large')) if movie_data.get(f'{size}_thumb')]
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/curiositystream.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/curiositystream.py
index 941cf4e79c..f5a2c3c311 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/curiositystream.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/curiositystream.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import re
 import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import ExtractorError, int_or_none, urlencode_postdata
 
 
@@ -16,7 +15,7 @@ class CuriosityStreamBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             if isinstance(error, dict):
                 error = ', '.join(error.values())
             raise ExtractorError(
-                '%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, error), expected=True)
+                f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {error}', expected=True)
 
     def _call_api(self, path, video_id, query=None):
         headers = {}
@@ -59,7 +58,7 @@ class CuriosityStreamIE(CuriosityStreamBaseIE):
             'series_id': '2',
             'thumbnail': r're:https://img.curiositystream.com/.+\.jpg',
             'tags': [],
-            'duration': 158
+            'duration': 158,
         },
         'params': {
             # m3u8 download
@@ -157,10 +156,10 @@ class CuriosityStreamCollectionBaseIE(CuriosityStreamBaseIE):
         collection = self._call_api(collection_id, collection_id)
         entries = []
         for media in collection.get('media', []):
-            media_id = compat_str(media.get('id'))
+            media_id = str(media.get('id'))
             media_type, ie = ('series', CuriosityStreamSeriesIE) if media.get('is_collection') else ('video', CuriosityStreamIE)
             entries.append(self.url_result(
-                'https://curiositystream.com/%s/%s' % (media_type, media_id),
+                f'https://curiositystream.com/{media_type}/{media_id}',
                 ie=ie.ie_key(), video_id=media_id))
         return self.playlist_result(
             entries, collection_id,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cwtv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cwtv.py
index 69d50daf6c..870d4f39e3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cwtv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cwtv.py
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class CWTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             raise ExtractorError(data['msg'], expected=True)
         video_data = data['video']
         title = video_data['title']
-        mpx_url = video_data.get('mpx_url') or 'http://link.theplatform.com/s/cwtv/media/guid/2703454149/%s?formats=M3U' % video_id
+        mpx_url = video_data.get('mpx_url') or f'http://link.theplatform.com/s/cwtv/media/guid/2703454149/{video_id}?formats=M3U'
 
         season = str_or_none(video_data.get('season'))
         episode = str_or_none(video_data.get('episode'))
@@ -95,5 +95,5 @@ class CWTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': parse_iso8601(video_data.get('start_time')),
             'age_limit': parse_age_limit(video_data.get('rating')),
             'ie_key': 'ThePlatform',
-            'thumbnail': video_data.get('large_thumbnail')
+            'thumbnail': video_data.get('large_thumbnail'),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/cybrary.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/cybrary.py
index c6995b25b6..59c8ab473d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/cybrary.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/cybrary.py
@@ -61,9 +61,9 @@ class CybraryIE(CybraryBaseIE):
             'series': 'Cybrary Orientation',
             'uploader': 'Cybrary',
             'chapter': 'Cybrary Orientation Series',
-            'chapter_id': '63110'
+            'chapter_id': '63110',
         },
-        'expected_warnings': ['No authenticators for vimeo']
+        'expected_warnings': ['No authenticators for vimeo'],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://app.cybrary.it/immersive/12747143/activity/52686',
         'md5': '62f26547dccc59c44363e2a13d4ad08d',
@@ -79,9 +79,9 @@ class CybraryIE(CybraryBaseIE):
             'series': 'AZ-500: Microsoft Azure Security Technologies',
             'uploader': 'Cybrary',
             'chapter': 'Implement Network Security',
-            'chapter_id': '52693'
+            'chapter_id': '52693',
         },
-        'expected_warnings': ['No authenticators for vimeo']
+        'expected_warnings': ['No authenticators for vimeo'],
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ class CybraryIE(CybraryBaseIE):
             raise ExtractorError('The activity is not a video', expected=True)
 
         module = next((m for m in course.get('learning_modules') or []
-                      if int(activity_id) in traverse_obj(m, ('activities', ..., 'id') or [])), None)
+                      if int(activity_id) in traverse_obj(m, ('activities', ..., 'id'))), None)
 
         vimeo_id = self._get_vimeo_id(activity_id)
 
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ class CybraryIE(CybraryBaseIE):
             'chapter': module.get('title'),
             'chapter_id': str_or_none(module.get('id')),
             'title': activity.get('title'),
-            'url': smuggle_url(f'https://player.vimeo.com/video/{vimeo_id}', {'referer': 'https://api.cybrary.it'})
+            'url': smuggle_url(f'https://player.vimeo.com/video/{vimeo_id}', {'referer': 'https://api.cybrary.it'}),
         }
 
 
@@ -116,17 +116,17 @@ class CybraryCourseIE(CybraryBaseIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '898',
             'title': 'AZ-500: Microsoft Azure Security Technologies',
-            'description': 'md5:69549d379c0fc1dec92926d4e8b6fbd4'
+            'description': 'md5:69549d379c0fc1dec92926d4e8b6fbd4',
         },
-        'playlist_count': 59
+        'playlist_count': 59,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://app.cybrary.it/browse/course/cybrary-orientation',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '1245',
             'title': 'Cybrary Orientation',
-            'description': 'md5:9e69ff66b32fe78744e0ad4babe2e88e'
+            'description': 'md5:9e69ff66b32fe78744e0ad4babe2e88e',
         },
-        'playlist_count': 4
+        'playlist_count': 4,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dailymail.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dailymail.py
index 4c25bea11c..516df1b5cf 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dailymail.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dailymail.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     determine_protocol,
     int_or_none,
@@ -19,7 +18,7 @@ class DailyMailIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'The Mountain appears in sparkling water ad for \'Heavy Bubbles\'',
             'description': 'md5:a93d74b6da172dd5dc4d973e0b766a84',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.dailymail.co.uk/embed/video/1295863.html',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -35,8 +34,8 @@ class DailyMailIE(InfoExtractor):
         sources_url = (try_get(
             video_data,
             (lambda x: x['plugins']['sources']['url'],
-             lambda x: x['sources']['url']), compat_str)
-            or 'http://www.dailymail.co.uk/api/player/%s/video-sources.json' % video_id)
+             lambda x: x['sources']['url']), str)
+            or f'http://www.dailymail.co.uk/api/player/{video_id}/video-sources.json')
 
         video_sources = self._download_json(sources_url, video_id)
         body = video_sources.get('body')
@@ -53,7 +52,7 @@ class DailyMailIE(InfoExtractor):
             is_hls = container == 'M2TS'
             protocol = 'm3u8_native' if is_hls else determine_protocol({'url': rendition_url})
             formats.append({
-                'format_id': ('hls' if is_hls else protocol) + ('-%d' % tbr if tbr else ''),
+                'format_id': ('hls' if is_hls else protocol) + (f'-{tbr}' if tbr else ''),
                 'url': rendition_url,
                 'width': int_or_none(rendition.get('frameWidth')),
                 'height': int_or_none(rendition.get('frameHeight')),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dailymotion.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dailymotion.py
index c570a4f526..632335e5b0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dailymotion.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dailymotion.py
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ class DailymotionBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
   %s(xid: "%s"%s) {
     %s
   }
-}''' % (object_type, xid, ', ' + filter_extra if filter_extra else '', object_fields),
+}''' % (object_type, xid, ', ' + filter_extra if filter_extra else '', object_fields),  # noqa: UP031
             }).encode(), headers=self._HEADERS)
         obj = resp['data'][object_type]
         if not obj:
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ class DailymotionIE(DailymotionBaseInfoExtractor):
             'like_count': int,
             'tags': ['en_quete_d_esprit'],
             'thumbnail': r're:https://(?:s[12]\.)dmcdn\.net/v/Tncwi1YNg_RUl7ueu/x1080',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x2iuewm_steam-machine-models-pricing-listed-on-steam-store-ign-news_videogames',
         'md5': '2137c41a8e78554bb09225b8eb322406',
@@ -260,8 +260,8 @@ class DailymotionIE(DailymotionBaseInfoExtractor):
       %s
       audienceCount
       isOnAir
-    }''' % (self._COMMON_MEDIA_FIELDS, self._COMMON_MEDIA_FIELDS), 'Downloading media JSON metadata',
-            'password: "%s"' % self.get_param('videopassword') if password else None)
+    }''' % (self._COMMON_MEDIA_FIELDS, self._COMMON_MEDIA_FIELDS), 'Downloading media JSON metadata',  # noqa: UP031
+            'password: "{}"'.format(self.get_param('videopassword')) if password else None)
         xid = media['xid']
 
         metadata = self._download_json(
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ class DailymotionIE(DailymotionBaseInfoExtractor):
                 allowed_countries = try_get(media, lambda x: x['geoblockedCountries']['allowed'], list)
                 self.raise_geo_restricted(msg=title, countries=allowed_countries)
             raise ExtractorError(
-                '%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, title), expected=True)
+                f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {title}', expected=True)
 
         title = metadata['title']
         is_live = media.get('isOnAir')
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ class DailymotionPlaylistBaseIE(DailymotionBaseInfoExtractor):
         }
       }
     }''' % ('false' if self._FAMILY_FILTER else 'true', self._PAGE_SIZE, page),
-            'Downloading page %d' % page)['videos']
+            f'Downloading page {page}')['videos']
         for edge in videos['edges']:
             node = edge['node']
             yield self.url_result(
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ class DailymotionPlaylistIE(DailymotionPlaylistBaseIE):
                 r'<iframe[^>]+?src=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:https?:)?//(?:www\.)?dailymotion\.[a-z]{2,3}/widget/jukebox\?.+?)\1',
                 webpage):
             for p in re.findall(r'list\[\]=/playlist/([^/]+)/', unescapeHTML(mobj.group('url'))):
-                yield '//dailymotion.com/playlist/%s' % p
+                yield f'//dailymotion.com/playlist/{p}'
 
 
 class DailymotionSearchIE(DailymotionPlaylistBaseIE):
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ class DailymotionSearchIE(DailymotionPlaylistBaseIE):
                     'limit': 20,
                     'page': page,
                     'query': term,
-                }
+                },
             }).encode(), headers=self._HEADERS)
         obj = traverse_obj(resp, ('data', 'search', {dict}))
         if not obj:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dailywire.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dailywire.py
index f177c9d9cb..3d5bb257ce 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dailywire.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dailywire.py
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class DailyWireIE(DailyWireBaseIE):
             'creator': 'Caroline Roberts',
             'series_id': 'ckzplm0a097fn0826r2vc3j7h',
             'series': 'China: The Enemy Within',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.dailywire.com/episode/ep-124-bill-maher',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class DailyWireIE(DailyWireBaseIE):
             'description': 'md5:adb0de584bcfa9c41374999d9e324e98',
             'series_id': 'cjzvep7270hp00786l9hwccob',
             'series': 'The Sunday Special',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.dailywire.com/videos/the-hyperions',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ class DailyWirePodcastIE(DailyWireBaseIE):
             'description': 'md5:c4afbadda4e1c38a4496f6d62be55634',
             'thumbnail': 'https://daily-wire-production.imgix.net/podcasts/ckx4otgd71jm508699tzb6hf4-1639506575562.jpg',
             'duration': 900.117667,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/damtomo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/damtomo.py
index 2e0f6f0d34..9ac0b6f2f4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/damtomo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/damtomo.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import ExtractorError, clean_html, int_or_none, try_get, unified_strdate
 
 
@@ -32,7 +31,7 @@ class DamtomoBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             # and never likely to happen in the future
             transform_source=lambda x: re.sub(r'\s*encoding="[^"]+?"', '', x))
         m3u8_url = try_get(stream_tree, lambda x: x.find(
-            './/d:streamingUrl', {'d': self._DKML_XML_NS}).text.strip(), compat_str)
+            './/d:streamingUrl', {'d': self._DKML_XML_NS}).text.strip(), str)
         if not m3u8_url:
             raise ExtractorError('Failed to obtain m3u8 URL')
         formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(m3u8_url, video_id, ext='mp4')
@@ -68,7 +67,7 @@ class DamtomoVideoIE(DamtomoBaseIE):
             'track': 'Get Wild',
             'artist': 'TM NETWORK(TMN)',
             'upload_date': '20201226',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
 
@@ -90,7 +89,7 @@ class DamtomoRecordIE(DamtomoBaseIE):
             'like_count': 1,
             'track': 'イカSUMMER [良音]',
             'artist': 'ORANGE RANGE',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.clubdam.com/app/damtomo/karaokePost/StreamingKrk.do?karaokeContributeId=27489418',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -104,5 +103,5 @@ class DamtomoRecordIE(DamtomoBaseIE):
             'like_count': 3,
             'track': '心みだれて〜say it with flowers〜(生音)',
             'artist': '小林明子',
-        }
+        },
     }]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/daum.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/daum.py
index 24c5208557..ee84449141 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/daum.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/daum.py
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 import itertools
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_urllib_parse_unquote,
-)
 from ..utils import parse_qs
 
 
@@ -83,7 +81,7 @@ class DaumIE(DaumBaseIE):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        video_id = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(self._match_id(url))
+        video_id = urllib.parse.unquote(self._match_id(url))
         if not video_id.isdigit():
             video_id += '@my'
         return self.url_result(
@@ -117,7 +115,7 @@ class DaumClipIE(DaumBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if DaumPlaylistIE.suitable(url) or DaumUserIE.suitable(url) else super(DaumClipIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if DaumPlaylistIE.suitable(url) or DaumUserIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -131,12 +129,12 @@ class DaumListIE(InfoExtractor):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should end
         entries = []
         for pagenum in itertools.count(1):
             list_info = self._download_json(
-                'http://tvpot.daum.net/mypot/json/GetClipInfo.do?size=48&init=true&order=date&page=%d&%s=%s' % (
-                    pagenum, list_id_type, list_id), list_id, 'Downloading list info - %s' % pagenum)
+                f'http://tvpot.daum.net/mypot/json/GetClipInfo.do?size=48&init=true&order=date&page={pagenum}&{list_id_type}={list_id}',
+                list_id, f'Downloading list info - {pagenum}')
 
             entries.extend([
                 self.url_result(
-                    'http://tvpot.daum.net/v/%s' % clip['vid'])
+                    'http://tvpot.daum.net/v/{}'.format(clip['vid']))
                 for clip in list_info['clip_list']
             ])
 
@@ -169,7 +167,7 @@ class DaumPlaylistIE(DaumListIE):
             'id': '6213966',
             'title': 'Woorissica Official',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 181
+        'playlist_mincount': 181,
     }, {
         'note': 'Playlist url with clipid - noplaylist',
         'url': 'http://tvpot.daum.net/mypot/View.do?playlistid=6213966&clipid=73806844',
@@ -182,12 +180,12 @@ class DaumPlaylistIE(DaumListIE):
         'params': {
             'noplaylist': True,
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if DaumUserIE.suitable(url) else super(DaumPlaylistIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if DaumUserIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         list_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -211,7 +209,7 @@ class DaumUserIE(DaumListIE):
             'id': 'o2scDLIVbHc0',
             'title': '마이 리틀 텔레비전',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 213
+        'playlist_mincount': 213,
     }, {
         'url': 'http://tvpot.daum.net/mypot/View.do?ownerid=o2scDLIVbHc0&clipid=73801156',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -219,12 +217,12 @@ class DaumUserIE(DaumListIE):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': '[미공개] 김구라, 오만석이 부릅니다 \'오케피\' - 마이 리틀 텔레비전 20160116',
             'upload_date': '20160117',
-            'description': 'md5:5e91d2d6747f53575badd24bd62b9f36'
+            'description': 'md5:5e91d2d6747f53575badd24bd62b9f36',
         },
         'params': {
             'noplaylist': True,
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'note': 'Playlist url has ownerid and playlistid, playlistid takes precedence',
         'url': 'http://tvpot.daum.net/mypot/View.do?ownerid=o2scDLIVbHc0&playlistid=6196631',
@@ -232,7 +230,7 @@ class DaumUserIE(DaumListIE):
             'id': '6196631',
             'title': '마이 리틀 텔레비전 - 20160109',
         },
-        'playlist_count': 11
+        'playlist_count': 11,
     }, {
         'url': 'http://tvpot.daum.net/mypot/Top.do?ownerid=o2scDLIVbHc0',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dbtv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dbtv.py
index 18be46f7e8..795fbacc41 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dbtv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dbtv.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class DBTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': 'UCk5pvsyZJoYJBd7_oFPTlRQ',
             'uploader': 'Dagbladet',
         },
-        'add_ie': ['Youtube']
+        'add_ie': ['Youtube'],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.dagbladet.no/video/embed/xlGmyIeN9Jo/?autoplay=false',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dctp.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dctp.py
index 24bb6aca25..09bdbf243a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dctp.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dctp.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     float_or_none,
     int_or_none,
@@ -37,18 +36,18 @@ class DctpTvIE(InfoExtractor):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         version = self._download_json(
-            '%s/version.json' % self._BASE_URL, display_id,
+            f'{self._BASE_URL}/version.json', display_id,
             'Downloading version JSON')
 
-        restapi_base = '%s/%s/restapi' % (
+        restapi_base = '{}/{}/restapi'.format(
             self._BASE_URL, version['version_name'])
 
         info = self._download_json(
-            '%s/slugs/%s.json' % (restapi_base, display_id), display_id,
+            f'{restapi_base}/slugs/{display_id}.json', display_id,
             'Downloading video info JSON')
 
         media = self._download_json(
-            '%s/media/%s.json' % (restapi_base, compat_str(info['object_id'])),
+            '{}/media/{}.json'.format(restapi_base, str(info['object_id'])),
             display_id, 'Downloading media JSON')
 
         uuid = media['uuid']
@@ -57,7 +56,7 @@ class DctpTvIE(InfoExtractor):
         formats = []
 
         def add_formats(suffix):
-            templ = 'https://%%s/%s_dctp_%s.m4v' % (uuid, suffix)
+            templ = f'https://%s/{uuid}_dctp_{suffix}.m4v'
             formats.extend([{
                 'format_id': 'hls-' + suffix,
                 'url': templ % 'cdn-segments.dctp.tv' + '/playlist.m3u8',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/deezer.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/deezer.py
index f61f12af02..2ca8be5ca0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/deezer.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/deezer.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class DeezerBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
             default=None)
         if geoblocking_msg is not None:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'Deezer said: %s' % geoblocking_msg, expected=True)
+                f'Deezer said: {geoblocking_msg}', expected=True)
 
         data_json = self._search_regex(
             (r'__DZR_APP_STATE__\s*=\s*({.+?})\s*</script>',
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ class DeezerPlaylistIE(DeezerBaseInfoExtractor):
             entries.append({
                 'id': s.get('SNG_ID'),
                 'duration': int_or_none(s.get('DURATION')),
-                'title': '%s - %s' % (artists, s.get('SNG_TITLE')),
+                'title': '{} - {}'.format(artists, s.get('SNG_TITLE')),
                 'uploader': s.get('ART_NAME'),
                 'uploader_id': s.get('ART_ID'),
                 'age_limit': 16 if s.get('EXPLICIT_LYRICS') == '1' else 0,
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ class DeezerAlbumIE(DeezerBaseInfoExtractor):
             entries.append({
                 'id': s.get('SNG_ID'),
                 'duration': int_or_none(s.get('DURATION')),
-                'title': '%s - %s' % (artists, s.get('SNG_TITLE')),
+                'title': '{} - {}'.format(artists, s.get('SNG_TITLE')),
                 'uploader': s.get('ART_NAME'),
                 'uploader_id': s.get('ART_ID'),
                 'age_limit': 16 if s.get('EXPLICIT_LYRICS') == '1' else 0,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/democracynow.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/democracynow.py
index 1774249378..80c56b4d45 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/democracynow.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/democracynow.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import os.path
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urlparse
 from ..utils import (
     remove_start,
     url_basename,
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class DemocracynowIE(InfoExtractor):
             media_url = json_data.get(key, '')
             if not media_url:
                 continue
-            media_url = re.sub(r'\?.*', '', compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, media_url))
+            media_url = re.sub(r'\?.*', '', urllib.parse.urljoin(url, media_url))
             video_id = video_id or remove_start(os.path.splitext(url_basename(media_url))[0], 'dn')
             formats.append({
                 'url': media_url,
@@ -70,13 +70,13 @@ class DemocracynowIE(InfoExtractor):
         # chapter_file are not subtitles
         if 'caption_file' in json_data:
             add_subtitle_item(default_lang, {
-                'url': compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, json_data['caption_file']),
+                'url': urllib.parse.urljoin(url, json_data['caption_file']),
             })
 
         for subtitle_item in json_data.get('captions', []):
             lang = subtitle_item.get('language', '').lower() or default_lang
             add_subtitle_item(lang, {
-                'url': compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, subtitle_item['url']),
+                'url': urllib.parse.urljoin(url, subtitle_item['url']),
             })
 
         description = self._og_search_description(webpage, default=None)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/detik.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/detik.py
index f148054246..5097759194 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/detik.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/detik.py
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ class DetikEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'tags': ['raja charles', ' raja charles iii', ' ratu elizabeth', ' ratu elizabeth meninggal dunia', ' raja inggris', ' inggris'],
             'release_timestamp': 1662869995,
             'release_date': '20220911',
-            'uploader': 'REUTERS'
-        }
+            'uploader': 'REUTERS',
+        },
     }, {
         # 20.detik
         'url': 'https://20.detik.com/otobuzz/20220704-220704093/mulai-rp-10-jutaan-ini-skema-kredit-mitsubishi-pajero-sport',
@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ class DetikEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'release_timestamp': 1656926321,
             'release_date': '20220704',
             'age_limit': 0,
-            'uploader': 'Ridwan Arifin '  # TODO: strip trailling whitespace at uploader
-        }
+            'uploader': 'Ridwan Arifin ',  # TODO: strip trailling whitespace at uploader
+        },
     }, {
         # pasangmata.detik
         'url': 'https://pasangmata.detik.com/contribution/366649',
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class DetikEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'age_limit': 0,
             'tags': 'count:17',
             'thumbnail': 'https://akcdn.detik.net.id/community/data/media/thumbs-pasangmata/2022/09/08/366649-16626229351533009620.mp4-03.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # insertlive embed
         'url': 'https://www.insertlive.com/embed/video/290482',
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ class DetikEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Diincar Leonardo DiCaprio, Gigi Hadid Ngaku Tertarik Tapi Belum Cinta',
             'tags': ['leonardo dicaprio', ' gigi hadid', ' hollywood'],
             'uploader': '!nsertlive',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # beautynesia embed
         'url': 'https://www.beautynesia.id/embed/video/261636',
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class DetikEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'tags': ['zodiac update', ' zodiak', ' ramalan bintang', ' zodiak beruntung 2022', ' zodiak hoki september 2022', ' zodiak beruntung september 2022'],
             'thumbnail': 'https://akcdn.detik.net.id/visual/2022/09/05/3-zodiak-paling-beruntung-selama-september-2022_169.jpeg?w=600&q=90',
             'uploader': 'amh',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # cnbcindonesia embed
         'url': 'https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/embed/video/371839',
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class DetikEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'age_limit': 0,
             'thumbnail': 'https://awsimages.detik.net.id/visual/2022/09/13/cnbc-indonesia-tv-3_169.png?w=600&q=80',
             'description': 'md5:8b9111e37555fcd95fe549a9b4ae6fdc',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # detik shortlink (we can get it from https://dtk.id/?<url>)
         'url': 'https://dtk.id/NkISKr',
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ class DetikEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1663139688,
             'duration': 213.0,
             'tags': ['hacker bjorka', 'bjorka', 'hacker bjorka bocorkan data rahasia presiden jokowi', 'jokowi'],
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _extract_from_webpage(self, url, webpage):
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ class DetikEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'timestamp': int_or_none(self._html_search_meta('dtk:createdateunix', webpage, fatal=False, default=None), 1000),
                 'uploader': self._search_regex(
                     r'([^-]+)', self._html_search_meta('dtk:author', webpage, default='').strip(), 'uploader',
-                    default=None)
+                    default=None),
             }
 
         formats, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(video_url, display_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/deuxm.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/deuxm.py
index 74a6da6c68..c8ce32ca90 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/deuxm.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/deuxm.py
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ class DeuxMIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': '6351d439b15e1a613b3debe8',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Grand Angle : Jeudi 20 Octobre 2022',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://2msoread-ww.amagi.tv/mediasfiles/videos/images/.*\.png$'
-        }
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://2msoread-ww.amagi.tv/mediasfiles/videos/images/.*\.png$',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://2m.ma/fr/replay/single/635c0aeab4eec832622356da',
         'md5': 'ad6af2f5e4d5b2ad2194a84b6e890b4c',
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ class DeuxMIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': '635c0aeab4eec832622356da',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Journal  Amazigh : Vendredi 28 Octobre 2022',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://2msoread-ww.amagi.tv/mediasfiles/videos/images/.*\.png$'
-        }
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://2msoread-ww.amagi.tv/mediasfiles/videos/images/.*\.png$',
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ class DeuxMNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Kan Ya Mkan d\u00e9poussi\u00e8re l\u2019histoire du phare du Cap Beddouza',
             'description': 'md5:99dcf29b82f1d7f2a4acafed1d487527',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://2msoread-ww.amagi.tv/mediasfiles/videos/images/.*\.png$'
-        }
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://2msoread-ww.amagi.tv/mediasfiles/videos/images/.*\.png$',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://2m.ma/fr/news/Interview-Casablanca-hors-des-sentiers-battus-avec-Abderrahim-KASSOU-Replay--20221017',
         'md5': '7aca29f02230945ef635eb8290283c0c',
@@ -59,8 +59,8 @@ class DeuxMNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Interview: Casablanca hors des sentiers battus avec Abderrahim KASSOU (Replay) ',
             'description': 'md5:3b8e78111de9fcc6ef7f7dd6cff2430c',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://2msoread-ww.amagi.tv/mediasfiles/videos/images/.*\.png$'
-        }
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://2msoread-ww.amagi.tv/mediasfiles/videos/images/.*\.png$',
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dfb.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dfb.py
index c4fb5c2a42..b397ed9097 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dfb.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dfb.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class DFBIE(InfoExtractor):
         display_id, video_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
 
         player_info = self._download_xml(
-            'http://tv.dfb.de/server/hd_video.php?play=%s' % video_id,
+            f'http://tv.dfb.de/server/hd_video.php?play={video_id}',
             display_id)
         video_info = player_info.find('video')
         stream_access_url = self._proto_relative_url(video_info.find('url').text.strip())
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class DFBIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': video_id,
             'display_id': display_id,
             'title': video_info.find('title').text,
-            'thumbnail': 'http://tv.dfb.de/images/%s_640x360.jpg' % video_id,
+            'thumbnail': f'http://tv.dfb.de/images/{video_id}_640x360.jpg',
             'upload_date': unified_strdate(video_info.find('time_date').text),
             'formats': formats,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/digitalconcerthall.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/digitalconcerthall.py
index 4380c414ee..594ce2d0b9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/digitalconcerthall.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/digitalconcerthall.py
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ class DigitalConcertHallIE(InfoExtractor):
                 }), headers={
                     'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
                     'Referer': 'https://www.digitalconcerthall.com',
-                    'Authorization': f'Bearer {self._ACCESS_TOKEN}'
+                    'Authorization': f'Bearer {self._ACCESS_TOKEN}',
                 })
         except ExtractorError:
             self.raise_login_required(msg='Login info incorrect')
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ class DigitalConcertHallIE(InfoExtractor):
                 self._proto_relative_url(item['_links']['streams']['href']), video_id, headers={
                     'Accept': 'application/json',
                     'Authorization': f'Bearer {self._ACCESS_TOKEN}',
-                    'Accept-Language': language
+                    'Accept-Language': language,
                 })
 
             m3u8_url = traverse_obj(
@@ -128,13 +128,13 @@ class DigitalConcertHallIE(InfoExtractor):
             self._download_webpage(url, video_id), 'thumbnail')
         thumbnails = [{
             'url': thumbnail_url,
-            **parse_resolution(thumbnail_url)
+            **parse_resolution(thumbnail_url),
         }]
 
         vid_info = self._download_json(
             f'https://api.digitalconcerthall.com/v2/{type_}/{video_id}', video_id, headers={
                 'Accept': 'application/json',
-                'Accept-Language': language
+                'Accept-Language': language,
             })
         album_artist = ' / '.join(traverse_obj(vid_info, ('_links', 'artist', ..., 'name')) or '')
         videos = [vid_info] if type_ == 'film' else traverse_obj(vid_info, ('_embedded', ..., ...))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/digiteka.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/digiteka.py
index 912e33ba7b..e56ec63e86 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/digiteka.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/digiteka.py
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class DigitekaIE(InfoExtractor):
             video_type = 'musique'
 
         deliver_info = self._download_json(
-            'http://www.ultimedia.com/deliver/video?video=%s&topic=%s' % (video_id, video_type),
+            f'http://www.ultimedia.com/deliver/video?video={video_id}&topic={video_type}',
             video_id)
 
         yt_id = deliver_info.get('yt_id')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/discovery.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/discovery.py
index 75b464353b..b98279d67a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/discovery.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/discovery.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import random
 import string
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .discoverygo import DiscoveryGoBaseIE
-from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_unquote
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import ExtractorError
 
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class DiscoveryIE(DiscoveryGoBaseIE):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,  # requires ffmpeg
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.investigationdiscovery.com/tv-shows/final-vision/full-episodes/final-vision',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -67,14 +67,14 @@ class DiscoveryIE(DiscoveryGoBaseIE):
         # prefer Affiliate Auth Token over Anonymous Auth Token
         auth_storage_cookie = cookies.get('eosAf') or cookies.get('eosAn')
         if auth_storage_cookie and auth_storage_cookie.value:
-            auth_storage = self._parse_json(compat_urllib_parse_unquote(
-                compat_urllib_parse_unquote(auth_storage_cookie.value)),
+            auth_storage = self._parse_json(urllib.parse.unquote(
+                urllib.parse.unquote(auth_storage_cookie.value)),
                 display_id, fatal=False) or {}
             access_token = auth_storage.get('a') or auth_storage.get('access_token')
 
         if not access_token:
             access_token = self._download_json(
-                'https://%s.com/anonymous' % site, display_id,
+                f'https://{site}.com/anonymous', display_id,
                 'Downloading token JSON metadata', query={
                     'authRel': 'authorization',
                     'client_id': '3020a40c2356a645b4b4',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/discoverygo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/discoverygo.py
index b2663a63dd..9649485489 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/discoverygo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/discoverygo.py
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class DiscoveryGoBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         formats = []
         for stream_kind in ('', 'hds'):
             suffix = STREAM_URL_SUFFIX.capitalize() if stream_kind else STREAM_URL_SUFFIX
-            stream_url = stream.get('%s%s' % (stream_kind, suffix))
+            stream_url = stream.get(f'{stream_kind}{suffix}')
             if not stream_url:
                 continue
             if stream_kind == '':
@@ -143,8 +143,7 @@ class DiscoveryGoPlaylistIE(DiscoveryGoBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if DiscoveryGoIE.suitable(url) else super(
-            DiscoveryGoPlaylistIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if DiscoveryGoIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/disney.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/disney.py
index d8dde0ca71..a90f12389e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/disney.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/disney.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class DisneyIE(InfoExtractor):
         'params': {
             # m3u8 download
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # Grill.burger
         'url': 'http://www.starwars.com/video/rogue-one-a-star-wars-story-intro-featurette',
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class DisneyIE(InfoExtractor):
         'params': {
             # m3u8 download
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://videos.disneylatino.com/ver/spider-man-de-regreso-a-casa-primer-adelanto-543a33a1850bdcfcca13bae2',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ class DisneyIE(InfoExtractor):
             video_data = page_data['data'][0]
         else:
             webpage = self._download_webpage(
-                'http://%s/embed/%s' % (domain, video_id), video_id)
+                f'http://{domain}/embed/{video_id}', video_id)
             page_data = self._parse_json(self._search_regex(
                 r'Disney\.EmbedVideo\s*=\s*({.+});',
                 webpage, 'embed data'), video_id)
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ class DisneyIE(InfoExtractor):
             })
         if not formats and video_data.get('expired'):
             self.raise_no_formats(
-                '%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, page_data['translations']['video_expired']),
+                '{} said: {}'.format(self.IE_NAME, page_data['translations']['video_expired']),
                 expected=True)
 
         subtitles = {}
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dispeak.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dispeak.py
index 37f89b9bc0..89c27e0b55 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dispeak.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dispeak.py
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ class DigitallySpeakingIE(InfoExtractor):
         if video_root is None:
             http_host = xpath_text(metadata, 'httpHost', default=None)
             if http_host:
-                video_root = 'http://%s/' % http_host
+                video_root = f'http://{http_host}/'
         if video_root is None:
             # Hard-coded in http://evt.dispeak.com/ubm/gdc/sf16/custom/player2.js
             # Works for GPUTechConf, too
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ class DigitallySpeakingIE(InfoExtractor):
         audios = metadata.findall('./audios/audio')
         for audio in audios:
             formats.append({
-                'url': 'rtmp://%s/ondemand?ovpfv=1.1' % akamai_url,
+                'url': f'rtmp://{akamai_url}/ondemand?ovpfv=1.1',
                 'play_path': remove_end(audio.get('url'), '.flv'),
                 'ext': 'flv',
                 'vcodec': 'none',
@@ -95,14 +95,14 @@ class DigitallySpeakingIE(InfoExtractor):
             })
         for video_key, format_id, preference in (
                 ('slide', 'slides', -2), ('speaker', 'speaker', -1)):
-            video_path = xpath_text(metadata, './%sVideo' % video_key)
+            video_path = xpath_text(metadata, f'./{video_key}Video')
             if not video_path:
                 continue
             formats.append({
-                'url': 'rtmp://%s/ondemand?ovpfv=1.1' % akamai_url,
+                'url': f'rtmp://{akamai_url}/ondemand?ovpfv=1.1',
                 'play_path': remove_end(video_path, '.flv'),
                 'ext': 'flv',
-                'format_note': '%s video' % video_key,
+                'format_note': f'{video_key} video',
                 'quality': preference,
                 'format_id': format_id,
             })
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dlf.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dlf.py
index 88a4149b56..eac2190139 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dlf.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dlf.py
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class DLFBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'webpage_url': ('data-audio-download-tracking-path', {url_or_none}),
             }, get_all=False),
             'formats': (self._extract_m3u8_formats(url, audio_id, fatal=False)
-                        if ext == 'm3u8' else [{'url': url, 'ext': ext, 'vcodec': 'none'}])
+                        if ext == 'm3u8' else [{'url': url, 'ext': ext, 'vcodec': 'none'}]),
         }
 
 
@@ -56,12 +56,12 @@ class DLFIE(DLFBaseIE):
                 'thumbnail': 'https://assets.deutschlandfunk.de/FALLBACK-IMAGE-AUDIO/512x512.png?t=1603714364673',
                 'uploader': 'Deutschlandfunk',
                 'series': 'On Stage',
-                'channel': 'deutschlandfunk'
+                'channel': 'deutschlandfunk',
             },
             'params': {
-                'skip_download': 'm3u8'
+                'skip_download': 'm3u8',
             },
-            'skip': 'This webpage no longer exists'
+            'skip': 'This webpage no longer exists',
         }, {
             'url': 'https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/russische-athleten-kehren-zurueck-auf-die-sportbuehne-ein-gefaehrlicher-tueroeffner-dlf-d9cc1856-100.html',
             'info_dict': {
@@ -72,8 +72,8 @@ class DLFIE(DLFBaseIE):
                 'thumbnail': 'https://assets.deutschlandfunk.de/FALLBACK-IMAGE-AUDIO/512x512.png?t=1603714364673',
                 'uploader': 'Deutschlandfunk',
                 'series': 'Kommentare und Themen der Woche',
-                'channel': 'deutschlandfunk'
-            }
+                'channel': 'deutschlandfunk',
+            },
         },
     ]
 
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ class DLFCorpusIE(DLFBaseIE):
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': 'fechten-russland-belarus-ukraine-protest-100',
                 'title': r're:Wiederzulassung als neutrale Athleten [-/] Was die Rückkehr russischer und belarussischer Sportler beim Fechten bedeutet',
-                'description': 'md5:91340aab29c71aa7518ad5be13d1e8ad'
+                'description': 'md5:91340aab29c71aa7518ad5be13d1e8ad',
             },
             'playlist_mincount': 5,
             'playlist': [{
@@ -108,8 +108,8 @@ class DLFCorpusIE(DLFBaseIE):
                     'thumbnail': 'https://assets.deutschlandfunk.de/aad16241-6b76-4a09-958b-96d0ee1d6f57/512x512.jpg?t=1679480020313',
                     'uploader': 'Deutschlandfunk',
                     'series': 'Sport',
-                    'channel': 'deutschlandfunk'
-                }
+                    'channel': 'deutschlandfunk',
+                },
             }, {
                 'info_dict': {
                     'id': '2ada145f',
@@ -119,8 +119,8 @@ class DLFCorpusIE(DLFBaseIE):
                     'thumbnail': 'https://assets.deutschlandfunk.de/FILE_93982766f7317df30409b8a184ac044a/512x512.jpg?t=1678547581005',
                     'uploader': 'Deutschlandfunk',
                     'series': 'Deutschlandfunk Nova',
-                    'channel': 'deutschlandfunk-nova'
-                }
+                    'channel': 'deutschlandfunk-nova',
+                },
             }, {
                 'info_dict': {
                     'id': '5e55e8c9',
@@ -130,8 +130,8 @@ class DLFCorpusIE(DLFBaseIE):
                     'thumbnail': 'https://assets.deutschlandfunk.de/a595989d-1ed1-4a2e-8370-b64d7f11d757/512x512.jpg?t=1679173825412',
                     'uploader': 'Deutschlandfunk',
                     'series': 'Sport am Samstag',
-                    'channel': 'deutschlandfunk'
-                }
+                    'channel': 'deutschlandfunk',
+                },
             }, {
                 'info_dict': {
                     'id': '47e1a096',
@@ -141,8 +141,8 @@ class DLFCorpusIE(DLFBaseIE):
                     'thumbnail': 'https://assets.deutschlandfunk.de/da4c494a-21cc-48b4-9cc7-40e09fd442c2/512x512.jpg?t=1678562155770',
                     'uploader': 'Deutschlandfunk',
                     'series': 'Sport am Samstag',
-                    'channel': 'deutschlandfunk'
-                }
+                    'channel': 'deutschlandfunk',
+                },
             }, {
                 'info_dict': {
                     'id': '5e55e8c9',
@@ -152,9 +152,9 @@ class DLFCorpusIE(DLFBaseIE):
                     'thumbnail': 'https://assets.deutschlandfunk.de/a595989d-1ed1-4a2e-8370-b64d7f11d757/512x512.jpg?t=1679173825412',
                     'uploader': 'Deutschlandfunk',
                     'series': 'Sport am Samstag',
-                    'channel': 'deutschlandfunk'
-                }
-            }]
+                    'channel': 'deutschlandfunk',
+                },
+            }],
         },
         # Podcast feed with tag buttons, playlist count fluctuates
         {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dlive.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dlive.py
index 30fcf9fcef..157d06c403 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dlive.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dlive.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class DLiveVODIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20190701',
             'timestamp': 1562011015,
             'uploader_id': 'pdp',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://dlive.tv/p/pdpreplay+D-RD-xSZg',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class DLiveVODIE(InfoExtractor):
     thumbnailUrl
     viewCount
   }
-}''' % (uploader_id, vod_id)}).encode())['data']['pastBroadcast']
+}''' % (uploader_id, vod_id)}).encode())['data']['pastBroadcast']  # noqa: UP031
         title = broadcast['title']
         formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
             broadcast['playbackUrl'], vod_id, 'mp4', 'm3u8_native')
@@ -71,12 +71,12 @@ class DLiveStreamIE(InfoExtractor):
     }
     username
   }
-}''' % display_name}).encode())['data']['userByDisplayName']
+}''' % display_name}).encode())['data']['userByDisplayName']  # noqa: UP031
         livestream = user['livestream']
         title = livestream['title']
         username = user['username']
         formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-            'https://live.prd.dlive.tv/hls/live/%s.m3u8' % username,
+            f'https://live.prd.dlive.tv/hls/live/{username}.m3u8',
             display_name, 'mp4')
         return {
             'id': display_name,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/douyutv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/douyutv.py
index 244ffdf1cd..fdf19c2520 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/douyutv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/douyutv.py
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ class DouyuTVIE(DouyuBaseIE):
         }
         stream_formats = [self._download_json(
             f'https://www.douyu.com/lapi/live/getH5Play/{room_id}',
-            video_id, note="Downloading livestream format",
+            video_id, note='Downloading livestream format',
             data=urlencode_postdata(form_data))]
 
         for rate_id in traverse_obj(stream_formats[0], ('data', 'multirates', ..., 'rate')):
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ class DouyuTVIE(DouyuBaseIE):
                 'description': ('show_details', {str}),
                 'uploader': ('nickname', {str}),
                 'thumbnail': ('room_src', {url_or_none}),
-            })
+            }),
         }
 
 
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ class DouyuShowIE(DouyuBaseIE):
         }
         url_info = self._download_json(
             'https://v.douyu.com/api/stream/getStreamUrl', video_id,
-            data=urlencode_postdata(form_data), note="Downloading video formats")
+            data=urlencode_postdata(form_data), note='Downloading video formats')
 
         formats = []
         for name, url in traverse_obj(url_info, ('data', 'thumb_video', {dict.items}, ...)):
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ class DouyuShowIE(DouyuBaseIE):
                     'quality': self._QUALITIES.get(name),
                     'ext': 'mp4' if ext == 'm3u8' else ext,
                     'protocol': 'm3u8_native' if ext == 'm3u8' else 'https',
-                    **parse_resolution(self._RESOLUTIONS.get(name))
+                    **parse_resolution(self._RESOLUTIONS.get(name)),
                 })
             else:
                 self.to_screen(
@@ -302,5 +302,5 @@ class DouyuShowIE(DouyuBaseIE):
                 'timestamp': ('content', 'create_time', {int_or_none}),
                 'view_count': ('content', 'view_num', {int_or_none}),
                 'tags': ('videoTag', ..., 'tagName', {str}),
-            }))
+            })),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dplay.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dplay.py
index ddf2128b0a..48eae1088b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dplay.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dplay.py
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ class DPlayBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         self._initialize_geo_bypass({
             'countries': geo_countries,
         })
-        disco_base = 'https://%s/' % disco_host
+        disco_base = f'https://{disco_host}/'
         headers = {
             'Referer': url,
         }
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ class DPlayBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'fields[show]': 'name',
                     'fields[tag]': 'name',
                     'fields[video]': 'description,episodeNumber,name,publishStart,seasonNumber,videoDuration',
-                    'include': 'images,primaryChannel,show,tags'
+                    'include': 'images,primaryChannel,show,tags',
                 })
         except ExtractorError as e:
             if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 400:
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ class DiscoveryPlusBaseIE(DPlayBaseIE):
                 },
                 'videoId': video_id,
                 'wisteriaProperties': {},
-            }).encode('utf-8'))['data']['attributes']['streaming']
+            }).encode())['data']['attributes']['streaming']
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         return self._get_disco_api_info(url, self._match_id(url), **self._DISCO_API_PARAMS)
@@ -857,7 +857,7 @@ class DiscoveryPlusIndiaIE(DiscoveryPlusBaseIE):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     _PRODUCT = 'dplus-india'
@@ -870,7 +870,7 @@ class DiscoveryPlusIndiaIE(DiscoveryPlusBaseIE):
 
     def _update_disco_api_headers(self, headers, disco_base, display_id, realm):
         headers.update({
-            'x-disco-params': 'realm=%s' % realm,
+            'x-disco-params': f'realm={realm}',
             'x-disco-client': f'WEB:UNKNOWN:{self._PRODUCT}:17.0.0',
             'Authorization': self._get_auth(disco_base, display_id, realm),
         })
@@ -967,14 +967,14 @@ class DiscoveryPlusShowBaseIE(DPlayBaseIE):
             while page_num < total_pages:
                 season_json = self._download_json(
                     season_url.format(season_id, show_id, str(page_num + 1)), show_name, headers=headers,
-                    note='Downloading season %s JSON metadata%s' % (season_id, ' page %d' % page_num if page_num else ''))
+                    note='Downloading season {} JSON metadata{}'.format(season_id, f' page {page_num}' if page_num else ''))
                 if page_num == 0:
                     total_pages = try_get(season_json, lambda x: x['meta']['totalPages'], int) or 1
                 episodes_json = season_json['data']
                 for episode in episodes_json:
                     video_path = episode['attributes']['path']
                     yield self.url_result(
-                        '%svideos/%s' % (self._DOMAIN, video_path),
+                        f'{self._DOMAIN}videos/{video_path}',
                         ie=self._VIDEO_IE.ie_key(), video_id=episode.get('id') or video_path)
                 page_num += 1
 
@@ -1002,7 +1002,7 @@ class DiscoveryPlusItalyIE(DiscoveryPlusBaseIE):
 
     def _update_disco_api_headers(self, headers, disco_base, display_id, realm):
         headers.update({
-            'x-disco-params': 'realm=%s' % realm,
+            'x-disco-params': f'realm={realm}',
             'x-disco-client': f'WEB:UNKNOWN:{self._PRODUCT}:25.2.6',
             'Authorization': self._get_auth(disco_base, display_id, realm),
         })
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/drbonanza.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/drbonanza.py
index 824d70defb..40dc141685 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/drbonanza.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/drbonanza.py
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class DRBonanzaIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         def extract(field):
             return self._search_regex(
-                r'<div[^>]+>\s*<p>%s:<p>\s*</div>\s*<div[^>]+>\s*<p>([^<]+)</p>' % field,
+                rf'<div[^>]+>\s*<p>{field}:<p>\s*</div>\s*<div[^>]+>\s*<p>([^<]+)</p>',
                 webpage, field, default=None)
 
         info.update({
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dreisat.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dreisat.py
index 8a59c23ab2..4b0a269b98 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dreisat.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dreisat.py
@@ -25,11 +25,11 @@ class DreiSatIE(ZDFIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             'title': 'Waidmannsheil',
             'description': 'md5:cce00ca1d70e21425e72c86a98a56817',
             'timestamp': 1410623100,
-            'upload_date': '20140913'
+            'upload_date': '20140913',
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # Same as https://www.zdf.de/filme/filme-sonstige/der-hauptmann-112.html
         'url': 'https://www.3sat.de/film/spielfilm/der-hauptmann-100.html',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/drooble.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/drooble.py
index 106e5c457a..16e9a61941 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/drooble.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/drooble.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class DroobleIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1596241390,
             'uploader_id': '95894',
             'uploader': 'Bluebeat Shelter',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://drooble.com/karl340758/videos/2859183',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class DroobleIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:ffc0bd8ba383db5341a86a6cd7d9bcca',
             'upload_date': '20200731',
             'uploader': 'Bluebeat Shelter',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://drooble.com/karl340758/music/albums/2858031',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class DroobleIE(InfoExtractor):
                 entites.append({
                     '_type': 'url',
                     'url': url,
-                    'ie_key': 'Youtube'
+                    'ie_key': 'Youtube',
                 })
                 continue
             is_audio = (media.get('type') or '').lower() == 'audio'
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dropbox.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dropbox.py
index 0246975c1f..51b40df428 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dropbox.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dropbox.py
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 import base64
 import os.path
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_unquote
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     update_url_query,
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ class DropboxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': 'nelirfsxnmcfbfh',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'youtube-dl test video \'ä"BaW_jenozKc'
-            }
+                'title': 'youtube-dl test video \'ä"BaW_jenozKc',
+            },
         }, {
             'url': 'https://www.dropbox.com/s/nelirfsxnmcfbfh',
             'only_matching': True,
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class DropboxIE(InfoExtractor):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
         video_id = mobj.group('id')
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
-        fn = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(url_basename(url))
+        fn = urllib.parse.unquote(url_basename(url))
         title = os.path.splitext(fn)[0]
 
         password = self.get_param('videopassword')
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class DropboxIE(InfoExtractor):
                 content_id = self._search_regex(r'content_id=(.*?)["\']', webpage, 'content_id')
                 payload = f'is_xhr=true&t={self._get_cookies("https://www.dropbox.com").get("t").value}&content_id={content_id}&password={password}&url={url}'
                 response = self._download_json(
-                    'https://www.dropbox.com/sm/auth', video_id, 'POSTing video password', data=payload.encode('UTF-8'),
+                    'https://www.dropbox.com/sm/auth', video_id, 'POSTing video password', data=payload.encode(),
                     headers={'content-type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8'})
 
                 if response.get('status') != 'authed':
@@ -81,12 +81,12 @@ class DropboxIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'url': update_url_query(url, {'dl': '1'}),
                 'format_id': 'original',
                 'format_note': 'Original',
-                'quality': 1
+                'quality': 1,
             })
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
             'title': title,
             'formats': formats,
-            'subtitles': subtitles
+            'subtitles': subtitles,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dropout.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dropout.py
index 80ae6c1268..7e97c4d40c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dropout.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dropout.py
@@ -43,9 +43,9 @@ class DropoutIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'duration': 1180,
                 'uploader_id': 'user80538407',
                 'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/user80538407',
-                'uploader': 'OTT Videos'
+                'uploader': 'OTT Videos',
             },
-            'expected_warnings': ['Ignoring subtitle tracks found in the HLS manifest']
+            'expected_warnings': ['Ignoring subtitle tracks found in the HLS manifest'],
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.dropout.tv/dimension-20-fantasy-high/season:1/videos/episode-1',
@@ -66,9 +66,9 @@ class DropoutIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'duration': 6838,
                 'uploader_id': 'user80538407',
                 'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/user80538407',
-                'uploader': 'OTT Videos'
+                'uploader': 'OTT Videos',
             },
-            'expected_warnings': ['Ignoring subtitle tracks found in the HLS manifest']
+            'expected_warnings': ['Ignoring subtitle tracks found in the HLS manifest'],
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.dropout.tv/videos/misfits-magic-holiday-special',
@@ -85,10 +85,10 @@ class DropoutIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'duration': 11698,
                 'uploader_id': 'user80538407',
                 'uploader_url': 'https://vimeo.com/user80538407',
-                'uploader': 'OTT Videos'
+                'uploader': 'OTT Videos',
             },
-            'expected_warnings': ['Ignoring subtitle tracks found in the HLS manifest']
-        }
+            'expected_warnings': ['Ignoring subtitle tracks found in the HLS manifest'],
+        },
     ]
 
     def _get_authenticity_token(self, display_id):
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ class DropoutIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'email': username,
                 'password': password,
                 'authenticity_token': self._get_authenticity_token(display_id),
-                'utf8': True
+                'utf8': True,
             }))
 
         user_has_subscription = self._search_regex(
@@ -175,8 +175,8 @@ class DropoutSeasonIE(InfoExtractor):
             'playlist_count': 24,
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': 'dimension-20-fantasy-high-season-1',
-                'title': 'Dimension 20 Fantasy High - Season 1'
-            }
+                'title': 'Dimension 20 Fantasy High - Season 1',
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.dropout.tv/dimension-20-fantasy-high',
@@ -184,8 +184,8 @@ class DropoutSeasonIE(InfoExtractor):
             'playlist_count': 24,
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': 'dimension-20-fantasy-high-season-1',
-                'title': 'Dimension 20 Fantasy High - Season 1'
-            }
+                'title': 'Dimension 20 Fantasy High - Season 1',
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.dropout.tv/dimension-20-shriek-week',
@@ -193,8 +193,8 @@ class DropoutSeasonIE(InfoExtractor):
             'playlist_count': 4,
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': 'dimension-20-shriek-week-season-1',
-                'title': 'Dimension 20 Shriek Week - Season 1'
-            }
+                'title': 'Dimension 20 Shriek Week - Season 1',
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.dropout.tv/breaking-news-no-laugh-newsroom/season:3',
@@ -202,9 +202,9 @@ class DropoutSeasonIE(InfoExtractor):
             'playlist_count': 25,
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': 'breaking-news-no-laugh-newsroom-season-3',
-                'title': 'Breaking News No Laugh Newsroom - Season 3'
-            }
-        }
+                'title': 'Breaking News No Laugh Newsroom - Season 3',
+            },
+        },
     ]
 
     def _fetch_page(self, url, season_id, page):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/drtuber.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/drtuber.py
index a9247edc0f..6a1fe9010b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/drtuber.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/drtuber.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class DrTuberIE(InfoExtractor):
             'categories': ['Babe', 'Blonde', 'Erotic', 'Outdoor', 'Softcore', 'Solo'],
             'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'age_limit': 18,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.drtuber.com/embed/489939',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class DrTuberIE(InfoExtractor):
         display_id = mobj.group('display_id') or video_id
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://www.drtuber.com/video/%s' % video_id, display_id)
+            f'http://www.drtuber.com/video/{video_id}', display_id)
 
         video_data = self._download_json(
             'http://www.drtuber.com/player_config_json/', video_id, query={
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class DrTuberIE(InfoExtractor):
                 formats.append({
                     'format_id': format_id,
                     'quality': 2 if format_id == 'hq' else 1,
-                    'url': video_url
+                    'url': video_url,
                 })
 
         duration = int_or_none(video_data.get('duration')) or parse_duration(
@@ -76,8 +76,8 @@ class DrTuberIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         def extract_count(id_, name, default=NO_DEFAULT):
             return str_to_int(self._html_search_regex(
-                r'<span[^>]+(?:class|id)="%s"[^>]*>([\d,\.]+)</span>' % id_,
-                webpage, '%s count' % name, default=default, fatal=False))
+                rf'<span[^>]+(?:class|id)="{id_}"[^>]*>([\d,\.]+)</span>',
+                webpage, f'{name} count', default=default, fatal=False))
 
         like_count = extract_count('rate_likes', 'like')
         dislike_count = extract_count('rate_dislikes', 'dislike', default=None)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/drtv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/drtv.py
index 2a6e337bfc..32b6845528 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/drtv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/drtv.py
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ class DRTVIE(InfoExtractor):
                 lang = sub_track.get('language') or 'da'
                 subtitles.setdefault(self.SUBTITLE_LANGS.get(lang, lang) + subtitle_suffix, []).append({
                     'url': sub_track['link'],
-                    'ext': mimetype2ext(sub_track.get('format')) or 'vtt'
+                    'ext': mimetype2ext(sub_track.get('format')) or 'vtt',
                 })
 
         if not formats and traverse_obj(item, ('season', 'customFields', 'IsGeoRestricted')):
@@ -284,14 +284,14 @@ class DRTVLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                     if not stream_path:
                         continue
                     stream_url = update_url_query(
-                        '%s/%s' % (server, stream_path), {'b': ''})
+                        f'{server}/{stream_path}', {'b': ''})
                     if link_type == 'HLS':
                         formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
                             stream_url, channel_id, 'mp4',
                             m3u8_id=link_type, fatal=False, live=True))
                     elif link_type == 'HDS':
                         formats.extend(self._extract_f4m_formats(update_url_query(
-                            '%s/%s' % (server, stream_path), {'hdcore': '3.7.0'}),
+                            f'{server}/{stream_path}', {'hdcore': '3.7.0'}),
                             channel_id, f4m_id=link_type, fatal=False))
 
         return {
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ class DRTVSeasonIE(InfoExtractor):
             'season_number': 2008,
             'alt_title': 'Season 2008',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 8
+        'playlist_mincount': 8,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.dr.dk/drtv/saeson/frank-and-kastaniegaarden_8761',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ class DRTVSeasonIE(InfoExtractor):
             'season_number': 2009,
             'alt_title': 'Season 2009',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 19
+        'playlist_mincount': 19,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ class DRTVSeasonIE(InfoExtractor):
             'alt_title': traverse_obj(data, ('entries', 0, 'item', 'contextualTitle')),
             'series': traverse_obj(data, ('entries', 0, 'item', 'title')),
             'entries': entries,
-            'season_number': traverse_obj(data, ('entries', 0, 'item', 'seasonNumber'))
+            'season_number': traverse_obj(data, ('entries', 0, 'item', 'seasonNumber')),
         }
 
 
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ class DRTVSeriesIE(InfoExtractor):
             'series': 'Frank & Kastaniegaarden',
             'alt_title': '',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 15
+        'playlist_mincount': 15,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ class DRTVSeriesIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': season.get('title'),
             'alt_title': season.get('contextualTitle'),
             'series': traverse_obj(data, ('entries', 0, 'item', 'title')),
-            'season_number': traverse_obj(data, ('entries', 0, 'item', 'seasonNumber'))
+            'season_number': traverse_obj(data, ('entries', 0, 'item', 'seasonNumber')),
         } for season in traverse_obj(data, ('entries', 0, 'item', 'show', 'seasons', 'items'))]
 
         return {
@@ -397,5 +397,5 @@ class DRTVSeriesIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': traverse_obj(data, ('entries', 0, 'item', 'title')),
             'alt_title': traverse_obj(data, ('entries', 0, 'item', 'contextualTitle')),
             'series': traverse_obj(data, ('entries', 0, 'item', 'title')),
-            'entries': entries
+            'entries': entries,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dtube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dtube.py
index 5ea014cf05..0d87820c4c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dtube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dtube.py
@@ -49,16 +49,16 @@ class DTubeIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         formats = []
         for q in ('240', '480', '720', '1080', ''):
-            video_url = canonical_url(content.get('video%shash' % q))
+            video_url = canonical_url(content.get(f'video{q}hash'))
             if not video_url:
                 continue
             format_id = (q + 'p') if q else 'Source'
             try:
-                self.to_screen('%s: Checking %s video format URL' % (video_id, format_id))
+                self.to_screen(f'{video_id}: Checking {format_id} video format URL')
                 self._downloader._opener.open(video_url, timeout=5).close()
             except socket.timeout:
                 self.to_screen(
-                    '%s: %s URL is invalid, skipping' % (video_id, format_id))
+                    f'{video_id}: {format_id} URL is invalid, skipping')
                 continue
             formats.append({
                 'format_id': format_id,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/duboku.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/duboku.py
index adc7705bc2..68c3f05731 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/duboku.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/duboku.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import re
 import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urlparse
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     clean_html,
@@ -24,23 +23,23 @@ def _get_elements_by_tag_and_attrib(html, tag=None, attribute=None, value=None,
     if attribute is None:
         attribute = ''
     else:
-        attribute = r'\s+(?P<attribute>%s)' % re.escape(attribute)
+        attribute = rf'\s+(?P<attribute>{re.escape(attribute)})'
     if value is None:
         value = ''
     else:
         value = re.escape(value) if escape_value else value
-        value = '=[\'"]?(?P<value>%s)[\'"]?' % value
+        value = f'=[\'"]?(?P<value>{value})[\'"]?'
 
     retlist = []
-    for m in re.finditer(r'''(?xs)
-        <(?P<tag>%s)
+    for m in re.finditer(rf'''(?xs)
+        <(?P<tag>{tag})
          (?:\s+[a-zA-Z0-9:._-]+(?:=[a-zA-Z0-9:._-]*|="[^"]*"|='[^']*'|))*?
-         %s%s
+         {attribute}{value}
          (?:\s+[a-zA-Z0-9:._-]+(?:=[a-zA-Z0-9:._-]*|="[^"]*"|='[^']*'|))*?
         \s*>
         (?P<content>.*?)
         </\1>
-    ''' % (tag, attribute, value), html):
+    ''', html):
         retlist.append(m)
 
     return retlist
@@ -101,7 +100,7 @@ class DubokuIE(InfoExtractor):
         season_id = temp[1]
         episode_id = temp[2]
 
-        webpage_url = 'https://w.duboku.io/vodplay/%s.html' % video_id
+        webpage_url = f'https://w.duboku.io/vodplay/{video_id}.html'
         webpage_html = self._download_webpage(webpage_url, video_id)
 
         # extract video url
@@ -165,7 +164,7 @@ class DubokuIE(InfoExtractor):
             'episode_number': int_or_none(episode_id),
             'episode_id': episode_id,
             'formats': formats,
-            'http_headers': headers
+            'http_headers': headers,
         }
 
 
@@ -193,11 +192,11 @@ class DubokuPlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
         if mobj is None:
-            raise ExtractorError('Invalid URL: %s' % url)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'Invalid URL: {url}')
         series_id = mobj.group('id')
-        fragment = compat_urlparse.urlparse(url).fragment
+        fragment = urllib.parse.urlparse(url).fragment
 
-        webpage_url = 'https://w.duboku.io/voddetail/%s.html' % series_id
+        webpage_url = f'https://w.duboku.io/voddetail/{series_id}.html'
         webpage_html = self._download_webpage(webpage_url, series_id)
 
         # extract title
@@ -221,7 +220,7 @@ class DubokuPlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
                     div.group('content'), 'a', 'href', value='[^\'"]+?', escape_value=False):
                 playlist.append({
                     'href': unescapeHTML(a.group('value')),
-                    'title': unescapeHTML(a.group('content'))
+                    'title': unescapeHTML(a.group('content')),
                 })
             playlists[playlist_id] = playlist
 
@@ -237,11 +236,11 @@ class DubokuPlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
                 (playlist_id, playlist) = first
         if not playlist:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'Cannot find %s' % fragment if fragment else 'Cannot extract playlist')
+                f'Cannot find {fragment}' if fragment else 'Cannot extract playlist')
 
         # return url results
         return self.playlist_result([
             self.url_result(
-                compat_urlparse.urljoin('https://w.duboku.io', x['href']),
+                urllib.parse.urljoin('https://w.duboku.io', x['href']),
                 ie=DubokuIE.ie_key(), video_title=x.get('title'))
             for x in playlist], series_id + '#' + playlist_id, title)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dumpert.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dumpert.py
index 5e7aef0c5d..1c2050cc17 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dumpert.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dumpert.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class DumpertIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 9,
             'view_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.dumpert.nl/embed/6675421_dc440fe7',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class DumpertIE(InfoExtractor):
             'view_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'}
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.dumpert.nl/toppers?selectedId=100031688_b317a185',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dvtv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dvtv.py
index e6660dcd99..3e442b339b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dvtv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dvtv.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class DVTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 1484,
             'upload_date': '20141217',
             'timestamp': 1418792400,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://video.aktualne.cz/dvtv/dvtv-16-12-2014-utok-talibanu-boj-o-kliniku-uprchlici/r~973eb3bc854e11e498be002590604f2e/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class DVTVIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'description': 'md5:0916925dea8e30fe84222582280b47a0',
                 'timestamp': 1418760010,
                 'upload_date': '20141216',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'md5': '5f7652a08b05009c1292317b449ffea2',
             'info_dict': {
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class DVTVIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'description': 'md5:ff2f9f6de73c73d7cef4f756c1c1af42',
                 'timestamp': 1418760010,
                 'upload_date': '20141216',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'md5': '498eb9dfa97169f409126c617e2a3d64',
             'info_dict': {
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ class DVTVIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'description': 'md5:889fe610a70fee5511dc3326a089188e',
                 'timestamp': 1418760010,
                 'upload_date': '20141216',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'md5': 'b8dc6b744844032dab6ba3781a7274b9',
             'info_dict': {
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ class DVTVIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'description': 'md5:544f86de6d20c4815bea11bf2ac3004f',
                 'timestamp': 1418760010,
                 'upload_date': '20141216',
-            }
+            },
         }],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://video.aktualne.cz/dvtv/zeman-si-jen-leci-mindraky-sobotku-nenavidi-a-babis-se-mu-te/r~960cdb3a365a11e7a83b0025900fea04/',
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ class DVTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': data.get('image'),
             'duration': int_or_none(data.get('duration')),
             'timestamp': int_or_none(timestamp),
-            'formats': formats
+            'formats': formats,
         }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ class DVTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             webpage, 'video', default=None)
         if item:
             # remove function calls (ex. htmldeentitize)
-            # TODO this should be fixed in a general way in the js_to_json
+            # TODO: this should be fixed in a general way in the js_to_json
             item = re.sub(r'\w+?\((.+)\)', r'\1', item)
             return self._parse_video_metadata(item, video_id, timestamp)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/dw.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/dw.py
index feab804af9..320e29bfdb 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/dw.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/dw.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urlparse
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     unified_strdate,
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ class DWIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Intelligent light',
             'description': 'md5:90e00d5881719f2a6a5827cb74985af1',
             'upload_date': '20160605',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # audio
         'url': 'http://www.dw.com/en/worldlink-my-business/av-19111941',
@@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ class DWIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'WorldLink: My business',
             'description': 'md5:bc9ca6e4e063361e21c920c53af12405',
             'upload_date': '20160311',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # DW documentaries, only last for one or two weeks
         'url': 'http://www.dw.com/en/documentaries-welcome-to-the-90s-2016-05-21/e-19220158-9798',
@@ -60,7 +61,7 @@ class DWIE(InfoExtractor):
             formats = [{'url': hidden_inputs['file_name']}]
         else:
             formats = self._extract_smil_formats(
-                'http://www.dw.com/smil/v-%s' % media_id, media_id,
+                f'http://www.dw.com/smil/v-{media_id}', media_id,
                 transform_source=lambda s: s.replace(
                     'rtmp://tv-od.dw.de/flash/',
                     'http://tv-download.dw.de/dwtv_video/flv/'))
@@ -97,7 +98,7 @@ class DWArticleIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'The harsh life of refugees in Idomeni',
             'description': 'md5:196015cc7e48ebf474db9399420043c7',
             'upload_date': '20160310',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -105,6 +106,6 @@ class DWArticleIE(InfoExtractor):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, article_id)
         hidden_inputs = self._hidden_inputs(webpage)
         media_id = hidden_inputs['media_id']
-        media_path = self._search_regex(r'href="([^"]+av-%s)"\s+class="overlayLink"' % media_id, webpage, 'media url')
-        media_url = compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, media_path)
+        media_path = self._search_regex(rf'href="([^"]+av-{media_id})"\s+class="overlayLink"', webpage, 'media url')
+        media_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(url, media_path)
         return self.url_result(media_url, 'DW', media_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/eagleplatform.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/eagleplatform.py
index 739d17912a..685f8c0590 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/eagleplatform.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/eagleplatform.py
@@ -70,14 +70,14 @@ class EaglePlatformIE(InfoExtractor):
                     '''
         # "Basic usage" embedding (see http://dultonmedia.github.io/eplayer/)
         mobj = re.search(
-            r'''(?xs)
-                    %s
+            rf'''(?xs)
+                    {PLAYER_JS_RE}
                     <div[^>]+
                         class=(?P<qclass>["\'])eagleplayer(?P=qclass)[^>]+
                         data-id=["\'](?P<id>\d+)
-            ''' % PLAYER_JS_RE, webpage)
+            ''', webpage)
         if mobj is not None:
-            return [add_referer('eagleplatform:%(host)s:%(id)s' % mobj.groupdict())]
+            return [add_referer('eagleplatform:{host}:{id}'.format(**mobj.groupdict()))]
         # Generalization of "Javascript code usage", "Combined usage" and
         # "Usage without attaching to DOM" embeddings (see
         # http://dultonmedia.github.io/eplayer/)
@@ -96,9 +96,9 @@ class EaglePlatformIE(InfoExtractor):
                     \s*\)
                     .+?
                     </script>
-            ''' % PLAYER_JS_RE, webpage)
+            ''' % PLAYER_JS_RE, webpage)  # noqa: UP031
         if mobj is not None:
-            return [add_referer('eagleplatform:%(host)s:%(id)s' % mobj.groupdict())]
+            return [add_referer('eagleplatform:{host}:{id}'.format(**mobj.groupdict()))]
 
     @staticmethod
     def _handle_error(response):
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ class EaglePlatformIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _download_json(self, url_or_request, video_id, *args, **kwargs):
         try:
-            response = super(EaglePlatformIE, self)._download_json(
+            response = super()._download_json(
                 url_or_request, video_id, *args, **kwargs)
         except ExtractorError as ee:
             if isinstance(ee.cause, HTTPError):
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ class EaglePlatformIE(InfoExtractor):
             query['referrer'] = referrer
 
         player_data = self._download_json(
-            'http://%s/api/player_data' % host, video_id,
+            f'http://{host}/api/player_data', video_id,
             headers=headers, query=query)
 
         media = player_data['data']['playlist']['viewports'][0]['medialist'][0]
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ class EaglePlatformIE(InfoExtractor):
                     })
                 else:
                     f = {
-                        'format_id': 'http-%s' % format_id,
+                        'format_id': f'http-{format_id}',
                         'height': int_or_none(format_id),
                     }
                 f['url'] = format_url
@@ -212,4 +212,4 @@ class ClipYouEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
         mobj = re.search(
             r'<iframe[^>]+src="https?://(?P<host>media\.clipyou\.ru)/index/player\?.*\brecord_id=(?P<id>\d+).*"', webpage)
         if mobj is not None:
-            yield smuggle_url('eagleplatform:%(host)s:%(id)s' % mobj.groupdict(), {'referrer': url})
+            yield smuggle_url('eagleplatform:{host}:{id}'.format(**mobj.groupdict()), {'referrer': url})
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ebaumsworld.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ebaumsworld.py
index 0854d03443..ac766b3809 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ebaumsworld.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ebaumsworld.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class EbaumsWorldIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         config = self._download_xml(
-            'http://www.ebaumsworld.com/video/player/%s' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'http://www.ebaumsworld.com/video/player/{video_id}', video_id)
         video_url = config.find('file').text
 
         return {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ebay.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ebay.py
index d0eb9fc51c..f1d122f887 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ebay.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ebay.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class EbayIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'WiFi internal antenna adhesive for wifi 2.4GHz wifi 5 wifi 6 wifi 6E full bands',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'}
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -32,5 +32,5 @@ class EbayIE(InfoExtractor):
         return {
             'id': video_id,
             'title': remove_end(self._html_extract_title(webpage), ' | eBay'),
-            'formats': formats
+            'formats': formats,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/egghead.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/egghead.py
index c94f3f81f6..62d2e544c9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/egghead.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/egghead.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
     int_or_none,
@@ -13,7 +12,7 @@ class EggheadBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _call_api(self, path, video_id, resource, fatal=True):
         return self._download_json(
             'https://app.egghead.io/api/v1/' + path,
-            video_id, 'Downloading %s JSON' % resource, fatal=fatal)
+            video_id, f'Downloading {resource} JSON', fatal=fatal)
 
 
 class EggheadCourseIE(EggheadBaseIE):
@@ -46,7 +45,7 @@ class EggheadCourseIE(EggheadBaseIE):
                 continue
             lesson_id = lesson.get('id')
             if lesson_id:
-                lesson_id = compat_str(lesson_id)
+                lesson_id = str(lesson_id)
             entries.append(self.url_result(
                 lesson_url, ie=EggheadLessonIE.ie_key(), video_id=lesson_id))
 
@@ -55,7 +54,7 @@ class EggheadCourseIE(EggheadBaseIE):
 
         playlist_id = course.get('id')
         if playlist_id:
-            playlist_id = compat_str(playlist_id)
+            playlist_id = str(playlist_id)
 
         return self.playlist_result(
             entries, playlist_id, course.get('title'),
@@ -98,7 +97,7 @@ class EggheadLessonIE(EggheadBaseIE):
         lesson = self._call_api(
             'lessons/' + display_id, display_id, 'lesson')
 
-        lesson_id = compat_str(lesson['id'])
+        lesson_id = str(lesson['id'])
         title = lesson['title']
 
         formats = []
@@ -129,6 +128,6 @@ class EggheadLessonIE(EggheadBaseIE):
             'view_count': int_or_none(lesson.get('plays_count')),
             'tags': try_get(lesson, lambda x: x['tag_list'], list),
             'series': try_get(
-                lesson, lambda x: x['series']['title'], compat_str),
+                lesson, lambda x: x['series']['title'], str),
             'formats': formats,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/eighttracks.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/eighttracks.py
index 3dd9ab1b31..3ac4c56ae0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/eighttracks.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/eighttracks.py
@@ -2,9 +2,6 @@ import json
 import random
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
 )
@@ -29,8 +26,8 @@ class EightTracksIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'id': '11885610',
                     'ext': 'm4a',
                     'title': "youtue-dl project<>\"' - youtube-dl test track 1 \"'/\\\u00e4\u21ad",
-                    'uploader_id': 'ytdl'
-                }
+                    'uploader_id': 'ytdl',
+                },
             },
             {
                 'md5': '4ab26f05c1f7291ea460a3920be8021f',
@@ -38,8 +35,8 @@ class EightTracksIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'id': '11885608',
                     'ext': 'm4a',
                     'title': "youtube-dl project - youtube-dl test track 2 \"'/\\\u00e4\u21ad",
-                    'uploader_id': 'ytdl'
-                }
+                    'uploader_id': 'ytdl',
+                },
             },
             {
                 'md5': 'd30b5b5f74217410f4689605c35d1fd7',
@@ -47,8 +44,8 @@ class EightTracksIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'id': '11885679',
                     'ext': 'm4a',
                     'title': "youtube-dl project as well - youtube-dl test track 3 \"'/\\\u00e4\u21ad",
-                    'uploader_id': 'ytdl'
-                }
+                    'uploader_id': 'ytdl',
+                },
             },
             {
                 'md5': '4eb0a669317cd725f6bbd336a29f923a',
@@ -56,8 +53,8 @@ class EightTracksIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'id': '11885680',
                     'ext': 'm4a',
                     'title': "youtube-dl project as well - youtube-dl test track 4 \"'/\\\u00e4\u21ad",
-                    'uploader_id': 'ytdl'
-                }
+                    'uploader_id': 'ytdl',
+                },
             },
             {
                 'md5': '1893e872e263a2705558d1d319ad19e8',
@@ -65,8 +62,8 @@ class EightTracksIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'id': '11885682',
                     'ext': 'm4a',
                     'title': "PH - youtube-dl test track 5 \"'/\\\u00e4\u21ad",
-                    'uploader_id': 'ytdl'
-                }
+                    'uploader_id': 'ytdl',
+                },
             },
             {
                 'md5': 'b673c46f47a216ab1741ae8836af5899',
@@ -74,8 +71,8 @@ class EightTracksIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'id': '11885683',
                     'ext': 'm4a',
                     'title': "PH - youtube-dl test track 6 \"'/\\\u00e4\u21ad",
-                    'uploader_id': 'ytdl'
-                }
+                    'uploader_id': 'ytdl',
+                },
             },
             {
                 'md5': '1d74534e95df54986da7f5abf7d842b7',
@@ -83,8 +80,8 @@ class EightTracksIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'id': '11885684',
                     'ext': 'm4a',
                     'title': "phihag - youtube-dl test track 7 \"'/\\\u00e4\u21ad",
-                    'uploader_id': 'ytdl'
-                }
+                    'uploader_id': 'ytdl',
+                },
             },
             {
                 'md5': 'f081f47af8f6ae782ed131d38b9cd1c0',
@@ -92,10 +89,10 @@ class EightTracksIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'id': '11885685',
                     'ext': 'm4a',
                     'title': "phihag - youtube-dl test track 8 \"'/\\\u00e4\u21ad",
-                    'uploader_id': 'ytdl'
-                }
-            }
-        ]
+                    'uploader_id': 'ytdl',
+                },
+            },
+        ],
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -105,7 +102,7 @@ class EightTracksIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         data = self._parse_json(
             self._search_regex(
-                r"(?s)PAGE\.mix\s*=\s*({.+?});\n", webpage, 'trax information'),
+                r'(?s)PAGE\.mix\s*=\s*({.+?});\n', webpage, 'trax information'),
             playlist_id)
 
         session = str(random.randint(0, 1000000000))
@@ -116,7 +113,7 @@ class EightTracksIE(InfoExtractor):
         # duration is sometimes negative, use predefined avg duration
         if avg_song_duration <= 0:
             avg_song_duration = 300
-        first_url = 'http://8tracks.com/sets/%s/play?player=sm&mix_id=%s&format=jsonh' % (session, mix_id)
+        first_url = f'http://8tracks.com/sets/{session}/play?player=sm&mix_id={mix_id}&format=jsonh'
         next_url = first_url
         entries = []
 
@@ -140,7 +137,7 @@ class EightTracksIE(InfoExtractor):
             api_data = json.loads(api_json)
             track_data = api_data['set']['track']
             info = {
-                'id': compat_str(track_data['id']),
+                'id': str(track_data['id']),
                 'url': track_data['track_file_stream_url'],
                 'title': track_data['performer'] + ' - ' + track_data['name'],
                 'raw_title': track_data['name'],
@@ -149,12 +146,12 @@ class EightTracksIE(InfoExtractor):
             }
             entries.append(info)
 
-            next_url = 'http://8tracks.com/sets/%s/next?player=sm&mix_id=%s&format=jsonh&track_id=%s' % (
+            next_url = 'http://8tracks.com/sets/{}/next?player=sm&mix_id={}&format=jsonh&track_id={}'.format(
                 session, mix_id, track_data['id'])
         return {
             '_type': 'playlist',
             'entries': entries,
-            'id': compat_str(mix_id),
+            'id': str(mix_id),
             'display_id': playlist_id,
             'title': data.get('name'),
             'description': data.get('description'),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/eitb.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/eitb.py
index 66afbb6bb2..3e27507965 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/eitb.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/eitb.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class EitbIE(InfoExtractor):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         video = self._download_json(
-            'http://mam.eitb.eus/mam/REST/ServiceMultiweb/Video/MULTIWEBTV/%s/' % video_id,
+            f'http://mam.eitb.eus/mam/REST/ServiceMultiweb/Video/MULTIWEBTV/{video_id}/',
             video_id, 'Downloading video JSON')
 
         media = video['web_media'][0]
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class EitbIE(InfoExtractor):
             tbr = float_or_none(rendition.get('ENCODING_RATE'), 1000)
             format_id = 'http'
             if tbr:
-                format_id += '-%d' % int(tbr)
+                format_id += f'-{int(tbr)}'
             formats.append({
                 'url': rendition['PMD_URL'],
                 'format_id': format_id,
@@ -59,12 +59,12 @@ class EitbIE(InfoExtractor):
                 token = token_data.get('token')
                 if token:
                     formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                        '%s?hdnts=%s' % (hls_url, token), video_id, m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False))
+                        f'{hls_url}?hdnts={token}', video_id, m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False))
 
         hds_url = media.get('HDS_SURL')
         if hds_url:
             formats.extend(self._extract_f4m_formats(
-                '%s?hdcore=3.7.0' % hds_url.replace('euskalsvod', 'euskalvod'),
+                '{}?hdcore=3.7.0'.format(hds_url.replace('euskalsvod', 'euskalvod')),
                 video_id, f4m_id='hds', fatal=False))
 
         return {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/elpais.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/elpais.py
index 7c6c880757..46fa29f8ae 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/elpais.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/elpais.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class ElPaisIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Tiempo nuevo, recetas viejas',
             'description': 'De lunes a viernes, a partir de las ocho de la mañana, Iñaki Gabilondo nos cuenta su visión de la actualidad nacional e internacional.',
             'upload_date': '20140206',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://elcomidista.elpais.com/elcomidista/2016/02/24/articulo/1456340311_668921.html#?id_externo_nwl=newsletter_diaria20160303t',
         'md5': '3bd5b09509f3519d7d9e763179b013de',
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class ElPaisIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Cómo hacer el mejor café con cafetera italiana',
             'description': 'Que sí, que las cápsulas son cómodas. Pero si le pides algo más a la vida, quizá deberías aprender a usar bien la cafetera italiana. No tienes más que ver este vídeo y seguir sus siete normas básicas.',
             'upload_date': '20160303',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://elpais.com/elpais/2017/01/26/ciencia/1485456786_417876.html',
         'md5': '9c79923a118a067e1a45789e1e0b0f9c',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/eltrecetv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/eltrecetv.py
index f64023af7e..71cf921812 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/eltrecetv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/eltrecetv.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ class ElTreceTVIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'title': 'AHORA CAIGO - Programa 06/10/23',
                 'thumbnail': 'https://thumbs.vodgc.net/AHCA05102023145553329621094.JPG?649339',
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.eltrecetv.com.ar/poco-correctos/capitulos/temporada-2023/programa-del-250923-invitada-dalia-gutmann/',
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class ElTreceTVIE(InfoExtractor):
         {
             'url': 'https://www.eltrecetv.com.ar/el-galpon/capitulos/temporada-2023/programa-del-160923-invitado-raul-lavie/',
             'only_matching': True,
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/epicon.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/epicon.py
index 3bfcc5470c..696f3e11f0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/epicon.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/epicon.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class EpiconIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Air Battle of Srinagar',
             'description': 'md5:c4de2013af9bc05ae4392e4115d518d7',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.epicon.in/movies/krit',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class EpiconIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Krit',
             'description': 'md5:c12b35dad915d48ccff7f013c79bab4a',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.epicon.in/tv-shows/paapnaashini-ganga/season-1/vardaan',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class EpiconIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Paapnaashini Ganga - Season 1 - Ep 1 - VARDAAN',
             'description': 'md5:f517058c3d0402398eefa6242f4dd6ae',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.epicon.in/movies/jayadev',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -41,16 +41,17 @@ class EpiconIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Jayadev',
             'description': 'md5:09e349eecd8e585a3b6466904f19df6c',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, id)
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
         cid = self._search_regex(r'class=\"mylist-icon\ iconclick\"\ id=\"(\d+)', webpage, 'cid')
         headers = {'content-type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8'}
         data = f'cid={cid}&action=st&type=video'.encode()
-        data_json = self._parse_json(self._download_json('https://www.epicon.in/ajaxplayer/', id, headers=headers, data=data), id)
+        data_json = self._parse_json(
+            self._download_json('https://www.epicon.in/ajaxplayer/', video_id, headers=headers, data=data), video_id)
 
         if not data_json['success']:
             raise ExtractorError(data_json['message'], expected=True)
@@ -58,7 +59,7 @@ class EpiconIE(InfoExtractor):
         title = self._search_regex(r'setplaytitle=\"([^\"]+)', webpage, 'title')
         description = self._og_search_description(webpage) or None
         thumbnail = self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage) or None
-        formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(data_json['url']['video_url'], id)
+        formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(data_json['url']['video_url'], video_id)
 
         subtitles = {}
         for subtitle in data_json.get('subtitles', []):
@@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ class EpiconIE(InfoExtractor):
             })
 
         return {
-            'id': id,
+            'id': video_id,
             'formats': formats,
             'title': title,
             'description': description,
@@ -108,8 +109,8 @@ class EpiconSeriesIE(InfoExtractor):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, id)
-        episodes = re.findall(r'ct-tray-url=\"(tv-shows/%s/[^\"]+)' % id, webpage)
-        entries = [self.url_result('https://www.epicon.in/%s' % episode, ie=EpiconIE.ie_key()) for episode in episodes]
-        return self.playlist_result(entries, playlist_id=id)
+        playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, playlist_id)
+        episodes = re.findall(rf'ct-tray-url=\"(tv-shows/{playlist_id}/[^\"]+)', webpage)
+        entries = [self.url_result(f'https://www.epicon.in/{episode}', EpiconIE) for episode in episodes]
+        return self.playlist_result(entries, playlist_id=playlist_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/epoch.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/epoch.py
index 110e78c5bc..9742f7691b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/epoch.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/epoch.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class EpochIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'id': 'a3dd732c-4750-4bc8-8156-69180668bda1',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'title': '‘They Can Do Audio, Video, Physical Surveillance on You 24H/365D a Year’: Rex Lee on Intrusive Apps',
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.theepochtimes.com/the-communist-partys-cyberattacks-on-america-explained-rex-lee-talks-tech-hybrid-warfare_4342413.html',
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class EpochIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'id': '276c7f46-3bbf-475d-9934-b9bbe827cf0a',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'title': 'The Communist Party’s Cyberattacks on America Explained; Rex Lee Talks Tech Hybrid Warfare',
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.theepochtimes.com/kash-patel-a-6-year-saga-of-government-corruption-from-russiagate-to-mar-a-lago_4690250.html',
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class EpochIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'id': 'aa9ceecd-a127-453d-a2de-7153d6fd69b6',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'title': 'Kash Patel: A ‘6-Year-Saga’ of Government Corruption, From Russiagate to Mar-a-Lago',
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.theepochtimes.com/dick-morris-discusses-his-book-the-return-trumps-big-2024-comeback_4819205.html',
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class EpochIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'id': '9489f994-2a20-4812-b233-ac0e5c345632',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'title': 'Dick Morris Discusses His Book ‘The Return: Trump’s Big 2024 Comeback’',
-            }
+            },
         },
     ]
 
@@ -51,5 +51,5 @@ class EpochIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': youmaker_video_id,
             'formats': formats,
             'subtitles': subtitles,
-            'title': self._html_extract_title(webpage)
+            'title': self._html_extract_title(webpage),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/eporner.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/eporner.py
index b18a76c7c1..e0b6ca96fb 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/eporner.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/eporner.py
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ class EpornerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'age_limit': 18,
         },
         'params': {
-            'proxy': '127.0.0.1:8118'
-        }
+            'proxy': '127.0.0.1:8118',
+        },
     }, {
         # New (May 2016) URL layout
         'url': 'http://www.eporner.com/hd-porn/3YRUtzMcWn0/Star-Wars-XXX-Parody/',
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class EpornerIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         video_id = self._match_id(urlh.url)
 
-        hash = self._search_regex(
+        vid_hash = self._search_regex(
             r'hash\s*[:=]\s*["\']([\da-f]{32})', webpage, 'hash')
 
         title = self._og_search_title(webpage, default=None) or self._html_search_regex(
@@ -64,13 +64,13 @@ class EpornerIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         # Reverse engineered from vjs.js
         def calc_hash(s):
-            return ''.join((encode_base_n(int(s[lb:lb + 8], 16), 36) for lb in range(0, 32, 8)))
+            return ''.join(encode_base_n(int(s[lb:lb + 8], 16), 36) for lb in range(0, 32, 8))
 
         video = self._download_json(
-            'http://www.eporner.com/xhr/video/%s' % video_id,
+            f'http://www.eporner.com/xhr/video/{video_id}',
             display_id, note='Downloading video JSON',
             query={
-                'hash': calc_hash(hash),
+                'hash': calc_hash(vid_hash),
                 'device': 'generic',
                 'domain': 'www.eporner.com',
                 'fallback': 'false',
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ class EpornerIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         if video.get('available') is False:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                '%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, video['message']), expected=True)
+                '{} said: {}'.format(self.IE_NAME, video['message']), expected=True)
 
         sources = video['sources']
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/erocast.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/erocast.py
index 92a57536c4..bd22137bee 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/erocast.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/erocast.py
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class ErocastIE(InfoExtractor):
             'view_count': int,
             'comment_count': int,
             'webpage_url': 'https://erocast.me/track/9787/f4m-your-roommate-who-is-definitely-not-possessed-by-an-alien-suddenly-wants-to-fuck-you',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/eroprofile.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/eroprofile.py
index 2b61f3be7d..2067217e7c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/eroprofile.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/eroprofile.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_urlencode
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     merge_dicts,
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class EroProfileIE(InfoExtractor):
     }]
 
     def _perform_login(self, username, password):
-        query = compat_urllib_parse_urlencode({
+        query = urllib.parse.urlencode({
             'username': username,
             'password': password,
             'url': 'http://www.eroprofile.com/',
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class EroProfileAlbumIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'https://www.eroprofile.com/m/videos/album/BBW-2-893',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'BBW-2-893',
-            'title': 'BBW 2'
+            'title': 'BBW 2',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 486,
     },
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/err.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/err.py
index abd00f2d58..7896cdbdc0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/err.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/err.py
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ class ERRJupiterIE(InfoExtractor):
             'season_number': 0,
             'series': 'Лесные истории | Аисты',
             'series_id': '1037497',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'note': 'Lasteekraan: Pätu',
         'url': 'https://lasteekraan.err.ee/1092243/patu',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ertgr.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ertgr.py
index 19c6933e7f..864aa6dc5a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ertgr.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ertgr.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import json
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     clean_html,
@@ -30,19 +29,19 @@ class ERTFlixBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         headers = headers or {}
         if data:
             headers['Content-Type'] = headers_as_param['Content-Type'] = 'application/json;charset=utf-8'
-            data = json.dumps(merge_dicts(platform_codename, data)).encode('utf-8')
+            data = json.dumps(merge_dicts(platform_codename, data)).encode()
         query = merge_dicts(
             {} if data else platform_codename,
             {'$headers': json.dumps(headers_as_param)},
             params)
         response = self._download_json(
-            'https://api.app.ertflix.gr/v%s/%s' % (str(api_version), method),
+            f'https://api.app.ertflix.gr/v{api_version!s}/{method}',
             video_id, fatal=False, query=query, data=data, headers=headers)
         if try_get(response, lambda x: x['Result']['Success']) is True:
             return response
 
     def _call_api_get_tiles(self, video_id, *tile_ids):
-        requested_tile_ids = [video_id] + list(tile_ids)
+        requested_tile_ids = [video_id, *tile_ids]
         requested_tiles = [{'Id': tile_id} for tile_id in requested_tile_ids]
         tiles_response = self._call_api(
             video_id, method='Tile/GetTiles', api_version=2,
@@ -174,9 +173,9 @@ class ERTFlixIE(ERTFlixBaseIE):
     }]
 
     def _extract_episode(self, episode):
-        codename = try_get(episode, lambda x: x['Codename'], compat_str)
+        codename = try_get(episode, lambda x: x['Codename'], str)
         title = episode.get('Title')
-        description = clean_html(dict_get(episode, ('ShortDescription', 'TinyDescription', )))
+        description = clean_html(dict_get(episode, ('ShortDescription', 'TinyDescription')))
         if not codename or not title or not episode.get('HasPlayableStream', True):
             return
         thumbnail = next((
@@ -195,7 +194,7 @@ class ERTFlixIE(ERTFlixBaseIE):
             'timestamp': parse_iso8601(episode.get('PublishDate')),
             'duration': episode.get('DurationSeconds'),
             'age_limit': self._parse_age_rating(episode),
-            'url': 'ertflix:%s' % (codename, ),
+            'url': f'ertflix:{codename}',
         }
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -212,7 +211,7 @@ class ERTFlixIE(ERTFlixBaseIE):
         series_info = {
             'age_limit': self._parse_age_rating(series),
             'title': series.get('Title'),
-            'description': dict_get(series, ('ShortDescription', 'TinyDescription', )),
+            'description': dict_get(series, ('ShortDescription', 'TinyDescription')),
         }
         if season_numbers:
             season_titles = season_titles or []
@@ -281,7 +280,7 @@ class ERTWebtvEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': 'trailers/E2251_TO_DIKTYO_E09_16-01_1900.mp4',
             'title': 'md5:914f06a73cd8b62fbcd6fb90c636e497',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://program.ert.gr/photos/2022/1/to_diktio_ep09_i_istoria_tou_diadiktiou_stin_Ellada_1021x576.jpg'
+            'thumbnail': 'https://program.ert.gr/photos/2022/1/to_diktio_ep09_i_istoria_tou_diadiktiou_stin_Ellada_1021x576.jpg',
         },
     }]
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/espn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/espn.py
index 7ed824ca80..4e9b63524e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/espn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/espn.py
@@ -100,13 +100,13 @@ class ESPNIE(OnceIE):
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.espn.com/watch/player?bucketId=257&id=19505875',
         'only_matching': True,
-    }, ]
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         clip = self._download_json(
-            'http://api-app.espn.com/v1/video/clips/%s' % video_id,
+            f'http://api-app.espn.com/v1/video/clips/{video_id}',
             video_id)['videos'][0]
 
         title = clip['headline']
@@ -115,16 +115,16 @@ class ESPNIE(OnceIE):
         formats = []
 
         def traverse_source(source, base_source_id=None):
-            for source_id, source in source.items():
-                if source_id == 'alert':
+            for src_id, src_item in source.items():
+                if src_id == 'alert':
                     continue
-                elif isinstance(source, str):
-                    extract_source(source, base_source_id)
-                elif isinstance(source, dict):
+                elif isinstance(src_item, str):
+                    extract_source(src_item, base_source_id)
+                elif isinstance(src_item, dict):
                     traverse_source(
-                        source,
-                        '%s-%s' % (base_source_id, source_id)
-                        if base_source_id else source_id)
+                        src_item,
+                        f'{base_source_id}-{src_id}'
+                        if base_source_id else src_id)
 
         def extract_source(source_url, source_id=None):
             if source_url in format_urls:
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ class ESPNArticleIE(InfoExtractor):
             webpage, 'video id', group='id')
 
         return self.url_result(
-            'http://espn.go.com/video/clip?id=%s' % video_id, ESPNIE.ie_key())
+            f'http://espn.go.com/video/clip?id={video_id}', ESPNIE.ie_key())
 
 
 class FiveThirtyEightIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ class ESPNCricInfoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20211113',
             'duration': 96,
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricket-videos/daryl-mitchell-mitchell-santner-is-one-of-the-best-white-ball-spinners-india-vs-new-zealand-1356225',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -266,12 +266,13 @@ class ESPNCricInfoIE(InfoExtractor):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        data_json = self._download_json(f'https://hs-consumer-api.espncricinfo.com/v1/pages/video/video-details?videoId={id}', id)['video']
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        data_json = self._download_json(
+            f'https://hs-consumer-api.espncricinfo.com/v1/pages/video/video-details?videoId={video_id}', video_id)['video']
         formats, subtitles = [], {}
         for item in data_json.get('playbacks') or []:
             if item.get('type') == 'HLS' and item.get('url'):
-                m3u8_frmts, m3u8_subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(item['url'], id)
+                m3u8_frmts, m3u8_subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(item['url'], video_id)
                 formats.extend(m3u8_frmts)
                 subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subtitles, m3u8_subs)
             elif item.get('type') == 'AUDIO' and item.get('url'):
@@ -280,7 +281,7 @@ class ESPNCricInfoIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'vcodec': 'none',
                 })
         return {
-            'id': id,
+            'id': video_id,
             'title': data_json.get('title'),
             'description': data_json.get('summary'),
             'upload_date': unified_strdate(dict_get(data_json, ('publishedAt', 'recordedAt'))),
@@ -366,28 +367,28 @@ class WatchESPNIE(AdobePassIE):
                     'subject_token': assertion,
                     'subject_token_type': 'urn:bamtech:params:oauth:token-type:device',
                     'platform': 'android',
-                    'grant_type': 'urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:token-exchange'
+                    'grant_type': 'urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:token-exchange',
                 })['access_token']
 
             assertion = self._call_bamgrid_api(
                 'accounts/grant', video_id, payload={'id_token': cookie.value.split('|')[1]},
                 headers={
                     'Authorization': token,
-                    'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=UTF-8'
+                    'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=UTF-8',
                 })['assertion']
             token = self._call_bamgrid_api(
                 'token', video_id, payload={
                     'subject_token': assertion,
                     'subject_token_type': 'urn:bamtech:params:oauth:token-type:account',
                     'platform': 'android',
-                    'grant_type': 'urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:token-exchange'
+                    'grant_type': 'urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:token-exchange',
                 })['access_token']
 
             playback = self._download_json(
                 video_data['videoHref'].format(scenario='browser~ssai'), video_id,
                 headers={
                     'Accept': 'application/vnd.media-service+json; version=5',
-                    'Authorization': token
+                    'Authorization': token,
                 })
             m3u8_url, headers = playback['stream']['complete'][0]['url'], {'authorization': token}
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ettutv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ettutv.py
index 133b525556..73671776f5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ettutv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ettutv.py
@@ -56,5 +56,5 @@ class EttuTvIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'thumbnail': ('image', {url_or_none}),
                 'timestamp': ('date', {unified_timestamp}),
                 'is_live': ('isLivestream', {bool_or_none}),
-            })
+            }),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/europa.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/europa.py
index 0cf889a1ec..aa8baf2f78 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/europa.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/europa.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class EuropaIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 34,
             'view_count': int,
             'formats': 'mincount:3',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://ec.europa.eu/avservices/video/player.cfm?sitelang=en&ref=I107786',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -41,11 +41,11 @@ class EuropaIE(InfoExtractor):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         playlist = self._download_xml(
-            'http://ec.europa.eu/avservices/video/player/playlist.cfm?ID=%s' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'http://ec.europa.eu/avservices/video/player/playlist.cfm?ID={video_id}', video_id)
 
         def get_item(type_, preference):
             items = {}
-            for item in playlist.findall('./info/%s/item' % type_):
+            for item in playlist.findall(f'./info/{type_}/item'):
                 lang, label = xpath_text(item, 'lg', default=None), xpath_text(item, 'label', default=None)
                 if lang and label:
                     items[lang] = label.strip()
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class EuropaIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'url': video_url,
                 'format_id': lang,
                 'format_note': xpath_text(file_, './lglabel'),
-                'language_preference': language_preference(lang)
+                'language_preference': language_preference(lang),
             })
 
         return {
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class EuropaIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': upload_date,
             'duration': duration,
             'view_count': view_count,
-            'formats': formats
+            'formats': formats,
         }
 
 
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ class EuroParlWebstreamIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # live webstream
         'url': 'https://multimedia.europarl.europa.eu/en/webstreaming/euroscola_20221115-1000-SPECIAL-EUROSCOLA',
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ class EuroParlWebstreamIE(InfoExtractor):
             'release_date': '20221115',
             'live_status': 'is_live',
         },
-        'skip': 'not live anymore'
+        'skip': 'not live anymore',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://multimedia.europarl.europa.eu/en/webstreaming/committee-on-culture-and-education_20230301-1130-COMMITTEE-CULT',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ class EuroParlWebstreamIE(InfoExtractor):
             'release_date': '20230301',
             'title': 'Committee on Culture and Education',
             'release_timestamp': 1677666641,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # live stream
         'url': 'https://multimedia.europarl.europa.eu/en/webstreaming/committee-on-environment-public-health-and-food-safety_20230524-0900-COMMITTEE-ENVI',
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ class EuroParlWebstreamIE(InfoExtractor):
             'release_timestamp': 1684911541,
             'live_status': 'is_live',
         },
-        'skip': 'Not live anymore'
+        'skip': 'Not live anymore',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://multimedia.europarl.europa.eu/en/webstreaming/20240320-1345-SPECIAL-PRESSER',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ class EuroParlWebstreamIE(InfoExtractor):
             'release_date': '20240320',
             'title': 'md5:7c6c814cac55dea5e2d87bf8d3db2234',
             'release_timestamp': 1710939767,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://multimedia.europarl.europa.eu/webstreaming/briefing-for-media-on-2024-european-elections_20240429-1000-SPECIAL-OTHER',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ class EuroParlWebstreamIE(InfoExtractor):
             query={
                 'api-version': 1.0,
                 'tenantId': 'bae646ca-1fc8-4363-80ba-2c04f06b4968',
-                'externalReference': display_id
+                'externalReference': display_id,
             })
 
         formats, subtitles = [], {}
@@ -186,5 +186,5 @@ class EuroParlWebstreamIE(InfoExtractor):
             'formats': formats,
             'subtitles': subtitles,
             'release_timestamp': parse_iso8601(json_info.get('startDateTime')),
-            'is_live': traverse_obj(webpage_nextjs, ('mediaItem', 'mediaSubType')) == 'Live'
+            'is_live': traverse_obj(webpage_nextjs, ('mediaItem', 'mediaSubType')) == 'Live',
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/europeantour.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/europeantour.py
index 1995a745d0..a5503dbc52 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/europeantour.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/europeantour.py
@@ -17,16 +17,16 @@ class EuropeanTourIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': '5136026580001',
             'tags': ['prod-imported'],
             'thumbnail': 'md5:fdac52bc826548860edf8145ee74e71a',
-            'upload_date': '20211220'
+            'upload_date': '20211220',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }]
 
     BRIGHTCOVE_URL_TEMPLATE = 'http://players.brightcove.net/%s/default_default/index.html?videoId=%s'
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, id)
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
         vid, aid = re.search(r'(?s)brightcove-player\s?video-id="([^"]+)".*"ACCOUNT_ID":"([^"]+)"', webpage).groups()
         if not aid:
             aid = '5136026580001'
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/eurosport.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/eurosport.py
index 6c426bb89c..0c5e1238d9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/eurosport.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/eurosport.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class EurosportIE(InfoExtractor):
             'display_id': 'vid1694147',
             'timestamp': 1654446698,
             'upload_date': '20220605',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.eurosport.com/tennis/roland-garros/2022/watch-the-top-five-shots-from-men-s-final-as-rafael-nadal-beats-casper-ruud-to-seal-14th-french-open_vid1694283/video.shtml',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class EurosportIE(InfoExtractor):
             'display_id': 'vid1694283',
             'timestamp': 1654456090,
             'upload_date': '20220605',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # geo-fence but can bypassed by xff
         'url': 'https://www.eurosport.com/cycling/tour-de-france-femmes/2022/incredible-ride-marlen-reusser-storms-to-stage-4-win-at-tour-de-france-femmes_vid1722221/video.shtml',
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class EurosportIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://imgresizer.eurosport.com/unsafe/1280x960/smart/filters:format(jpeg)/origin-imgresizer.eurosport.com/2022/07/27/3423347-69852108-2560-1440.jpg',
             'description': 'md5:32bbe3a773ac132c57fb1e8cca4b7c71',
             'upload_date': '20220727',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.eurosport.com/football/champions-league/2022-2023/pep-guardiola-emotionally-destroyed-after-manchester-city-win-over-bayern-munich-in-champions-league_vid1896254/video.shtml',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class EurosportIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1681292028,
             'upload_date': '20230412',
             'display_id': 'vid1896254',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.eurosport.com/football/last-year-s-semi-final-pain-was-still-there-pep-guardiola-after-man-city-reach-cl-final_vid1914115/video.shtml',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ class EurosportIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://imgresizer.eurosport.com/unsafe/1280x960/smart/filters:format(jpeg)/origin-imgresizer.eurosport.com/2023/05/18/3707254-75435008-2560-1440.jpg',
             'duration': 105.0,
             'upload_date': '20230518',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     _TOKEN = None
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/euscreen.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/euscreen.py
index 66fa42fa1c..f08938fc9b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/euscreen.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/euscreen.py
@@ -20,37 +20,37 @@ class EUScreenIE(InfoExtractor):
             'series': 'JA2 DERNIERE',
             'episode': '-',
             'uploader': 'INA /  France',
-            'thumbnail': 'http://images3.noterik.com/domain/euscreenxl/user/eu_ina/video/EUS_0EBCBF356BFC4E12A014023BA41BD98C/image.jpg'
+            'thumbnail': 'http://images3.noterik.com/domain/euscreenxl/user/eu_ina/video/EUS_0EBCBF356BFC4E12A014023BA41BD98C/image.jpg',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }]
 
     _payload = b'<fsxml><screen><properties><screenId>-1</screenId></properties><capabilities id="1"><properties><platform>Win32</platform><appcodename>Mozilla</appcodename><appname>Netscape</appname><appversion>5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/94.0.4606.71 Safari/537.36</appversion><useragent>Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/94.0.4606.71 Safari/537.36</useragent><cookiesenabled>true</cookiesenabled><screenwidth>784</screenwidth><screenheight>758</screenheight><orientation>undefined</orientation><smt_browserid>Sat, 07 Oct 2021 08:56:50 GMT</smt_browserid><smt_sessionid>1633769810758</smt_sessionid></properties></capabilities></screen></fsxml>'
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
         args_for_js_request = self._download_webpage(
             'https://euscreen.eu/lou/LouServlet/domain/euscreenxl/html5application/euscreenxlitem',
-            id, data=self._payload, query={'actionlist': 'itempage', 'id': id})
+            video_id, data=self._payload, query={'actionlist': 'itempage', 'id': video_id})
         info_js = self._download_webpage(
             'https://euscreen.eu/lou/LouServlet/domain/euscreenxl/html5application/euscreenxlitem',
-            id, data=args_for_js_request.replace('screenid', 'screenId').encode())
+            video_id, data=args_for_js_request.replace('screenid', 'screenId').encode())
         video_json = self._parse_json(
             self._search_regex(r'setVideo\(({.+})\)\(\$end\$\)put', info_js, 'Video JSON'),
-            id, transform_source=js_to_json)
+            video_id, transform_source=js_to_json)
         meta_json = self._parse_json(
             self._search_regex(r'setData\(({.+})\)\(\$end\$\)', info_js, 'Metadata JSON'),
-            id, transform_source=js_to_json)
+            video_id, transform_source=js_to_json)
         formats = [{
             'url': source['src'],
         } for source in video_json.get('sources', [])]
 
         return {
-            'id': id,
+            'id': video_id,
             'title': meta_json.get('originalTitle'),
             'alt_title': meta_json.get('title'),
             'duration': parse_duration(meta_json.get('duration')),
-            'description': '%s\n%s' % (meta_json.get('summaryOriginal', ''), meta_json.get('summaryEnglish', '')),
+            'description': '{}\n{}'.format(meta_json.get('summaryOriginal', ''), meta_json.get('summaryEnglish', '')),
             'series': meta_json.get('series') or meta_json.get('seriesEnglish'),
             'episode': meta_json.get('episodeNumber'),
             'uploader': meta_json.get('provider'),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/expressen.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/expressen.py
index b96f2e4cbb..33b829845b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/expressen.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/expressen.py
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class ExpressenIE(InfoExtractor):
         def extract_data(name):
             return self._parse_json(
                 self._search_regex(
-                    r'data-%s=(["\'])(?P<value>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1' % name,
+                    rf'data-{name}=(["\'])(?P<value>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1',
                     webpage, 'info', group='value'),
                 display_id, transform_source=unescapeHTML)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/eyedotv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/eyedotv.py
index 4a13ab08d5..b8c67ce4cc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/eyedotv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/eyedotv.py
@@ -18,13 +18,13 @@ class EyedoTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:4abe07293b2f73efc6e1c37028d58c98',
             'uploader': 'Afnic Live',
             'uploader_id': '8023',
-        }
+        },
     }
     _ROOT_URL = 'http://live.eyedo.net:1935/'
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        video_data = self._download_xml('http://eyedo.tv/api/live/GetLive/%s' % video_id, video_id)
+        video_data = self._download_xml(f'http://eyedo.tv/api/live/GetLive/{video_id}', video_id)
 
         def _add_ns(path):
             return self._xpath_ns(path, 'http://schemas.datacontract.org/2004/07/EyeDo.Core.Implementation.Web.ViewModels.Api')
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class EyedoTVIE(InfoExtractor):
         state_live_code = xpath_text(video_data, _add_ns('StateLiveCode'), 'title', True)
         if state_live_code == 'avenir':
             raise ExtractorError(
-                '%s said: We\'re sorry, but this video is not yet available.' % self.IE_NAME,
+                f'{self.IE_NAME} said: We\'re sorry, but this video is not yet available.',
                 expected=True)
 
         is_live = state_live_code == 'live'
@@ -41,11 +41,11 @@ class EyedoTVIE(InfoExtractor):
         # http://eyedo.tv/Content/Html5/Scripts/html5view.js
         if is_live:
             if xpath_text(video_data, 'Cdn') == 'true':
-                m3u8_url = 'http://rrr.sz.xlcdn.com/?account=eyedo&file=A%s&type=live&service=wowza&protocol=http&output=playlist.m3u8' % video_id
+                m3u8_url = f'http://rrr.sz.xlcdn.com/?account=eyedo&file=A{video_id}&type=live&service=wowza&protocol=http&output=playlist.m3u8'
             else:
-                m3u8_url = self._ROOT_URL + 'w/%s/eyedo_720p/playlist.m3u8' % video_id
+                m3u8_url = self._ROOT_URL + f'w/{video_id}/eyedo_720p/playlist.m3u8'
         else:
-            m3u8_url = self._ROOT_URL + 'replay-w/%s/mp4:%s.mp4/playlist.m3u8' % (video_id, video_id)
+            m3u8_url = self._ROOT_URL + f'replay-w/{video_id}/mp4:{video_id}.mp4/playlist.m3u8'
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/facebook.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/facebook.py
index b76407a5c7..1d1e0770a6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/facebook.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/facebook.py
@@ -3,18 +3,13 @@ import re
 import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_etree_fromstring,
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urllib_parse_unquote,
-)
+from ..compat import compat_etree_fromstring
 from ..networking import Request
 from ..networking.exceptions import network_exceptions
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     clean_html,
     determine_ext,
-    error_to_compat_str,
     float_or_none,
     format_field,
     get_element_by_id,
@@ -209,7 +204,7 @@ class FacebookIE(InfoExtractor):
             'skip_download': True,
         },
     }, {
-        # FIXME
+        # FIXME: Cannot parse data error
         'url': 'https://www.facebook.com/LaGuiaDelVaron/posts/1072691702860471',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '1072691702860471',
@@ -415,7 +410,7 @@ class FacebookIE(InfoExtractor):
     }]
     _SUPPORTED_PAGLETS_REGEX = r'(?:pagelet_group_mall|permalink_video_pagelet|hyperfeed_story_id_[0-9a-f]+)'
     _api_config = {
-        'graphURI': '/api/graphql/'
+        'graphURI': '/api/graphql/',
     }
 
     def _perform_login(self, username, password):
@@ -450,7 +445,7 @@ class FacebookIE(InfoExtractor):
                     r'(?s)<div[^>]+class=(["\']).*?login_error_box.*?\1[^>]*><div[^>]*>.*?</div><div[^>]*>(?P<error>.+?)</div>',
                     login_results, 'login error', default=None, group='error')
                 if error:
-                    raise ExtractorError('Unable to login: %s' % error, expected=True)
+                    raise ExtractorError(f'Unable to login: {error}', expected=True)
                 self.report_warning('unable to log in: bad username/password, or exceeded login rate limit (~3/min). Check credentials or wait.')
                 return
 
@@ -474,7 +469,7 @@ class FacebookIE(InfoExtractor):
             if re.search(r'id="checkpointSubmitButton"', check_response) is not None:
                 self.report_warning('Unable to confirm login, you have to login in your browser and authorize the login.')
         except network_exceptions as err:
-            self.report_warning('unable to log in: %s' % error_to_compat_str(err))
+            self.report_warning(f'unable to log in: {err}')
             return
 
     def _extract_from_url(self, url, video_id):
@@ -493,7 +488,7 @@ class FacebookIE(InfoExtractor):
             page_title = title or self._html_search_regex((
                 r'<h2\s+[^>]*class="uiHeaderTitle"[^>]*>(?P<content>[^<]*)</h2>',
                 r'(?s)<span class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption".*?id="fbPhotoPageCaption"><span class="hasCaption">(?P<content>.*?)</span>',
-                self._meta_regex('og:title'), self._meta_regex('twitter:title'), r'<title>(?P<content>.+?)</title>'
+                self._meta_regex('og:title'), self._meta_regex('twitter:title'), r'<title>(?P<content>.+?)</title>',
             ), webpage, 'title', default=None, group='content')
             description = description or self._html_search_meta(
                 ['description', 'og:description', 'twitter:description'],
@@ -525,7 +520,7 @@ class FacebookIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'timestamp': timestamp,
                 'thumbnail': thumbnail,
                 'view_count': parse_count(self._search_regex(
-                    (r'\bviewCount\s*:\s*["\']([\d,.]+)', r'video_view_count["\']\s*:\s*(\d+)',),
+                    (r'\bviewCount\s*:\s*["\']([\d,.]+)', r'video_view_count["\']\s*:\s*(\d+)'),
                     webpage, 'view count', default=None)),
                 'concurrent_view_count': get_first(post, (
                     ('video', (..., ..., 'attachments', ..., 'media')), 'liveViewerCount', {int_or_none})),
@@ -578,7 +573,7 @@ class FacebookIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         def extract_relay_data(_filter):
             return self._parse_json(self._search_regex(
-                r'data-sjs>({.*?%s.*?})</script>' % _filter,
+                rf'data-sjs>({{.*?{_filter}.*?}})</script>',
                 webpage, 'replay data', default='{}'), video_id, fatal=False) or {}
 
         def extract_relay_prefetched_data(_filter):
@@ -590,7 +585,7 @@ class FacebookIE(InfoExtractor):
         if not video_data:
             server_js_data = self._parse_json(self._search_regex([
                 r'bigPipe\.onPageletArrive\(({.+?})\)\s*;\s*}\s*\)\s*,\s*["\']onPageletArrive\s+' + self._SUPPORTED_PAGLETS_REGEX,
-                r'bigPipe\.onPageletArrive\(({.*?id\s*:\s*"%s".*?})\);' % self._SUPPORTED_PAGLETS_REGEX
+                rf'bigPipe\.onPageletArrive\(({{.*?id\s*:\s*"{self._SUPPORTED_PAGLETS_REGEX}".*?}})\);',
             ], webpage, 'js data', default='{}'), video_id, js_to_json, False)
             video_data = extract_from_jsmods_instances(server_js_data)
 
@@ -632,7 +627,7 @@ class FacebookIE(InfoExtractor):
                     for caption in traverse_obj(video, (
                         'video_available_captions_locales',
                         {lambda x: sorted(x, key=lambda c: c['locale'])},
-                        lambda _, v: url_or_none(v['captions_url'])
+                        lambda _, v: url_or_none(v['captions_url']),
                     )):
                         lang = caption.get('localized_language') or 'und'
                         subs = {
@@ -670,7 +665,7 @@ class FacebookIE(InfoExtractor):
                             'description': description,
                         })
                     else:
-                        info['title'] = description or 'Facebook video #%s' % v_id
+                        info['title'] = description or f'Facebook video #{v_id}'
                     entries.append(info)
 
                 def parse_attachment(attachment, key='media'):
@@ -699,7 +694,7 @@ class FacebookIE(InfoExtractor):
                 if video:
                     attachments = try_get(video, [
                         lambda x: x['story']['attachments'],
-                        lambda x: x['creation_story']['attachments']
+                        lambda x: x['creation_story']['attachments'],
                     ], list) or []
                     for attachment in attachments:
                         parse_attachment(attachment)
@@ -723,7 +718,7 @@ class FacebookIE(InfoExtractor):
             m_msg = re.search(r'class="[^"]*uiInterstitialContent[^"]*"><div>(.*?)</div>', webpage)
             if m_msg is not None:
                 raise ExtractorError(
-                    'The video is not available, Facebook said: "%s"' % m_msg.group(1),
+                    f'The video is not available, Facebook said: "{m_msg.group(1)}"',
                     expected=True)
             elif any(p in webpage for p in (
                     '>You must log in to continue',
@@ -760,7 +755,7 @@ class FacebookIE(InfoExtractor):
                 v_id = video.get('id')
                 if not v_id:
                     continue
-                v_id = compat_str(v_id)
+                v_id = str(v_id)
                 entries.append(self.url_result(
                     self._VIDEO_PAGE_TEMPLATE % v_id,
                     self.ie_key(), v_id, video.get('name')))
@@ -818,7 +813,7 @@ class FacebookIE(InfoExtractor):
                 continue
             for quality in ('sd', 'hd'):
                 for src_type in ('src', 'src_no_ratelimit'):
-                    src = f[0].get('%s_%s' % (quality, src_type))
+                    src = f[0].get(f'{quality}_{src_type}')
                     if src:
                         # sd, hd formats w/o resolution info should be deprioritized below DASH
                         # TODO: investigate if progressive or src formats still exist
@@ -826,10 +821,10 @@ class FacebookIE(InfoExtractor):
                         if quality == 'hd':
                             preference += 1
                         formats.append({
-                            'format_id': '%s_%s_%s' % (format_id, quality, src_type),
+                            'format_id': f'{format_id}_{quality}_{src_type}',
                             'url': src,
                             'quality': preference,
-                            'height': 720 if quality == 'hd' else None
+                            'height': 720 if quality == 'hd' else None,
                         })
             extract_dash_manifest(f[0], formats)
             subtitles_src = f[0].get('subtitles_src')
@@ -879,7 +874,7 @@ class FacebookPluginsVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         return self.url_result(
-            compat_urllib_parse_unquote(self._match_id(url)),
+            urllib.parse.unquote(self._match_id(url)),
             FacebookIE.ie_key())
 
 
@@ -940,7 +935,7 @@ class FacebookReelIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1637502609,
             'upload_date': '20211121',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -966,7 +961,7 @@ class FacebookAdsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*',
             'upload_date': '20231214',
             'like_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.facebook.com/ads/library/?id=893637265423481',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -998,7 +993,7 @@ class FacebookAdsIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _extract_formats(self, video_dict):
         formats = []
         for format_key, format_url in traverse_obj(video_dict, (
-            {dict.items}, lambda _, v: v[0] in self._FORMATS_MAP and url_or_none(v[1])
+            {dict.items}, lambda _, v: v[0] in self._FORMATS_MAP and url_or_none(v[1]),
         )):
             formats.append({
                 'format_id': self._FORMATS_MAP[format_key][0],
@@ -1035,7 +1030,7 @@ class FacebookAdsIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         entries = []
         for idx, entry in enumerate(traverse_obj(
-            data, (('videos', 'cards'), lambda _, v: any([url_or_none(v[f]) for f in self._FORMATS_MAP]))), 1
+            data, (('videos', 'cards'), lambda _, v: any(url_or_none(v[f]) for f in self._FORMATS_MAP))), 1,
         ):
             entries.append({
                 'id': f'{video_id}_{idx}',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/fancode.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/fancode.py
index 1e80f9a378..1b1ed3956b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/fancode.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/fancode.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import ExtractorError, mimetype2ext, parse_iso8601, try_get
 
 
@@ -19,12 +18,12 @@ class FancodeVodIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Match Preview: PBKS vs MI',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-            "timestamp": 1619081590,
+            'timestamp': 1619081590,
             'view_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
             'upload_date': '20210422',
-            'uploader_id': '6008340455001'
-        }
+            'uploader_id': '6008340455001',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://fancode.com/video/15043',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -53,14 +52,14 @@ class FancodeVodIE(InfoExtractor):
                 "refreshToken":"%s"
             },
             "operationName":"RefreshToken"
-        }''' % password
+        }''' % password  # noqa: UP031
 
-        token_json = self.download_gql('refresh token', data, "Getting the Access token")
+        token_json = self.download_gql('refresh token', data, 'Getting the Access token')
         self._ACCESS_TOKEN = try_get(token_json, lambda x: x['data']['refreshToken']['accessToken'])
         if self._ACCESS_TOKEN is None:
             self.report_warning('Failed to get Access token')
         else:
-            self.headers.update({'Authorization': 'Bearer %s' % self._ACCESS_TOKEN})
+            self.headers.update({'Authorization': f'Bearer {self._ACCESS_TOKEN}'})
 
     def _check_login_required(self, is_available, is_premium):
         msg = None
@@ -92,12 +91,12 @@ class FancodeVodIE(InfoExtractor):
                 }
             },
             "operationName":"Video"
-        }''' % video_id
+        }''' % video_id  # noqa: UP031
 
         metadata_json = self.download_gql(video_id, data, note='Downloading metadata')
 
         media = try_get(metadata_json, lambda x: x['data']['media'], dict) or {}
-        brightcove_video_id = try_get(media, lambda x: x['mediaSource']['brightcove'], compat_str)
+        brightcove_video_id = try_get(media, lambda x: x['mediaSource']['brightcove'], str)
 
         if brightcove_video_id is None:
             raise ExtractorError('Unable to extract brightcove Video ID')
@@ -132,11 +131,11 @@ class FancodeLiveIE(FancodeVodIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             'id': '35328',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'BUB vs BLB',
-            "timestamp": 1624863600,
+            'timestamp': 1624863600,
             'is_live': True,
             'upload_date': '20210628',
         },
-        'skip': 'Ended'
+        'skip': 'Ended',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://fancode.com/match/35328/',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -147,7 +146,7 @@ class FancodeLiveIE(FancodeVodIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
 
-        id = self._match_id(url)
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
         data = '''{
             "query":"query MatchResponse($id: Int\\u0021, $isLoggedIn: Boolean\\u0021) { match: matchWithScores(id: $id) { id matchDesc mediaId videoStreamId videoStreamUrl { ...VideoSource } liveStreams { videoStreamId videoStreamUrl { ...VideoSource } contentId } name startTime streamingStatus isPremium isUserEntitled @include(if: $isLoggedIn) status metaTags bgImage { src } sport { name slug } tour { id name } squads { name shortName } liveStreams { contentId } mediaId }}fragment VideoSource on VideoSource { title description posterUrl url deliveryType playerType}",
             "variables":{
@@ -155,21 +154,21 @@ class FancodeLiveIE(FancodeVodIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
                 "isLoggedIn":true
             },
             "operationName":"MatchResponse"
-        }''' % id
+        }''' % video_id  # noqa: UP031
 
-        info_json = self.download_gql(id, data, "Info json")
+        info_json = self.download_gql(video_id, data, 'Info json')
 
         match_info = try_get(info_json, lambda x: x['data']['match'])
 
-        if match_info.get('streamingStatus') != "STARTED":
+        if match_info.get('streamingStatus') != 'STARTED':
             raise ExtractorError('The stream can\'t be accessed', expected=True)
         self._check_login_required(match_info.get('isUserEntitled'), True)  # all live streams are premium only
 
         return {
-            'id': id,
+            'id': video_id,
             'title': match_info.get('name'),
-            'formats': self._extract_akamai_formats(try_get(match_info, lambda x: x['videoStreamUrl']['url']), id),
+            'formats': self._extract_akamai_formats(try_get(match_info, lambda x: x['videoStreamUrl']['url']), video_id),
             'ext': mimetype2ext(try_get(match_info, lambda x: x['videoStreamUrl']['deliveryType'])),
             'is_live': True,
-            'release_timestamp': parse_iso8601(match_info.get('startTime'))
+            'release_timestamp': parse_iso8601(match_info.get('startTime')),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/fc2.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/fc2.py
index bbc4b56931..eac70f6a96 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/fc2.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/fc2.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_parse_qs
 from ..networking import Request
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ class FC2IE(InfoExtractor):
             description = self._og_search_description(webpage, default=None)
 
         vidplaylist = self._download_json(
-            'https://video.fc2.com/api/v3/videoplaylist/%s?sh=1&fs=0' % video_id, video_id,
+            f'https://video.fc2.com/api/v3/videoplaylist/{video_id}?sh=1&fs=0', video_id,
             note='Downloading info page')
         vid_url = traverse_obj(vidplaylist, ('playlist', 'nq'))
         if not vid_url:
@@ -127,22 +127,22 @@ class FC2EmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
-        query = compat_parse_qs(mobj.group('query'))
+        query = urllib.parse.parse_qs(mobj.group('query'))
 
         video_id = query['i'][-1]
-        title = query.get('tl', ['FC2 video %s' % video_id])[0]
+        title = query.get('tl', [f'FC2 video {video_id}'])[0]
 
         sj = query.get('sj', [None])[0]
         thumbnail = None
         if sj:
             # See thumbnailImagePath() in ServerConst.as of flv2.swf
-            thumbnail = 'http://video%s-thumbnail.fc2.com/up/pic/%s.jpg' % (
+            thumbnail = 'http://video{}-thumbnail.fc2.com/up/pic/{}.jpg'.format(
                 sj, '/'.join((video_id[:6], video_id[6:8], video_id[-2], video_id[-1], video_id)))
 
         return {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
             'ie_key': FC2IE.ie_key(),
-            'url': 'fc2:%s' % video_id,
+            'url': f'fc2:{video_id}',
             'title': title,
             'thumbnail': thumbnail,
         }
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ class FC2LiveIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage('https://live.fc2.com/%s/' % video_id, video_id)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(f'https://live.fc2.com/{video_id}/', video_id)
 
         self._set_cookie('live.fc2.com', 'js-player_size', '1')
 
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ class FC2LiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'channel': '1',
                 'profile': '1',
                 'user': '1',
-                'streamid': video_id
+                'streamid': video_id,
             }), note='Requesting member info')
 
         control_server = self._download_json(
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ class FC2LiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 self.write_debug('Goodbye')
                 playlist_data = data
                 break
-            self.write_debug('Server said: %s%s' % (recv[:100], '...' if len(recv) > 100 else ''))
+            self.write_debug('Server said: {}{}'.format(recv[:100], '...' if len(recv) > 100 else ''))
 
         if not playlist_data:
             raise ExtractorError('Unable to fetch HLS playlist info via WebSocket')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/filmon.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/filmon.py
index 69ca87c842..af1de7ac83 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/filmon.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/filmon.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -35,12 +34,12 @@ class FilmOnIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         try:
             response = self._download_json(
-                'https://www.filmon.com/api/vod/movie?id=%s' % video_id,
+                f'https://www.filmon.com/api/vod/movie?id={video_id}',
                 video_id)['response']
         except ExtractorError as e:
             if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError):
                 errmsg = self._parse_json(e.cause.response.read().decode(), video_id)['reason']
-                raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, errmsg), expected=True)
+                raise ExtractorError(f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {errmsg}', expected=True)
             raise
 
         title = response['title']
@@ -124,10 +123,10 @@ class FilmOnChannelIE(InfoExtractor):
         except ExtractorError as e:
             if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError):
                 errmsg = self._parse_json(e.cause.response.read().decode(), channel_id)['message']
-                raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, errmsg), expected=True)
+                raise ExtractorError(f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {errmsg}', expected=True)
             raise
 
-        channel_id = compat_str(channel_data['id'])
+        channel_id = str(channel_data['id'])
         is_live = not channel_data.get('is_vod') and not channel_data.get('is_vox')
         title = channel_data['title']
 
@@ -155,7 +154,7 @@ class FilmOnChannelIE(InfoExtractor):
         for name, width, height in self._THUMBNAIL_RES:
             thumbnails.append({
                 'id': name,
-                'url': 'http://static.filmon.com/assets/channels/%s/%s.png' % (channel_id, name),
+                'url': f'http://static.filmon.com/assets/channels/{channel_id}/{name}.png',
                 'width': width,
                 'height': height,
             })
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/filmweb.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/filmweb.py
index cfea1f2fb6..6dde6c3f00 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/filmweb.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/filmweb.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class FilmwebIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1458140101,
             'uploader_id': '12639966',
             'uploader': 'Live Roaldset',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/firsttv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/firsttv.py
index f74bd132f5..2d47ee561f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/firsttv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/firsttv.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     qualities,
@@ -60,12 +58,12 @@ class FirstTVIE(InfoExtractor):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
-        playlist_url = compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, self._search_regex(
+        playlist_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(url, self._search_regex(
             r'data-playlist-url=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1',
             webpage, 'playlist url', group='url'))
 
-        parsed_url = compat_urlparse.urlparse(playlist_url)
-        qs = compat_urlparse.parse_qs(parsed_url.query)
+        parsed_url = urllib.parse.urlparse(playlist_url)
+        qs = urllib.parse.parse_qs(parsed_url.query)
         item_ids = qs.get('videos_ids[]') or qs.get('news_ids[]')
 
         items = self._download_json(playlist_url, display_id)
@@ -73,12 +71,12 @@ class FirstTVIE(InfoExtractor):
         if item_ids:
             items = [
                 item for item in items
-                if item.get('uid') and compat_str(item['uid']) in item_ids]
+                if item.get('uid') and str(item['uid']) in item_ids]
         else:
             items = [items[0]]
 
         entries = []
-        QUALITIES = ('ld', 'sd', 'hd', )
+        QUALITIES = ('ld', 'sd', 'hd')
 
         for item in items:
             title = item['title']
@@ -116,11 +114,10 @@ class FirstTVIE(InfoExtractor):
                 if len(formats) == 1:
                     m3u8_path = ','
                 else:
-                    tbrs = [compat_str(t) for t in sorted(f['tbr'] for f in formats)]
-                    m3u8_path = '_,%s,%s' % (','.join(tbrs), '.mp4')
+                    tbrs = [str(t) for t in sorted(f['tbr'] for f in formats)]
+                    m3u8_path = '_,{},{}'.format(','.join(tbrs), '.mp4')
                 formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                    'http://balancer-vod.1tv.ru/%s%s.urlset/master.m3u8'
-                    % (path, m3u8_path),
+                    f'http://balancer-vod.1tv.ru/{path}{m3u8_path}.urlset/master.m3u8',
                     display_id, 'mp4',
                     entry_protocol='m3u8_native', m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False))
 
@@ -131,12 +128,12 @@ class FirstTVIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'ya:ovs:upload_date', webpage, 'upload date', default=None))
 
             entries.append({
-                'id': compat_str(item.get('id') or item['uid']),
+                'id': str(item.get('id') or item['uid']),
                 'thumbnail': thumbnail,
                 'title': title,
                 'upload_date': upload_date,
                 'duration': int_or_none(duration),
-                'formats': formats
+                'formats': formats,
             })
 
         title = self._html_search_regex(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/flickr.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/flickr.py
index 89a40d7e23..507bfe9d41 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/flickr.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/flickr.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlencode,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     format_field,
@@ -31,7 +29,7 @@ class FlickrIE(InfoExtractor):
             'view_count': int,
             'tags': list,
             'license': 'Attribution-ShareAlike',
-        }
+        },
     }
     _API_BASE_URL = 'https://api.flickr.com/services/rest?'
     # https://help.yahoo.com/kb/flickr/SLN25525.html
@@ -52,14 +50,14 @@ class FlickrIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _call_api(self, method, video_id, api_key, note, secret=None):
         query = {
             'photo_id': video_id,
-            'method': 'flickr.%s' % method,
+            'method': f'flickr.{method}',
             'api_key': api_key,
             'format': 'json',
             'nojsoncallback': 1,
         }
         if secret:
             query['secret'] = secret
-        data = self._download_json(self._API_BASE_URL + compat_urllib_parse_urlencode(query), video_id, note)
+        data = self._download_json(self._API_BASE_URL + urllib.parse.urlencode(query), video_id, note)
         if data['stat'] != 'ok':
             raise ExtractorError(data['message'])
         return data
@@ -83,7 +81,7 @@ class FlickrIE(InfoExtractor):
 
             formats = []
             for stream in streams['stream']:
-                stream_type = compat_str(stream.get('type'))
+                stream_type = str(stream.get('type'))
                 formats.append({
                     'format_id': stream_type,
                     'url': stream['_content'],
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/floatplane.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/floatplane.py
index 8676d73f60..b7ee160a44 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/floatplane.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/floatplane.py
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ class FloatplaneIE(InfoExtractor):
             stream = self._download_json(
                 'https://www.floatplane.com/api/v2/cdn/delivery', media_id, query={
                     'type': 'vod' if media_typ == 'video' else 'aod',
-                    'guid': metadata['guid']
+                    'guid': metadata['guid'],
                 }, note=f'Downloading {media_typ} stream data')
 
             path_template = traverse_obj(stream, ('resource', 'uri', {str}))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/folketinget.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/folketinget.py
index 55a11e591b..95095701bc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/folketinget.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/folketinget.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_parse_qs
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     parse_duration,
@@ -42,7 +43,7 @@ class FolketingetIE(InfoExtractor):
             r'(?s)<div class="video-item-agenda"[^>]*>(.*?)<',
             webpage, 'description', fatal=False)
 
-        player_params = compat_parse_qs(self._search_regex(
+        player_params = urllib.parse.parse_qs(self._search_regex(
             r'<embed src="http://ft\.arkena\.tv/flash/ftplayer\.swf\?([^"]+)"',
             webpage, 'player params'))
         xml_url = player_params['xml'][0]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/footyroom.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/footyroom.py
index 4a1316b50c..797e894d67 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/footyroom.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/footyroom.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class FootyRoomIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'VIDEO Georgia 0 - 2 Germany',
         },
         'playlist_count': 1,
-        'add_ie': ['Playwire']
+        'add_ie': ['Playwire'],
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/fourtube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/fourtube.py
index b6368b87da..ba94b5bdc9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/fourtube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/fourtube.py
@@ -1,12 +1,8 @@
+import base64
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_b64decode,
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urllib_parse_unquote,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     parse_duration,
@@ -21,21 +17,20 @@ from ..utils import (
 
 class FourTubeBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _extract_formats(self, url, video_id, media_id, sources):
-        token_url = 'https://%s/%s/desktop/%s' % (
+        token_url = 'https://{}/{}/desktop/{}'.format(
             self._TKN_HOST, media_id, '+'.join(sources))
 
-        parsed_url = compat_urlparse.urlparse(url)
+        parsed_url = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)
         tokens = self._download_json(token_url, video_id, data=b'', headers={
-            'Origin': '%s://%s' % (parsed_url.scheme, parsed_url.hostname),
+            'Origin': f'{parsed_url.scheme}://{parsed_url.hostname}',
             'Referer': url,
         })
-        formats = [{
-            'url': tokens[format]['token'],
-            'format_id': format + 'p',
-            'resolution': format + 'p',
-            'quality': int(format),
-        } for format in sources]
-        return formats
+        return [{
+            'url': tokens[res]['token'],
+            'format_id': res + 'p',
+            'resolution': res + 'p',
+            'quality': int(res),
+        } for res in sources]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
@@ -89,9 +84,9 @@ class FourTubeBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             params_js = self._search_regex(
                 r'\$\.ajax\(url,\ opts\);\s*\}\s*\}\)\(([0-9,\[\] ]+)\)',
                 player_js, 'initialization parameters')
-            params = self._parse_json('[%s]' % params_js, video_id)
+            params = self._parse_json(f'[{params_js}]', video_id)
             media_id = params[0]
-            sources = ['%s' % p for p in params[2]]
+            sources = [f'{p}' for p in params[2]]
 
         formats = self._extract_formats(url, video_id, media_id, sources)
 
@@ -234,20 +229,20 @@ class PornTubeIE(FourTubeBaseIE):
             self._search_regex(
                 r'INITIALSTATE\s*=\s*(["\'])(?P<value>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1',
                 webpage, 'data', group='value'), video_id,
-            transform_source=lambda x: compat_urllib_parse_unquote(
-                compat_b64decode(x).decode('utf-8')))['page']['video']
+            transform_source=lambda x: urllib.parse.unquote(
+                base64.b64decode(x).decode('utf-8')))['page']['video']
 
         title = video['title']
         media_id = video['mediaId']
-        sources = [compat_str(e['height'])
+        sources = [str(e['height'])
                    for e in video['encodings'] if e.get('height')]
         formats = self._extract_formats(url, video_id, media_id, sources)
 
         thumbnail = url_or_none(video.get('masterThumb'))
-        uploader = try_get(video, lambda x: x['user']['username'], compat_str)
+        uploader = try_get(video, lambda x: x['user']['username'], str)
         uploader_id = str_or_none(try_get(
             video, lambda x: x['user']['id'], int))
-        channel = try_get(video, lambda x: x['channel']['name'], compat_str)
+        channel = try_get(video, lambda x: x['channel']['name'], str)
         channel_id = str_or_none(try_get(
             video, lambda x: x['channel']['id'], int))
         like_count = int_or_none(video.get('likes'))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/fox.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/fox.py
index e00e977bdd..e3cf22d4d6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/fox.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/fox.py
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
 import json
+import urllib.parse
 import uuid
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urllib_parse_unquote,
-)
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -59,7 +56,7 @@ class FOXIE(InfoExtractor):
     _HOME_PAGE_URL = 'https://www.fox.com/'
     _API_KEY = '6E9S4bmcoNnZwVLOHywOv8PJEdu76cM9'
     _access_token = None
-    _device_id = compat_str(uuid.uuid4())
+    _device_id = str(uuid.uuid4())
 
     def _call_api(self, path, video_id, data=None):
         headers = {
@@ -88,7 +85,7 @@ class FOXIE(InfoExtractor):
         if not self._access_token:
             mvpd_auth = self._get_cookies(self._HOME_PAGE_URL).get('mvpd-auth')
             if mvpd_auth:
-                self._access_token = (self._parse_json(compat_urllib_parse_unquote(
+                self._access_token = (self._parse_json(urllib.parse.unquote(
                     mvpd_auth.value), None, fatal=False) or {}).get('accessToken')
             if not self._access_token:
                 self._access_token = self._call_api(
@@ -100,7 +97,7 @@ class FOXIE(InfoExtractor):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         self._access_token = self._call_api(
-            'previewpassmvpd?device_id=%s&mvpd_id=TempPass_fbcfox_60min' % self._device_id,
+            f'previewpassmvpd?device_id={self._device_id}&mvpd_id=TempPass_fbcfox_60min',
             video_id)['accessToken']
 
         video = self._call_api('watch', video_id, data=json.dumps({
@@ -113,13 +110,13 @@ class FOXIE(InfoExtractor):
             'provider': {
                 'freewheel': {'did': self._device_id},
                 'vdms': {'rays': ''},
-                'dmp': {'kuid': '', 'seg': ''}
+                'dmp': {'kuid': '', 'seg': ''},
             },
             'playlist': '',
             'privacy': {'us': '1---'},
             'siteSection': '',
             'streamType': 'vod',
-            'streamId': video_id}).encode('utf-8'))
+            'streamId': video_id}).encode())
 
         title = video['name']
         release_url = video['url']
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/fptplay.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/fptplay.py
index 85613bafe5..db9b2e1535 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/fptplay.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/fptplay.py
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ class FptplayIE(InfoExtractor):
             a = [0, 0, 0, 0]
             s = len(e)
             c = 0
-            for z in range(s, 0, -1):
+            for _ in range(s, 0, -1):
                 if n <= 3:
                     i[n] = e[c]
                 n += 1
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/francetv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/francetv.py
index 7b8f7dd040..f732d56772 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/francetv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/francetv.py
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ class FranceTVIE(InfoExtractor):
         for f in formats:
             if f.get('acodec') != 'none' and f.get('language') in ('qtz', 'qad'):
                 f['language_preference'] = -10
-                f['format_note'] = 'audio description%s' % format_field(f, 'format_note', ', %s')
+                f['format_note'] = 'audio description{}'.format(format_field(f, 'format_note', ', %s'))
 
         if spritesheets:
             formats.append({
@@ -189,10 +189,10 @@ class FranceTVIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'fragments': [{
                     'url': sheet,
                     # XXX: not entirely accurate; each spritesheet seems to be
-                    # a 10×10 grid of thumbnails corresponding to approximately
+                    # a 10x10 grid of thumbnails corresponding to approximately
                     # 2 seconds of the video; the last spritesheet may be shorter
                     'duration': 200,
-                } for sheet in traverse_obj(spritesheets, (..., {url_or_none}))]
+                } for sheet in traverse_obj(spritesheets, (..., {url_or_none}))],
             })
 
         return {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/freesound.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/freesound.py
index fcde04469c..b8b8fe82de 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/freesound.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/freesound.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class FreesoundIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'miklovan',
             'upload_date': '20130715',
             'tags': list,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/freetv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/freetv.py
index 757a10d016..518a6680f3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/freetv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/freetv.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class FreeTvMoviesIE(FreeTvBaseIE):
             'title': 'Atrápame Si Puedes',
             'description': 'md5:ca63bc00898aeb2f64ec87c6d3a5b982',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.freetv.com/peliculas/monstruoso/',
         'md5': '509c15c68de41cb708d1f92d071f20aa',
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class FreeTvMoviesIE(FreeTvBaseIE):
             'title': 'Monstruoso',
             'description': 'md5:333fc19ee327b457b980e54a911ea4a3',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _extract_video(self, content_id, action='olyott_video_play'):
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ class FreeTvIE(FreeTvBaseIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'el-detective-l',
             'title': 'El Detective L',
-            'description': 'md5:f9f1143bc33e9856ecbfcbfb97a759be'
+            'description': 'md5:f9f1143bc33e9856ecbfcbfb97a759be',
         },
         'playlist_count': 24,
     }, {
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class FreeTvIE(FreeTvBaseIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'esmeraldas',
             'title': 'Esmeraldas',
-            'description': 'md5:43d7ec45bd931d8268a4f5afaf4c77bf'
+            'description': 'md5:43d7ec45bd931d8268a4f5afaf4c77bf',
         },
         'playlist_count': 62,
     }, {
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class FreeTvIE(FreeTvBaseIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'las-aventuras-de-leonardo',
             'title': 'Las Aventuras de Leonardo',
-            'description': 'md5:0c47130846c141120a382aca059288f6'
+            'description': 'md5:0c47130846c141120a382aca059288f6',
         },
         'playlist_count': 13,
     },
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/frontendmasters.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/frontendmasters.py
index 3bae8add05..b5176aa9b6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/frontendmasters.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/frontendmasters.py
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     parse_duration,
@@ -22,7 +19,7 @@ class FrontendMastersBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     _QUALITIES = {
         'low': {'width': 480, 'height': 360},
         'mid': {'width': 1280, 'height': 720},
-        'high': {'width': 1920, 'height': 1080}
+        'high': {'width': 1920, 'height': 1080},
     }
 
     def _perform_login(self, username, password):
@@ -33,7 +30,7 @@ class FrontendMastersBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         login_form.update({
             'username': username,
-            'password': password
+            'password': password,
         })
 
         post_url = self._search_regex(
@@ -41,7 +38,7 @@ class FrontendMastersBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             'post_url', default=self._LOGIN_URL, group='url')
 
         if not post_url.startswith('http'):
-            post_url = compat_urlparse.urljoin(self._LOGIN_URL, post_url)
+            post_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(self._LOGIN_URL, post_url)
 
         response = self._download_webpage(
             post_url, None, 'Logging in', data=urlencode_postdata(login_form),
@@ -56,14 +53,14 @@ class FrontendMastersBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             r'class=(["\'])(?:(?!\1).)*\bMessageAlert\b(?:(?!\1).)*\1[^>]*>(?P<error>[^<]+)<',
             response, 'error message', default=None, group='error')
         if error:
-            raise ExtractorError('Unable to login: %s' % error, expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'Unable to login: {error}', expected=True)
         raise ExtractorError('Unable to log in')
 
 
 class FrontendMastersPageBaseIE(FrontendMastersBaseIE):
     def _download_course(self, course_name, url):
         return self._download_json(
-            '%s/courses/%s' % (self._API_BASE, course_name), course_name,
+            f'{self._API_BASE}/courses/{course_name}', course_name,
             'Downloading course JSON', headers={'Referer': url})
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -92,7 +89,7 @@ class FrontendMastersPageBaseIE(FrontendMastersBaseIE):
 
         duration = None
         timestamp = lesson.get('timestamp')
-        if isinstance(timestamp, compat_str):
+        if isinstance(timestamp, str):
             mobj = re.search(
                 r'(?P<start>\d{1,2}:\d{1,2}:\d{1,2})\s*-(?P<end>\s*\d{1,2}:\d{1,2}:\d{1,2})',
                 timestamp)
@@ -102,7 +99,7 @@ class FrontendMastersPageBaseIE(FrontendMastersBaseIE):
 
         return {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
-            'url': 'frontendmasters:%s' % lesson_id,
+            'url': f'frontendmasters:{lesson_id}',
             'ie_key': FrontendMastersIE.ie_key(),
             'id': lesson_id,
             'display_id': display_id,
@@ -134,16 +131,16 @@ class FrontendMastersIE(FrontendMastersBaseIE):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         lesson_id = self._match_id(url)
 
-        source_url = '%s/video/%s/source' % (self._API_BASE, lesson_id)
+        source_url = f'{self._API_BASE}/video/{lesson_id}/source'
 
         formats = []
         for ext in ('webm', 'mp4'):
             for quality in ('low', 'mid', 'high'):
                 resolution = self._QUALITIES[quality].copy()
-                format_id = '%s-%s' % (ext, quality)
+                format_id = f'{ext}-{quality}'
                 format_url = self._download_json(
                     source_url, lesson_id,
-                    'Downloading %s source JSON' % format_id, query={
+                    f'Downloading {format_id} source JSON', query={
                         'f': ext,
                         'r': resolution['height'],
                     }, headers={
@@ -163,15 +160,15 @@ class FrontendMastersIE(FrontendMastersBaseIE):
 
         subtitles = {
             'en': [{
-                'url': '%s/transcripts/%s.vtt' % (self._API_BASE, lesson_id),
-            }]
+                'url': f'{self._API_BASE}/transcripts/{lesson_id}.vtt',
+            }],
         }
 
         return {
             'id': lesson_id,
             'title': lesson_id,
             'formats': formats,
-            'subtitles': subtitles
+            'subtitles': subtitles,
         }
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/fujitv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/fujitv.py
index 77e826e2db..a2d1a828b4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/fujitv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/fujitv.py
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class FujiTVFODPlus7IE(InfoExtractor):
             'series': 'ちびまる子ちゃん',
             'series_id': '5d40',
             'thumbnail': 'https://i.fod.fujitv.co.jp/img/program/5d40/episode/5d40810083_a.jpg'},
-        'skip': 'Video available only in one week'
+        'skip': 'Video available only in one week',
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -43,7 +43,9 @@ class FujiTVFODPlus7IE(InfoExtractor):
         json_info = {}
         token = self._get_cookies(url).get('CT')
         if token:
-            json_info = self._download_json('https://fod-sp.fujitv.co.jp/apps/api/episode/detail/?ep_id=%s&is_premium=false' % video_id, video_id, headers={'x-authorization': f'Bearer {token.value}'}, fatal=False)
+            json_info = self._download_json(
+                f'https://fod-sp.fujitv.co.jp/apps/api/episode/detail/?ep_id={video_id}&is_premium=false',
+                video_id, headers={'x-authorization': f'Bearer {token.value}'}, fatal=False)
         else:
             self.report_warning(f'The token cookie is needed to extract video metadata. {self._login_hint("cookies")}')
         formats, subtitles = [], {}
@@ -67,5 +69,5 @@ class FujiTVFODPlus7IE(InfoExtractor):
             'formats': formats,
             'subtitles': subtitles,
             'thumbnail': f'{self._BASE_URL}img/program/{series_id}/episode/{video_id}_a.jpg',
-            '_format_sort_fields': ('tbr', )
+            '_format_sort_fields': ('tbr', ),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/funimation.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/funimation.py
index c32f005bab..d3e61c84f8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/funimation.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/funimation.py
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ class FunimationPageIE(FunimationBaseIE):
             f'{show}_{episode}', query={
                 'deviceType': 'web',
                 'region': self._REGION,
-                'locale': locale or 'en'
+                'locale': locale or 'en',
             }), ('videoList', ..., 'id'), get_all=False)
 
         return self.url_result(f'https://www.funimation.com/player/{video_id}', FunimationIE.ie_key(), video_id)
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ class FunimationIE(FunimationBaseIE):
                     yield lang, version.title(), f
 
     def _get_episode(self, webpage, experience_id=None, episode_id=None, fatal=True):
-        ''' Extract the episode, season and show objects given either episode/experience id '''
+        """ Extract the episode, season and show objects given either episode/experience id """
         show = self._parse_json(
             self._search_regex(
                 r'show\s*=\s*({.+?})\s*;', webpage, 'show data', fatal=fatal),
@@ -199,16 +199,16 @@ class FunimationIE(FunimationBaseIE):
                 continue
             thumbnails.append({'url': fmt.get('poster')})
             duration = max(duration, fmt.get('duration', 0))
-            format_name = '%s %s (%s)' % (version, lang, experience_id)
+            format_name = f'{version} {lang} ({experience_id})'
             self.extract_subtitles(
                 subtitles, experience_id, display_id=display_id, format_name=format_name,
                 episode=episode if experience_id == initial_experience_id else episode_id)
 
             headers = {}
             if self._TOKEN:
-                headers['Authorization'] = 'Token %s' % self._TOKEN
+                headers['Authorization'] = f'Token {self._TOKEN}'
             page = self._download_json(
-                'https://www.funimation.com/api/showexperience/%s/' % experience_id,
+                f'https://www.funimation.com/api/showexperience/{experience_id}/',
                 display_id, headers=headers, expected_status=403, query={
                     'pinst_id': ''.join(random.choices(string.digits + string.ascii_letters, k=8)),
                 }, note=f'Downloading {format_name} JSON')
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ class FunimationIE(FunimationBaseIE):
             if not sources:
                 error = try_get(page, lambda x: x['errors'][0], dict)
                 if error:
-                    self.report_warning('%s said: Error %s - %s' % (
+                    self.report_warning('{} said: Error {} - {}'.format(
                         self.IE_NAME, error.get('code'), error.get('detail') or error.get('title')))
                 else:
                     self.report_warning('No sources found for format')
@@ -227,11 +227,11 @@ class FunimationIE(FunimationBaseIE):
                 source_type = source.get('videoType') or determine_ext(source_url)
                 if source_type == 'm3u8':
                     current_formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                        source_url, display_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='%s-%s' % (experience_id, 'hls'), fatal=False,
+                        source_url, display_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='{}-{}'.format(experience_id, 'hls'), fatal=False,
                         note=f'Downloading {format_name} m3u8 information'))
                 else:
                     current_formats.append({
-                        'format_id': '%s-%s' % (experience_id, source_type),
+                        'format_id': f'{experience_id}-{source_type}',
                         'url': source_url,
                     })
                 for f in current_formats:
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ class FunimationIE(FunimationBaseIE):
                     sub_type = sub_type if sub_type != 'FULL' else None
                     current_sub = {
                         'url': text_track['src'],
-                        'name': join_nonempty(version, text_track.get('label'), sub_type, delim=' ')
+                        'name': join_nonempty(version, text_track.get('label'), sub_type, delim=' '),
                     }
                     lang = join_nonempty(text_track.get('language', 'und'),
                                          version if version != 'Simulcast' else None,
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ class FunimationShowIE(FunimationBaseIE):
         'url': 'https://www.funimation.com/en/shows/sk8-the-infinity',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '1315000',
-            'title': 'SK8 the Infinity'
+            'title': 'SK8 the Infinity',
         },
         'playlist_count': 13,
         'params': {
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ class FunimationShowIE(FunimationBaseIE):
         'url': 'https://www.funimation.com/shows/ouran-high-school-host-club/',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '39643',
-            'title': 'Ouran High School Host Club'
+            'title': 'Ouran High School Host Club',
         },
         'playlist_count': 26,
         'params': {
@@ -329,11 +329,11 @@ class FunimationShowIE(FunimationBaseIE):
         base_url, locale, display_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
 
         show_info = self._download_json(
-            'https://title-api.prd.funimationsvc.com/v2/shows/%s?region=%s&deviceType=web&locale=%s'
-            % (display_id, self._REGION, locale or 'en'), display_id)
+            'https://title-api.prd.funimationsvc.com/v2/shows/{}?region={}&deviceType=web&locale={}'.format(
+                display_id, self._REGION, locale or 'en'), display_id)
         items_info = self._download_json(
-            'https://prod-api-funimationnow.dadcdigital.com/api/funimation/episodes/?limit=99999&title_id=%s'
-            % show_info.get('id'), display_id)
+            'https://prod-api-funimationnow.dadcdigital.com/api/funimation/episodes/?limit=99999&title_id={}'.format(
+                show_info.get('id')), display_id)
 
         vod_items = traverse_obj(items_info, ('items', ..., lambda k, _: re.match(r'(?i)mostRecent[AS]vod', k), 'item'))
 
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ class FunimationShowIE(FunimationBaseIE):
             'title': show_info['name'],
             'entries': orderedSet(
                 self.url_result(
-                    '%s/%s' % (base_url, vod_item.get('episodeSlug')), FunimationPageIE.ie_key(),
+                    '{}/{}'.format(base_url, vod_item.get('episodeSlug')), FunimationPageIE.ie_key(),
                     vod_item.get('episodeId'), vod_item.get('episodeName'))
                 for vod_item in sorted(vod_items, key=lambda x: x.get('episodeOrder', -1))),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/funker530.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/funker530.py
index 62fd7f6dda..5d59e9c983 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/funker530.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/funker530.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class Funker530IE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1686241321,
             'live_status': 'not_live',
             'description': 'md5:bea2e1f458095414e04b5ac189c2f980',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://funker530.com/video/my-friends-joined-the-russians-civdiv/',
         'md5': 'a42c2933391210662e93e867d7124b70',
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class Funker530IE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20230608',
             'playable_in_embed': True,
             'heatmap': 'count:100',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -76,5 +76,5 @@ class Funker530IE(InfoExtractor):
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
             'description': strip_or_none(self._search_regex(
                 r'(?s)(.+)About the Author', clean_html(get_element_by_class('video-desc-paragraph', webpage)),
-                'description', default=None))
+                'description', default=None)),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/fuyintv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/fuyintv.py
index 197901d570..f46839bba6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/fuyintv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/fuyintv.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class FuyinTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': '第1集',
             'description': 'md5:21a3d238dc8d49608e1308e85044b9c3',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gab.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gab.py
index c10d290dc3..024628e1ca 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gab.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gab.py
@@ -22,29 +22,29 @@ class GabTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'Wurzelroot',
             'uploader_id': '608fb0a85738fd1974984f7d',
             'thumbnail': 'https://tv.gab.com/image/61217eacea5665de450d0488',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url).split('-')[-1]
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, id)
+        video_id = self._match_id(url).split('-')[-1]
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
         channel_id = self._search_regex(r'data-channel-id=\"(?P<channel_id>[^\"]+)', webpage, 'channel_id')
         channel_name = self._search_regex(r'data-channel-name=\"(?P<channel_id>[^\"]+)', webpage, 'channel_name')
         title = self._search_regex(r'data-episode-title=\"(?P<channel_id>[^\"]+)', webpage, 'title')
         view_key = self._search_regex(r'data-view-key=\"(?P<channel_id>[^\"]+)', webpage, 'view_key')
         description = clean_html(
             self._html_search_regex(self._meta_regex('description'), webpage, 'description', group='content')) or None
-        available_resolutions = re.findall(r'<a\ data-episode-id=\"%s\"\ data-resolution=\"(?P<resolution>[^\"]+)' % id,
-                                           webpage)
+        available_resolutions = re.findall(
+            rf'<a\ data-episode-id=\"{video_id}\"\ data-resolution=\"(?P<resolution>[^\"]+)', webpage)
 
         formats = []
         for resolution in available_resolutions:
             frmt = {
-                'url': f'https://tv.gab.com/media/{id}?viewKey={view_key}&r={resolution}',
+                'url': f'https://tv.gab.com/media/{video_id}?viewKey={view_key}&r={resolution}',
                 'format_id': resolution,
                 'vcodec': 'h264',
                 'acodec': 'aac',
-                'ext': 'mp4'
+                'ext': 'mp4',
             }
             if 'audio-' in resolution:
                 frmt['abr'] = str_to_int(resolution.replace('audio-', ''))
@@ -55,13 +55,13 @@ class GabTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             formats.append(frmt)
 
         return {
-            'id': id,
+            'id': video_id,
             'title': title,
             'formats': formats,
             'description': description,
             'uploader': channel_name,
             'uploader_id': channel_id,
-            'thumbnail': f'https://tv.gab.com/image/{id}',
+            'thumbnail': f'https://tv.gab.com/image/{video_id}',
         }
 
 
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class GabIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:204055fafd5e1a519f5d6db953567ca3',
             'timestamp': 1635192289,
             'upload_date': '20211025',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://gab.com/TheLonelyProud/posts/107045884469287653',
         'md5': 'f9cefcfdff6418e392611a828d47839d',
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class GabIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1633390571,
             'upload_date': '20211004',
             'uploader': 'TheLonelyProud',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gaia.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gaia.py
index c84386f2cb..048ea517ba 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gaia.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gaia.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urllib_parse_unquote,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
@@ -52,7 +50,7 @@ class GaiaIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_initialize(self):
         auth = self._get_cookies('https://www.gaia.com/').get('auth')
         if auth:
-            auth = self._parse_json(compat_urllib_parse_unquote(auth.value), None, fatal=False)
+            auth = self._parse_json(urllib.parse.unquote(auth.value), None, fatal=False)
             self._jwt = auth.get('jwt')
 
     def _perform_login(self, username, password):
@@ -62,7 +60,7 @@ class GaiaIE(InfoExtractor):
             'https://auth.gaia.com/v1/login',
             None, data=urlencode_postdata({
                 'username': username,
-                'password': password
+                'password': password,
             }))
         if auth.get('success') is False:
             raise ExtractorError(', '.join(auth['messages']), expected=True)
@@ -77,7 +75,7 @@ class GaiaIE(InfoExtractor):
         node = self._download_json(
             'https://brooklyn.gaia.com/node/%d' % node_id, node_id)
         vdata = node[vtype]
-        media_id = compat_str(vdata['nid'])
+        media_id = str(vdata['nid'])
         title = node['title']
 
         headers = None
@@ -115,7 +113,7 @@ class GaiaIE(InfoExtractor):
             'like_count': int_or_none(try_get(fivestar, lambda x: x['up_count']['value'])),
             'dislike_count': int_or_none(try_get(fivestar, lambda x: x['down_count']['value'])),
             'comment_count': int_or_none(node.get('comment_count')),
-            'series': try_get(node, lambda x: x['series']['title'], compat_str),
+            'series': try_get(node, lambda x: x['series']['title'], str),
             'season_number': int_or_none(get_field_value('season')),
             'season_id': str_or_none(get_field_value('series_nid', 'nid')),
             'episode_number': int_or_none(get_field_value('episode')),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gamejolt.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gamejolt.py
index b284e1e284..01386c142b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gamejolt.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gamejolt.py
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 import itertools
 import json
 import math
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_unquote
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
     format_field,
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class GameJoltBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'comments/Fireside_Post/%s/%s?%s=%d' % (
                     post_num_id, sort_by,
                     'scroll_id' if is_scrolled else 'page', scroll_id if is_scrolled else page),
-                post_hash_id, note='Downloading comments list page %d' % page)
+                post_hash_id, note=f'Downloading comments list page {page}')
             if not comments_data.get('comments'):
                 break
             for comment in traverse_obj(comments_data, (('comments', 'childComments'), ...), expected_type=dict):
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ class GameJoltBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': user_data.get('display_name') or user_data.get('name'),
             'uploader_id': user_data.get('username'),
             'uploader_url': format_field(user_data, 'url', 'https://gamejolt.com%s'),
-            'categories': [try_get(category, lambda x: '%s - %s' % (x['community']['name'], x['channel'].get('display_title') or x['channel']['title']))
+            'categories': [try_get(category, lambda x: '{} - {}'.format(x['community']['name'], x['channel'].get('display_title') or x['channel']['title']))
                            for category in post_data.get('communities') or []],
             'tags': traverse_obj(
                 lead_content, ('content', ..., 'content', ..., 'marks', ..., 'attrs', 'tag'), expected_type=str_or_none),
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ class GameJoltBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             'comment_count': int_or_none(post_data.get('comment_count'), default=0),
             'timestamp': int_or_none(post_data.get('added_on'), scale=1000),
             'release_timestamp': int_or_none(post_data.get('published_on'), scale=1000),
-            '__post_extractor': self.extract_comments(post_data.get('id'), post_id)
+            '__post_extractor': self.extract_comments(post_data.get('id'), post_id),
         }
 
         # TODO: Handle multiple videos/embeds?
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ class GameJoltBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'height': media.get('height') if url_key == 'img_url' else None,
                     'filesize': media.get('filesize') if url_key == 'img_url' else None,
                     'acodec': 'none',
-                } for url_key in ('img_url', 'mediaserver_url', 'mediaserver_url_mp4', 'mediaserver_url_webm') if media.get(url_key)]
+                } for url_key in ('img_url', 'mediaserver_url', 'mediaserver_url_mp4', 'mediaserver_url_webm') if media.get(url_key)],
             })
         if gif_entries:
             return {
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ class GameJoltIE(GameJoltBaseIE):
             'like_count': int,
             'comment_count': int,
             'view_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # YouTube embed
         'url': 'https://gamejolt.com/p/hey-hey-if-there-s-anyone-who-s-looking-to-get-into-learning-a-n6g4jzpq',
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ class GameJoltIE(GameJoltBaseIE):
             'upload_date': '20211015',
             'view_count': int,
             'chapters': 'count:18',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # Article
         'url': 'https://gamejolt.com/p/i-fuckin-broke-chaos-d56h3eue',
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ class GameJoltIE(GameJoltBaseIE):
             'like_count': int,
             'comment_count': int,
             'view_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # Single GIF
         'url': 'https://gamejolt.com/p/hello-everyone-i-m-developing-a-pixel-art-style-mod-for-fnf-and-i-vs4gdrd8',
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ class GameJoltIE(GameJoltBaseIE):
                 'id': 'dszyjnwi',
                 'ext': 'webm',
                 'title': 'gif-presentacion-mejorado-dszyjnwi',
-            }
+            },
         }],
         'playlist_count': 1,
     }, {
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ class GameJoltPostListBaseIE(GameJoltBaseIE):
                 endpoint, list_id, note=f'{note} page {page_num}', errnote=errnote, data=json.dumps({
                     'scrollDirection': 'from',
                     'scrollId': scroll_id,
-                }).encode('utf-8')).get('items')
+                }).encode()).get('items')
 
 
 class GameJoltUserIE(GameJoltPostListBaseIE):
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ class GameJoltGameIE(GameJoltPostListBaseIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '655124',
             'title': 'Friday Night Funkin\': Friday 4 Fun',
-            'description': 'md5:576a7dd87912a2dcf33c50d2bd3966d3'
+            'description': 'md5:576a7dd87912a2dcf33c50d2bd3966d3',
         },
         'params': {
             'ignore_no_formats_error': True,
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ class GameJoltGameSoundtrackIE(GameJoltBaseIE):
                 'url': r're:^https://.+vs-oswald-menu-music\.mp3$',
                 'release_timestamp': 1635190816,
                 'release_date': '20211025',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '184435',
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ class GameJoltGameSoundtrackIE(GameJoltBaseIE):
                 'url': r're:^https://.+rabbit-s-luck--full-version-\.mp3$',
                 'release_timestamp': 1635190841,
                 'release_date': '20211025',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '185228',
@@ -401,7 +401,7 @@ class GameJoltGameSoundtrackIE(GameJoltBaseIE):
                 'url': r're:^https://.+last-straw\.mp3$',
                 'release_timestamp': 1635881104,
                 'release_date': '20211102',
-            }
+            },
         }],
         'playlist_count': 3,
     }]
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ class GameJoltCommunityIE(GameJoltPostListBaseIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'fnf/videos',
             'title': 'Friday Night Funkin\' - Videos',
-            'description': 'md5:6d8c06f27460f7d35c1554757ffe53c8'
+            'description': 'md5:6d8c06f27460f7d35c1554757ffe53c8',
         },
         'params': {
             'playlistend': 50,
@@ -440,7 +440,7 @@ class GameJoltCommunityIE(GameJoltPostListBaseIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'youtubers/featured',
             'title': 'Youtubers - featured',
-            'description': 'md5:53e5582c93dcc467ab597bfca4db17d4'
+            'description': 'md5:53e5582c93dcc467ab597bfca4db17d4',
         },
         'params': {
             'playlistend': 50,
@@ -528,7 +528,7 @@ class GameJoltSearchIE(GameJoltPostListBaseIE):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         filter_mode, query = self._match_valid_url(url).group('filter', 'id')
-        display_query = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(query)
+        display_query = urllib.parse.unquote(query)
         return self.playlist_result(
             self._search_entries(query, filter_mode, display_query) if filter_mode else self._entries(
                 f'web/posts/fetch/search/{query}', display_query, initial_items=self._call_api(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gamespot.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gamespot.py
index 8dec2522c6..cd3f9655d8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gamespot.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gamespot.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .once import OnceIE
-from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_unquote
 
 
 class GameSpotIE(OnceIE):
@@ -40,7 +41,7 @@ class GameSpotIE(OnceIE):
         data_video = self._parse_json(self._html_search_regex(
             r'data-video=(["\'])({.*?})\1', webpage,
             'video data', group=2), page_id)
-        title = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(data_video['title'])
+        title = urllib.parse.unquote(data_video['title'])
         streams = data_video['videoStreams']
         formats = []
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gamestar.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gamestar.py
index e9966f5327..8e3b8a5da7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gamestar.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gamestar.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class GameStarIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1406542380,
             'upload_date': '20140728',
             'duration': 17,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.gamepro.de/videos/top-10-indie-spiele-fuer-nintendo-switch-video-tolle-nindies-games-zum-download,95316.html',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class GameStarIE(InfoExtractor):
             webpage, 'JSON-LD', group='json_ld'), video_id)
         info_dict = self._json_ld(json_ld, video_id)
         info_dict['title'] = remove_end(
-            info_dict['title'], ' - Game%s' % site.title())
+            info_dict['title'], f' - Game{site.title()}')
 
         view_count = int_or_none(json_ld.get('interactionCount'))
         comment_count = int_or_none(self._html_search_regex(
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class GameStarIE(InfoExtractor):
             'url': 'http://gamestar.de/_misc/videos/portal/getVideoUrl.cfm?premium=0&videoId=' + video_id,
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'view_count': view_count,
-            'comment_count': comment_count
+            'comment_count': comment_count,
         })
 
         return info_dict
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gaskrank.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gaskrank.py
index 6403be8cf4..beb5a8a82f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gaskrank.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gaskrank.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class GaskrankIE(InfoExtractor):
             'display_id': 'strike-einparken-durch-anfaenger-crash-mit-groesserem-flurschaden',
             'uploader_id': 'Bikefun',
             'upload_date': '20170110',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.gaskrank.tv/tv/racing/isle-of-man-tt-2011-michael-du-15920.htm',
         'md5': 'c33ee32c711bc6c8224bfcbe62b23095',
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class GaskrankIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': 'IOM',
             'upload_date': '20170523',
             'uploader_url': 'www.iomtt.com',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gazeta.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gazeta.py
index 8925b69fd1..b1b6ee7714 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gazeta.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gazeta.py
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class GazetaIE(InfoExtractor):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
 
         display_id = mobj.group('id')
-        embed_url = '%s?p=embed' % mobj.group('url')
+        embed_url = '{}?p=embed'.format(mobj.group('url'))
         embed_page = self._download_webpage(
             embed_url, display_id, 'Downloading embed page')
 
@@ -41,4 +41,4 @@ class GazetaIE(InfoExtractor):
             r'<div[^>]*?class="eagleplayer"[^>]*?data-id="([^"]+)"', embed_page, 'video id')
 
         return self.url_result(
-            'eagleplatform:gazeta.media.eagleplatform.com:%s' % video_id, 'EaglePlatform')
+            f'eagleplatform:gazeta.media.eagleplatform.com:{video_id}', 'EaglePlatform')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gbnews.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gbnews.py
index bb1554eea4..d652566370 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gbnews.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gbnews.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-import functools
-
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -35,7 +33,7 @@ class GBNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'display_id': 'prince-harry-in-love-with-kate-meghan-markle-jealous-royal',
             'description': 'Ingrid Seward has published 17 books documenting the highs and lows of the Royal Family',
             'title': 'Royal author claims Prince Harry was \'in love\' with Kate - Meghan was \'jealous\'',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.gbnews.uk/watchlive',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -48,13 +46,20 @@ class GBNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }]
+    _SS_ENDPOINTS = None
 
-    @functools.lru_cache
     def _get_ss_endpoint(self, data_id, data_env):
+        if not self._SS_ENDPOINTS:
+            self._SS_ENDPOINTS = {}
+
         if not data_id:
             data_id = 'GB003'
         if not data_env:
             data_env = 'production'
+        key = data_id, data_env
+        result = self._SS_ENDPOINTS.get(key)
+        if result:
+            return result
 
         json_data = self._download_json(
             self._SSMP_URL, None, 'Downloading Simplestream JSON metadata', query={
@@ -65,6 +70,7 @@ class GBNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
         if not meta_url:
             raise ExtractorError('No API host found')
 
+        self._SS_ENDPOINTS[key] = meta_url
         return meta_url
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gdcvault.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gdcvault.py
index b4d81b2e83..5d45240650 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gdcvault.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gdcvault.py
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ class GDCVaultIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'id': '201311826596_AWNY',
                 'display_id': 'Doki-Doki-Universe-Sweet-Simple',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': 'Doki-Doki Universe: Sweet, Simple and Genuine (GDC Next 10)'
-            }
+                'title': 'Doki-Doki Universe: Sweet, Simple and Genuine (GDC Next 10)',
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'http://www.gdcvault.com/play/1015683/Embracing-the-Dark-Art-of',
@@ -27,11 +27,11 @@ class GDCVaultIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'id': '201203272_1330951438328RSXR',
                 'display_id': 'Embracing-the-Dark-Art-of',
                 'ext': 'flv',
-                'title': 'Embracing the Dark Art of Mathematical Modeling in AI'
+                'title': 'Embracing the Dark Art of Mathematical Modeling in AI',
             },
             'params': {
                 'skip_download': True,  # Requires rtmpdump
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'http://www.gdcvault.com/play/1015301/Thexder-Meets-Windows-95-or',
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ class GDCVaultIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'display_id': display_id,
                 })
                 return info
-            embed_url = '%s/xml/%s' % (xml_root, xml_name)
+            embed_url = f'{xml_root}/xml/{xml_name}'
             ie_key = 'DigitallySpeaking'
 
         return {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gedidigital.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gedidigital.py
index 1878d636d2..2ffa660307 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gedidigital.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gedidigital.py
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ class GediDigitalIE(InfoExtractor):
         # add protocol if missing
         for i, e in enumerate(urls):
             if e.startswith('//'):
-                urls[i] = 'https:%s' % e
+                urls[i] = f'https:{e}'
         # clean iframes urls
         for i, e in enumerate(urls):
             urls[i] = urljoin(base_url(e), url_basename(e))
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ class GediDigitalIE(InfoExtractor):
                             'abr': abr,
                             'tbr': abr,
                             'acodec': ext,
-                            'vcodec': 'none'
+                            'vcodec': 'none',
                         })
                     else:
                         mobj = re.match(r'^video-rrtv-(\d+)(?:-(\d+))?$', n)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/generic.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/generic.py
index 2818c718d1..cc17890e76 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/generic.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/generic.py
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'upload_date': '20100513',
                 'direct': True,
                 'timestamp': 1273772943.0,
-            }
+            },
         },
         # Direct link to media delivered compressed (until Accept-Encoding is *)
         {
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'upload_date': '20140522',
             },
             'expected_warnings': [
-                'URL could be a direct video link, returning it as such.'
+                'URL could be a direct video link, returning it as such.',
             ],
             'skip': 'URL invalid',
         },
@@ -109,8 +109,8 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'timestamp': 1416498816.0,
             },
             'expected_warnings': [
-                'URL could be a direct video link, returning it as such.'
-            ]
+                'URL could be a direct video link, returning it as such.',
+            ],
         },
         # RSS feed
         {
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': 'https://phihag.de/2014/youtube-dl/rss2.xml',
                 'title': 'Zero Punctuation',
-                'description': 're:.*groundbreaking video review series.*'
+                'description': 're:.*groundbreaking video review series.*',
             },
             'playlist_mincount': 11,
         },
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
             },
             'params': {
                 'skip_download': False,
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             # redirect in Refresh HTTP header
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'uploader': 'www.hodiho.fr',
                 'title': 'R\u00e9gis plante sa Jeep',
-            }
+            },
         },
         # bandcamp page with custom domain
         {
@@ -438,19 +438,19 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'id': '370908',
                     'title': 'Госзаказ. День 3',
                     'ext': 'mp4',
-                }
+                },
             }, {
                 'info_dict': {
                     'id': '370905',
                     'title': 'Госзаказ. День 2',
                     'ext': 'mp4',
-                }
+                },
             }, {
                 'info_dict': {
                     'id': '370902',
                     'title': 'Госзаказ. День 1',
                     'ext': 'mp4',
-                }
+                },
             }],
             'params': {
                 # m3u8 download
@@ -491,7 +491,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'title': 'Hidden miracles of the natural world',
                 'uploader': 'Louie Schwartzberg',
                 'description': 'md5:8145d19d320ff3e52f28401f4c4283b9',
-            }
+            },
         },
         # nowvideo embed hidden behind percent encoding
         {
@@ -516,7 +516,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'upload_date': '20140320',
             },
             'params': {
-                'skip_download': 'Requires rtmpdump'
+                'skip_download': 'Requires rtmpdump',
             },
             'skip': 'video gone',
         },
@@ -537,8 +537,8 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'skip_download': True,
             },
             'expected_warnings': [
-                'Forbidden'
-            ]
+                'Forbidden',
+            ],
         },
         # Condé Nast embed
         {
@@ -548,7 +548,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'id': '53501be369702d3275860000',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'title': 'Honda’s  New Asimo Robot Is More Human Than Ever',
-            }
+            },
         },
         # Dailymotion embed
         {
@@ -595,7 +595,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
             'add_ie': ['Youtube'],
             'params': {
                 'skip_download': True,
-            }
+            },
         },
         # MTVServices embed
         {
@@ -624,7 +624,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
             },
             'params': {
                 'skip_download': True,
-            }
+            },
         },
         # Flowplayer
         {
@@ -636,7 +636,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'age_limit': 18,
                 'uploader': 'www.handjobhub.com',
                 'title': 'Busty Blonde Siri Tit Fuck While Wank at HandjobHub.com',
-            }
+            },
         },
         # MLB embed
         {
@@ -680,7 +680,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'uploader': 'Sophos Security',
                 'title': 'Chet Chat 171 - Oct 29, 2014',
                 'upload_date': '20141029',
-            }
+            },
         },
         # Soundcloud multiple embeds
         {
@@ -714,7 +714,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'ext': 'flv',
                 'upload_date': '20141112',
                 'title': 'Rosetta #CometLanding webcast HL 10',
-            }
+            },
         },
         # Another Livestream embed, without 'new.' in URL
         {
@@ -749,7 +749,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'title': 'Underground Wellness Radio - Jack Tips: 5 Steps to Permanent Gut Healing',
                 'thumbnail': 'https://assets.libsyn.com/secure/item/3793998/?height=90&width=90',
                 'duration': 3989.0,
-            }
+            },
         },
         # Cinerama player
         {
@@ -759,7 +759,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'uploader': 'www.abc.net.au',
                 'title': 'Game of Thrones with dice - Dungeons and Dragons fantasy role-playing game gets new life - 19/01/2015',
-            }
+            },
         },
         # embedded viddler video
         {
@@ -876,7 +876,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': 'aanslagen-kopenhagen',
                 'title': 'Aanslagen Kopenhagen',
-            }
+            },
         },
         # Zapiks embed
         {
@@ -885,7 +885,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'id': '118046',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'title': 'EP3S5 - Bon Appétit - Baqueira Mi Corazon !',
-            }
+            },
         },
         # Kaltura embed (different embed code)
         {
@@ -924,11 +924,11 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
             },
             'add_ie': ['Kaltura'],
             'expected_warnings': [
-                'Could not send HEAD request'
+                'Could not send HEAD request',
             ],
             'params': {
                 'skip_download': True,
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             # Kaltura embedded, some fileExt broken (#11480)
@@ -1055,7 +1055,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '8RUoRhRi',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': "Fox & Friends Says Protecting Atheists From Discrimination Is Anti-Christian!",
+                'title': 'Fox & Friends Says Protecting Atheists From Discrimination Is Anti-Christian!',
                 'description': 'md5:e1a46ad1650e3a5ec7196d432799127f',
                 'timestamp': 1428207000,
                 'upload_date': '20150405',
@@ -1131,7 +1131,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'uploader': 'clickhole',
                 'upload_date': '20150527',
                 'timestamp': 1432744860,
-            }
+            },
         },
         # SnagFilms embed
         {
@@ -1140,7 +1140,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'id': '74849a00-85a9-11e1-9660-123139220831',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'title': '#whilewewatch',
-            }
+            },
         },
         # AdobeTVVideo embed
         {
@@ -1436,7 +1436,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'upload_date': '20211217',
                     'thumbnail': 'https://www.megatv.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/tsiodras-mitsotakis-1024x545.jpg',
                 },
-            }]
+            }],
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.ertnews.gr/video/manolis-goyalles-o-anthropos-piso-apo-ti-diadiktyaki-vasilopita/',
@@ -1547,7 +1547,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'id': '0f64ce6',
                 'title': 'vl14062007715967',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'http://www.heidelberg-laureate-forum.org/blog/video/lecture-friday-september-23-2016-sir-c-antony-r-hoare/',
@@ -1559,7 +1559,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'description': 'md5:5a51db84a62def7b7054df2ade403c6c',
                 'timestamp': 1474354800,
                 'upload_date': '20160920',
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'http://www.kidzworld.com/article/30935-trolls-the-beat-goes-on-interview-skylar-astin-and-amanda-leighton',
@@ -1651,7 +1651,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '83645793',
                 'title': 'Lock up and get excited',
-                'ext': 'mp4'
+                'ext': 'mp4',
             },
             'skip': 'TODO: fix nested playlists processing in tests',
         },
@@ -1727,7 +1727,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'upload_date': '20220110',
                 'thumbnail': 'https://opentv-static.siliconweb.com/imgHandler/1920/70bc39fa-895b-4918-a364-c39d2135fc6d.jpg',
 
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             # blogger embed
@@ -1897,8 +1897,8 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'timestamp': 1501941939.0,
                 'title': 'That small heart attack.',
                 'upload_date': '20170805',
-                'uploader': 'Antw87'
-            }
+                'uploader': 'Antw87',
+            },
         },
         {
             # 1080p Reddit-hosted video that will redirect and be processed by RedditIE
@@ -1910,8 +1910,8 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'title': "The game Didn't want me to Knife that Guy I guess",
                 'uploader': 'paraf1ve',
                 'timestamp': 1636788683.0,
-                'upload_date': '20211113'
-            }
+                'upload_date': '20211113',
+            },
         },
         {
             # MainStreaming player
@@ -1923,15 +1923,15 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'live_status': 'not_live',
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://[A-Za-z0-9-]*\.msvdn.net/image/\w+/poster',
-                'duration': 1512
-            }
+                'duration': 1512,
+            },
         },
         {
             # Multiple gfycat iframe embeds
             'url': 'https://www.gezip.net/bbs/board.php?bo_table=entertaine&wr_id=613422',
             'info_dict': {
                 'title': '재이, 윤, 세은 황금 드레스를 입고 빛난다',
-                'id': 'board'
+                'id': 'board',
             },
             'playlist_count': 8,
         },
@@ -1940,18 +1940,18 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
             'url': 'https://www.gezip.net/bbs/board.php?bo_table=entertaine&wr_id=612199',
             'info_dict': {
                 'title': '옳게 된 크롭 니트 스테이씨 아이사',
-                'id': 'board'
+                'id': 'board',
             },
-            'playlist_count': 6
+            'playlist_count': 6,
         },
         {
             # Multiple gfycat embeds, with uppercase "IFR" in urls
             'url': 'https://kkzz.kr/?vid=2295',
             'info_dict': {
                 'title': '지방시 앰버서더 에스파 카리나 움짤',
-                'id': '?vid=2295'
+                'id': '?vid=2295',
             },
-            'playlist_count': 9
+            'playlist_count': 9,
         },
         {
             # Panopto embeds
@@ -1984,9 +1984,9 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
             'url': 'https://www.hs.fi/kotimaa/art-2000008762560.html',
             'info_dict': {
                 'title': 'Koronavirus | Epidemiahuippu voi olla Suomessa ohi, mutta koronaviruksen poistamista yleisvaarallisten tautien joukosta harkitaan vasta syksyllä',
-                'id': 'art-2000008762560'
+                'id': 'art-2000008762560',
             },
-            'playlist_count': 3
+            'playlist_count': 3,
         },
         {
             # Ruutu embed in hs.fi with a single video
@@ -2015,7 +2015,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'thumbnail': 'https://www.filmarkivet.se/wp-content/uploads/parisdmoll2.jpg',
                 'timestamp': 1652833414,
                 'age_limit': 0,
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.mollymovieclub.com/p/interstellar?s=r#details',
@@ -2055,7 +2055,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'thumbnail': 'https://cdn.jwplayer.com/v2/media/YTmgRiNU/poster.jpg?width=720',
                 'duration': 5688.0,
                 'upload_date': '20210111',
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'note': 'JSON LD with multiple @type',
@@ -2071,7 +2071,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'upload_date': '20200411',
                 'age_limit': 0,
                 'duration': 111.0,
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'note': 'JSON LD with unexpected data type',
@@ -2086,7 +2086,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'thumbnail': r're:^https://media.autoweek.nl/m/.+\.jpg$',
                 'age_limit': 0,
                 'direct': True,
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'note': 'server returns data in brotli compression by default if `accept-encoding: *` is specified.',
@@ -2148,7 +2148,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def report_following_redirect(self, new_url):
         """Report information extraction."""
-        self._downloader.to_screen('[redirect] Following redirect to %s' % new_url)
+        self._downloader.to_screen(f'[redirect] Following redirect to {new_url}')
 
     def report_detected(self, name, num=1, note=None):
         if num > 1:
@@ -2244,29 +2244,29 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
             return video_url  # not obfuscated
 
         parsed = urllib.parse.urlparse(video_url[len('function/0/'):])
-        license = cls._kvs_get_license_token(license_code)
+        license_token = cls._kvs_get_license_token(license_code)
         urlparts = parsed.path.split('/')
 
         HASH_LENGTH = 32
-        hash = urlparts[3][:HASH_LENGTH]
+        hash_ = urlparts[3][:HASH_LENGTH]
         indices = list(range(HASH_LENGTH))
 
         # Swap indices of hash according to the destination calculated from the license token
         accum = 0
         for src in reversed(range(HASH_LENGTH)):
-            accum += license[src]
+            accum += license_token[src]
             dest = (src + accum) % HASH_LENGTH
             indices[src], indices[dest] = indices[dest], indices[src]
 
-        urlparts[3] = ''.join(hash[index] for index in indices) + urlparts[3][HASH_LENGTH:]
+        urlparts[3] = ''.join(hash_[index] for index in indices) + urlparts[3][HASH_LENGTH:]
         return urllib.parse.urlunparse(parsed._replace(path='/'.join(urlparts)))
 
     @staticmethod
-    def _kvs_get_license_token(license):
-        license = license.replace('$', '')
-        license_values = [int(char) for char in license]
+    def _kvs_get_license_token(license_code):
+        license_code = license_code.replace('$', '')
+        license_values = [int(char) for char in license_code]
 
-        modlicense = license.replace('0', '1')
+        modlicense = license_code.replace('0', '1')
         center = len(modlicense) // 2
         fronthalf = int(modlicense[:center + 1])
         backhalf = int(modlicense[center:])
@@ -2338,18 +2338,17 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                     if default_search == 'auto_warning':
                         if re.match(r'^(?:url|URL)$', url):
                             raise ExtractorError(
-                                'Invalid URL:  %r . Call yt-dlp like this:  yt-dlp -v "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaW_jenozKc"  ' % url,
+                                f'Invalid URL:  {url!r} . Call yt-dlp like this:  yt-dlp -v "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaW_jenozKc"  ',
                                 expected=True)
                         else:
                             self.report_warning(
-                                'Falling back to youtube search for  %s . Set --default-search "auto" to suppress this warning.' % url)
+                                f'Falling back to youtube search for  {url} . Set --default-search "auto" to suppress this warning.')
                     return self.url_result('ytsearch:' + url)
 
             if default_search in ('error', 'fixup_error'):
                 raise ExtractorError(
-                    '%r is not a valid URL. '
-                    'Set --default-search "ytsearch" (or run  yt-dlp "ytsearch:%s" ) to search YouTube'
-                    % (url, url), expected=True)
+                    f'{url!r} is not a valid URL. '
+                    f'Set --default-search "ytsearch" (or run  yt-dlp "ytsearch:{url}" ) to search YouTube', expected=True)
             else:
                 if ':' not in default_search:
                     default_search += ':'
@@ -2387,7 +2386,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
         info_dict = {
             'id': video_id,
             'title': self._generic_title(url),
-            'timestamp': unified_timestamp(full_response.headers.get('Last-Modified'))
+            'timestamp': unified_timestamp(full_response.headers.get('Last-Modified')),
         }
 
         # Check for direct link to a video
@@ -2401,7 +2400,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
             subtitles = {}
             if format_id.endswith('mpegurl') or ext == 'm3u8':
                 formats, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(url, video_id, 'mp4', headers=headers)
-            elif format_id.endswith('mpd') or format_id.endswith('dash+xml') or ext == 'mpd':
+            elif format_id.endswith(('mpd', 'dash+xml')) or ext == 'mpd':
                 formats, subtitles = self._extract_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(url, video_id, headers=headers)
             elif format_id == 'f4m' or ext == 'f4m':
                 formats = self._extract_f4m_formats(url, video_id, headers=headers)
@@ -2410,7 +2409,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'format_id': format_id,
                     'url': url,
                     'ext': ext,
-                    'vcodec': 'none' if m.group('type') == 'audio' else None
+                    'vcodec': 'none' if m.group('type') == 'audio' else None,
                 }]
                 info_dict['direct'] = True
             info_dict.update({
@@ -2458,7 +2457,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
             try:
                 doc = compat_etree_fromstring(webpage)
             except xml.etree.ElementTree.ParseError:
-                doc = compat_etree_fromstring(webpage.encode('utf-8'))
+                doc = compat_etree_fromstring(webpage.encode())
             if doc.tag == 'rss':
                 self.report_detected('RSS feed')
                 return self._extract_rss(url, video_id, doc)
@@ -2606,7 +2605,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
                     })
             # https://docs.videojs.com/player#addRemoteTextTrack
             # https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/media.html#htmltrackelement
-            for sub_match in re.finditer(rf'(?s){re.escape(varname)}' r'\.addRemoteTextTrack\(({.+?})\s*,\s*(?:true|false)\)', webpage):
+            for sub_match in re.finditer(rf'(?s){re.escape(varname)}' + r'\.addRemoteTextTrack\(({.+?})\s*,\s*(?:true|false)\)', webpage):
                 sub = self._parse_json(
                     sub_match.group(1), video_id, transform_source=js_to_json, fatal=False) or {}
                 sub_src = str_or_none(sub.get('src'))
@@ -2728,7 +2727,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
             REDIRECT_REGEX = r'[0-9]{,2};\s*(?:URL|url)=\'?([^\'"]+)'
             found = re.search(
                 r'(?i)<meta\s+(?=(?:[a-z-]+="[^"]+"\s+)*http-equiv="refresh")'
-                r'(?:[a-z-]+="[^"]+"\s+)*?content="%s' % REDIRECT_REGEX,
+                rf'(?:[a-z-]+="[^"]+"\s+)*?content="{REDIRECT_REGEX}',
                 webpage)
             if not found:
                 # Look also in Refresh HTTP header
@@ -2772,7 +2771,7 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
 
             video_id = os.path.splitext(video_id)[0]
             headers = {
-                'referer': actual_url
+                'referer': actual_url,
             }
 
             entry_info_dict = {
@@ -2829,5 +2828,5 @@ class GenericIE(InfoExtractor):
             for num, e in enumerate(entries, start=1):
                 # 'url' results don't have a title
                 if e.get('title') is not None:
-                    e['title'] = '%s (%d)' % (e['title'], num)
+                    e['title'] = '{} ({})'.format(e['title'], num)
         return entries
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/genericembeds.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/genericembeds.py
index 9b4f14dd13..359d38bc03 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/genericembeds.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/genericembeds.py
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ class HTML5MediaEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'title': 'HTML5 Media',
                 'description': 'md5:933b2d02ceffe7a7a0f3c8326d91cc2a',
             },
-            'playlist_count': 2
-        }
+            'playlist_count': 2,
+        },
     ]
 
     def _extract_from_webpage(self, url, webpage):
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class QuotedHTMLIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:6816e1e5a65304bd7898e4c7eb1b26f7',
             'age_limit': 0,
         },
-        'playlist_count': 2
+        'playlist_count': 2,
     }, {
         # Generic iframe embed of TV24UAPlayerIE within data-html
         'url': 'https://24tv.ua/harkivyani-zgaduyut-misto-do-viyni-shhemlive-video_n1887584',
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ class QuotedHTMLIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Харків\'яни згадують місто до війни: щемливе відео',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpe?g',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         # YouTube embeds on Squarespace (data-html): https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/21294
         'url': 'https://www.harvardballetcompany.org/past-productions',
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ class QuotedHTMLIE(InfoExtractor):
             'age_limit': 0,
             'description': 'Past Productions',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 26
+        'playlist_mincount': 26,
     }, {
         # Squarespace video embed, 2019-08-28, data-html
         'url': 'http://ootboxford.com',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/getcourseru.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/getcourseru.py
index 144321ad66..53b881011c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/getcourseru.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/getcourseru.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class GetCourseRuPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': '190bdf93f1b29735309853a7a19e24b3',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'thumbnail': 'https://preview-htz.kinescopecdn.net/preview/190bdf93f1b29735309853a7a19e24b3/preview.jpg?version=1702370546&host=vh-80',
-            'duration': 1693
+            'duration': 1693,
         },
         'skip': 'JWT expired',
     }]
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class GetCourseRuPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
             }),
             'id': video_id,
             'formats': formats,
-            'subtitles': subtitles
+            'subtitles': subtitles,
         }
 
 
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class GetCourseRuIE(InfoExtractor):
     _DOMAINS = [
         'academymel.online',
         'marafon.mani-beauty.com',
-        'on.psbook.ru'
+        'on.psbook.ru',
     ]
     _BASE_URL_RE = rf'https?://(?:(?!player02\.)[^.]+\.getcourse\.(?:ru|io)|{"|".join(map(re.escape, _DOMAINS))})'
     _VALID_URL = [
@@ -68,9 +68,9 @@ class GetCourseRuIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'title': 'Промоуроки Академии МЕЛ',
                 'thumbnail': 'https://preview-htz.kinescopecdn.net/preview/190bdf93f1b29735309853a7a19e24b3/preview.jpg?version=1702370546&host=vh-80',
-                'duration': 1693
+                'duration': 1693,
             },
-        }]
+        }],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://academymel.getcourse.ru/3video_1',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -85,9 +85,9 @@ class GetCourseRuIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'title': 'Промоуроки Академии МЕЛ',
                 'thumbnail': 'https://preview-htz.kinescopecdn.net/preview/190bdf93f1b29735309853a7a19e24b3/preview.jpg?version=1702370546&host=vh-80',
-                'duration': 1693
+                'duration': 1693,
             },
-        }]
+        }],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://academymel.getcourse.ru/pl/teach/control/lesson/view?id=319141781&editMode=0',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -101,10 +101,10 @@ class GetCourseRuIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'title': '1. Разминка у стены',
                 'thumbnail': 'https://preview-htz.vhcdn.com/preview/5a521788e7dc25b4f70c3dff6512d90e/preview.jpg?version=1703223532&host=vh-81',
-                'duration': 704
+                'duration': 704,
             },
         }],
-        'skip': 'paid lesson'
+        'skip': 'paid lesson',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://manibeauty.getcourse.ru/pl/teach/control/lesson/view?id=272499894',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -118,10 +118,10 @@ class GetCourseRuIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'title': 'Мотивация к тренировкам',
                 'thumbnail': 'https://preview-htz.vhcdn.com/preview/70ed5b9f489dd03b4aff55bfdff71a26/preview.jpg?version=1685115787&host=vh-71',
-                'duration': 30
+                'duration': 30,
             },
         }],
-        'skip': 'paid lesson'
+        'skip': 'paid lesson',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://gaismasmandalas.getcourse.io/ATLAUTSEVBUT',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gettr.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gettr.py
index b9dc7c63c5..2a9d5e7e98 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gettr.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gettr.py
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class GettrIE(GettrBaseIE):
             'timestamp': 1632782451.058,
             'duration': 58.5585,
             'tags': ['hornofafrica', 'explorations'],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://gettr.com/post/p4iahp',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class GettrIE(GettrBaseIE):
             'timestamp': 1626594455.017,
             'duration': 23,
             'tags': 'count:12',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # quote post
         'url': 'https://gettr.com/post/pxn5b743a9',
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class GettrIE(GettrBaseIE):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         post_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, post_id)
-        api_data = self._call_api('post/%s?incl="poststats|userinfo"' % post_id, post_id)
+        api_data = self._call_api(f'post/{post_id}?incl="poststats|userinfo"', post_id)
 
         post_data = api_data.get('data')
         user_data = try_get(api_data, lambda x: x['aux']['uinf'][post_data['uid']], dict) or {}
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ class GettrIE(GettrBaseIE):
             or self._search_regex(r'^(.+?) on GETTR', self._og_search_title(webpage, default=''), 'uploader', fatal=False))
 
         if uploader:
-            title = '%s - %s' % (uploader, title)
+            title = f'{uploader} - {title}'
 
         formats, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
             urljoin(self._MEDIA_BASE_URL, vid), post_id, 'mp4',
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ class GettrStreamingIE(GettrBaseIE):
             'title': 'Day 1: Opening Session of the Grand Jury Proceeding',
             'timestamp': 1644080997.164,
             'upload_date': '20220205',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://gettr.com/streaming/psfmeefcc1',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -172,12 +172,12 @@ class GettrStreamingIE(GettrBaseIE):
             'duration': 21872.507,
             'timestamp': 1643976662.858,
             'upload_date': '20220204',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        video_info = self._call_api('live/join/%s' % video_id, video_id, data={})
+        video_info = self._call_api(f'live/join/{video_id}', video_id, data={})
 
         live_info = video_info['broadcast']
         live_url = url_or_none(live_info.get('url'))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/giantbomb.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/giantbomb.py
index 112572366b..259d39095e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/giantbomb.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/giantbomb.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class GiantBombIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:0aa3aaf2772a41b91d44c63f30dfad24',
             'duration': 2399,
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.giantbomb.com/shows/ben-stranding/2970-20212',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gigya.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gigya.py
index 7baf8de8d6..cc18ee67c2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gigya.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gigya.py
@@ -15,5 +15,5 @@ class GigyaBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         error_message = auth_info.get('errorDetails') or auth_info.get('errorMessage')
         if error_message:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'Unable to login: %s' % error_message, expected=True)
+                f'Unable to login: {error_message}', expected=True)
         return auth_info
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/glide.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/glide.py
index d114f3494c..b4c8681083 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/glide.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/glide.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class GlideIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': "Damon's Glide message",
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*?\.cloudfront\.net/.*\.jpg$',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/globalplayer.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/globalplayer.py
index e0c0d58fd4..3d4a9304ca 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/globalplayer.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/globalplayer.py
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class GlobalPlayerBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'url': 'streamUrl',
                 'timestamp': (('pubDate', 'startDate'), {unified_timestamp}),
                 'title': 'title',
-            }, get_all=False)
+            }, get_all=False),
         }
 
 
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ class GlobalPlayerLivePlaylistIE(GlobalPlayerBaseIE):
             'live_status': 'is_live',
             'description': 'md5:e10f5e10b01a7f2c14ba815509fbb38d',
             'thumbnail': 'https://images.globalplayer.com/images/551379?width=450&signature=oMLPZIoi5_dBSHnTMREW0Xg76mA=',
-            'title': 're:^Classic FM Hall of Fame.+$'
+            'title': 're:^Classic FM Hall of Fame.+$',
         },
     }]
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/globo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/globo.py
index df98f093c6..d72296be6e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/globo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/globo.py
@@ -5,9 +5,6 @@ import random
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-)
 from ..networking import HEADRequest
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -88,7 +85,7 @@ class GloboIE(InfoExtractor):
             video_id, 'Getting cookies')
 
         video = self._download_json(
-            'http://api.globovideos.com/videos/%s/playlist' % video_id,
+            f'http://api.globovideos.com/videos/{video_id}/playlist',
             video_id)['videos'][0]
         if not self.get_param('allow_unplayable_formats') and video.get('encrypted') is True:
             self.report_drm(video_id)
@@ -97,14 +94,14 @@ class GloboIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         formats = []
         security = self._download_json(
-            'https://playback.video.globo.com/v2/video-session', video_id, 'Downloading security hash for %s' % video_id,
+            'https://playback.video.globo.com/v2/video-session', video_id, f'Downloading security hash for {video_id}',
             headers={'content-type': 'application/json'}, data=json.dumps({
-                "player_type": "desktop",
-                "video_id": video_id,
-                "quality": "max",
-                "content_protection": "widevine",
-                "vsid": "581b986b-4c40-71f0-5a58-803e579d5fa2",
-                "tz": "-3.0:00"
+                'player_type': 'desktop',
+                'video_id': video_id,
+                'quality': 'max',
+                'content_protection': 'widevine',
+                'vsid': '581b986b-4c40-71f0-5a58-803e579d5fa2',
+                'tz': '-3.0:00',
             }).encode())
 
         self._request_webpage(HEADRequest(security['sources'][0]['url_template']), video_id, 'Getting locksession cookie')
@@ -114,7 +111,7 @@ class GloboIE(InfoExtractor):
             message = security.get('message')
             if message:
                 raise ExtractorError(
-                    '%s returned error: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, message), expected=True)
+                    f'{self.IE_NAME} returned error: {message}', expected=True)
 
         hash_code = security_hash[:2]
         padding = '%010d' % random.randint(1, 10000000000)
@@ -128,13 +125,13 @@ class GloboIE(InfoExtractor):
             padding += '1'
             hash_prefix = '05' + security_hash[:22]
 
-        padded_sign_time = compat_str(int(received_time) + 86400) + padding
+        padded_sign_time = str(int(received_time) + 86400) + padding
         md5_data = (received_md5 + padded_sign_time + '0xAC10FD').encode()
         signed_md5 = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(hashlib.md5(md5_data).digest()).decode().strip('=')
         signed_hash = hash_prefix + padded_sign_time + signed_md5
         source = security['sources'][0]['url_parts']
         resource_url = source['scheme'] + '://' + source['domain'] + source['path']
-        signed_url = '%s?h=%s&k=html5&a=%s' % (resource_url, signed_hash, 'F' if video.get('subscriber_only') else 'A')
+        signed_url = '{}?h={}&k=html5&a={}'.format(resource_url, signed_hash, 'F' if video.get('subscriber_only') else 'A')
 
         fmts, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
             signed_url, video_id, 'mp4', entry_protocol='m3u8_native', m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False)
@@ -230,7 +227,7 @@ class GloboArticleIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if GloboIE.suitable(url) else super(GloboArticleIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if GloboIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -239,7 +236,7 @@ class GloboArticleIE(InfoExtractor):
         for video_regex in self._VIDEOID_REGEXES:
             video_ids.extend(re.findall(video_regex, webpage))
         entries = [
-            self.url_result('globo:%s' % video_id, GloboIE.ie_key())
+            self.url_result(f'globo:{video_id}', GloboIE.ie_key())
             for video_id in orderedSet(video_ids)]
         title = self._og_search_title(webpage).strip()
         description = self._html_search_meta('description', webpage)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/glomex.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/glomex.py
index 515f3c5671..35ffad56c2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/glomex.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/glomex.py
@@ -49,15 +49,15 @@ class GlomexBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         video_id_type = self._get_videoid_type(video_id)
         return self._download_json(
             self._API_URL,
-            video_id, 'Downloading %s JSON' % video_id_type,
-            'Unable to download %s JSON' % video_id_type,
+            video_id, f'Downloading {video_id_type} JSON',
+            f'Unable to download {video_id_type} JSON',
             query=query)
 
     def _download_and_extract_api_data(self, video_id, integration, current_url):
         api_data = self._download_api_data(video_id, integration, current_url)
         videos = api_data['videos']
         if not videos:
-            raise ExtractorError('no videos found for %s' % video_id)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'no videos found for {video_id}')
         videos = [self._extract_api_data(video, video_id) for video in videos]
         return videos[0] if len(videos) == 1 else self.playlist_result(videos, video_id)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gmanetwork.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gmanetwork.py
index 62fff4eadc..ecef1e16ae 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gmanetwork.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gmanetwork.py
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class GMANetworkVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'channel': 'YoüLOL',
             'availability': 'public',
             'release_date': '20220919',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.gmanetwork.com/fullepisodes/home/more_than_words/87059/more-than-words-full-episode-80/video?section=home',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ class GMANetworkVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'tags': 'count:29',
             'view_count': int,
             'uploader_url': 'http://www.youtube.com/user/GMANETWORK',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/go.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/go.py
index fba98d79f5..bbb23ffc0a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/go.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/go.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import re
 
 from .adobepass import AdobePassIE
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     determine_ext,
@@ -50,14 +49,14 @@ class GoIE(AdobePassIE):
     _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
                     https?://
                         (?P<sub_domain>
-                            (?:%s\.)?go|fxnow\.fxnetworks|
+                            (?:{}\.)?go|fxnow\.fxnetworks|
                             (?:www\.)?(?:abc|freeform|disneynow)
                         )\.com/
                         (?:
                             (?:[^/]+/)*(?P<id>[Vv][Dd][Kk][Aa]\w+)|
                             (?:[^/]+/)*(?P<display_id>[^/?\#]+)
                         )
-                    ''' % r'\.|'.join(list(_SITE_INFO.keys()))
+                    '''.format(r'\.|'.join(list(_SITE_INFO.keys())))
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'http://abc.go.com/shows/designated-survivor/video/most-recent/VDKA3807643',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -94,7 +93,7 @@ class GoIE(AdobePassIE):
             'series': 'Shadowhunters',
             'episode_number': 1,
             'timestamp': 1483387200,
-            'ext': 'mp4'
+            'ext': 'mp4',
         },
         'params': {
             'geo_bypass_ip_block': '3.244.239.0/24',
@@ -168,7 +167,7 @@ class GoIE(AdobePassIE):
     def _extract_videos(self, brand, video_id='-1', show_id='-1'):
         display_id = video_id if video_id != '-1' else show_id
         return self._download_json(
-            'http://api.contents.watchabc.go.com/vp2/ws/contents/3000/videos/%s/001/-1/%s/-1/%s/-1/-1.json' % (brand, show_id, video_id),
+            f'http://api.contents.watchabc.go.com/vp2/ws/contents/3000/videos/{brand}/001/-1/{show_id}/-1/{video_id}/-1/-1.json',
             display_id)['video']
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -191,7 +190,7 @@ class GoIE(AdobePassIE):
                 video_id = try_get(
                     layout,
                     (lambda x: x['videoid'], lambda x: x['video']['id']),
-                    compat_str)
+                    str)
             if not video_id:
                 video_id = self._search_regex(
                     (
@@ -201,7 +200,7 @@ class GoIE(AdobePassIE):
                         # page.analytics.videoIdCode
                         r'\bvideoIdCode["\']\s*:\s*["\']((?:vdka|VDKA)\w+)',
                         # https://abc.com/shows/the-rookie/episode-guide/season-02/03-the-bet
-                        r'\b(?:video)?id["\']\s*:\s*["\'](VDKA\w+)'
+                        r'\b(?:video)?id["\']\s*:\s*["\'](VDKA\w+)',
                     ), webpage, 'video id', default=video_id)
             if not site_info:
                 brand = self._search_regex(
@@ -266,7 +265,7 @@ class GoIE(AdobePassIE):
                             self.raise_geo_restricted(
                                 error['message'], countries=['US'])
                     error_message = ', '.join([error['message'] for error in errors])
-                    raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, error_message), expected=True)
+                    raise ExtractorError(f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {error_message}', expected=True)
                 asset_url += '?' + entitlement['uplynkData']['sessionKey']
                 fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
                     asset_url, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id=format_id or 'hls', fatal=False)
@@ -280,7 +279,7 @@ class GoIE(AdobePassIE):
                 }
                 if re.search(r'(?:/mp4/source/|_source\.mp4)', asset_url):
                     f.update({
-                        'format_id': ('%s-' % format_id if format_id else '') + 'SOURCE',
+                        'format_id': (f'{format_id}-' if format_id else '') + 'SOURCE',
                         'quality': 1,
                     })
                 else:
@@ -288,7 +287,7 @@ class GoIE(AdobePassIE):
                     if mobj:
                         height = int(mobj.group(2))
                         f.update({
-                            'format_id': ('%s-' % format_id if format_id else '') + '%dP' % height,
+                            'format_id': (f'{format_id}-' if format_id else '') + f'{height}P',
                             'width': int(mobj.group(1)),
                             'height': height,
                         })
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/godresource.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/godresource.py
index 276a6c7fe9..35cc30cd8d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/godresource.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/godresource.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class GodResourceIE(InfoExtractor):
             'channel': 'Stedfast Baptist Church',
             'upload_date': '20240320',
             'title': 'GodResource video #A01mTKjyf6w',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # mp4 link
         'url': 'https://new.godresource.com/video/01DXmBbQv_X',
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class GodResourceIE(InfoExtractor):
             'channel': 'Documentaries',
             'title': 'The Sodomite Deception',
             'upload_date': '20230629',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class GodResourceIE(InfoExtractor):
         elif ext == 'mp4':
             formats, subtitles = [{
                 'url': video_url,
-                'ext': ext
+                'ext': ext,
             }], {}
         else:
             raise ExtractorError(f'Unexpected video format {ext}')
@@ -74,6 +74,6 @@ class GodResourceIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'channel': ('channelName', {str}),
                 'channel_id': ('channelId', {str_or_none}),
                 'timestamp': ('streamDateCreated', {unified_timestamp}),
-                'modified_timestamp': ('streamDataModified', {unified_timestamp})
-            })
+                'modified_timestamp': ('streamDataModified', {unified_timestamp}),
+            }),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/godtube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/godtube.py
index 35fb7a9c97..f4496ac5d8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/godtube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/godtube.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class GodTubeIE(InfoExtractor):
         video_id = mobj.group('id')
 
         config = self._download_xml(
-            'http://www.godtube.com/resource/mediaplayer/%s.xml' % video_id.lower(),
+            f'http://www.godtube.com/resource/mediaplayer/{video_id.lower()}.xml',
             video_id, 'Downloading player config XML')
 
         video_url = config.find('file').text
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class GodTubeIE(InfoExtractor):
         thumbnail = config.find('image').text
 
         media = self._download_xml(
-            'http://www.godtube.com/media/xml/?v=%s' % video_id, video_id, 'Downloading media XML')
+            f'http://www.godtube.com/media/xml/?v={video_id}', video_id, 'Downloading media XML')
 
         title = media.find('title').text
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gofile.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gofile.py
index fac0884621..a9777a5946 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gofile.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gofile.py
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ class GofileIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'title': 'nuuh',
                 'release_timestamp': 1638338704,
                 'release_date': '20211201',
-            }
-        }]
+            },
+        }],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://gofile.io/d/is8lKr',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class GofileIE(InfoExtractor):
         query_params = {'wt': '4fd6sg89d7s6'}  # From https://gofile.io/dist/js/alljs.js
         password = self.get_param('videopassword')
         if password:
-            query_params['password'] = hashlib.sha256(password.encode('utf-8')).hexdigest()
+            query_params['password'] = hashlib.sha256(password.encode()).hexdigest()
         files = self._download_json(
             f'https://api.gofile.io/contents/{file_id}', file_id, 'Getting filelist',
             query=query_params, headers={'Authorization': f'Bearer {self._TOKEN}'})
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ class GofileIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'title': file['name'].rsplit('.', 1)[0],
                     'url': file_url,
                     'filesize': file.get('size'),
-                    'release_timestamp': file.get('createTime')
+                    'release_timestamp': file.get('createTime'),
                 }
 
         if not found_files:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/golem.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/golem.py
index c33d950191..90d2fe6c26 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/golem.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/golem.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
 )
@@ -20,7 +18,7 @@ class GolemIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'iPhone 6 und 6 Plus - Test',
             'duration': 300.44,
             'filesize': 65309548,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     _PREFIX = 'http://video.golem.de'
@@ -29,7 +27,7 @@ class GolemIE(InfoExtractor):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         config = self._download_xml(
-            'https://video.golem.de/xml/{0}.xml'.format(video_id), video_id)
+            f'https://video.golem.de/xml/{video_id}.xml', video_id)
 
         info = {
             'id': video_id,
@@ -44,8 +42,8 @@ class GolemIE(InfoExtractor):
                 continue
 
             formats.append({
-                'format_id': compat_str(e.tag),
-                'url': compat_urlparse.urljoin(self._PREFIX, url),
+                'format_id': str(e.tag),
+                'url': urllib.parse.urljoin(self._PREFIX, url),
                 'height': self._int(e.get('height'), 'height'),
                 'width': self._int(e.get('width'), 'width'),
                 'filesize': self._int(e.findtext('filesize'), 'filesize'),
@@ -59,7 +57,7 @@ class GolemIE(InfoExtractor):
             if not url:
                 continue
             thumbnails.append({
-                'url': compat_urlparse.urljoin(self._PREFIX, url),
+                'url': urllib.parse.urljoin(self._PREFIX, url),
                 'width': self._int(e.get('width'), 'thumbnail width'),
                 'height': self._int(e.get('height'), 'thumbnail height'),
             })
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/googledrive.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/googledrive.py
index c19192cfac..dfba2d3ba1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/googledrive.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/googledrive.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .youtube import YoutubeIE
-from ..compat import compat_parse_qs
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     bug_reports_message,
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class GoogleDriveIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Big Buck Bunny.mp4',
             'duration': 45,
             'thumbnail': 'https://drive.google.com/thumbnail?id=0ByeS4oOUV-49Zzh4R1J6R09zazQ',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # has itag 50 which is not in YoutubeIE._formats (royalty Free music from 1922)
         'url': 'https://drive.google.com/uc?id=1IP0o8dHcQrIHGgVyp0Ofvx2cGfLzyO1x',
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class GoogleDriveIE(InfoExtractor):
             r'<iframe[^>]+src="https?://(?:video\.google\.com/get_player\?.*?docid=|(?:docs|drive)\.google\.com/file/d/)(?P<id>[a-zA-Z0-9_-]{28,})',
             webpage)
         if mobj:
-            yield 'https://drive.google.com/file/d/%s' % mobj.group('id')
+            yield 'https://drive.google.com/file/d/{}'.format(mobj.group('id'))
 
     def _download_subtitles_xml(self, video_id, subtitles_id, hl):
         if self._captions_xml:
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ class GoogleDriveIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        video_info = compat_parse_qs(self._download_webpage(
+        video_info = urllib.parse.parse_qs(self._download_webpage(
             'https://drive.google.com/get_video_info',
             video_id, 'Downloading video webpage', query={'docid': video_id}))
 
@@ -218,8 +218,8 @@ class GoogleDriveIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         def request_source_file(source_url, kind, data=None):
             return self._request_webpage(
-                source_url, video_id, note='Requesting %s file' % kind,
-                errnote='Unable to request %s file' % kind, fatal=False, data=data)
+                source_url, video_id, note=f'Requesting {kind} file',
+                errnote=f'Unable to request {kind} file', fatal=False, data=data)
         urlh = request_source_file(source_url, 'source')
         if urlh:
             def add_source_format(urlh):
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ class GoogleDriveIE(InfoExtractor):
         if ttsurl:
             # the video Id for subtitles will be the last value in the ttsurl
             # query string
-            subtitles_id = ttsurl.encode('utf-8').decode(
+            subtitles_id = ttsurl.encode().decode(
                 'unicode_escape').split('=')[-1]
 
         self.cookiejar.clear(domain='.google.com', path='/', name='NID')
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ class GoogleDriveFolderIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1dQ4sx0-__Nvg65rxTSgQrl7VyW_FZ9QI',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '1dQ4sx0-__Nvg65rxTSgQrl7VyW_FZ9QI',
-            'title': 'Forrest'
+            'title': 'Forrest',
         },
         'playlist_count': 3,
     }]
@@ -312,13 +312,13 @@ GET %s
     def _call_api(self, folder_id, key, data, **kwargs):
         response = self._download_webpage(
             'https://clients6.google.com/batch/drive/v2beta',
-            folder_id, data=data.encode('utf-8'),
+            folder_id, data=data.encode(),
             headers={
                 'Content-Type': 'text/plain;charset=UTF-8;',
                 'Origin': 'https://drive.google.com',
             }, query={
                 '$ct': f'multipart/mixed; boundary="{self._BOUNDARY}"',
-                'key': key
+                'key': key,
             }, **kwargs)
         return self._search_json('', response, 'api response', folder_id, **kwargs) or {}
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/googlepodcasts.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/googlepodcasts.py
index 8b2351ba88..8d1cc4fa11 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/googlepodcasts.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/googlepodcasts.py
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class GooglePodcastsIE(GooglePodcastsBaseIE):
             'timestamp': 1609606800,
             'duration': 2901,
             'series': "Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!",
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/goplay.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/goplay.py
index 7a98e0f31c..dfe5afe635 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/goplay.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/goplay.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class GoPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
             'episode': 'Episode 2',
             'episode_number': 2,
         },
-        'skip': 'This video is only available for registered users'
+        'skip': 'This video is only available for registered users',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.goplay.be/video/a-family-for-thr-holidays-s1-aflevering-1#autoplay',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class GoPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'A Family for the Holidays',
         },
-        'skip': 'This video is only available for registered users'
+        'skip': 'This video is only available for registered users',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.goplay.be/video/de-mol/de-mol-s11/de-mol-s11-aflevering-1#autoplay',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -50,12 +50,12 @@ class GoPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
             'series': 'De Mol',
             'season_number': 11,
             'episode_number': 1,
-            'season': 'Season 11'
+            'season': 'Season 11',
         },
         'params': {
-            'skip_download': True
+            'skip_download': True,
         },
-        'skip': 'This video is only available for registered users'
+        'skip': 'This video is only available for registered users',
     }]
 
     _id_token = None
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class GoPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
         if movie:
             video_id = movie['videoUuid']
             info_dict = {
-                'title': movie.get('title')
+                'title': movie.get('title'),
             }
         else:
             episode = traverse_obj(video_data, ('playlists', ..., 'episodes', lambda _, v: v['pageInfo']['url'] == url), get_all=False)
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ class GoPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
         api = self._download_json(
             f'https://api.goplay.be/web/v1/videos/long-form/{video_id}',
             video_id, headers={
-                'Authorization': 'Bearer %s' % self._id_token,
+                'Authorization': f'Bearer {self._id_token}',
                 **self.geo_verification_headers(),
             })
 
@@ -154,31 +154,32 @@ class AwsIdp:
         self.ie = ie
 
         self.pool_id = pool_id
-        if "_" not in self.pool_id:
-            raise ValueError("Invalid pool_id format. Should be <region>_<poolid>.")
+        if '_' not in self.pool_id:
+            raise ValueError('Invalid pool_id format. Should be <region>_<poolid>.')
 
         self.client_id = client_id
-        self.region = self.pool_id.split("_")[0]
-        self.url = "https://cognito-idp.%s.amazonaws.com/" % (self.region,)
+        self.region = self.pool_id.split('_')[0]
+        self.url = f'https://cognito-idp.{self.region}.amazonaws.com/'
 
         # Initialize the values
         # https://github.com/aws/amazon-cognito-identity-js/blob/master/src/AuthenticationHelper.js#L22
-        self.n_hex = 'FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFC90FDAA22168C234C4C6628B80DC1CD1' + \
-                     '29024E088A67CC74020BBEA63B139B22514A08798E3404DD' + \
-                     'EF9519B3CD3A431B302B0A6DF25F14374FE1356D6D51C245' + \
-                     'E485B576625E7EC6F44C42E9A637ED6B0BFF5CB6F406B7ED' + \
-                     'EE386BFB5A899FA5AE9F24117C4B1FE649286651ECE45B3D' + \
-                     'C2007CB8A163BF0598DA48361C55D39A69163FA8FD24CF5F' + \
-                     '83655D23DCA3AD961C62F356208552BB9ED529077096966D' + \
-                     '670C354E4ABC9804F1746C08CA18217C32905E462E36CE3B' + \
-                     'E39E772C180E86039B2783A2EC07A28FB5C55DF06F4C52C9' + \
-                     'DE2BCBF6955817183995497CEA956AE515D2261898FA0510' + \
-                     '15728E5A8AAAC42DAD33170D04507A33A85521ABDF1CBA64' + \
-                     'ECFB850458DBEF0A8AEA71575D060C7DB3970F85A6E1E4C7' + \
-                     'ABF5AE8CDB0933D71E8C94E04A25619DCEE3D2261AD2EE6B' + \
-                     'F12FFA06D98A0864D87602733EC86A64521F2B18177B200C' + \
-                     'BBE117577A615D6C770988C0BAD946E208E24FA074E5AB31' + \
-                     '43DB5BFCE0FD108E4B82D120A93AD2CAFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF'
+        self.n_hex = (
+            'FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFC90FDAA22168C234C4C6628B80DC1CD1'
+            '29024E088A67CC74020BBEA63B139B22514A08798E3404DD'
+            'EF9519B3CD3A431B302B0A6DF25F14374FE1356D6D51C245'
+            'E485B576625E7EC6F44C42E9A637ED6B0BFF5CB6F406B7ED'
+            'EE386BFB5A899FA5AE9F24117C4B1FE649286651ECE45B3D'
+            'C2007CB8A163BF0598DA48361C55D39A69163FA8FD24CF5F'
+            '83655D23DCA3AD961C62F356208552BB9ED529077096966D'
+            '670C354E4ABC9804F1746C08CA18217C32905E462E36CE3B'
+            'E39E772C180E86039B2783A2EC07A28FB5C55DF06F4C52C9'
+            'DE2BCBF6955817183995497CEA956AE515D2261898FA0510'
+            '15728E5A8AAAC42DAD33170D04507A33A85521ABDF1CBA64'
+            'ECFB850458DBEF0A8AEA71575D060C7DB3970F85A6E1E4C7'
+            'ABF5AE8CDB0933D71E8C94E04A25619DCEE3D2261AD2EE6B'
+            'F12FFA06D98A0864D87602733EC86A64521F2B18177B200C'
+            'BBE117577A615D6C770988C0BAD946E208E24FA074E5AB31'
+            '43DB5BFCE0FD108E4B82D120A93AD2CAFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF')
 
         # https://github.com/aws/amazon-cognito-identity-js/blob/master/src/AuthenticationHelper.js#L49
         self.g_hex = '2'
@@ -194,26 +195,26 @@ class AwsIdp:
         """ Authenticate with a username and password. """
         # Step 1: First initiate an authentication request
         auth_data_dict = self.__get_authentication_request(username)
-        auth_data = json.dumps(auth_data_dict).encode("utf-8")
+        auth_data = json.dumps(auth_data_dict).encode()
         auth_headers = {
-            "X-Amz-Target": "AWSCognitoIdentityProviderService.InitiateAuth",
-            "Accept-Encoding": "identity",
-            "Content-Type": "application/x-amz-json-1.1"
+            'X-Amz-Target': 'AWSCognitoIdentityProviderService.InitiateAuth',
+            'Accept-Encoding': 'identity',
+            'Content-Type': 'application/x-amz-json-1.1',
         }
         auth_response_json = self.ie._download_json(
             self.url, None, data=auth_data, headers=auth_headers,
             note='Authenticating username', errnote='Invalid username')
-        challenge_parameters = auth_response_json.get("ChallengeParameters")
+        challenge_parameters = auth_response_json.get('ChallengeParameters')
 
-        if auth_response_json.get("ChallengeName") != "PASSWORD_VERIFIER":
-            raise AuthenticationException(auth_response_json["message"])
+        if auth_response_json.get('ChallengeName') != 'PASSWORD_VERIFIER':
+            raise AuthenticationException(auth_response_json['message'])
 
         # Step 2: Respond to the Challenge with a valid ChallengeResponse
         challenge_request = self.__get_challenge_response_request(challenge_parameters, password)
-        challenge_data = json.dumps(challenge_request).encode("utf-8")
+        challenge_data = json.dumps(challenge_request).encode()
         challenge_headers = {
-            "X-Amz-Target": "AWSCognitoIdentityProviderService.RespondToAuthChallenge",
-            "Content-Type": "application/x-amz-json-1.1"
+            'X-Amz-Target': 'AWSCognitoIdentityProviderService.RespondToAuthChallenge',
+            'Content-Type': 'application/x-amz-json-1.1',
         }
         auth_response_json = self.ie._download_json(
             self.url, None, data=challenge_data, headers=challenge_headers,
@@ -223,7 +224,7 @@ class AwsIdp:
             raise InvalidLoginException(auth_response_json['message'])
         return (
             auth_response_json['AuthenticationResult']['IdToken'],
-            auth_response_json['AuthenticationResult']['RefreshToken']
+            auth_response_json['AuthenticationResult']['RefreshToken'],
         )
 
     def __get_authentication_request(self, username):
@@ -234,15 +235,14 @@ class AwsIdp:
         :return: A full Authorization request.
         :rtype: dict
         """
-        auth_request = {
-            "AuthParameters": {
-                "USERNAME": username,
-                "SRP_A": self.__long_to_hex(self.large_a_value)
+        return {
+            'AuthParameters': {
+                'USERNAME': username,
+                'SRP_A': self.__long_to_hex(self.large_a_value),
             },
-            "AuthFlow": "USER_SRP_AUTH",
-            "ClientId": self.client_id
+            'AuthFlow': 'USER_SRP_AUTH',
+            'ClientId': self.client_id,
         }
-        return auth_request
 
     def __get_challenge_response_request(self, challenge_parameters, password):
         """ Create a Challenge Response Request object.
@@ -253,11 +253,11 @@ class AwsIdp:
         :return: A valid and full request data object to use as a response for a challenge.
         :rtype: dict
         """
-        user_id = challenge_parameters["USERNAME"]
-        user_id_for_srp = challenge_parameters["USER_ID_FOR_SRP"]
-        srp_b = challenge_parameters["SRP_B"]
-        salt = challenge_parameters["SALT"]
-        secret_block = challenge_parameters["SECRET_BLOCK"]
+        user_id = challenge_parameters['USERNAME']
+        user_id_for_srp = challenge_parameters['USER_ID_FOR_SRP']
+        srp_b = challenge_parameters['SRP_B']
+        salt = challenge_parameters['SALT']
+        secret_block = challenge_parameters['SECRET_BLOCK']
 
         timestamp = self.__get_current_timestamp()
 
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ class AwsIdp:
             user_id_for_srp,
             password,
             self.__hex_to_long(srp_b),
-            salt
+            salt,
         )
         secret_block_bytes = base64.standard_b64decode(secret_block)
 
@@ -278,17 +278,16 @@ class AwsIdp:
             bytearray(timestamp, 'utf-8')
         hmac_obj = hmac.new(hkdf, msg, digestmod=hashlib.sha256)
         signature_string = base64.standard_b64encode(hmac_obj.digest()).decode('utf-8')
-        challenge_request = {
-            "ChallengeResponses": {
-                "USERNAME": user_id,
-                "TIMESTAMP": timestamp,
-                "PASSWORD_CLAIM_SECRET_BLOCK": secret_block,
-                "PASSWORD_CLAIM_SIGNATURE": signature_string
+        return {
+            'ChallengeResponses': {
+                'USERNAME': user_id,
+                'TIMESTAMP': timestamp,
+                'PASSWORD_CLAIM_SECRET_BLOCK': secret_block,
+                'PASSWORD_CLAIM_SIGNATURE': signature_string,
             },
-            "ChallengeName": "PASSWORD_VERIFIER",
-            "ClientId": self.client_id
+            'ChallengeName': 'PASSWORD_VERIFIER',
+            'ClientId': self.client_id,
         }
-        return challenge_request
 
     def __get_hkdf_key_for_password(self, username, password, server_b_value, salt):
         """ Calculates the final hkdf based on computed S value, and computed U value and the key.
@@ -305,18 +304,17 @@ class AwsIdp:
         u_value = self.__calculate_u(self.large_a_value, server_b_value)
         if u_value == 0:
             raise ValueError('U cannot be zero.')
-        username_password = '%s%s:%s' % (self.pool_id.split('_')[1], username, password)
-        username_password_hash = self.__hash_sha256(username_password.encode('utf-8'))
+        username_password = '{}{}:{}'.format(self.pool_id.split('_')[1], username, password)
+        username_password_hash = self.__hash_sha256(username_password.encode())
 
         x_value = self.__hex_to_long(self.__hex_hash(self.__pad_hex(salt) + username_password_hash))
         g_mod_pow_xn = pow(self.g, x_value, self.big_n)
         int_value2 = server_b_value - self.k * g_mod_pow_xn
         s_value = pow(int_value2, self.small_a_value + u_value * x_value, self.big_n)
-        hkdf = self.__compute_hkdf(
+        return self.__compute_hkdf(
             bytearray.fromhex(self.__pad_hex(s_value)),
-            bytearray.fromhex(self.__pad_hex(self.__long_to_hex(u_value)))
+            bytearray.fromhex(self.__pad_hex(self.__long_to_hex(u_value))),
         )
-        return hkdf
 
     def __compute_hkdf(self, ikm, salt):
         """ Standard hkdf algorithm
@@ -368,7 +366,7 @@ class AwsIdp:
 
     @staticmethod
     def __long_to_hex(long_num):
-        return '%x' % long_num
+        return f'{long_num:x}'
 
     @staticmethod
     def __hex_to_long(hex_string):
@@ -399,9 +397,9 @@ class AwsIdp:
         else:
             hash_str = long_int
         if len(hash_str) % 2 == 1:
-            hash_str = '0%s' % hash_str
+            hash_str = f'0{hash_str}'
         elif hash_str[0] in '89ABCDEFabcdef':
-            hash_str = '00%s' % hash_str
+            hash_str = f'00{hash_str}'
         return hash_str
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -423,11 +421,10 @@ class AwsIdp:
         days = ['Mon', 'Tue', 'Wed', 'Thu', 'Fri', 'Sat', 'Sun']
 
         time_now = dt.datetime.now(dt.timezone.utc)
-        format_string = "{} {} {} %H:%M:%S UTC %Y".format(days[time_now.weekday()], months[time_now.month], time_now.day)
-        time_string = time_now.strftime(format_string)
-        return time_string
+        format_string = f'{days[time_now.weekday()]} {months[time_now.month]} {time_now.day} %H:%M:%S UTC %Y'
+        return time_now.strftime(format_string)
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "AWS IDP Client for:\nRegion: %s\nPoolId: %s\nAppId:  %s" % (
-            self.region, self.pool_id.split("_")[1], self.client_id
+        return 'AWS IDP Client for:\nRegion: {}\nPoolId: {}\nAppId:  {}'.format(
+            self.region, self.pool_id.split('_')[1], self.client_id,
         )
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gopro.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gopro.py
index ec1595bc50..9142566c35 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gopro.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gopro.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class GoProIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20210919',
             'uploader_id': 'fireydive30018',
             'duration': 396062,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://gopro.com/v/KRm6Vgp2peg4e',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class GoProIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': 'dc9bcb8b-47d2-47c6-afbc-4c48f9a3769e',
             'duration': 45187,
             'track': 'The Sky Machine',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://gopro.com/v/kVrK9wlJvBMwn',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class GoProIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 313075,
             'track': 'Battery (Live)',
             'artist': 'Metallica',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class GoProIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         video_info = metadata['collectionMedia'][0]
         media_data = self._download_json(
-            'https://api.gopro.com/media/%s/download' % video_info['id'], video_id)
+            'https://api.gopro.com/media/{}/download'.format(video_info['id']), video_id)
 
         formats = []
         for fmt in try_get(media_data, lambda x: x['_embedded']['variations']) or []:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/goshgay.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/goshgay.py
index 9a1f32b7e3..7bcac9bdea 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/goshgay.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/goshgay.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_parse_qs,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     parse_duration,
 )
@@ -19,7 +18,7 @@ class GoshgayIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^http://.*\.jpg$',
             'duration': 80,
             'age_limit': 18,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -32,7 +31,7 @@ class GoshgayIE(InfoExtractor):
             r'<span class="duration">\s*-?\s*(.*?)</span>',
             webpage, 'duration', fatal=False))
 
-        flashvars = compat_parse_qs(self._html_search_regex(
+        flashvars = urllib.parse.parse_qs(self._html_search_regex(
             r'<embed.+?id="flash-player-embed".+?flashvars="([^"]+)"',
             webpage, 'flashvars'))
         thumbnail = flashvars.get('url_bigthumb', [None])[0]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gotostage.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gotostage.py
index 9c1a6cb91f..e47a8eabcc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gotostage.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gotostage.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import json
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import try_get, url_or_none
 
 
@@ -15,8 +14,8 @@ class GoToStageIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'What is GoToStage?',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-            'duration': 93.924711
-        }
+            'duration': 93.924711,
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.gotostage.com/channel/bacc3d3535b34bafacc3f4ef8d4df78a/recording/831e74cd3e0042be96defba627b6f676/watch?source=HOMEPAGE',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -25,7 +24,7 @@ class GoToStageIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         metadata = self._download_json(
-            'https://api.gotostage.com/contents?ids=%s' % video_id,
+            f'https://api.gotostage.com/contents?ids={video_id}',
             video_id,
             note='Downloading video metadata',
             errnote='Unable to download video metadata')[0]
@@ -36,7 +35,7 @@ class GoToStageIE(InfoExtractor):
             'productReferenceKey': metadata['productRefKey'],
             'firstName': 'foo',
             'lastName': 'bar',
-            'email': 'foobar@example.com'
+            'email': 'foobar@example.com',
         }
 
         registration_response = self._download_json(
@@ -49,7 +48,7 @@ class GoToStageIE(InfoExtractor):
             errnote='Unable to register user')
 
         content_response = self._download_json(
-            'https://api.gotostage.com/contents/%s/asset' % video_id,
+            f'https://api.gotostage.com/contents/{video_id}/asset',
             video_id,
             headers={'x-registrantkey': registration_response['registrationKey']},
             note='Get download url',
@@ -57,11 +56,11 @@ class GoToStageIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
-            'title': try_get(metadata, lambda x: x['title'], compat_str),
-            'url': try_get(content_response, lambda x: x['cdnLocation'], compat_str),
+            'title': try_get(metadata, lambda x: x['title'], str),
+            'url': try_get(content_response, lambda x: x['cdnLocation'], str),
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'thumbnail': url_or_none(try_get(metadata, lambda x: x['thumbnail']['location'])),
             'duration': try_get(metadata, lambda x: x['duration'], float),
-            'categories': [try_get(metadata, lambda x: x['category'], compat_str)],
-            'is_live': False
+            'categories': [try_get(metadata, lambda x: x['category'], str)],
+            'is_live': False,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gputechconf.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gputechconf.py
index 2d13bf4915..f31791a718 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gputechconf.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gputechconf.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class GPUTechConfIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Coordinating More Than 3 Million CUDA Threads for Social Network Analysis',
             'duration': 1219,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -27,6 +27,6 @@ class GPUTechConfIE(InfoExtractor):
         return {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
             'id': video_id,
-            'url': '%sxml/%s.xml' % (root_path, xml_file_id),
+            'url': f'{root_path}xml/{xml_file_id}.xml',
             'ie_key': 'DigitallySpeaking',
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/gronkh.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/gronkh.py
index 1ae0a68936..1668900378 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/gronkh.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/gronkh.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class GronkhIE(InfoExtractor):
             'chapters': 'count:3',
             'duration': 31463,
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://gronkh.tv/stream/536',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -36,24 +36,24 @@ class GronkhIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20211001',
             'duration': 32058,
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://gronkh.tv/watch/stream/546',
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        data_json = self._download_json(f'https://api.gronkh.tv/v1/video/info?episode={id}', id)
-        m3u8_url = self._download_json(f'https://api.gronkh.tv/v1/video/playlist?episode={id}', id)['playlist_url']
-        formats, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(m3u8_url, id)
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        data_json = self._download_json(f'https://api.gronkh.tv/v1/video/info?episode={video_id}', video_id)
+        m3u8_url = self._download_json(f'https://api.gronkh.tv/v1/video/playlist?episode={video_id}', video_id)['playlist_url']
+        formats, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(m3u8_url, video_id)
         if data_json.get('vtt_url'):
             subtitles.setdefault('en', []).append({
                 'url': data_json['vtt_url'],
                 'ext': 'vtt',
             })
         return {
-            'id': id,
+            'id': video_id,
             'title': data_json.get('title'),
             'view_count': data_json.get('views'),
             'thumbnail': data_json.get('preview_url'),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/groupon.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/groupon.py
index c1cbda35f0..a05fab1f14 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/groupon.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/groupon.py
@@ -50,8 +50,7 @@ class GrouponIE(InfoExtractor):
             url_pattern, ie_key = self._PROVIDERS.get(provider.lower())
             if not url_pattern:
                 self.report_warning(
-                    '%s: Unsupported video provider %s, skipping video' %
-                    (playlist_id, provider))
+                    f'{playlist_id}: Unsupported video provider {provider}, skipping video')
                 continue
             entries.append(self.url_result(url_pattern % video_id, ie_key))
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/harpodeon.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/harpodeon.py
index 46eaddb32f..aa3b2ca34a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/harpodeon.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/harpodeon.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class HarpodeonIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:47e16bdb41fc8a79c83ab83af11c8b77',
             'creator': 'Vitagraph Company of America',
             'release_year': 1915,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.harpodeon.com/preview/The_Smoking_Out_of_Bella_Butts/268068288',
         'md5': '6dfea5412845f690c7331be703f884db',
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class HarpodeonIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:47e16bdb41fc8a79c83ab83af11c8b77',
             'creator': 'Vitagraph Company of America',
             'release_year': 1915,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.harpodeon.com/preview/Behind_the_Screen/421838710',
         'md5': '7979df9ca04637282cb7d172ab3a9c3b',
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class HarpodeonIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:008972a3dc51fba3965ee517d2ba9155',
             'creator': 'Lone Star Corporation',
             'release_year': 1916,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hbo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hbo.py
index 2551cfffdb..146d8a23d8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hbo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hbo.py
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class HBOBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         episode_title = title = xpath_text(video_data, 'title', fatal=True)
         series = xpath_text(video_data, 'program')
         if series:
-            title = '%s - %s' % (series, title)
+            title = f'{series} - {title}'
 
         formats = []
         for source in xpath_element(video_data, 'videos', 'sources', True):
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ class HBOBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                 height = format_info.get('height')
                 fmt = {
                     'url': path,
-                    'format_id': 'http%s' % ('-%dp' % height if height else ''),
+                    'format_id': 'http{}'.format(f'-{height}p' if height else ''),
                     'width': format_info.get('width'),
                     'height': height,
                 }
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ class HBOBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                 else:
                     format_info = self._FORMATS_INFO.get(source.tag, {})
                     formats.append({
-                        'format_id': 'http-%s' % source.tag,
+                        'format_id': f'http-{source.tag}',
                         'url': video_url,
                         'width': format_info.get('width'),
                         'height': format_info.get('height'),
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ class HBOBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             subtitles = {
                 'en': [{
                     'url': caption_url,
-                    'ext': 'ttml'
+                    'ext': 'ttml',
                 }],
             }
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/heise.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/heise.py
index 27d737c049..01b700b157 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/heise.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/heise.py
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ class HeiseIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:fa164d8c8707dff124a9626d39205f5d',
             'timestamp': 1414825200,
             'upload_date': '20141101',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.heise.de/ct/artikel/c-t-uplink-3-3-Owncloud-Tastaturen-Peilsender-Smartphone-2403911.html',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ class HeiseIE(InfoExtractor):
             r'entry-id=(["\'])(?P<id>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1', webpage, 'kaltura id',
             default=None, group='id')
         if kaltura_id:
-            return _make_kaltura_result('kaltura:2238431:%s' % kaltura_id)
+            return _make_kaltura_result(f'kaltura:2238431:{kaltura_id}')
 
         yt_urls = tuple(YoutubeIE._extract_embed_urls(url, webpage))
         if yt_urls:
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ class HeiseIE(InfoExtractor):
             formats.append({
                 'url': video_url,
                 'format_note': label,
-                'format_id': '%s_%s' % (ext, label),
+                'format_id': f'{ext}_{label}',
                 'height': height,
             })
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hidive.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hidive.py
index df6868df65..0cbe9913cc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hidive.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hidive.py
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class HiDiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'profileId': profile_id,
                 'hash': self._search_regex(
                     r'\<button [^>]+?data-hash="(\w+)"', login_webpage, 'profile id hash'),
-                'returnUrl': '/dashboard'
+                'returnUrl': '/dashboard',
             }))
 
     def _call_api(self, video_id, title, key, data={}, **kwargs):
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class HiDiveIE(InfoExtractor):
             self.raise_geo_restricted()
         if restriction and restriction != 'None':
             raise ExtractorError(
-                '%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, restriction), expected=True)
+                f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {restriction}', expected=True)
 
         formats, parsed_urls = [], {None}
         for rendition_id, rendition in settings['renditions'].items():
@@ -115,5 +115,5 @@ class HiDiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 self._search_regex(r's(\d+)', key, 'season number', default=None)),
             'episode_number': int_or_none(
                 self._search_regex(r'e(\d+)', key, 'episode number', default=None)),
-            'http_headers': {'Referer': url}
+            'http_headers': {'Referer': url},
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/historicfilms.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/historicfilms.py
index c428feeded..714f65114a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/historicfilms.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/historicfilms.py
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class HistoricFilmsIE(InfoExtractor):
         duration = parse_duration(self._html_search_meta(
             'duration', webpage, 'duration'))
 
-        video_url = 'http://www.historicfilms.com/video/%s_%s_web.mov' % (tape_id, video_id)
+        video_url = f'http://www.historicfilms.com/video/{tape_id}_{video_id}_web.mov'
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hitrecord.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hitrecord.py
index 902af44fab..3c3d7f9424 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hitrecord.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hitrecord.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     clean_html,
     float_or_none,
@@ -27,14 +26,14 @@ class HitRecordIE(InfoExtractor):
             'like_count': int,
             'comment_count': int,
             'tags': list,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         video = self._download_json(
-            'https://hitrecord.org/api/web/records/%s' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'https://hitrecord.org/api/web/records/{video_id}', video_id)
 
         title = video['title']
         video_url = video['source_url']['mp4_url']
@@ -46,7 +45,7 @@ class HitRecordIE(InfoExtractor):
                 t['text']
                 for t in tags_list
                 if isinstance(t, dict) and t.get('text')
-                and isinstance(t['text'], compat_str)]
+                and isinstance(t['text'], str)]
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
@@ -56,9 +55,9 @@ class HitRecordIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': float_or_none(video.get('duration'), 1000),
             'timestamp': int_or_none(video.get('created_at_i')),
             'uploader': try_get(
-                video, lambda x: x['user']['username'], compat_str),
+                video, lambda x: x['user']['username'], str),
             'uploader_id': try_get(
-                video, lambda x: compat_str(x['user']['id'])),
+                video, lambda x: str(x['user']['id'])),
             'view_count': int_or_none(video.get('total_views_count')),
             'like_count': int_or_none(video.get('hearts_count')),
             'comment_count': int_or_none(video.get('comments_count')),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hketv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hketv.py
index 099c2a175c..bffb6afe02 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hketv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hketv.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     clean_html,
@@ -144,7 +143,7 @@ class HKETVIE(InfoExtractor):
             if not isinstance(track, dict):
                 continue
             track_kind = str_or_none(track.get('kind'))
-            if not track_kind or not isinstance(track_kind, compat_str):
+            if not track_kind or not isinstance(track_kind, str):
                 continue
             if track_kind.lower() not in ('captions', 'subtitles'):
                 continue
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hollywoodreporter.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hollywoodreporter.py
index 1f7eb89bc9..52db5e5c13 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hollywoodreporter.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hollywoodreporter.py
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class HollywoodReporterPlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '57822',
             'title': 'heat-vision-breakdown',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _fetch_page(self, slug, pl_id, page):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/holodex.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/holodex.py
index a2b73ecc1c..00b045ee7f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/holodex.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/holodex.py
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class HolodexIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'https://holodex.net/watch/_m2mQyaofjI?foo=bar&playlist=69',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '69',
-            'title': '拿著金斧頭的藍髮大姊姊'
+            'title': '拿著金斧頭的藍髮大姊姊',
         },
         'playlist_count': 3,
     }, {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hotnewhiphop.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hotnewhiphop.py
index 4f506cde75..8573e8947d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hotnewhiphop.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hotnewhiphop.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
+import base64
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_b64decode
 from ..networking import HEADRequest, Request
 from ..utils import ExtractorError, urlencode_postdata
 
@@ -13,8 +14,8 @@ class HotNewHipHopIE(InfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '1435540',
             'ext': 'mp3',
-            'title': 'Freddie Gibbs - Lay It Down'
-        }
+            'title': 'Freddie Gibbs - Lay It Down',
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -42,7 +43,7 @@ class HotNewHipHopIE(InfoExtractor):
         if 'mediaKey' not in mkd:
             raise ExtractorError('Did not get a media key')
 
-        redirect_url = compat_b64decode(video_url_base64).decode('utf-8')
+        redirect_url = base64.b64decode(video_url_base64).decode('utf-8')
         redirect_req = HEADRequest(redirect_url)
         req = self._request_webpage(
             redirect_req, video_id,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hotstar.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hotstar.py
index a3a3c20c9f..e97740c90b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hotstar.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hotstar.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ import time
 import uuid
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -32,7 +31,7 @@ class HotStarBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _call_api_impl(self, path, video_id, query, st=None, cookies=None):
         st = int_or_none(st) or int(time.time())
         exp = st + 6000
-        auth = 'st=%d~exp=%d~acl=/*' % (st, exp)
+        auth = f'st={st}~exp={exp}~acl=/*'
         auth += '~hmac=' + hmac.new(self._AKAMAI_ENCRYPTION_KEY, auth.encode(), hashlib.sha256).hexdigest()
 
         if cookies and cookies.get('userUP'):
@@ -41,7 +40,7 @@ class HotStarBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             token = self._download_json(
                 f'{self._API_URL}/um/v3/users',
                 video_id, note='Downloading token',
-                data=json.dumps({"device_ids": [{"id": compat_str(uuid.uuid4()), "type": "device_id"}]}).encode('utf-8'),
+                data=json.dumps({'device_ids': [{'id': str(uuid.uuid4()), 'type': 'device_id'}]}).encode(),
                 headers={
                     'hotstarauth': auth,
                     'x-hs-platform': 'PCTV',  # or 'web'
@@ -66,7 +65,7 @@ class HotStarBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         return self._call_api_impl(
             f'{path}/content/{video_id}', video_id, st=st, cookies=cookies, query={
                 'desired-config': 'audio_channel:stereo|container:fmp4|dynamic_range:hdr|encryption:plain|ladder:tv|package:dash|resolution:fhd|subs-tag:HotstarVIP|video_codec:h265',
-                'device-id': cookies.get('device_id').value if cookies.get('device_id') else compat_str(uuid.uuid4()),
+                'device-id': cookies.get('device_id').value if cookies.get('device_id') else str(uuid.uuid4()),
                 'os-name': 'Windows',
                 'os-version': '10',
             })
@@ -122,7 +121,7 @@ class HotStarIE(HotStarBaseIE):
             'season_id': '6771',
             'episode': 'Janhvi Targets Suman',
             'episode_number': 8,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/anupama/1260022017/anupama-anuj-share-a-moment/1000282843',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -257,7 +256,6 @@ class HotStarIE(HotStarBaseIE):
                    for key, prefix in self._IGNORE_MAP.items()
                    for ignore in self._configuration_arg(key)):
                 continue
-            tag_dict = dict((t.split(':', 1) + [None])[:2] for t in tags.split(';'))
 
             format_url = url_or_none(playback_set.get('playbackUrl'))
             if not format_url:
@@ -286,6 +284,7 @@ class HotStarIE(HotStarBaseIE):
                     geo_restricted = True
                 continue
 
+            tag_dict = dict((*t.split(':', 1), None)[:2] for t in tags.split(';'))
             if tag_dict.get('encryption') not in ('plain', None):
                 for f in current_formats:
                     f['has_drm'] = True
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hrfensehen.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hrfensehen.py
index 35e9f67c4a..17673d5b8f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hrfensehen.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hrfensehen.py
@@ -24,17 +24,17 @@ class HRFernsehenIE(InfoExtractor):
                            'Sterbehilfe: Die Lage in Hessen / Miss Hessen leitet zwei eigene Unternehmen / '
                            'Pop-Up Museum zeigt Schwarze Unterhaltung und Black Music',
             'subtitles': {'de': [{
-                'url': 'https://hr-a.akamaihd.net/video/as/hessenschau/2020_08/hrLogo_200826200407_L385592_512x288-25p-500kbit.vtt'
+                'url': 'https://hr-a.akamaihd.net/video/as/hessenschau/2020_08/hrLogo_200826200407_L385592_512x288-25p-500kbit.vtt',
             }]},
             'timestamp': 1598400000,
             'upload_date': '20200826',
             'thumbnail': 'https://www.hessenschau.de/tv-sendung/hs_ganz-1554~_t-1598465545029_v-16to9.jpg',
             'title': 'hessenschau vom 26.08.2020',
-            'duration': 1654
-        }
+            'duration': 1654,
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.hr-fernsehen.de/sendungen-a-z/mex/sendungen/fair-und-gut---was-hinter-aldis-eigenem-guetesiegel-steckt,video-130544.html',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     _GEO_COUNTRIES = ['DE']
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ class HRFernsehenIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         subtitle = traverse_obj(loader_data, ('mediaCollection', 'subTitles', 0, 'sources', 0, 'url'))
 
-        info = {
+        return {
             'id': video_id,
             'title': title,
             'description': description,
@@ -86,5 +86,3 @@ class HRFernsehenIE(InfoExtractor):
                 loader_data, ('playerConfig', 'pluginData', 'trackingAti@all', 'richMedia', 'duration'))),
             'thumbnail': self._search_regex(r'thumbnailUrl\W*([^"]+)', webpage, 'thumbnail', default=None),
         }
-
-        return info
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hrti.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hrti.py
index 41d50d0004..84e3867d34 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hrti.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hrti.py
@@ -28,21 +28,21 @@ class HRTiBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _initialize_pre_login(self):
         init_data = {
-            'application_publication_id': self._APP_PUBLICATION_ID
+            'application_publication_id': self._APP_PUBLICATION_ID,
         }
 
         uuid = self._download_json(
             self._API_URL, None, note='Downloading uuid',
             errnote='Unable to download uuid',
-            data=json.dumps(init_data).encode('utf-8'))['uuid']
+            data=json.dumps(init_data).encode())['uuid']
 
         app_data = {
             'uuid': uuid,
             'application_publication_id': self._APP_PUBLICATION_ID,
-            'application_version': self._APP_VERSION
+            'application_version': self._APP_VERSION,
         }
 
-        req = Request(self._API_URL, data=json.dumps(app_data).encode('utf-8'))
+        req = Request(self._API_URL, data=json.dumps(app_data).encode())
         req.get_method = lambda: 'PUT'
 
         resources = self._download_json(
@@ -71,17 +71,17 @@ class HRTiBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         try:
             auth_info = self._download_json(
                 self._login_url, None, note='Logging in', errnote='Unable to log in',
-                data=json.dumps(auth_data).encode('utf-8'))
+                data=json.dumps(auth_data).encode())
         except ExtractorError as e:
             if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 406:
-                auth_info = self._parse_json(e.cause.response.read().encode('utf-8'), None)
+                auth_info = self._parse_json(e.cause.response.read().encode(), None)
             else:
                 raise
 
         error_message = auth_info.get('error', {}).get('message')
         if error_message:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                '%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, error_message),
+                f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {error_message}',
                 expected=True)
 
         self._token = auth_info['secure_streaming_token']
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ class HRTiIE(HRTiBaseIE):
         display_id = mobj.group('display_id') or video_id
 
         video = self._download_json(
-            '%s/video_id/%s/format/json' % (self._search_url, video_id),
+            f'{self._search_url}/video_id/{video_id}/format/json',
             display_id, 'Downloading video metadata JSON')['video'][0]
 
         title_info = video['title']
@@ -188,13 +188,13 @@ class HRTiPlaylistIE(HRTiBaseIE):
         display_id = mobj.group('display_id') or category_id
 
         response = self._download_json(
-            '%s/category_id/%s/format/json' % (self._search_url, category_id),
+            f'{self._search_url}/category_id/{category_id}/format/json',
             display_id, 'Downloading video metadata JSON')
 
         video_ids = try_get(
             response, lambda x: x['video_listings'][0]['alternatives'][0]['list'],
             list) or [video['id'] for video in response.get('videos', []) if video.get('id')]
 
-        entries = [self.url_result('hrti:%s' % video_id) for video_id in video_ids]
+        entries = [self.url_result(f'hrti:{video_id}') for video_id in video_ids]
 
         return self.playlist_result(entries, category_id, display_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hse.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hse.py
index 3cb21d2dd1..d9004293ff 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hse.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hse.py
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class HSEShowIE(HSEShowBaseInfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1638810000,
             'upload_date': '20211206',
             'channel': 'HSE24',
-            'uploader': 'Arina Pirayesh'
+            'uploader': 'Arina Pirayesh',
         },
         'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }]
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ class HSEProductIE(HSEShowBaseInfoExtractor):
             'id': '408630',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Hose im Ponte-Mix',
-            'uploader': 'Judith Williams'
+            'uploader': 'Judith Williams',
         },
         'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/huajiao.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/huajiao.py
index c498fa330c..093ce7dc26 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/huajiao.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/huajiao.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class HuajiaoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20161007',
             'uploader': 'Penny_余姿昀',
             'uploader_id': '75206005',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/huffpost.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/huffpost.py
index 69fdc34ef7..156ddebf7f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/huffpost.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/huffpost.py
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class HuffPostIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
-        api_url = 'http://embed.live.huffingtonpost.com/api/segments/%s.json' % video_id
+        api_url = f'http://embed.live.huffingtonpost.com/api/segments/{video_id}.json'
         data = self._download_json(api_url, video_id)['data']
 
         video_title = data['title']
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hungama.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hungama.py
index 7da8aad7a4..a687b12dc5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hungama.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hungama.py
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ class HungamaIE(HungamaBaseIE):
                 'en': [{
                     'url': video_json['sub_title'],
                     'ext': 'vtt',
-                }]
+                }],
             } if video_json.get('sub_title') else None,
         }
 
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ class HungamaSongIE(InfoExtractor):
         audio_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         data = self._download_json(
-            'https://www.hungama.com/audio-player-data/track/%s' % audio_id,
+            f'https://www.hungama.com/audio-player-data/track/{audio_id}',
             audio_id, query={'_country': 'IN'})[0]
         track = data['song_name']
         artist = data.get('singer_name')
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ class HungamaSongIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'acodec': media_type,
             })
 
-        title = '%s - %s' % (artist, track) if artist else track
+        title = f'{artist} - {track}' if artist else track
         thumbnail = data.get('img_src') or data.get('album_image')
 
         return {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/huya.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/huya.py
index 5379b54100..5663a78a37 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/huya.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/huya.py
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
+import base64
 import hashlib
 import random
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_b64decode, compat_urlparse
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ class HuyaLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.huya.com/xiaoyugame',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     _RESOLUTION = {
@@ -46,8 +47,8 @@ class HuyaLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         '流畅': {
             'width': 800,
-            'height': 480
-        }
+            'height': 480,
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ class HuyaLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 continue
             stream_name = stream_info.get('sStreamName')
             re_secret = not screen_type and live_source_type in (0, 8, 13)
-            params = dict(compat_urlparse.parse_qsl(unescapeHTML(stream_info['sFlvAntiCode'])))
+            params = dict(urllib.parse.parse_qsl(unescapeHTML(stream_info['sFlvAntiCode'])))
             fm, ss = '', ''
             if re_secret:
                 fm, ss = self.encrypt(params, stream_info, stream_name)
@@ -127,6 +128,6 @@ class HuyaLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uuid': int_or_none(ct % 1e7 * 1e6 % 0xffffffff),
             't': '100',
         })
-        fm = compat_b64decode(params['fm']).decode().split('_', 1)[0]
+        fm = base64.b64decode(params['fm']).decode().split('_', 1)[0]
         ss = hashlib.md5('|'.join([params['seqid'], params['ctype'], params['t']]))
         return fm, ss
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hypem.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hypem.py
index 54db7b3eb0..204a72e2d6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hypem.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hypem.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class HypemIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'BODYWORK',
             'timestamp': 1371810457,
             'upload_date': '20130621',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ class HypemIE(InfoExtractor):
         title = track['song']
 
         final_url = self._download_json(
-            'http://hypem.com/serve/source/%s/%s' % (track_id, track['key']),
+            'http://hypem.com/serve/source/{}/{}'.format(track_id, track['key']),
             track_id, 'Downloading metadata', headers={
-                'Content-Type': 'application/json'
+                'Content-Type': 'application/json',
             })['url']
 
         return {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hypergryph.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hypergryph.py
index 96e452a512..1fb2e9a982 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hypergryph.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hypergryph.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class MonsterSirenHypergryphMusicIE(InfoExtractor):
             'artists': ['塞壬唱片-MSR'],
             'album': 'Flame Shadow',
             'title': 'Flame Shadow',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -28,5 +28,5 @@ class MonsterSirenHypergryphMusicIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'wav',
             'vcodec': 'none',
             'artists': traverse_obj(json_data, ('player', 'songDetail', 'artists', ...)),
-            'album': traverse_obj(json_data, ('musicPlay', 'albumDetail', 'name'))
+            'album': traverse_obj(json_data, ('musicPlay', 'albumDetail', 'name')),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/hytale.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/hytale.py
index e8cd21a648..6956c4e5d6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/hytale.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/hytale.py
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ class HytaleIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'title': 'Avatar Personalization',
                 'thumbnail': r're:https://videodelivery\.net/\w+/thumbnails/thumbnail\.jpg',
-            }
-        }]
+            },
+        }],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.hytale.com/news/2019/11/hytale-graphics-update',
         'info_dict': {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/icareus.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/icareus.py
index d081cf42e2..3d6e1f94d4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/icareus.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/icareus.py
@@ -65,19 +65,19 @@ class IcareusIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://asahitv.fi/fi/web/asahi/player/vod?assetId=89415818',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://hyvinvointitv.fi/fi/web/hyvinvointitv/player/vod?assetId=89149730',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://inez.fi/fi/web/inez-media/player/vod?assetId=71328822',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.permanto.fi/fi/web/alfatv/player/vod?assetId=135497515',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://videos.minifiddlers.org/web/international-minifiddlers/player/vod?assetId=1982759',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ class IcareusIE(InfoExtractor):
             }
 
         thumbnails = info.get('thumbnails') or [{
-            'url': url_or_none(info.get('thumbnail') or assets.get('thumbnail'))
+            'url': url_or_none(info.get('thumbnail') or assets.get('thumbnail')),
         }]
 
         return merge_dicts({
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ichinanalive.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ichinanalive.py
index c28d09f34a..a37cfe77bd 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ichinanalive.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ichinanalive.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import ExtractorError, str_or_none, traverse_obj, unified_strdate
 
 
@@ -27,21 +26,21 @@ class IchinanaLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return not IchinanaLiveClipIE.suitable(url) and super(IchinanaLiveIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return not IchinanaLiveClipIE.suitable(url) and super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        url = 'https://17.live/live/%s' % video_id
+        url = f'https://17.live/live/{video_id}'
 
         enter = self._download_json(
-            'https://api-dsa.17app.co/api/v1/lives/%s/enter' % video_id, video_id,
+            f'https://api-dsa.17app.co/api/v1/lives/{video_id}/enter', video_id,
             headers={'Referer': url}, fatal=False, expected_status=420,
             data=b'\0')
         if enter and enter.get('message') == 'ended':
             raise ExtractorError('This live has ended.', expected=True)
 
         view_data = self._download_json(
-            'https://api-dsa.17app.co/api/v1/lives/%s' % video_id, video_id,
+            f'https://api-dsa.17app.co/api/v1/lives/{video_id}', video_id,
             headers={'Referer': url})
 
         uploader = traverse_obj(
@@ -52,7 +51,7 @@ class IchinanaLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
             raise ExtractorError('unable to extract live URL information')
         formats = []
         for (name, value) in video_urls[0].items():
-            if not isinstance(value, compat_str):
+            if not isinstance(value, str):
                 continue
             if not value.startswith('http'):
                 continue
@@ -106,10 +105,10 @@ class IchinanaLiveClipIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         uploader_id, video_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
-        url = 'https://17.live/profile/r/%s/clip/%s' % (uploader_id, video_id)
+        url = f'https://17.live/profile/r/{uploader_id}/clip/{video_id}'
 
         view_data = self._download_json(
-            'https://api-dsa.17app.co/api/v1/clips/%s' % video_id, video_id,
+            f'https://api-dsa.17app.co/api/v1/clips/{video_id}', video_id,
             headers={'Referer': url})
 
         uploader = traverse_obj(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ign.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ign.py
index 1c4f105e9b..771c18501c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ign.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ign.py
@@ -2,12 +2,10 @@ import re
 import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_parse_qs
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     determine_ext,
-    error_to_compat_str,
     extract_attributes,
     int_or_none,
     merge_dicts,
@@ -22,7 +20,7 @@ from ..utils import (
 class IGNBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _call_api(self, slug):
         return self._download_json(
-            'http://apis.ign.com/{0}/v3/{0}s/slug/{1}'.format(self._PAGE_TYPE, slug), slug)
+            f'http://apis.ign.com/{self._PAGE_TYPE}/v3/{self._PAGE_TYPE}s/slug/{slug}', slug)
 
     def _checked_call_api(self, slug):
         try:
@@ -106,8 +104,7 @@ class IGNIE(IGNBaseIE):
     _VIDEO_PATH_RE = r'/(?:\d{4}/\d{2}/\d{2}/)?(?P<id>.+?)'
     _PLAYLIST_PATH_RE = r'(?:/?\?(?P<filt>[^&#]+))?'
     _VALID_URL = (
-        r'https?://(?:.+?\.ign|www\.pcmag)\.com/videos(?:%s)'
-        % '|'.join((_VIDEO_PATH_RE + r'(?:[/?&#]|$)', _PLAYLIST_PATH_RE)))
+        r'https?://(?:.+?\.ign|www\.pcmag)\.com/videos(?:{})'.format('|'.join((_VIDEO_PATH_RE + r'(?:[/?&#]|$)', _PLAYLIST_PATH_RE))))
     IE_NAME = 'ign.com'
     _PAGE_TYPE = 'video'
 
@@ -152,10 +149,10 @@ class IGNIE(IGNBaseIE):
         grids = re.findall(
             r'''(?s)<section\b[^>]+\bclass\s*=\s*['"](?:[\w-]+\s+)*?content-feed-grid(?!\B|-)[^>]+>(.+?)</section[^>]*>''',
             webpage)
-        return filter(None,
-                      (urljoin(url, m.group('path')) for m in re.finditer(
-                          r'''<a\b[^>]+\bhref\s*=\s*('|")(?P<path>/videos%s)\1'''
-                          % cls._VIDEO_PATH_RE, grids[0] if grids else '')))
+        return filter(
+            None, (urljoin(url, m.group('path')) for m in re.finditer(
+                rf'''<a\b[^>]+\bhref\s*=\s*('|")(?P<path>/videos{cls._VIDEO_PATH_RE})\1''',
+                grids[0] if grids else '')))
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id, filt = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'filt')
@@ -224,7 +221,7 @@ class IGNVideoIE(IGNBaseIE):
 
         webpage, urlh = self._download_webpage_handle(embed_url, video_id)
         new_url = urlh.url
-        ign_url = compat_parse_qs(
+        ign_url = urllib.parse.parse_qs(
             urllib.parse.urlparse(new_url).query).get('url', [None])[-1]
         if ign_url:
             return self.url_result(ign_url, IGNIE.ie_key())
@@ -328,7 +325,7 @@ class IGNArticleIE(IGNBaseIE):
                         'Content not found: expired?', cause=e.cause,
                         expected=True)
                 elif e.cause.status == 503:
-                    self.report_warning(error_to_compat_str(e.cause))
+                    self.report_warning(str(e.cause))
                     return
             raise
 
@@ -367,7 +364,7 @@ class IGNArticleIE(IGNBaseIE):
                     flashvars = self._search_regex(
                         r'''(<param\b[^>]+\bname\s*=\s*("|')flashvars\2[^>]*>)''',
                         m.group('params'), 'flashvars', default='')
-                    flashvars = compat_parse_qs(extract_attributes(flashvars).get('value') or '')
+                    flashvars = urllib.parse.parse_qs(extract_attributes(flashvars).get('value') or '')
                     v_url = url_or_none((flashvars.get('url') or [None])[-1])
                     if v_url:
                         yield self.url_result(v_url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/iheart.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/iheart.py
index fb6f51e2ca..21870ca044 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/iheart.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/iheart.py
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class IHeartRadioIE(IHeartRadioBaseIE):
             'description': 'md5:96cc7297b3a5a9ebae28643801c96fae',
             'timestamp': 1597741200,
             'upload_date': '20200818',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ilpost.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ilpost.py
index ae98399ee5..2868f0c62c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ilpost.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ilpost.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class IlPostIE(InfoExtractor):
             'availability': 'public',
             'series_id': '235598',
             'description': '',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/iltalehti.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/iltalehti.py
index 0e7e82c9c0..37aa47165e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/iltalehti.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/iltalehti.py
@@ -47,5 +47,5 @@ class IltalehtiIE(InfoExtractor):
             'state', 'articles', ..., 'items', (('main_media', 'properties'), ('body', ..., 'properties'))))
         video_ids = traverse_obj(props, (lambda _, v: v['provider'] == 'jwplayer', 'id'))
         return self.playlist_from_matches(
-            video_ids, article_id, ie='JWPlatform', getter=lambda id: f'jwplatform:{id}',
+            video_ids, article_id, ie='JWPlatform', getter=lambda video_id: f'jwplatform:{video_id}',
             title=traverse_obj(info, ('state', 'articles', ..., 'items', 'canonical_title'), get_all=False))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/imdb.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/imdb.py
index 557a3b7b7b..a786ce32e8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/imdb.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/imdb.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class ImdbIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:87bd0bdc61e351f21f20d2d7441cb4e7',
             'duration': 152,
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.+\.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.imdb.com/video/vi3516832537',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class ImdbIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:17fcc4fe11ec29b4399be9d4c5ef126c',
             'duration': 153,
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.+\.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.imdb.com/video/_/vi2524815897',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class ImdbIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'key': base64.b64encode(json.dumps({
                     'type': 'VIDEO_PLAYER',
                     'subType': 'FORCE_LEGACY',
-                    'id': 'vi%s' % video_id,
+                    'id': f'vi{video_id}',
                 }).encode()).decode(),
             }), lambda x: x[0]['videoLegacyEncodings'])
         quality = qualities(('SD', '480p', '720p', '1080p'))
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ class ImdbListIE(InfoExtractor):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, list_id)
         entries = [
             self.url_result('http://www.imdb.com' + m, 'Imdb')
-            for m in re.findall(r'href="(/list/ls%s/videoplayer/vi[^"]+)"' % list_id, webpage)]
+            for m in re.findall(rf'href="(/list/ls{list_id}/videoplayer/vi[^"]+)"', webpage)]
 
         list_title = self._html_search_regex(
             r'<h1[^>]+class="[^"]*header[^"]*"[^>]*>(.*?)</h1>',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/imggaming.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/imggaming.py
index a40aa21763..3a7b5bd5e2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/imggaming.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/imggaming.py
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class ImgGamingBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                 if not video_id:
                     continue
                 entries.append(self.url_result(
-                    'https://%s/video/%s' % (domain, video_id),
+                    f'https://{domain}/video/{video_id}',
                     self.ie_key(), video_id))
             return self.playlist_result(
                 entries, media_id, playlist.get('title'),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/imgur.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/imgur.py
index f32c116bb1..f0c3419d49 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/imgur.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/imgur.py
@@ -228,21 +228,18 @@ class ImgurGalleryBaseIE(ImgurBaseIE):
 
         if traverse_obj(data, 'is_album'):
 
-            def yield_media_ids():
-                for m_id in traverse_obj(data, (
-                        'media', lambda _, v: v.get('type') == 'video' or v['metadata']['is_animated'],
-                        'id', {lambda x: str_or_none(x) or None})):
-                    yield m_id
+            items = traverse_obj(data, (
+                'media', lambda _, v: v.get('type') == 'video' or v['metadata']['is_animated'],
+                'id', {lambda x: str_or_none(x) or None}))
 
             # if a gallery with exactly one video, apply album metadata to video
-            media_id = (
-                self._GALLERY
-                and traverse_obj(data, ('image_count', {lambda c: c == 1}))
-                and next(yield_media_ids(), None))
+            media_id = None
+            if self._GALLERY and len(items) == 1:
+                media_id = items[0]
 
             if not media_id:
                 result = self.playlist_result(
-                    map(self._imgur_result, yield_media_ids()), gallery_id)
+                    map(self._imgur_result, items), gallery_id)
                 result.update(info)
                 return result
             gallery_id = media_id
@@ -372,13 +369,13 @@ class ImgurAlbumIE(ImgurGalleryBaseIE):
         'url': 'https://imgur.com/a/iX265HX',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'iX265HX',
-            'title': 'enen-no-shouboutai'
+            'title': 'enen-no-shouboutai',
         },
         'playlist_count': 2,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://imgur.com/a/8pih2Ed',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '8pih2Ed'
+            'id': '8pih2Ed',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 1,
     }]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ina.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ina.py
index 857013df3e..ba8220176d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ina.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ina.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class InaIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:19f61e2b4844ed4bb2e3df9ab9f527ff',
             'upload_date': '20070712',
             'thumbnail': 'https://cdn-hub.ina.fr/notice/690x517/3c4/I12055569.jpeg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.ina.fr/video/S806544_001/don-d-organes-des-avancees-mais-d-importants-besoins-video.html',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/inc.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/inc.py
index 9b3fe9ac14..f47b8e1ccf 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/inc.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/inc.py
@@ -54,4 +54,4 @@ class IncIE(InfoExtractor):
             display_id)['vid_kaltura_id']
 
         return self.url_result(
-            'kaltura:%s:%s' % (partner_id, kaltura_id), KalturaIE.ie_key())
+            f'kaltura:{partner_id}:{kaltura_id}', KalturaIE.ie_key())
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/indavideo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/indavideo.py
index 564bf8a024..85e388e0d2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/indavideo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/indavideo.py
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class IndavideoEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             height = int_or_none(self._search_regex(
                 r'\.(\d{3,4})\.mp4(?:\?|$)', video_url, 'height', default=None))
             if not height and len(filesh) == 1:
-                height = int_or_none(list(filesh.keys())[0])
+                height = int_or_none(next(iter(filesh.keys())))
             token = filesh.get(str(height))
             if token is None:
                 continue
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ class IndavideoEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             timestamp = parse_iso8601(timestamp + ' +0200', ' ')
 
         thumbnails = [{
-            'url': self._proto_relative_url(thumbnail)
+            'url': self._proto_relative_url(thumbnail),
         } for thumbnail in video.get('thumbnails', [])]
 
         tags = [tag['title'] for tag in video.get('tags') or []]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/infoq.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/infoq.py
index 2bb48508ca..5274c9339f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/infoq.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/infoq.py
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
+import base64
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .bokecc import BokeCCBaseIE
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_b64decode,
-    compat_urllib_parse_unquote,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     determine_ext,
@@ -59,7 +57,7 @@ class InfoQIE(BokeCCBaseIE):
         encoded_id = self._search_regex(
             r"jsclassref\s*=\s*'([^']*)'", webpage, 'encoded id', default=None)
 
-        real_id = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(compat_b64decode(encoded_id).decode('utf-8'))
+        real_id = urllib.parse.unquote(base64.b64decode(encoded_id).decode('utf-8'))
         playpath = 'mp4:' + real_id
 
         return [{
@@ -98,7 +96,7 @@ class InfoQIE(BokeCCBaseIE):
 
         # base URL is found in the Location header in the response returned by
         # GET https://www.infoq.com/mp3download.action?filename=... when logged in.
-        http_audio_url = compat_urlparse.urljoin('http://ress.infoq.com/downloads/mp3downloads/', http_audio_url)
+        http_audio_url = urllib.parse.urljoin('http://ress.infoq.com/downloads/mp3downloads/', http_audio_url)
         http_audio_url = update_url_query(http_audio_url, self._extract_cf_auth(webpage))
 
         # audio file seem to be missing some times even if there is a download link
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/instagram.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/instagram.py
index 46f9cd681b..c8bf7e9c4a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/instagram.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/instagram.py
@@ -26,9 +26,9 @@ from ..utils import (
 _ENCODING_CHARS = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789-_'
 
 
-def _pk_to_id(id):
+def _pk_to_id(media_id):
     """Source: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/24437823/getting-instagram-post-url-from-media-id"""
-    return encode_base_n(int(id.split('_')[0]), table=_ENCODING_CHARS)
+    return encode_base_n(int(media_id.split('_')[0]), table=_ENCODING_CHARS)
 
 
 def _id_to_pk(shortcode):
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ class InstagramBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'height': self._get_dimension('height', node),
                     'http_headers': {
                         'Referer': 'https://www.instagram.com/',
-                    }
+                    },
                 }
             elif not video_id:
                 continue
@@ -148,25 +148,25 @@ class InstagramBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             return {}
 
         formats = [{
-            'format_id': format.get('id'),
-            'url': format.get('url'),
-            'width': format.get('width'),
-            'height': format.get('height'),
+            'format_id': fmt.get('id'),
+            'url': fmt.get('url'),
+            'width': fmt.get('width'),
+            'height': fmt.get('height'),
             'vcodec': vcodec,
-        } for format in videos_list or []]
+        } for fmt in videos_list or []]
         if dash_manifest_raw:
             formats.extend(self._parse_mpd_formats(self._parse_xml(dash_manifest_raw, media_id), mpd_id='dash'))
 
         thumbnails = [{
             'url': thumbnail.get('url'),
             'width': thumbnail.get('width'),
-            'height': thumbnail.get('height')
+            'height': thumbnail.get('height'),
         } for thumbnail in traverse_obj(product_media, ('image_versions2', 'candidates')) or []]
         return {
             'id': media_id,
             'duration': float_or_none(product_media.get('video_duration')),
             'formats': formats,
-            'thumbnails': thumbnails
+            'thumbnails': thumbnails,
         }
 
     def _extract_product(self, product_info):
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ class InstagramBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             '__post_extractor': self.extract_comments(_pk_to_id(product_info.get('pk'))),
             'http_headers': {
                 'Referer': 'https://www.instagram.com/',
-            }
+            },
         }
         carousel_media = product_info.get('carousel_media')
         if carousel_media:
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ class InstagramBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         return {
             **info_dict,
-            **self._extract_product_media(product_info)
+            **self._extract_product_media(product_info),
         }
 
     def _get_comments(self, video_id):
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ class InstagramIOSIE(InfoExtractor):
             'comment_count': int,
             'comments': list,
         },
-        'add_ie': ['Instagram']
+        'add_ie': ['Instagram'],
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -520,7 +520,7 @@ class InstagramIE(InstagramBaseIE):
         return {
             'id': video_id,
             'formats': formats,
-            'title': media.get('title') or 'Video by %s' % username,
+            'title': media.get('title') or f'Video by {username}',
             'description': description,
             'duration': float_or_none(media.get('video_duration')),
             'timestamp': traverse_obj(media, 'taken_at_timestamp', 'date', expected_type=int_or_none),
@@ -534,7 +534,7 @@ class InstagramIE(InstagramBaseIE):
             'thumbnails': thumbnails,
             'http_headers': {
                 'Referer': 'https://www.instagram.com/',
-            }
+            },
         }
 
 
@@ -567,10 +567,10 @@ class InstagramPlaylistBaseIE(InstagramBaseIE):
                 gis_tmpls = [self._gis_tmpl]
             else:
                 gis_tmpls = [
-                    '%s' % rhx_gis,
+                    f'{rhx_gis}',
                     '',
-                    '%s:%s' % (rhx_gis, csrf_token),
-                    '%s:%s:%s' % (rhx_gis, csrf_token, self.get_param('http_headers')['User-Agent']),
+                    f'{rhx_gis}:{csrf_token}',
+                    '{}:{}:{}'.format(rhx_gis, csrf_token, self.get_param('http_headers')['User-Agent']),
                 ]
 
             # try all of the ways to generate a GIS query, and not only use the
@@ -579,10 +579,10 @@ class InstagramPlaylistBaseIE(InstagramBaseIE):
                 try:
                     json_data = self._download_json(
                         'https://www.instagram.com/graphql/query/', uploader_id,
-                        'Downloading JSON page %d' % page_num, headers={
+                        f'Downloading JSON page {page_num}', headers={
                             'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
                             'X-Instagram-GIS': hashlib.md5(
-                                ('%s:%s' % (gis_tmpl, variables)).encode('utf-8')).hexdigest(),
+                                (f'{gis_tmpl}:{variables}').encode()).hexdigest(),
                         }, query={
                             'query_hash': self._QUERY_HASH,
                             'variables': variables,
@@ -635,10 +635,10 @@ class InstagramUserIE(InstagramPlaylistBaseIE):
             'extract_flat': True,
             'skip_download': True,
             'playlistend': 5,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
-    _QUERY_HASH = '42323d64886122307be10013ad2dcc44',
+    _QUERY_HASH = ('42323d64886122307be10013ad2dcc44',)
 
     @staticmethod
     def _parse_timeline_from(data):
@@ -650,7 +650,7 @@ class InstagramUserIE(InstagramPlaylistBaseIE):
         # returns a dictionary of variables to add to the timeline query based
         # on the GraphQL of the original page
         return {
-            'id': data['entry_data']['ProfilePage'][0]['graphql']['user']['id']
+            'id': data['entry_data']['ProfilePage'][0]['graphql']['user']['id'],
         }
 
 
@@ -669,10 +669,10 @@ class InstagramTagIE(InstagramPlaylistBaseIE):
             'extract_flat': True,
             'skip_download': True,
             'playlistend': 50,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
-    _QUERY_HASH = 'f92f56d47dc7a55b606908374b43a314',
+    _QUERY_HASH = ('f92f56d47dc7a55b606908374b43a314',)
 
     @staticmethod
     def _parse_timeline_from(data):
@@ -685,7 +685,7 @@ class InstagramTagIE(InstagramPlaylistBaseIE):
         # on the GraphQL of the original page
         return {
             'tag_name':
-                data['entry_data']['TagPage'][0]['graphql']['hashtag']['name']
+                data['entry_data']['TagPage'][0]['graphql']['hashtag']['name'],
         }
 
 
@@ -699,7 +699,7 @@ class InstagramStoryIE(InstagramBaseIE):
             'id': '18090946048123978',
             'title': 'Rare',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 50
+        'playlist_mincount': 50,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/internazionale.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/internazionale.py
index 1b1cb574ad..3c3ad7ea30 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/internazionale.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/internazionale.py
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ class InternazionaleIE(InfoExtractor):
             'video available aboard', default='1', group='value')
         video_available_abroad = video_available_abroad == '1'
 
-        video_base = 'https://video%s.internazionale.it/%s/%s.' % \
-            ('' if video_available_abroad else '-ita', video_path, video_id)
+        video_base = 'https://video{}.internazionale.it/{}/{}.'.format(
+            '' if video_available_abroad else '-ita', video_path, video_id)
 
         formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
             video_base + 'm3u8', display_id, 'mp4',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/iprima.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/iprima.py
index d5a3d8095f..ab26dc5efe 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/iprima.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/iprima.py
@@ -200,8 +200,8 @@ class IPrimaCNNIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'md5:277c6b1ed0577e51b40ddd35602ff43e',
         },
         'params': {
-            'skip_download': 'm3u8'
-        }
+            'skip_download': 'm3u8',
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/iqiyi.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/iqiyi.py
index 85ed549deb..735b44637c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/iqiyi.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/iqiyi.py
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@ import hashlib
 import itertools
 import re
 import time
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .openload import PhantomJSwrapper
-from ..compat import compat_str, compat_urllib_parse_unquote, compat_urllib_parse_urlencode
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     clean_html,
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ from ..utils import (
 
 
 def md5_text(text):
-    return hashlib.md5(text.encode('utf-8')).hexdigest()
+    return hashlib.md5(text.encode()).hexdigest()
 
 
 class IqiyiSDK:
@@ -41,17 +41,17 @@ class IqiyiSDK:
 
     @staticmethod
     def split_sum(data):
-        return compat_str(sum(map(lambda p: int(p, 16), list(data))))
+        return str(sum(int(p, 16) for p in data))
 
     @staticmethod
     def digit_sum(num):
         if isinstance(num, int):
-            num = compat_str(num)
-        return compat_str(sum(map(int, num)))
+            num = str(num)
+        return str(sum(map(int, num)))
 
     def even_odd(self):
-        even = self.digit_sum(compat_str(self.timestamp)[::2])
-        odd = self.digit_sum(compat_str(self.timestamp)[1::2])
+        even = self.digit_sum(str(self.timestamp)[::2])
+        odd = self.digit_sum(str(self.timestamp)[1::2])
         return even, odd
 
     def preprocess(self, chunksize):
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class IqiyiSDK:
 
     def mod(self, modulus):
         chunks, ip = self.preprocess(32)
-        self.target = chunks[0] + ''.join(map(lambda p: compat_str(p % modulus), ip))
+        self.target = chunks[0] + ''.join(str(p % modulus) for p in ip)
 
     def split(self, chunksize):
         modulus_map = {
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class IqiyiSDK:
         chunks, ip = self.preprocess(chunksize)
         ret = ''
         for i in range(len(chunks)):
-            ip_part = compat_str(ip[i] % modulus_map[chunksize]) if i < 4 else ''
+            ip_part = str(ip[i] % modulus_map[chunksize]) if i < 4 else ''
             if chunksize == 8:
                 ret += ip_part + chunks[i]
             else:
@@ -104,11 +104,11 @@ class IqiyiSDK:
         self.target = md5_text(self.target)
         d = time.localtime(self.timestamp)
         strings = {
-            'y': compat_str(d.tm_year),
+            'y': str(d.tm_year),
             'm': '%02d' % d.tm_mon,
             'd': '%02d' % d.tm_mday,
         }
-        self.target += ''.join(map(lambda c: strings[c], list(scheme)))
+        self.target += ''.join(strings[c] for c in scheme)
 
     def split_time_even_odd(self):
         even, odd = self.even_odd()
@@ -120,11 +120,11 @@ class IqiyiSDK:
 
     def split_ip_time_sum(self):
         chunks, ip = self.preprocess(32)
-        self.target = compat_str(sum(ip)) + chunks[0] + self.digit_sum(self.timestamp)
+        self.target = str(sum(ip)) + chunks[0] + self.digit_sum(self.timestamp)
 
     def split_time_ip_sum(self):
         chunks, ip = self.preprocess(32)
-        self.target = self.digit_sum(self.timestamp) + chunks[0] + compat_str(sum(ip))
+        self.target = self.digit_sum(self.timestamp) + chunks[0] + str(sum(ip))
 
 
 class IqiyiSDKInterpreter:
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ class IqiyiSDKInterpreter:
             elif function in other_functions:
                 other_functions[function]()
             else:
-                raise ExtractorError('Unknown function %s' % function)
+                raise ExtractorError(f'Unknown function {function}')
 
         return sdk.target
 
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ class IqiyiIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': '9c1fb1b99d192b21c559e5a1a2cb3c73',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': '美国德州空中惊现奇异云团 酷似UFO',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.iqiyi.com/v_19rrhnnclk.html',
         'md5': 'b7dc800a4004b1b57749d9abae0472da',
@@ -249,8 +249,9 @@ class IqiyiIE(InfoExtractor):
             note='Get token for logging', errnote='Unable to get token for logging')
         sdk = data['sdk']
         timestamp = int(time.time())
-        target = '/apis/reglogin/login.action?lang=zh_TW&area_code=null&email=%s&passwd=%s&agenttype=1&from=undefined&keeplogin=0&piccode=&fromurl=&_pos=1' % (
-            username, self._rsa_fun(password.encode('utf-8')))
+        target = (
+            f'/apis/reglogin/login.action?lang=zh_TW&area_code=null&email={username}'
+            f'&passwd={self._rsa_fun(password.encode())}&agenttype=1&from=undefined&keeplogin=0&piccode=&fromurl=&_pos=1')
 
         interp = IqiyiSDKInterpreter(sdk)
         sign = interp.run(target, data['ip'], timestamp)
@@ -264,7 +265,7 @@ class IqiyiIE(InfoExtractor):
             'bird_t': timestamp,
         }
         validation_result = self._download_json(
-            'http://kylin.iqiyi.com/validate?' + compat_urllib_parse_urlencode(validation_params), None,
+            'http://kylin.iqiyi.com/validate?' + urllib.parse.urlencode(validation_params), None,
             note='Validate credentials', errnote='Unable to validate credentials')
 
         MSG_MAP = {
@@ -276,7 +277,7 @@ class IqiyiIE(InfoExtractor):
         if code != 'A00000':
             msg = MSG_MAP.get(code)
             if not msg:
-                msg = 'error %s' % code
+                msg = f'error {code}'
                 if validation_result.get('msg'):
                     msg += ': ' + validation_result['msg']
             self.report_warning('unable to log in: ' + msg)
@@ -288,7 +289,7 @@ class IqiyiIE(InfoExtractor):
         tm = int(time.time() * 1000)
 
         key = 'd5fb4bd9d50c4be6948c97edd7254b0e'
-        sc = md5_text(compat_str(tm) + key + tvid)
+        sc = md5_text(str(tm) + key + tvid)
         params = {
             'tvid': tvid,
             'vid': video_id,
@@ -298,7 +299,7 @@ class IqiyiIE(InfoExtractor):
         }
 
         return self._download_json(
-            'http://cache.m.iqiyi.com/jp/tmts/%s/%s/' % (tvid, video_id),
+            f'http://cache.m.iqiyi.com/jp/tmts/{tvid}/{video_id}/',
             video_id, transform_source=lambda s: remove_start(s, 'var tvInfoJs='),
             query=params, headers=self.geo_verification_headers())
 
@@ -321,10 +322,10 @@ class IqiyiIE(InfoExtractor):
         # Start from 2 because links in the first page are already on webpage
         for page_num in itertools.count(2):
             pagelist_page = self._download_webpage(
-                'http://cache.video.qiyi.com/jp/avlist/%s/%d/%d/' % (album_id, page_num, PAGE_SIZE),
+                f'http://cache.video.qiyi.com/jp/avlist/{album_id}/{page_num}/{PAGE_SIZE}/',
                 album_id,
-                note='Download playlist page %d' % page_num,
-                errnote='Failed to download playlist page %d' % page_num)
+                note=f'Download playlist page {page_num}',
+                errnote=f'Failed to download playlist page {page_num}')
             pagelist = self._parse_json(
                 remove_start(pagelist_page, 'var tvInfoJs='), album_id)
             vlist = pagelist['data']['vlist']
@@ -367,7 +368,7 @@ class IqiyiIE(InfoExtractor):
             for stream in data['vidl']:
                 if 'm3utx' not in stream:
                     continue
-                vd = compat_str(stream['vd'])
+                vd = str(stream['vd'])
                 formats.append({
                     'url': stream['m3utx'],
                     'format_id': vd,
@@ -416,11 +417,11 @@ class IqIE(InfoExtractor):
         'params': {
             'format': '500',
         },
-        'expected_warnings': ['format is restricted']
+        'expected_warnings': ['format is restricted'],
     }, {
         # VIP-restricted video
         'url': 'https://www.iq.com/play/mermaid-in-the-fog-2021-gbdpx13bs4',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
     _BID_TAGS = {
         '100': '240P',
@@ -562,7 +563,7 @@ class IqIE(InfoExtractor):
             return
         self._BID_TAGS = {
             bid: traverse_obj(extracted_bid_tags, (bid, 'value'), expected_type=str, default=self._BID_TAGS.get(bid))
-            for bid in extracted_bid_tags.keys()
+            for bid in extracted_bid_tags
         }
 
     def _get_cookie(self, name, default=None):
@@ -580,7 +581,7 @@ class IqIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         uid = traverse_obj(
             self._parse_json(
-                self._get_cookie('I00002', '{}'), video_id, transform_source=compat_urllib_parse_unquote, fatal=False),
+                self._get_cookie('I00002', '{}'), video_id, transform_source=urllib.parse.unquote, fatal=False),
             ('data', 'uid'), default=0)
 
         if uid:
@@ -590,7 +591,7 @@ class IqIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'platformId': 3,
                     'modeCode': self._get_cookie('mod', 'intl'),
                     'langCode': self._get_cookie('lang', 'en_us'),
-                    'deviceId': self._get_cookie('QC005', '')
+                    'deviceId': self._get_cookie('QC005', ''),
                 }, fatal=False)
             ut_list = traverse_obj(vip_data, ('data', 'all_vip', ..., 'vipType'), expected_type=str_or_none)
         else:
@@ -621,7 +622,7 @@ class IqIE(InfoExtractor):
         preview_time = traverse_obj(
             initial_format_data, ('boss_ts', (None, 'data'), ('previewTime', 'rtime')), expected_type=float_or_none, get_all=False)
         if traverse_obj(initial_format_data, ('boss_ts', 'data', 'prv'), expected_type=int_or_none):
-            self.report_warning('This preview video is limited%s' % format_field(preview_time, None, ' to %s seconds'))
+            self.report_warning('This preview video is limited{}'.format(format_field(preview_time, None, ' to %s seconds')))
 
         # TODO: Extract audio-only formats
         for bid in set(traverse_obj(initial_format_data, ('program', 'video', ..., 'bid'), expected_type=str_or_none)):
@@ -672,7 +673,7 @@ class IqIE(InfoExtractor):
                 f.update({
                     'quality': qualities(list(self._BID_TAGS.keys()))(bid),
                     'format_note': self._BID_TAGS[bid],
-                    **parse_resolution(video_format.get('scrsz'))
+                    **parse_resolution(video_format.get('scrsz')),
                 })
             formats.extend(extracted_formats)
 
@@ -680,7 +681,7 @@ class IqIE(InfoExtractor):
             lang = self._LID_TAGS.get(str_or_none(sub_format.get('lid')), sub_format.get('_name'))
             subtitles.setdefault(lang, []).extend([{
                 'ext': format_ext,
-                'url': urljoin(initial_format_data.get('dstl', 'http://meta.video.iqiyi.com'), sub_format[format_key])
+                'url': urljoin(initial_format_data.get('dstl', 'http://meta.video.iqiyi.com'), sub_format[format_key]),
             } for format_key, format_ext in [('srt', 'srt'), ('webvtt', 'vtt')] if sub_format.get(format_key)])
 
         extra_metadata = page_data.get('albumInfo') if video_info.get('albumId') and page_data.get('albumInfo') else video_info
@@ -709,9 +710,9 @@ class IqAlbumIE(InfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '1bk9icvr331',
             'title': 'One Piece',
-            'description': 'Subtitle available on Sunday 4PM（GMT+8）.'
+            'description': 'Subtitle available on Sunday 4PM（GMT+8）.',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 238
+        'playlist_mincount': 238,
     }, {
         # Movie/single video
         'url': 'https://www.iq.com/album/九龙城寨-2021-22yjnij099k',
@@ -728,7 +729,7 @@ class IqAlbumIE(InfoExtractor):
             'age_limit': 13,
             'average_rating': float,
         },
-        'expected_warnings': ['format is restricted']
+        'expected_warnings': ['format is restricted'],
     }]
 
     def _entries(self, album_id_num, page_ranges, album_id=None, mode_code='intl', lang_code='en_us'):
@@ -741,7 +742,7 @@ class IqAlbumIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'modeCode': mode_code,
                     'langCode': lang_code,
                     'endOrder': page_range['to'],
-                    'startOrder': page_range['from']
+                    'startOrder': page_range['from'],
                 })
             for video in page['data']['epg']:
                 yield self.url_result('https://www.iq.com/play/%s' % (video.get('playLocSuffix') or video['qipuIdStr']),
@@ -754,7 +755,7 @@ class IqAlbumIE(InfoExtractor):
         album_data = next_data['props']['initialState']['album']['videoAlbumInfo']
 
         if album_data.get('videoType') == 'singleVideo':
-            return self.url_result('https://www.iq.com/play/%s' % album_id, IqIE.ie_key())
+            return self.url_result(f'https://www.iq.com/play/{album_id}', IqIE.ie_key())
         return self.playlist_result(
             self._entries(album_data['albumId'], album_data['totalPageRange'], album_id,
                           traverse_obj(next_data, ('props', 'initialProps', 'pageProps', 'modeCode')),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/islamchannel.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/islamchannel.py
index 253a846b7a..f70c3add47 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/islamchannel.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/islamchannel.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class IslamChannelIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:5cc7ddecef064ea7afe52eb5e0e33b55',
             'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/israelnationalnews.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/israelnationalnews.py
index 35040f576a..76e54d9cf9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/israelnationalnews.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/israelnationalnews.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ class IsraelNationalNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/354520',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '354520'
+            'id': '354520',
         },
         'playlist': [{
             'info_dict': {
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ class IsraelNationalNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJdKr0Bgd_5saZYqLCa9mng',
                 'upload_date': '20220606',
                 'uploader': 'The Rubin Report',
-            }
-        }]
+            },
+        }],
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/itprotv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/itprotv.py
index 5d6fbaa017..71001c4692 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/itprotv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/itprotv.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ from ..utils import (
 class ITProTVBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     _ENDPOINTS = {
         'course': 'course?url={}&brand=00002560-0000-3fa9-0000-1d61000035f3',
-        'episode': 'brand/00002560-0000-3fa9-0000-1d61000035f3/episode?url={}'
+        'episode': 'brand/00002560-0000-3fa9-0000-1d61000035f3/episode?url={}',
     }
 
     def _call_api(self, ep, item_id, webpage):
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class ITProTVIE(ITProTVBaseIE):
             'availability': 'needs_auth',
             'chapter': 'ITProTV 101',
             'chapter_number': 1,
-            'chapter_id': '5dbb3de426b46c0010b5d1b6'
+            'chapter_id': '5dbb3de426b46c0010b5d1b6',
         },
     },
         {
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ class ITProTVIE(ITProTVBaseIE):
             'availability': 'needs_auth',
             'chapter': 'Job Development',
             'chapter_number': 2,
-            'chapter_id': '5f7c78d424330c000edf04d9'
+            'chapter_id': '5f7c78d424330c000edf04d9',
         },
     }]
 
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ class ITProTVIE(ITProTVBaseIE):
             'chapter_number': chapter_number,
             'chapter_id': str_or_none(chapter.get('id')),
             'subtitles': {
-                'en': [{'ext': 'vtt', 'data': episode['enCaptionData']}]
+                'en': [{'ext': 'vtt', 'data': episode['enCaptionData']}],
             } if episode.get('enCaptionData') else None,
         }
 
@@ -110,16 +110,16 @@ class ITProTVCourseIE(ITProTVBaseIE):
                 'description': 'md5:b175c2c3061ce35a4dd33865b2c1da4e',
                 'title': 'ITProTV 101',
             },
-            'playlist_count': 6
+            'playlist_count': 6,
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://app.itpro.tv/course/beyond-tech',
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': 'beyond-tech',
                 'description': 'md5:44cd99855e7f81a15ce1269bd0621fed',
-                'title': 'Beyond Tech'
+                'title': 'Beyond Tech',
             },
-            'playlist_count': 15
+            'playlist_count': 15,
         },
     ]
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/itv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/itv.py
index 55c4165215..89e6f189cb 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/itv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/itv.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import json
 
 from .brightcove import BrightcoveNewIE
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     JSON_LD_RE,
     ExtractorError,
@@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ class ITVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'series': 'Plebs',
             'season_number': 1,
             'episode_number': 1,
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://hubimages\.itv\.com/episode/2_1873_0002'
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://hubimages\.itv\.com/episode/2_1873_0002',
         },
         'params': {
             # m3u8 download
@@ -50,7 +49,7 @@ class ITVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'series': 'The Jonathan Ross Show',
             'episode_number': 8,
             'season_number': 17,
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://hubimages\.itv\.com/episode/2_1873_0002'
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://hubimages\.itv\.com/episode/2_1873_0002',
         },
         'params': {
             # m3u8 download
@@ -83,7 +82,7 @@ class ITVIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'user': {
                     'itvUserId': '',
                     'entitlements': [],
-                    'token': ''
+                    'token': '',
                 },
                 'device': {
                     'manufacturer': 'Safari',
@@ -91,20 +90,20 @@ class ITVIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'os': {
                         'name': 'Windows NT',
                         'version': '6.1',
-                        'type': 'desktop'
-                    }
+                        'type': 'desktop',
+                    },
                 },
                 'client': {
                     'version': '4.1',
-                    'id': 'browser'
+                    'id': 'browser',
                 },
                 'variantAvailability': {
                     'featureset': {
                         'min': featureset,
-                        'max': featureset
+                        'max': featureset,
                     },
-                    'platformTag': platform_tag
-                }
+                    'platformTag': platform_tag,
+                },
             }).encode(), headers=headers, fatal=fatal)
 
     def _get_subtitles(self, video_id, variants, ios_playlist_url, headers, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -136,7 +135,7 @@ class ITVIE(InfoExtractor):
         params = extract_attributes(self._search_regex(
             r'(?s)(<[^>]+id="video"[^>]*>)', webpage, 'params'))
         variants = self._parse_json(
-            try_get(params, lambda x: x['data-video-variants'], compat_str) or '{}',
+            try_get(params, lambda x: x['data-video-variants'], str) or '{}',
             video_id, fatal=False)
         # Prefer last matching featureset
         # See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/986
@@ -185,7 +184,7 @@ class ITVIE(InfoExtractor):
                         break
 
         thumbnails = []
-        thumbnail_url = try_get(params, lambda x: x['data-video-posterframe'], compat_str)
+        thumbnail_url = try_get(params, lambda x: x['data-video-posterframe'], str)
         if thumbnail_url:
             thumbnails.extend([{
                 'url': thumbnail_url.format(width=1920, height=1080, quality=100, blur=0, bg='false'),
@@ -193,7 +192,7 @@ class ITVIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'height': 1080,
             }, {
                 'url': urljoin(base_url(thumbnail_url), url_basename(thumbnail_url)),
-                'preference': -2
+                'preference': -2,
             }])
 
         thumbnail_url = self._html_search_meta(['og:image', 'twitter:image'], webpage, default=None)
@@ -210,7 +209,7 @@ class ITVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'subtitles': self.extract_subtitles(video_id, variants, ios_playlist_url, headers),
             'duration': parse_duration(video_data.get('Duration')),
             'description': clean_html(get_element_by_class('episode-info__synopsis', webpage)),
-            'thumbnails': thumbnails
+            'thumbnails': thumbnails,
         }, info)
 
 
@@ -227,9 +226,9 @@ class ITVBTCCIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'https://www.itv.com/news/2021-10-27/i-have-to-protect-the-country-says-rishi-sunak-as-uk-faces-interest-rate-hike',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'i-have-to-protect-the-country-says-rishi-sunak-as-uk-faces-interest-rate-hike',
-            'title': 'md5:6ef054dd9f069330db3dcc66cb772d32'
+            'title': 'md5:6ef054dd9f069330db3dcc66cb772d32',
         },
-        'playlist_count': 4
+        'playlist_count': 4,
     }]
     BRIGHTCOVE_URL_TEMPLATE = 'http://players.brightcove.net/%s/%s_default/index.html?videoId=%s'
 
@@ -254,7 +253,7 @@ class ITVBTCCIE(InfoExtractor):
                     # ITV does not like some GB IP ranges, so here are some
                     # IP blocks it accepts
                     'geo_ip_blocks': [
-                        '193.113.0.0/16', '54.36.162.0/23', '159.65.16.0/21'
+                        '193.113.0.0/16', '54.36.162.0/23', '159.65.16.0/21',
                     ],
                     'referrer': url,
                 }),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ivi.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ivi.py
index fa5ceec95b..57c276a673 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ivi.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ivi.py
@@ -82,10 +82,10 @@ class IviIE(InfoExtractor):
             'params': [
                 video_id, {
                     'site': 's%d',
-                    'referrer': 'http://www.ivi.ru/watch/%s' % video_id,
-                    'contentid': video_id
-                }
-            ]
+                    'referrer': f'http://www.ivi.ru/watch/{video_id}',
+                    'contentid': video_id,
+                },
+            ],
         })
 
         for site in (353, 183):
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ class IviIE(InfoExtractor):
                     self._LIGHT_URL, video_id,
                     'Downloading timestamp JSON', data=json.dumps({
                         'method': 'da.timestamp.get',
-                        'params': []
+                        'params': [],
                     }).encode(), fatal=False) or {}).get('result')
                 if not timestamp:
                     continue
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ class IviIE(InfoExtractor):
         compilation = result.get('compilation')
         episode = title if compilation else None
 
-        title = '%s - %s' % (compilation, title) if compilation is not None else title
+        title = f'{compilation} - {title}' if compilation is not None else title
 
         thumbnails = [{
             'url': preview['url'],
@@ -219,9 +219,9 @@ class IviCompilationIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _extract_entries(self, html, compilation_id):
         return [
             self.url_result(
-                'http://www.ivi.ru/watch/%s/%s' % (compilation_id, serie), IviIE.ie_key())
+                f'http://www.ivi.ru/watch/{compilation_id}/{serie}', IviIE.ie_key())
             for serie in re.findall(
-                r'<a\b[^>]+\bhref=["\']/watch/%s/(\d+)["\']' % compilation_id, html)]
+                rf'<a\b[^>]+\bhref=["\']/watch/{compilation_id}/(\d+)["\']', html)]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
@@ -230,8 +230,8 @@ class IviCompilationIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         if season_id is not None:  # Season link
             season_page = self._download_webpage(
-                url, compilation_id, 'Downloading season %s web page' % season_id)
-            playlist_id = '%s/season%s' % (compilation_id, season_id)
+                url, compilation_id, f'Downloading season {season_id} web page')
+            playlist_id = f'{compilation_id}/season{season_id}'
             playlist_title = self._html_search_meta('title', season_page, 'title')
             entries = self._extract_entries(season_page, compilation_id)
         else:  # Compilation link
@@ -239,15 +239,15 @@ class IviCompilationIE(InfoExtractor):
             playlist_id = compilation_id
             playlist_title = self._html_search_meta('title', compilation_page, 'title')
             seasons = re.findall(
-                r'<a href="/watch/%s/season(\d+)' % compilation_id, compilation_page)
+                rf'<a href="/watch/{compilation_id}/season(\d+)', compilation_page)
             if not seasons:  # No seasons in this compilation
                 entries = self._extract_entries(compilation_page, compilation_id)
             else:
                 entries = []
                 for season_id in seasons:
                     season_page = self._download_webpage(
-                        'http://www.ivi.ru/watch/%s/season%s' % (compilation_id, season_id),
-                        compilation_id, 'Downloading season %s web page' % season_id)
+                        f'http://www.ivi.ru/watch/{compilation_id}/season{season_id}',
+                        compilation_id, f'Downloading season {season_id} web page')
                     entries.extend(self._extract_entries(season_page, compilation_id))
 
         return self.playlist_result(entries, playlist_id, playlist_title)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ivideon.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ivideon.py
index 7d1e554c27..eb860c7a6c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ivideon.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ivideon.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlencode,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import qualities
 
 
@@ -21,7 +19,7 @@ class IvideonIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.ivideon.com/tv/camera/100-c4ee4cb9ede885cf62dfbe93d7b53783/589824/?lang=ru',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -36,8 +34,8 @@ class IvideonIE(InfoExtractor):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
         server_id, camera_id = mobj.group('id'), mobj.group('camera_id')
         camera_name, description = None, None
-        camera_url = compat_urlparse.urljoin(
-            url, '/tv/camera/%s/%s/' % (server_id, camera_id))
+        camera_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(
+            url, f'/tv/camera/{server_id}/{camera_id}/')
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(camera_url, server_id, fatal=False)
         if webpage:
@@ -57,12 +55,12 @@ class IvideonIE(InfoExtractor):
         quality = qualities(self._QUALITIES)
 
         formats = [{
-            'url': 'https://streaming.ivideon.com/flv/live?%s' % compat_urllib_parse_urlencode({
+            'url': 'https://streaming.ivideon.com/flv/live?{}'.format(urllib.parse.urlencode({
                 'server': server_id,
                 'camera': camera_id,
                 'sessionId': 'demo',
                 'q': quality(format_id),
-            }),
+            })),
             'format_id': format_id,
             'ext': 'flv',
             'quality': quality(format_id),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/iwara.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/iwara.py
index a11f3f11d8..df2088f9e7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/iwara.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/iwara.py
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class IwaraBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'https://api.iwara.tv/user/login', None, note='Logging in',
                 headers={'Content-Type': 'application/json'}, data=json.dumps({
                     'email': username,
-                    'password': password
+                    'password': password,
                 }).encode(), expected_status=lambda x: True)
             user_token = traverse_obj(response, ('token', {str}))
             if not user_token:
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class IwaraBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'https://api.iwara.tv/user/token', None, note='Fetching media token',
                 data=b'', headers={
                     'Authorization': f'Bearer {IwaraBaseIE._USERTOKEN}',
-                    'Content-Type': 'application/json'
+                    'Content-Type': 'application/json',
                 })['accessToken']
 
         return {'Authorization': f'Bearer {IwaraBaseIE._MEDIATOKEN}'}
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ class IwaraIE(IwaraBaseIE):
             'uploader': 'Lyu ya',
             'uploader_id': 'user792540',
             'tags': [
-                'uncategorized'
+                'uncategorized',
             ],
             'like_count': int,
             'view_count': int,
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ class IwaraIE(IwaraBaseIE):
             'uploader': 'Fe_Kurosabi',
             'uploader_id': 'fekurosabi',
             'tags': [
-                'pee'
+                'pee',
             ],
             'like_count': int,
             'view_count': int,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ixigua.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ixigua.py
index 1f086d2bdc..2868c2fc7c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ixigua.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ixigua.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class IxiguaIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.+\.(avif|webp)',
             'timestamp': 1629088414,
             'duration': 1030,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _get_json_data(self, webpage, video_id):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/izlesene.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/izlesene.py
index 5cdf8709dc..cf2a269c38 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/izlesene.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/izlesene.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urllib_parse_unquote,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
     float_or_none,
@@ -33,7 +31,7 @@ class IzleseneIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'upload_date': '20140702',
                 'duration': 95.395,
                 'age_limit': 0,
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'http://www.izlesene.com/video/tarkan-dortmund-2006-konseri/17997',
@@ -48,14 +46,14 @@ class IzleseneIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'upload_date': '20061112',
                 'duration': 253.666,
                 'age_limit': 0,
-            }
+            },
         },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
-        webpage = self._download_webpage('http://www.izlesene.com/video/%s' % video_id, video_id)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(f'http://www.izlesene.com/video/{video_id}', video_id)
 
         video = self._parse_json(
             self._search_regex(
@@ -67,14 +65,14 @@ class IzleseneIE(InfoExtractor):
         formats = []
         for stream in video['media']['level']:
             source_url = stream.get('source')
-            if not source_url or not isinstance(source_url, compat_str):
+            if not source_url or not isinstance(source_url, str):
                 continue
             ext = determine_ext(url, 'mp4')
             quality = stream.get('value')
             height = int_or_none(quality)
             formats.append({
-                'format_id': '%sp' % quality if quality else 'sd',
-                'url': compat_urllib_parse_unquote(source_url),
+                'format_id': f'{quality}p' if quality else 'sd',
+                'url': urllib.parse.unquote(source_url),
                 'ext': ext,
                 'height': height,
             })
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/jamendo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/jamendo.py
index 8557a81ad4..16540c4147 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/jamendo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/jamendo.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import hashlib
 import random
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     clean_html,
     int_or_none,
@@ -40,20 +39,20 @@ class JamendoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'like_count': int,
             'average_rating': int,
             'tags': ['piano', 'peaceful', 'newage', 'strings', 'upbeat'],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://licensing.jamendo.com/en/track/1496667/energetic-rock',
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _call_api(self, resource, resource_id, fatal=True):
-        path = '/api/%ss' % resource
-        rand = compat_str(random.random())
+        path = f'/api/{resource}s'
+        rand = str(random.random())
         return self._download_json(
             'https://www.jamendo.com' + path, resource_id, fatal=fatal, query={
                 'id[]': resource_id,
             }, headers={
-                'X-Jam-Call': '$%s*%s~' % (hashlib.sha1((path + rand).encode()).hexdigest(), rand)
+                'X-Jam-Call': f'${hashlib.sha1((path + rand).encode()).hexdigest()}*{rand}~',
             })[0]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -72,12 +71,11 @@ class JamendoIE(InfoExtractor):
         # if artist_name:
         #     title = '%s - %s' % (artist_name, title)
         # album = get_model('album')
-        artist = self._call_api("artist", track.get('artistId'), fatal=False)
-        album = self._call_api("album", track.get('albumId'), fatal=False)
+        artist = self._call_api('artist', track.get('artistId'), fatal=False)
+        album = self._call_api('album', track.get('albumId'), fatal=False)
 
         formats = [{
-            'url': 'https://%s.jamendo.com/?trackid=%s&format=%s&from=app-97dab294'
-                   % (sub_domain, track_id, format_id),
+            'url': f'https://{sub_domain}.jamendo.com/?trackid={track_id}&format={format_id}&from=app-97dab294',
             'format_id': format_id,
             'ext': ext,
             'quality': quality,
@@ -111,7 +109,7 @@ class JamendoIE(InfoExtractor):
             tags.append(tag_name)
 
         stats = track.get('stats') or {}
-        license = track.get('licenseCC') or []
+        video_license = track.get('licenseCC') or []
 
         return {
             'id': track_id,
@@ -124,7 +122,7 @@ class JamendoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'track': track_name,
             'album': album.get('name'),
             'formats': formats,
-            'license': '-'.join(license) if license else None,
+            'license': '-'.join(video_license) if video_license else None,
             'timestamp': int_or_none(track.get('dateCreated')),
             'view_count': int_or_none(stats.get('listenedAll')),
             'like_count': int_or_none(stats.get('favorited')),
@@ -160,7 +158,7 @@ class JamendoAlbumIE(JamendoIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
                 'average_rating': 4,
                 'tags': ['rock', 'drums', 'bass', 'world', 'punk', 'neutral'],
                 'like_count': int,
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'md5': '1f358d7b2f98edfe90fd55dac0799d50',
             'info_dict': {
@@ -179,11 +177,11 @@ class JamendoAlbumIE(JamendoIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
                 'average_rating': 4,
                 'license': 'by',
                 'like_count': int,
-            }
+            },
         }],
         'params': {
-            'playlistend': 2
-        }
+            'playlistend': 2,
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -196,7 +194,7 @@ class JamendoAlbumIE(JamendoIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             track_id = track.get('id')
             if not track_id:
                 continue
-            track_id = compat_str(track_id)
+            track_id = str(track_id)
             entries.append({
                 '_type': 'url_transparent',
                 'url': 'https://www.jamendo.com/track/' + track_id,
@@ -207,4 +205,4 @@ class JamendoAlbumIE(JamendoIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
 
         return self.playlist_result(
             entries, album_id, album_name,
-            clean_html(try_get(album, lambda x: x['description']['en'], compat_str)))
+            clean_html(try_get(album, lambda x: x['description']['en'], str)))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/japandiet.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/japandiet.py
index 19d2b923b5..2ef091aff2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/japandiet.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/japandiet.py
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ def _parse_japanese_duration(text):
     mobj = re.search(r'(?:(\d+)日間?)?(?:(\d+)時間?)?(?:(\d+)分)?(?:(\d+)秒)?', re.sub(r'[\s\u3000]+', '', text or ''))
     if not mobj:
         return
-    days, hours, mins, secs = [int_or_none(x, default=0) for x in mobj.groups()]
+    days, hours, mins, secs = (int_or_none(x, default=0) for x in mobj.groups())
     return secs + mins * 60 + hours * 60 * 60 + days * 24 * 60 * 60
 
 
@@ -142,10 +142,10 @@ class ShugiinItvVodIE(ShugiinItvBaseIE):
             'title': 'ウクライナ大統領国会演説（オンライン）',
             'release_date': '20220323',
             'chapters': 'count:4',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.shugiintv.go.jp/en/index.php?ex=VL&media_type=&deli_id=53846',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ class SangiinIE(InfoExtractor):
             'is_live': True,
         },
         'skip': 'this live is turned into archive after it ends',
-    }, ]
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/jiocinema.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/jiocinema.py
index e7186d75c5..5898e1f497 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/jiocinema.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/jiocinema.py
@@ -157,11 +157,11 @@ class JioCinemaBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'info': {
                         'platform': {'name': 'iPhone OS' if is_iphone else 'Android'},
                         'androidId': self._DEVICE_ID,
-                        'type': 'iOS' if is_iphone else 'Android'
-                    }
+                        'type': 'iOS' if is_iphone else 'Android',
+                    },
                 },
                 **initial_data,
-                'otp': self._get_tfa_info('the one-time password sent to your phone')
+                'otp': self._get_tfa_info('the one-time password sent to your phone'),
             }, 'Submitting OTP')
             if traverse_obj(response, 'code') == 1043:
                 raise ExtractorError('Wrong OTP', expected=True)
@@ -276,12 +276,12 @@ class JioCinemaIE(JioCinemaBaseIE):
                         'aesSupport': 'yes',
                         'fairPlayDrmSupport': 'none',
                         'playreadyDrmSupport': 'none',
-                        'widevineDRMSupport': 'none'
+                        'widevineDRMSupport': 'none',
                     },
                     'frameRateCapability': [{
                         'frameRateSupport': '30fps',
-                        'videoQuality': '1440p'
-                    }]
+                        'videoQuality': '1440p',
+                    }],
                 },
                 'continueWatchingRequired': False,
                 'dolby': False,
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ class JioCinemaIE(JioCinemaBaseIE):
                 'multiAudioRequired': True,
                 'osVersion': '10',
                 'parentalPinValid': True,
-                'x-apisignatures': self._API_SIGNATURES
+                'x-apisignatures': self._API_SIGNATURES,
             })
 
         status_code = traverse_obj(playback, ('code', {int}))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/jiosaavn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/jiosaavn.py
index 35fb3fd6b1..542e41b803 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/jiosaavn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/jiosaavn.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class JioSaavnBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         if invalid_bitrates := set(requested_bitrates) - self._VALID_BITRATES:
             raise ValueError(
                 f'Invalid bitrate(s): {", ".join(invalid_bitrates)}. '
-                + f'Valid bitrates are: {", ".join(sorted(self._VALID_BITRATES, key=int))}')
+                f'Valid bitrates are: {", ".join(sorted(self._VALID_BITRATES, key=int))}')
         return requested_bitrates
 
     def _extract_formats(self, song_data):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/joj.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/joj.py
index ea46042404..0c8e999cdf 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/joj.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/joj.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     format_field,
     int_or_none,
@@ -25,7 +24,7 @@ class JojIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'NOVÉ BÝVANIE',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*?$',
             'duration': 3118,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://media.joj.sk/embed/CSM0Na0l0p1',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -35,7 +34,7 @@ class JojIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Extrémne rodiny 2 - POKRAČOVANIE (2012/04/09 21:30:00)',
             'duration': 3937,
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*?$',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://media.joj.sk/embed/9i1cxv',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -51,7 +50,7 @@ class JojIE(InfoExtractor):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            'https://media.joj.sk/embed/%s' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'https://media.joj.sk/embed/{video_id}', video_id)
 
         title = (self._search_json(r'videoTitle\s*:', webpage, 'title', video_id,
                                    contains_pattern=r'["\'].+["\']', default=None)
@@ -66,7 +65,7 @@ class JojIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         formats = []
         for format_url in try_get(bitrates, lambda x: x['mp4'], list) or []:
-            if isinstance(format_url, compat_str):
+            if isinstance(format_url, str):
                 height = self._search_regex(
                     r'(\d+)[pP]|(pal)\.', format_url, 'height', default=None)
                 if height == 'pal':
@@ -78,7 +77,7 @@ class JojIE(InfoExtractor):
                 })
         if not formats:
             playlist = self._download_xml(
-                'https://media.joj.sk/services/Video.php?clip=%s' % video_id,
+                f'https://media.joj.sk/services/Video.php?clip={video_id}',
                 video_id)
             for file_el in playlist.findall('./files/file'):
                 path = file_el.get('path')
@@ -86,8 +85,8 @@ class JojIE(InfoExtractor):
                     continue
                 format_id = file_el.get('id') or file_el.get('label')
                 formats.append({
-                    'url': 'http://n16.joj.sk/storage/%s' % path.replace(
-                        'dat/', '', 1),
+                    'url': 'http://n16.joj.sk/storage/{}'.format(path.replace(
+                        'dat/', '', 1)),
                     'format_id': format_id,
                     'height': int_or_none(self._search_regex(
                         r'(\d+)[pP]', format_id or path, 'height',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/jove.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/jove.py
index 8069fea4c9..6b37ccfdcc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/jove.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/jove.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class JoveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'description': 'md5:015dd4509649c0908bc27f049e0262c6',
                 'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.png$',
                 'upload_date': '20110523',
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'http://www.jove.com/video/51796/culturing-caenorhabditis-elegans-axenic-liquid-media-creation',
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class JoveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'description': 'md5:35ff029261900583970c4023b70f1dc9',
                 'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.png$',
                 'upload_date': '20140802',
-            }
+            },
         },
 
     ]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/jwplatform.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/jwplatform.py
index bc47aa6d3f..7d5a931b5f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/jwplatform.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/jwplatform.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class JWPlatformIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1227796140,
             'duration': 32.0,
             'thumbnail': 'https://cdn.jwplayer.com/v2/media/nPripu9l/poster.jpg?width=720',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://cdn.jwplayer.com/players/nPripu9l-ALJ3XQCI.js',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ class JWPlatformIE(InfoExtractor):
             # <input value=URL> is used by hyland.com
             # if we find <iframe>, dont look for <input>
             ret = re.findall(
-                r'<%s[^>]+?%s=\\?["\']?((?:https?:)?//(?:content\.jwplatform|cdn\.jwplayer)\.com/players/[a-zA-Z0-9]{8})' % (tag, key),
+                rf'<{tag}[^>]+?{key}=\\?["\']?((?:https?:)?//(?:content\.jwplatform|cdn\.jwplayer)\.com/players/[a-zA-Z0-9]{{8}})',
                 webpage)
             if ret:
                 return ret
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/kakao.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/kakao.py
index 563aa2d729..6f3459db82 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/kakao.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/kakao.py
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class KakaoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'view_count': int,
             'duration': 1503,
             'comment_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://tv.kakao.com/channel/2653210/cliplink/300103180',
         'md5': 'a8917742069a4dd442516b86e7d66529',
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class KakaoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'view_count': int,
             'duration': 184,
             'comment_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # geo restricted
         'url': 'https://tv.kakao.com/channel/3643855/cliplink/412069491',
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class KakaoIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'description', 'channelId', 'createTime', 'duration', 'playCount',
                 'likeCount', 'commentCount', 'tagList', 'channel', 'name',
                 'clipChapterThumbnailList', 'thumbnailUrl', 'timeInSec', 'isDefault',
-                'videoOutputList', 'width', 'height', 'kbps', 'profile', 'label'])
+                'videoOutputList', 'width', 'height', 'kbps', 'profile', 'label']),
         }
 
         api_json = self._download_json(
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ class KakaoIE(InfoExtractor):
             try:
                 fmt_url_json = self._download_json(
                     cdn_api_base, video_id, query=query,
-                    note='Downloading video URL for profile %s' % profile_name)
+                    note=f'Downloading video URL for profile {profile_name}')
             except ExtractorError as e:
                 if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 403:
                     resp = self._parse_json(e.cause.response.read().decode(), video_id)
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ class KakaoIE(InfoExtractor):
             thumbs.append({
                 'url': thumb.get('thumbnailUrl'),
                 'id': str(thumb.get('timeInSec')),
-                'preference': -1 if thumb.get('isDefault') else 0
+                'preference': -1 if thumb.get('isDefault') else 0,
             })
         top_thumbnail = clip.get('thumbnailUrl')
         if top_thumbnail:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/kaltura.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/kaltura.py
index 4752d5a558..e5737b1e9e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/kaltura.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/kaltura.py
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 import base64
+import contextlib
 import json
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_parse_qs,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     clean_html,
@@ -57,7 +55,7 @@ class KalturaIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'thumbnail': 're:^https?://.*/thumbnail/.*',
                 'timestamp': int,
             },
-            'skip': 'The access to this service is forbidden since the specified partner is blocked'
+            'skip': 'The access to this service is forbidden since the specified partner is blocked',
         },
         {
             'url': 'http://www.kaltura.com/index.php/kwidget/cache_st/1300318621/wid/_269692/uiconf_id/3873291/entry_id/1_1jc2y3e4',
@@ -124,14 +122,14 @@ class KalturaIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'view_count': int,
                 'upload_date': '20140815',
                 'thumbnail': 'http://cfvod.kaltura.com/p/691292/sp/69129200/thumbnail/entry_id/0_c076mna6/version/100022',
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             # html5lib playlist URL using kwidget player
             'url': 'https://cdnapisec.kaltura.com/html5/html5lib/v2.89/mwEmbedFrame.php/p/2019031/uiconf_id/40436601?wid=1_4j3m32cv&iframeembed=true&playerId=kaltura_player_&flashvars[playlistAPI.kpl0Id]=1_jovey5nu&flashvars[ks]=&&flashvars[imageDefaultDuration]=30&flashvars[localizationCode]=en&flashvars[leadWithHTML5]=true&flashvars[forceMobileHTML5]=true&flashvars[nextPrevBtn.plugin]=true&flashvars[hotspots.plugin]=true&flashvars[sideBarContainer.plugin]=true&flashvars[sideBarContainer.position]=left&flashvars[sideBarContainer.clickToClose]=true&flashvars[chapters.plugin]=true&flashvars[chapters.layout]=vertical&flashvars[chapters.thumbnailRotator]=false&flashvars[streamSelector.plugin]=true&flashvars[EmbedPlayer.SpinnerTarget]=videoHolder&flashvars[dualScreen.plugin]=true&flashvars[playlistAPI.playlistUrl]=https://canvasgatechtest.kaf.kaltura.com/playlist/details/{playlistAPI.kpl0Id}/categoryid/126428551',
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '1_jovey5nu',
-                'title': '00-00 Introduction'
+                'title': '00-00 Introduction',
             },
             'playlist': [
                 {
@@ -145,7 +143,7 @@ class KalturaIE(InfoExtractor):
                         'timestamp': 1533154447,
                         'upload_date': '20180801',
                         'uploader_id': 'djoyner3',
-                    }
+                    },
                 }, {
                     'info_dict': {
                         'id': '1_jfb7mdpn',
@@ -157,7 +155,7 @@ class KalturaIE(InfoExtractor):
                         'timestamp': 1533154489,
                         'upload_date': '20180801',
                         'uploader_id': 'djoyner3',
-                    }
+                    },
                 }, {
                     'info_dict': {
                         'id': '1_8xflxdp7',
@@ -169,7 +167,7 @@ class KalturaIE(InfoExtractor):
                         'timestamp': 1533154512,
                         'upload_date': '20180801',
                         'uploader_id': 'djoyner3',
-                    }
+                    },
                 }, {
                     'info_dict': {
                         'id': '1_3hqew8kn',
@@ -181,10 +179,10 @@ class KalturaIE(InfoExtractor):
                         'timestamp': 1533154536,
                         'upload_date': '20180801',
                         'uploader_id': 'djoyner3',
-                    }
-                }
-            ]
-        }
+                    },
+                },
+            ],
+        },
     ]
 
     @classmethod
@@ -192,14 +190,14 @@ class KalturaIE(InfoExtractor):
         # Embed codes: https://knowledge.kaltura.com/embedding-kaltura-media-players-your-site
         finditer = (
             list(re.finditer(
-                r"""(?xs)
+                r'''(?xs)
                     kWidget\.(?:thumb)?[Ee]mbed\(
                     \{.*?
                         (?P<q1>['"])wid(?P=q1)\s*:\s*
                         (?P<q2>['"])_?(?P<partner_id>(?:(?!(?P=q2)).)+)(?P=q2),.*?
                         (?P<q3>['"])entry_?[Ii]d(?P=q3)\s*:\s*
                         (?P<q4>['"])(?P<id>(?:(?!(?P=q4)).)+)(?P=q4)(?:,|\s*\})
-                """, webpage))
+                ''', webpage))
             or list(re.finditer(
                 r'''(?xs)
                     (?P<q1>["'])
@@ -230,34 +228,34 @@ class KalturaIE(InfoExtractor):
             for k, v in embed_info.items():
                 if v:
                     embed_info[k] = v.strip()
-            embed_url = 'kaltura:%(partner_id)s:%(id)s' % embed_info
+            embed_url = 'kaltura:{partner_id}:{id}'.format(**embed_info)
             escaped_pid = re.escape(embed_info['partner_id'])
             service_mobj = re.search(
-                r'<script[^>]+src=(["\'])(?P<id>(?:https?:)?//(?:(?!\1).)+)/p/%s/sp/%s00/embedIframeJs' % (escaped_pid, escaped_pid),
+                rf'<script[^>]+src=(["\'])(?P<id>(?:https?:)?//(?:(?!\1).)+)/p/{escaped_pid}/sp/{escaped_pid}00/embedIframeJs',
                 webpage)
             if service_mobj:
                 embed_url = smuggle_url(embed_url, {'service_url': service_mobj.group('id')})
             urls.append(embed_url)
         return urls
 
-    def _kaltura_api_call(self, video_id, actions, service_url=None, *args, **kwargs):
+    def _kaltura_api_call(self, video_id, actions, service_url=None, **kwargs):
         params = actions[0]
-        params.update({i: a for i, a in enumerate(actions[1:], start=1)})
+        params.update(dict(enumerate(actions[1:], start=1)))
 
         data = self._download_json(
             (service_url or self._SERVICE_URL) + self._SERVICE_BASE,
-            video_id, data=json.dumps(params).encode('utf-8'),
+            video_id, data=json.dumps(params).encode(),
             headers={
                 'Content-Type': 'application/json',
                 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate, br',
-            }, *args, **kwargs)
+            }, **kwargs)
 
         for idx, status in enumerate(data):
             if not isinstance(status, dict):
                 continue
             if status.get('objectType') == 'KalturaAPIException':
                 raise ExtractorError(
-                    '%s said: %s (%d)' % (self.IE_NAME, status['message'], idx))
+                    '{} said: {} ({})'.format(self.IE_NAME, status['message'], idx))
 
         data[1] = traverse_obj(data, (1, 'objects', 0))
 
@@ -342,7 +340,7 @@ class KalturaIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'apiVersion': '3.1',
                 'clientTag': 'kwidget:v2.89',
                 'ignoreNull': 1,
-                'ks': '{1:result:ks}'
+                'ks': '{1:result:ks}',
             },
             # info
             {
@@ -397,10 +395,10 @@ class KalturaIE(InfoExtractor):
                 raise ExtractorError('Invalid URL', expected=True)
             params = {}
             if query:
-                params = compat_parse_qs(query)
+                params = urllib.parse.parse_qs(query)
             if path:
                 splitted_path = path.split('/')
-                params.update(dict((zip(splitted_path[::2], [[v] for v in splitted_path[1::2]]))))
+                params.update(dict(zip(splitted_path[::2], [[v] for v in splitted_path[1::2]])))
             if 'wid' in params:
                 partner_id = remove_start(params['wid'][0], '_')
             elif 'p' in params:
@@ -423,14 +421,11 @@ class KalturaIE(InfoExtractor):
                 # Unfortunately, data returned in kalturaIframePackageData lacks
                 # captions so we will try requesting the complete data using
                 # regular approach since we now know the entry_id
-                try:
+                # Even if this fails we already have everything extracted
+                # apart from captions and can process at least with this
+                with contextlib.suppress(ExtractorError):
                     _, info, flavor_assets, captions = self._get_video_info(
                         entry_id, partner_id, player_type=player_type)
-                except ExtractorError:
-                    # Regular scenario failed but we already have everything
-                    # extracted apart from captions and can process at least
-                    # with this
-                    pass
             elif 'uiconf_id' in params and 'flashvars[playlistAPI.kpl0Id]' in params:
                 playlist_id = params['flashvars[playlistAPI.kpl0Id]'][0]
                 webpage = self._download_webpage(url, playlist_id)
@@ -451,16 +446,16 @@ class KalturaIE(InfoExtractor):
         source_url = smuggled_data.get('source_url')
         if source_url:
             referrer = base64.b64encode(
-                '://'.join(compat_urlparse.urlparse(source_url)[:2])
-                .encode('utf-8')).decode('utf-8')
+                '://'.join(urllib.parse.urlparse(source_url)[:2])
+                .encode()).decode('utf-8')
         else:
             referrer = None
 
         def sign_url(unsigned_url):
             if ks:
-                unsigned_url += '/ks/%s' % ks
+                unsigned_url += f'/ks/{ks}'
             if referrer:
-                unsigned_url += '?referrer=%s' % referrer
+                unsigned_url += f'?referrer={referrer}'
             return unsigned_url
 
         data_url = info['dataUrl']
@@ -487,8 +482,8 @@ class KalturaIE(InfoExtractor):
                 else:
                     f['fileExt'] = 'mp4'
             video_url = sign_url(
-                '%s/flavorId/%s' % (data_url, f['id']))
-            format_id = '%(fileExt)s-%(bitrate)s' % f
+                '{}/flavorId/{}'.format(data_url, f['id']))
+            format_id = '{fileExt}-{bitrate}'.format(**f)
             # Source format may not be available (e.g. kaltura:513551:1_66x4rg7o)
             if f.get('isOriginal') is True and not self._is_valid_url(
                     video_url, entry_id, format_id):
@@ -527,7 +522,7 @@ class KalturaIE(InfoExtractor):
                     continue
                 caption_format = int_or_none(caption.get('format'))
                 subtitles.setdefault(caption.get('languageCode') or caption.get('language'), []).append({
-                    'url': '%s/api_v3/service/caption_captionasset/action/serve/captionAssetId/%s' % (self._SERVICE_URL, caption['id']),
+                    'url': '{}/api_v3/service/caption_captionasset/action/serve/captionAssetId/{}'.format(self._SERVICE_URL, caption['id']),
                     'ext': caption.get('fileExt') or self._CAPTION_TYPES.get(caption_format) or 'ttml',
                 })
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/kankanews.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/kankanews.py
index 3d74c745c4..a39ff78ce6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/kankanews.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/kankanews.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class KankaNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': '视频｜第23个中国记者节，我们在进博切蛋糕',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg*',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/karaoketv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/karaoketv.py
index 381dc00ad7..8168b1a492 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/karaoketv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/karaoketv.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ class KaraoketvIE(InfoExtractor):
         'params': {
             # rtmp download
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class KaraoketvIE(InfoExtractor):
             servers = ('wowzail.video-cdn.com:80/vodcdn', )
 
         formats = [{
-            'url': 'rtmp://%s' % server if not server.startswith('rtmp') else server,
+            'url': f'rtmp://{server}' if not server.startswith('rtmp') else server,
             'play_path': play_path,
             'app': 'vodcdn',
             'page_url': video_cdn_url,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/kelbyone.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/kelbyone.py
index bba527e292..0ac0c5eabc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/kelbyone.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/kelbyone.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class KelbyOneIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'duration': 90,
                 'upload_date': '20201001',
             },
-        }]
+        }],
     }]
 
     def _entries(self, playlist):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/kicker.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/kicker.py
index a2c7dd4e83..4ab6751788 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/kicker.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/kicker.py
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ class KickerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'age_limit': 0,
             'thumbnail': r're:https://s\d+\.dmcdn\.net/v/T-x741YeYAx8aSZ0Z/x1080',
             'tags': ['published', 'category.InternationalSoccer'],
-            'upload_date': '20220608'
-        }
+            'upload_date': '20220608',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.kicker.de/ex-unioner-in-der-bezirksliga-felix-kroos-vereinschallenge-in-pankow-902825/video',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class KickerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'kicker.de',
             'description': 'md5:0c2060c899a91c8bf40f578f78c5846f',
             'like_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/kinja.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/kinja.py
index f4e5c4c479..99c8a12247 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/kinja.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/kinja.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urllib_parse_unquote,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     parse_iso8601,
@@ -32,7 +30,7 @@ class KinjaEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             ajax/inset|
             embed/video
         )/iframe\?.*?\bid='''
-    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)https?://%s%s
+    _VALID_URL = rf'''(?x)https?://{_DOMAIN_REGEX}{_COMMON_REGEX}
         (?P<type>
             fb|
             imgur|
@@ -49,7 +47,7 @@ class KinjaEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             vimeo|
             vine|
             youtube-(?:list|video)
-        )-(?P<id>[^&]+)''' % (_DOMAIN_REGEX, _COMMON_REGEX)
+        )-(?P<id>[^&]+)'''
     _EMBED_REGEX = [rf'(?x)<iframe[^>]+?src=(?P<q>["\'])(?P<url>(?:(?:https?:)?//{_DOMAIN_REGEX})?{_COMMON_REGEX}(?:(?!\1).)+)\1']
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://kinja.com/ajax/inset/iframe?id=fb-10103303356633621',
@@ -116,7 +114,7 @@ class KinjaEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         provider = self._PROVIDER_MAP.get(video_type)
         if provider:
-            video_id = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(video_id)
+            video_id = urllib.parse.unquote(video_id)
             if video_type == 'tumblr-post':
                 video_id, blog = video_id.split('-', 1)
                 result_url = provider[0] % (blog, video_id)
@@ -145,7 +143,7 @@ class KinjaEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             poster = data.get('poster') or {}
             poster_id = poster.get('id')
             if poster_id:
-                thumbnail = 'https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/%s.%s' % (poster_id, poster.get('format') or 'jpg')
+                thumbnail = 'https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/{}.{}'.format(poster_id, poster.get('format') or 'jpg')
 
             return {
                 'id': video_id,
@@ -190,10 +188,10 @@ class KinjaEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             return {
                 'id': video_id,
                 'title': title,
-                'thumbnail': try_get(iptc, lambda x: x['cloudinaryLink']['link'], compat_str),
+                'thumbnail': try_get(iptc, lambda x: x['cloudinaryLink']['link'], str),
                 'uploader': fmg.get('network'),
                 'duration': int_or_none(iptc.get('fileDuration')),
                 'formats': formats,
-                'description': try_get(iptc, lambda x: x['description']['en'], compat_str),
+                'description': try_get(iptc, lambda x: x['description']['en'], str),
                 'timestamp': parse_iso8601(iptc.get('dateReleased')),
             }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/kommunetv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/kommunetv.py
index 432816cd80..5ec33a9ff3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/kommunetv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/kommunetv.py
@@ -10,16 +10,16 @@ class KommunetvIE(InfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '921',
             'title': 'Bystyremøte',
-            'ext': 'mp4'
-        }
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         headers = {
-            'Accept': 'application/json'
+            'Accept': 'application/json',
         }
-        data = self._download_json('https://oslo.kommunetv.no/api/streams?streamType=1&id=%s' % video_id, video_id, headers=headers)
+        data = self._download_json(f'https://oslo.kommunetv.no/api/streams?streamType=1&id={video_id}', video_id, headers=headers)
         title = data['stream']['title']
         file = data['playlist'][0]['playlist'][0]['file']
         url = update_url(file, query=None, fragment=None)
@@ -27,5 +27,5 @@ class KommunetvIE(InfoExtractor):
         return {
             'id': video_id,
             'formats': formats,
-            'title': title
+            'title': title,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/kompas.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/kompas.py
index 8bad961906..2ef076c1ef 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/kompas.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/kompas.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class KompasVideoIE(JixieBaseIE):
             'categories': ['news'],
             'thumbnail': 'https://video.jixie.media/1001/164474/164474_1280x720.jpg',
             'tags': 'count:9',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/koo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/koo.py
index c78a7b9ca2..6ec5b59f9a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/koo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/koo.py
@@ -19,9 +19,9 @@ class KooIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': 'ytdlpTestAccount',
             'uploader': 'yt-dlpTestAccount',
             'duration': 7000,
-            'upload_date': '20210921'
+            'upload_date': '20210921',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {  # Test for koo with long title
         'url': 'https://www.kooapp.com/koo/laxman_kumarDBFEC/33decbf7-5e1e-4bb8-bfd7-04744a064361',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -33,9 +33,9 @@ class KooIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': 'laxman_kumarDBFEC',
             'uploader': 'Laxman Kumar 🇮🇳',
             'duration': 46000,
-            'upload_date': '20210920'
+            'upload_date': '20210920',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {  # Test for audio
         'url': 'https://www.kooapp.com/koo/ytdlpTestAccount/a2a9c88e-ce4b-4d2d-952f-d06361c5b602',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -47,9 +47,9 @@ class KooIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': 'ytdlpTestAccount',
             'uploader': 'yt-dlpTestAccount',
             'duration': 214000,
-            'upload_date': '20210921'
+            'upload_date': '20210921',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {  # Test for video
         'url': 'https://www.kooapp.com/koo/ytdlpTestAccount/a3e56c53-c1ed-4ac9-ac02-ed1630e6b1d1',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -61,9 +61,9 @@ class KooIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': 'ytdlpTestAccount',
             'uploader': 'yt-dlpTestAccount',
             'duration': 14000,
-            'upload_date': '20210921'
+            'upload_date': '20210921',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {  # Test for link
         'url': 'https://www.kooapp.com/koo/ytdlpTestAccount/01bf5b94-81a5-4d8e-a387-5f732022e15a',
         'skip': 'No video/audio found at the provided url.',
@@ -83,10 +83,11 @@ class KooIE(InfoExtractor):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        data_json = self._download_json(f'https://www.kooapp.com/apiV1/ku/{id}?limit=20&offset=0&showSimilarKoos=true', id)['parentContent']
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        data_json = self._download_json(
+            f'https://www.kooapp.com/apiV1/ku/{video_id}?limit=20&offset=0&showSimilarKoos=true', video_id)['parentContent']
         item_json = next(content['items'][0] for content in data_json
-                         if try_get(content, lambda x: x['items'][0]['id']) == id)
+                         if try_get(content, lambda x: x['items'][0]['id']) == video_id)
         media_json = item_json['mediaMap']
         formats = []
 
@@ -98,12 +99,12 @@ class KooIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'ext': 'mp4',
             })
         if video_m3u8_url:
-            formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(video_m3u8_url, id, fatal=False, ext='mp4'))
+            formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(video_m3u8_url, video_id, fatal=False, ext='mp4'))
         if not formats:
             self.raise_no_formats('No video/audio found at the provided url.', expected=True)
 
         return {
-            'id': id,
+            'id': video_id,
             'title': clean_html(item_json.get('title')),
             'description': f'{clean_html(item_json.get("title"))}\n\n{clean_html(item_json.get("enTransliteration"))}',
             'timestamp': item_json.get('createdAt'),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/kth.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/kth.py
index e17c6db912..76899fdb8c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/kth.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/kth.py
@@ -16,13 +16,12 @@ class KTHIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1647345358,
             'upload_date': '20220315',
             'uploader_id': 'md5:0ec23e33a89e795a4512930c8102509f',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        result = self.url_result(
-            smuggle_url('kaltura:308:%s' % video_id, {
+        return self.url_result(
+            smuggle_url(f'kaltura:308:{video_id}', {
                 'service_url': 'https://api.kaltura.nordu.net'}),
             'Kaltura')
-        return result
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ku6.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ku6.py
index 31b4ea0c60..00e814cc01 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ku6.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ku6.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ class Ku6IE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': 'JG-8yS14xzBr4bCn1pu0xw',
             'ext': 'f4v',
             'title': 'techniques test',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -19,12 +19,12 @@ class Ku6IE(InfoExtractor):
 
         title = self._html_search_regex(
             r'<h1 title=.*>(.*?)</h1>', webpage, 'title')
-        dataUrl = 'http://v.ku6.com/fetchVideo4Player/%s.html' % video_id
-        jsonData = self._download_json(dataUrl, video_id)
-        downloadUrl = jsonData['data']['f']
+        data_url = f'http://v.ku6.com/fetchVideo4Player/{video_id}.html'
+        json_data = self._download_json(data_url, video_id)
+        download_url = json_data['data']['f']
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
             'title': title,
-            'url': downloadUrl
+            'url': download_url,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/kuwo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/kuwo.py
index b77667160c..80b6b55f1a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/kuwo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/kuwo.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urlparse
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     InAdvancePagedList,
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class KuwoBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         {'format': 'mp3-192', 'ext': 'mp3', 'br': '192kmp3', 'abr': 192, 'preference': 70},
         {'format': 'mp3-128', 'ext': 'mp3', 'br': '128kmp3', 'abr': 128, 'preference': 60},
         {'format': 'wma', 'ext': 'wma', 'preference': 20},
-        {'format': 'aac', 'ext': 'aac', 'abr': 48, 'preference': 10}
+        {'format': 'aac', 'ext': 'aac', 'abr': 48, 'preference': 10},
     ]
 
     def _get_formats(self, song_id, tolerate_ip_deny=False):
@@ -27,21 +27,21 @@ class KuwoBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             query = {
                 'format': file_format['ext'],
                 'br': file_format.get('br', ''),
-                'rid': 'MUSIC_%s' % song_id,
+                'rid': f'MUSIC_{song_id}',
                 'type': 'convert_url',
-                'response': 'url'
+                'response': 'url',
             }
 
             song_url = self._download_webpage(
                 'http://antiserver.kuwo.cn/anti.s',
-                song_id, note='Download %s url info' % file_format['format'],
+                song_id, note='Download {} url info'.format(file_format['format']),
                 query=query, headers=self.geo_verification_headers(),
             )
 
             if song_url == 'IPDeny' and not tolerate_ip_deny:
                 raise ExtractorError('This song is blocked in this region', expected=True)
 
-            if song_url.startswith('http://') or song_url.startswith('https://'):
+            if song_url.startswith(('http://', 'https://')):
                 formats.append({
                     'url': song_url,
                     'format_id': file_format['format'],
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ class KuwoIE(KuwoBaseIE):
             'title': '爱我别走',
             'creator': '张震岳',
             'upload_date': '20080122',
-            'description': 'md5:ed13f58e3c3bf3f7fd9fbc4e5a7aa75c'
+            'description': 'md5:ed13f58e3c3bf3f7fd9fbc4e5a7aa75c',
         },
         'skip': 'this song has been offline because of copyright issues',
     }, {
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ class KuwoIE(KuwoBaseIE):
         publish_time = None
         if album_id is not None:
             album_info_page = self._download_webpage(
-                'http://www.kuwo.cn/album/%s/' % album_id, song_id,
+                f'http://www.kuwo.cn/album/{album_id}/', song_id,
                 note='Download album detail info',
                 errnote='Unable to get album detail info')
 
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ class KuwoAlbumIE(InfoExtractor):
             'album name')
         album_intro = remove_start(
             clean_html(get_element_by_id('intro', webpage)),
-            '%s简介：' % album_name)
+            f'{album_name}简介：')
 
         entries = [
             self.url_result(song_url, 'Kuwo') for song_url in re.findall(
@@ -238,12 +238,12 @@ class KuwoSingerIE(InfoExtractor):
         def page_func(page_num):
             webpage = self._download_webpage(
                 'http://www.kuwo.cn/artist/contentMusicsAjax',
-                singer_id, note='Download song list page #%d' % (page_num + 1),
-                errnote='Unable to get song list page #%d' % (page_num + 1),
+                singer_id, note=f'Download song list page #{page_num + 1}',
+                errnote=f'Unable to get song list page #{page_num + 1}',
                 query={'artistId': artist_id, 'pn': page_num, 'rn': self.PAGE_SIZE})
 
             return [
-                self.url_result(compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, song_url), 'Kuwo')
+                self.url_result(urllib.parse.urljoin(url, song_url), 'Kuwo')
                 for song_url in re.findall(
                     r'<div[^>]+class="name"><a[^>]+href="(/yinyue/\d+)',
                     webpage)
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ class KuwoCategoryIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         category_desc = remove_start(
             get_element_by_id('intro', webpage).strip(),
-            '%s简介：' % category_name)
+            f'{category_name}简介：')
         if category_desc == '暂无':
             category_desc = None
 
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ class KuwoCategoryIE(InfoExtractor):
             r'var\s+jsonm\s*=\s*([^;]+);', webpage, 'category songs'), category_id)
 
         entries = [
-            self.url_result('http://www.kuwo.cn/yinyue/%s/' % song['musicrid'], 'Kuwo')
+            self.url_result('http://www.kuwo.cn/yinyue/{}/'.format(song['musicrid']), 'Kuwo')
             for song in jsonm['musiclist']
         ]
         return self.playlist_result(entries, category_id, category_name, category_desc)
@@ -314,16 +314,16 @@ class KuwoMvIE(KuwoBaseIE):
             'format': 'mv',
         },
     }
-    _FORMATS = KuwoBaseIE._FORMATS + [
+    _FORMATS = [
+        *KuwoBaseIE._FORMATS,
         {'format': 'mkv', 'ext': 'mkv', 'preference': 250},
-        {'format': 'mp4', 'ext': 'mp4', 'preference': 200},
-    ]
+        {'format': 'mp4', 'ext': 'mp4', 'preference': 200}]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         song_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            url, song_id, note='Download mv detail info: %s' % song_id,
-            errnote='Unable to get mv detail info: %s' % song_id)
+            url, song_id, note=f'Download mv detail info: {song_id}',
+            errnote=f'Unable to get mv detail info: {song_id}')
 
         mobj = re.search(
             r'<h1[^>]+title="(?P<song>[^"]+)">[^<]+<span[^>]+title="(?P<singer>[^"]+)"',
@@ -337,8 +337,8 @@ class KuwoMvIE(KuwoBaseIE):
         formats = self._get_formats(song_id, tolerate_ip_deny=True)
 
         mv_url = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://www.kuwo.cn/yy/st/mvurl?rid=MUSIC_%s' % song_id,
-            song_id, note='Download %s MV URL' % song_id)
+            f'http://www.kuwo.cn/yy/st/mvurl?rid=MUSIC_{song_id}',
+            song_id, note=f'Download {song_id} MV URL')
         formats.append({
             'url': mv_url,
             'format_id': 'mv',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/la7.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/la7.py
index f5fd24134d..20a5235f22 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/la7.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/la7.py
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ class LA7IE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': self._og_search_description(webpage, default=None),
             'thumbnail': self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage, default=None),
             'formats': formats,
-            'upload_date': unified_strdate(self._search_regex(r'datetime="(.+?)"', webpage, 'upload_date', fatal=False))
+            'upload_date': unified_strdate(self._search_regex(r'datetime="(.+?)"', webpage, 'upload_date', fatal=False)),
         }
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/laxarxames.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/laxarxames.py
index e157f7c086..f6d515b218 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/laxarxames.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/laxarxames.py
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class LaXarxaMesIE(InfoExtractor):
             'https://api.laxarxames.cat/Media/GetMediaPlayInfo', video_id,
             data=json.dumps({
                 'MediaId': int(video_id),
-                'StreamType': 'MAIN'
+                'StreamType': 'MAIN',
             }).encode(), headers={
                 'Authorization': f'Bearer {self._TOKEN}',
                 'X-Tenantorigin': 'https://laxarxames.cat',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lbry.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lbry.py
index dcb44d07f9..c764d49611 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lbry.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lbry.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ from ..utils import (
 class LBRYBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     _BASE_URL_REGEX = r'(?x)(?:https?://(?:www\.)?(?:lbry\.tv|odysee\.com)/|lbry://)'
     _CLAIM_ID_REGEX = r'[0-9a-f]{1,40}'
-    _OPT_CLAIM_ID = '[^$@:/?#&]+(?:[:#]%s)?' % _CLAIM_ID_REGEX
+    _OPT_CLAIM_ID = f'[^$@:/?#&]+(?:[:#]{_CLAIM_ID_REGEX})?'
     _SUPPORTED_STREAM_TYPES = ['video', 'audio']
     _PAGE_SIZE = 50
 
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class LBRYBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             headers['x-lbry-auth-token'] = token
         response = self._download_json(
             'https://api.lbry.tv/api/v1/proxy',
-            display_id, 'Downloading %s JSON metadata' % resource,
+            display_id, f'Downloading {resource} JSON metadata',
             headers=headers,
             data=json.dumps({
                 'method': method,
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class LBRYBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _permanent_url(self, url, claim_name, claim_id):
         return urljoin(
             url.replace('lbry://', 'https://lbry.tv/'),
-            '/%s:%s' % (claim_name, claim_id))
+            f'/{claim_name}:{claim_id}')
 
     def _parse_stream(self, stream, url):
         stream_type = traverse_obj(stream, ('value', 'stream_type', {str}))
@@ -169,9 +169,9 @@ class LBRYIE(LBRYBaseIE):
                 'lbc',
                 'lbry',
                 'start',
-                'tutorial'
+                'tutorial',
             ],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # Audio
         'url': 'https://lbry.tv/@LBRYFoundation:0/Episode-1:e',
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ class LBRYIE(LBRYBaseIE):
             'thumbnail': 'https://spee.ch/d/0bc63b0e6bf1492d.png',
             'license': 'None',
             'uploader_id': '@LBRYFoundation',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://odysee.com/@gardeningincanada:b/plants-i-will-never-grow-again.-the:e',
         'md5': 'c35fac796f62a14274b4dc2addb5d0ba',
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ class LBRYIE(LBRYBaseIE):
             'formats': 'mincount:3',
             'thumbnail': 'https://thumbnails.lbry.com/AgHSc_HzrrE',
             'license': 'Copyrighted (contact publisher)',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # HLS live stream (might expire)
         'url': 'https://odysee.com/@RT:fd/livestream_RT:d',
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ class LBRYIE(LBRYBaseIE):
             'license': 'None',
             'uploader_id': '@RT',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         # original quality format w/higher resolution than HLS formats
         'url': 'https://odysee.com/@wickedtruths:2/Biotechnological-Invasion-of-Skin-(April-2023):4',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lcp.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lcp.py
index 62874195f6..69148be222 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lcp.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lcp.py
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ class LcpIE(InfoExtractor):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
 
         play_url = self._search_regex(
-            r'<iframe[^>]+src=(["\'])(?P<url>%s?(?:(?!\1).)*)\1' % LcpPlayIE._VALID_URL,
+            rf'<iframe[^>]+src=(["\'])(?P<url>{LcpPlayIE._VALID_URL}?(?:(?!\1).)*)\1',
             webpage, 'play iframe', default=None, group='url')
 
         if not play_url:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lecture2go.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lecture2go.py
index 1a3ada1e5d..6157f3da34 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lecture2go.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lecture2go.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class Lecture2GoIE(InfoExtractor):
         'params': {
             # m3u8 download
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lecturio.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lecturio.py
index 90f0268d7b..4cfb872241 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lecturio.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lecturio.py
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class LecturioBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             r'(?s)<ul[^>]+class=["\']error_list[^>]+>(.+?)</ul>', response,
             'errors', default=None)
         if errors:
-            raise ExtractorError('Unable to login: %s' % errors, expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'Unable to login: {errors}', expected=True)
         raise ExtractorError('Unable to log in')
 
 
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ class LecturioIE(LecturioBaseIE):
             f = {
                 'url': file_url,
                 'format_id': label,
-                'filesize': float_or_none(filesize, invscale=1000)
+                'filesize': float_or_none(filesize, invscale=1000),
             }
             if label:
                 mobj = re.match(r'(\d+)p\s*\(([^)]+)\)', label)
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ class LecturioCourseIE(LecturioBaseIE):
             if lecture_url:
                 lecture_url = urljoin(url, lecture_url)
             else:
-                lecture_url = 'https://app.lecturio.com/#/lecture/c/%s/%s' % (course_id, lecture_id)
+                lecture_url = f'https://app.lecturio.com/#/lecture/c/{course_id}/{lecture_id}'
             entries.append(self.url_result(
                 lecture_url, ie=LecturioIE.ie_key(), video_id=lecture_id))
         return self.playlist_result(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/leeco.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/leeco.py
index a113b3d0db..58baa3fea7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/leeco.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/leeco.py
@@ -1,15 +1,12 @@
+import base64
 import datetime as dt
 import hashlib
 import re
 import time
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_b64decode,
-    compat_ord,
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlencode,
-)
+from ..compat import compat_ord
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     determine_ext,
@@ -140,7 +137,7 @@ class LeIE(InfoExtractor):
         def get_flash_urls(media_url, format_id):
             nodes_data = self._download_json(
                 media_url, media_id,
-                'Download JSON metadata for format %s' % format_id,
+                f'Download JSON metadata for format {format_id}',
                 query={
                     'm3v': 1,
                     'format': 1,
@@ -150,7 +147,7 @@ class LeIE(InfoExtractor):
 
             req = self._request_webpage(
                 nodes_data['nodelist'][0]['location'], media_id,
-                note='Downloading m3u8 information for format %s' % format_id)
+                note=f'Downloading m3u8 information for format {format_id}')
 
             m3u8_data = self.decrypt_m3u8(req.read())
 
@@ -173,7 +170,7 @@ class LeIE(InfoExtractor):
                 f = {
                     'url': format_url,
                     'ext': determine_ext(format_data[1]),
-                    'format_id': '%s-%s' % (protocol, format_id),
+                    'format_id': f'{protocol}-{format_id}',
                     'protocol': 'm3u8_native' if protocol == 'hls' else 'http',
                     'quality': int_or_none(format_id),
                 }
@@ -207,18 +204,18 @@ class LePlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '46177',
             'title': '美人天下',
-            'description': 'md5:395666ff41b44080396e59570dbac01c'
+            'description': 'md5:395666ff41b44080396e59570dbac01c',
         },
-        'playlist_count': 35
+        'playlist_count': 35,
     }, {
         'url': 'http://tv.le.com/izt/wuzetian/index.html',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'wuzetian',
             'title': '武媚娘传奇',
-            'description': 'md5:e12499475ab3d50219e5bba00b3cb248'
+            'description': 'md5:e12499475ab3d50219e5bba00b3cb248',
         },
         # This playlist contains some extra videos other than the drama itself
-        'playlist_mincount': 96
+        'playlist_mincount': 96,
     }, {
         'url': 'http://tv.le.com/pzt/lswjzzjc/index.shtml',
         # This series is moved to http://www.le.com/tv/10005297.html
@@ -233,7 +230,7 @@ class LePlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if LeIE.suitable(url) else super(LePlaylistIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if LeIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -294,7 +291,7 @@ class LetvCloudIE(InfoExtractor):
             salt = 'fbeh5player12c43eccf2bec3300344'
             items = ['cf', 'ran', 'uu', 'bver', 'vu']
         input_data = ''.join([item + obj[item] for item in items]) + salt
-        obj['sign'] = hashlib.md5(input_data.encode('utf-8')).hexdigest()
+        obj['sign'] = hashlib.md5(input_data.encode()).hexdigest()
 
     def _get_formats(self, cf, uu, vu, media_id):
         def get_play_json(cf, timestamp):
@@ -305,12 +302,12 @@ class LetvCloudIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'format': 'json',
                 'uu': uu,
                 'vu': vu,
-                'ran': compat_str(timestamp),
+                'ran': str(timestamp),
             }
             self.sign_data(data)
             return self._download_json(
-                'http://api.letvcloud.com/gpc.php?' + compat_urllib_parse_urlencode(data),
-                media_id, 'Downloading playJson data for type %s' % cf)
+                'http://api.letvcloud.com/gpc.php?' + urllib.parse.urlencode(data),
+                media_id, f'Downloading playJson data for type {cf}')
 
         play_json = get_play_json(cf, time.time())
         # The server time may be different from local time
@@ -319,14 +316,14 @@ class LetvCloudIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         if not play_json.get('data'):
             if play_json.get('message'):
-                raise ExtractorError('Letv cloud said: %s' % play_json['message'], expected=True)
+                raise ExtractorError('Letv cloud said: {}'.format(play_json['message']), expected=True)
             elif play_json.get('code'):
                 raise ExtractorError('Letv cloud returned error %d' % play_json['code'], expected=True)
             else:
                 raise ExtractorError('Letv cloud returned an unknown error')
 
         def b64decode(s):
-            return compat_b64decode(s).decode('utf-8')
+            return base64.b64decode(s).decode('utf-8')
 
         formats = []
         for media in play_json['data']['video_info']['media'].values():
@@ -349,7 +346,7 @@ class LetvCloudIE(InfoExtractor):
         vu_mobj = re.search(r'vu=([\w]+)', url)
 
         if not uu_mobj or not vu_mobj:
-            raise ExtractorError('Invalid URL: %s' % url, expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'Invalid URL: {url}', expected=True)
 
         uu = uu_mobj.group(1)
         vu = vu_mobj.group(1)
@@ -359,6 +356,6 @@ class LetvCloudIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         return {
             'id': media_id,
-            'title': 'Video %s' % media_id,
+            'title': f'Video {media_id}',
             'formats': formats,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lego.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lego.py
index 46fc7a9b60..5a98cc7497 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lego.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lego.py
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ class LEGOIE(InfoExtractor):
                 # https://contentfeed.services.lego.com/api/v2/item/[VIDEO_ID]?culture=[LOCALE]&contentType=Video
                 'https://services.slingshot.lego.com/mediaplayer/v2',
                 video_id, query={
-                    'videoId': '%s_%s' % (uuid.UUID(video_id), locale),
+                    'videoId': f'{uuid.UUID(video_id)}_{locale}',
                 }, headers=self.geo_verification_headers())
         except ExtractorError as e:
             if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 451:
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ class LEGOIE(InfoExtractor):
                         'abr': quality[0],
                         'height': quality[1],
                         'width': quality[2],
-                    }),
+                    })
                 formats.append(f)
 
         subtitles = {}
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ class LEGOIE(InfoExtractor):
             video_version = video.get('VideoVersion')
             if net_storage_path and invariant_id and video_file_id and video_version:
                 subtitles.setdefault(locale[:2], []).append({
-                    'url': 'https://lc-mediaplayerns-live-s.legocdn.com/public/%s/%s_%s_%s_%s_sub.srt' % (net_storage_path, invariant_id, video_file_id, locale, video_version),
+                    'url': f'https://lc-mediaplayerns-live-s.legocdn.com/public/{net_storage_path}/{invariant_id}_{video_file_id}_{locale}_{video_version}_sub.srt',
                 })
 
         return {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lenta.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lenta.py
index fe01bda1ca..105ec371e0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lenta.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lenta.py
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class LentaIE(InfoExtractor):
             default=None)
         if video_id:
             return self.url_result(
-                'eagleplatform:lentaru.media.eagleplatform.com:%s' % video_id,
+                f'eagleplatform:lentaru.media.eagleplatform.com:{video_id}',
                 ie='EaglePlatform', video_id=video_id)
 
         return self.url_result(url, ie='Generic')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/libraryofcongress.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/libraryofcongress.py
index 2979939396..6185605744 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/libraryofcongress.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/libraryofcongress.py
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class LibraryOfCongressIE(InfoExtractor):
             webpage, 'media id', group='id')
 
         data = self._download_json(
-            'https://media.loc.gov/services/v1/media?id=%s&context=json' % media_id,
+            f'https://media.loc.gov/services/v1/media?id={media_id}&context=json',
             media_id)['mediaObject']
 
         derivative = data['derivatives'][0]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/libsyn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/libsyn.py
index 29bbb03def..4ca521a106 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/libsyn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/libsyn.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class LibsynIE(InfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '6385796',
             'ext': 'mp3',
-            'title': "Champion Minded - Developing a Growth Mindset",
+            'title': 'Champion Minded - Developing a Growth Mindset',
             # description fetched using another request:
             # http://html5-player.libsyn.com/embed/getitemdetails?item_id=6385796
             # 'description': 'In this episode, Allistair talks about the importance of developing a growth mindset, not only in sports, but in life too.',
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class LibsynIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Clients From Hell Podcast - How a Sex Toy Company Kickstarted my Freelance Career',
             'upload_date': '20150818',
             'thumbnail': 're:^https?://.*',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class LibsynIE(InfoExtractor):
             r'<h3>([^<]+)</h3>', webpage, 'podcast title',
             default=None) or get_element_by_class('podcast-title', webpage)))
 
-        title = '%s - %s' % (podcast_title, episode_title) if podcast_title else episode_title
+        title = f'{podcast_title} - {episode_title}' if podcast_title else episode_title
 
         formats = []
         for k, format_id in (('media_url_libsyn', 'libsyn'), ('media_url', 'main'), ('download_link', 'download')):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lifenews.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lifenews.py
index ea150a58b0..60d50b1d19 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lifenews.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lifenews.py
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     determine_ext,
@@ -31,7 +28,7 @@ class LifeNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1344154740,
             'upload_date': '20120805',
             'view_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # single video embedded via iframe
         'url': 'https://life.ru/t/новости/152125',
@@ -44,7 +41,7 @@ class LifeNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1427961840,
             'upload_date': '20150402',
             'view_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # two videos embedded via iframe
         'url': 'https://life.ru/t/новости/153461',
@@ -100,7 +97,7 @@ class LifeNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
             webpage)
 
         if not video_urls and not iframe_links:
-            raise ExtractorError('No media links available for %s' % video_id)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'No media links available for {video_id}')
 
         title = remove_end(
             self._og_search_title(webpage),
@@ -125,14 +122,14 @@ class LifeNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
         def make_entry(video_id, video_url, index=None):
             cur_info = dict(common_info)
             cur_info.update({
-                'id': video_id if not index else '%s-video%s' % (video_id, index),
+                'id': video_id if not index else f'{video_id}-video{index}',
                 'url': video_url,
-                'title': title if not index else '%s (Видео %s)' % (title, index),
+                'title': title if not index else f'{title} (Видео {index})',
             })
             return cur_info
 
         def make_video_entry(video_id, video_url, index=None):
-            video_url = compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, video_url)
+            video_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(url, video_url)
             return make_entry(video_id, video_url, index)
 
         def make_iframe_entry(video_id, video_url, index=None):
@@ -174,7 +171,7 @@ class LifeEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'e50c2dec2867350528e2574c899b8291',
             'thumbnail': r're:http://.*\.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # with 1080p
         'url': 'https://embed.life.ru/video/e50c2dec2867350528e2574c899b8291',
@@ -207,17 +204,17 @@ class LifeEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             video_id).get('playlist', {})
         if playlist:
             master = playlist.get('master')
-            if isinstance(master, compat_str) and determine_ext(master) == 'm3u8':
-                extract_m3u8(compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, master))
+            if isinstance(master, str) and determine_ext(master) == 'm3u8':
+                extract_m3u8(urllib.parse.urljoin(url, master))
             original = playlist.get('original')
-            if isinstance(original, compat_str):
+            if isinstance(original, str):
                 extract_original(original)
             thumbnail = playlist.get('image')
 
         # Old rendition fallback
         if not formats:
             for video_url in re.findall(r'"file"\s*:\s*"([^"]+)', webpage):
-                video_url = compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, video_url)
+                video_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(url, video_url)
                 if determine_ext(video_url) == 'm3u8':
                     extract_m3u8(video_url)
                 else:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/likee.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/likee.py
index 3244631362..f6a51c8ee5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/likee.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/likee.py
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ class LikeeUserIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'count': self._PAGE_SIZE,
                     'lastPostId': last_post_id,
                     'tabType': 0,
-                }).encode('utf-8'),
+                }).encode(),
                 headers={'content-type': 'application/json'},
                 note=f'Get user info with lastPostId #{last_post_id}')
             items = traverse_obj(user_videos, ('data', 'videoList'))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/limelight.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/limelight.py
index 1ff091ddb7..763a01448c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/limelight.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/limelight.py
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ class LimelightBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                 r'LimelightPlayer\.doLoad(Media|Channel|ChannelList)\(["\'](?P<id>[a-z0-9]{32})',
                 webpage):
             entries.append(cls.url_result(
-                smuggle('limelight:%s:%s' % (lm[kind], video_id)),
-                'Limelight%s' % kind, video_id))
+                smuggle(f'limelight:{lm[kind]}:{video_id}'),
+                f'Limelight{kind}', video_id))
         for mobj in re.finditer(
                 # As per [1] class attribute should be exactly equal to
                 # LimelightEmbeddedPlayerFlash but numerous examples seen
@@ -48,14 +48,14 @@ class LimelightBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                 ''', webpage):
             kind, video_id = mobj.group('kind'), mobj.group('id')
             entries.append(cls.url_result(
-                smuggle('limelight:%s:%s' % (kind, video_id)),
-                'Limelight%s' % kind.capitalize(), video_id))
+                smuggle(f'limelight:{kind}:{video_id}'),
+                f'Limelight{kind.capitalize()}', video_id))
         # http://support.3playmedia.com/hc/en-us/articles/115009517327-Limelight-Embedding-the-Audio-Description-Plugin-with-the-Limelight-Player-on-Your-Web-Page)
         for video_id in re.findall(
                 r'(?s)LimelightPlayerUtil\.embed\s*\(\s*{.*?\bmediaId["\']\s*:\s*["\'](?P<id>[a-z0-9]{32})',
                 webpage):
             entries.append(cls.url_result(
-                smuggle('limelight:media:%s' % video_id),
+                smuggle(f'limelight:media:{video_id}'),
                 LimelightMediaIE.ie_key(), video_id))
         return entries
 
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ class LimelightBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         try:
             return self._download_json(
                 self._PLAYLIST_SERVICE_URL % (self._PLAYLIST_SERVICE_PATH, item_id, method),
-                item_id, 'Downloading PlaylistService %s JSON' % method,
+                item_id, f'Downloading PlaylistService {method} JSON',
                 fatal=fatal, headers=headers)
         except ExtractorError as e:
             if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 403:
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ class LimelightBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                     for cdn_host, http_host in CDN_HOSTS:
                         if cdn_host not in rtmp.group('host').lower():
                             continue
-                        http_url = 'http://%s/%s' % (http_host, rtmp.group('playpath')[4:])
+                        http_url = 'http://{}/{}'.format(http_host, rtmp.group('playpath')[4:])
                         urls.append(http_url)
                         if self._is_valid_url(http_url, video_id, http_format_id):
                             http_fmt = fmt.copy()
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ class LimelightChannelListIE(LimelightBaseIE):
             channel_list_id, 'getMobileChannelListById')
 
         entries = [
-            self.url_result('limelight:channel:%s' % channel['id'], 'LimelightChannel')
+            self.url_result('limelight:channel:{}'.format(channel['id']), 'LimelightChannel')
             for channel in channel_list['channelList']]
 
         return self.playlist_result(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/linkedin.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/linkedin.py
index 2a7c6f0e03..c8c8ae52ad 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/linkedin.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/linkedin.py
@@ -59,14 +59,14 @@ class LinkedInLearningBaseIE(LinkedInBaseIE):
         if video_slug:
             query.update({
                 'videoSlug': video_slug,
-                'resolution': '_%s' % resolution,
+                'resolution': f'_{resolution}',
             })
             sub = ' %dp' % resolution
         api_url = 'https://www.linkedin.com/learning-api/detailedCourses'
         if not self._get_cookies(api_url).get('JSESSIONID'):
             self.raise_login_required()
         return self._download_json(
-            api_url, video_slug, 'Downloading%s JSON metadata' % sub, headers={
+            api_url, video_slug, f'Downloading{sub} JSON metadata', headers={
                 'Csrf-Token': self._get_cookies(api_url)['JSESSIONID'].value,
             }, query=query)['elements'][0]
 
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ class LinkedInLearningBaseIE(LinkedInBaseIE):
                 return mobj.group(1)
 
     def _get_video_id(self, video_data, course_slug, video_slug):
-        return self._get_urn_id(video_data) or '%s/%s' % (course_slug, video_slug)
+        return self._get_urn_id(video_data) or f'{course_slug}/{video_slug}'
 
 
 class LinkedInIE(LinkedInBaseIE):
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ class LinkedInIE(LinkedInBaseIE):
             'description': 'md5:2998a31f6f479376dd62831f53a80f71',
             'uploader': 'Mishal K.',
             'thumbnail': 're:^https?://media.licdn.com/dms/image/.*$',
-            'like_count': int
+            'like_count': int,
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.linkedin.com/posts/the-mathworks_2_what-is-mathworks-cloud-center-activity-7151241570371948544-4Gu7',
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ class LinkedInIE(LinkedInBaseIE):
             'uploader': 'MathWorks',
             'thumbnail': 're:^https?://media.licdn.com/dms/image/.*$',
             'like_count': int,
-            'subtitles': 'mincount:1'
+            'subtitles': 'mincount:1',
         },
     }]
 
@@ -159,9 +159,10 @@ class LinkedInLearningIE(LinkedInLearningBaseIE):
         for line, (line_dict, next_dict) in enumerate(itertools.zip_longest(transcript_lines, transcript_lines[1:])):
             start_time, caption = line_dict['transcriptStartAt'] / 1000, line_dict['caption']
             end_time = next_dict['transcriptStartAt'] / 1000 if next_dict else duration or start_time + 1
-            srt_data += '%d\n%s --> %s\n%s\n\n' % (line + 1, srt_subtitles_timecode(start_time),
-                                                   srt_subtitles_timecode(end_time),
-                                                   caption)
+            srt_data += (
+                f'{line + 1}\n'
+                f'{srt_subtitles_timecode(start_time)} --> {srt_subtitles_timecode(end_time)}\n'
+                f'{caption}\n\n')
         return srt_data
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -176,7 +177,7 @@ class LinkedInLearningIE(LinkedInLearningBaseIE):
             progressive_url = video_url_data.get('progressiveUrl')
             if progressive_url:
                 formats.append({
-                    'format_id': 'progressive-%dp' % height,
+                    'format_id': f'progressive-{height}p',
                     'url': progressive_url,
                     'ext': 'mp4',
                     'height': height,
@@ -208,7 +209,7 @@ class LinkedInLearningIE(LinkedInLearningBaseIE):
         if transcript_lines:
             subtitles['en'] = [{
                 'ext': 'srt',
-                'data': self.json2srt(transcript_lines, duration)
+                'data': self.json2srt(transcript_lines, duration),
             }]
 
         return {
@@ -222,7 +223,7 @@ class LinkedInLearningIE(LinkedInLearningBaseIE):
             # It seems like this would be correctly handled by default
             # However, unless someone can confirm this, the old
             # behaviour is being kept as-is
-            '_format_sort_fields': ('res', 'source_preference')
+            '_format_sort_fields': ('res', 'source_preference'),
         }
 
 
@@ -241,7 +242,7 @@ class LinkedInLearningCourseIE(LinkedInLearningBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if LinkedInLearningIE.suitable(url) else super(LinkedInLearningCourseIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if LinkedInLearningIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         course_slug = self._match_id(url)
@@ -259,7 +260,7 @@ class LinkedInLearningCourseIE(LinkedInLearningBaseIE):
                     '_type': 'url_transparent',
                     'id': self._get_video_id(video, course_slug, video_slug),
                     'title': video.get('title'),
-                    'url': 'https://www.linkedin.com/learning/%s/%s' % (course_slug, video_slug),
+                    'url': f'https://www.linkedin.com/learning/{course_slug}/{video_slug}',
                     'chapter': chapter_title,
                     'chapter_number': chapter_number,
                     'chapter_id': chapter_id,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/liputan6.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/liputan6.py
index c4477b93e0..a29234a3ad 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/liputan6.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/liputan6.py
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ class Liputan6IE(InfoExtractor):
             'tags': ['perawat indonesia', 'rumah sakit', 'Medan', 'viral hari ini', 'viral', 'enamplus'],
             'channel': 'Default Channel',
             'dislike_count': int,
-            'upload_date': '20220707'
-        }
+            'upload_date': '20220707',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.liputan6.com/tv/read/5007719/video-program-minyakita-minyak-goreng-kemasan-sederhana-seharga-rp-14-ribu',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class Liputan6IE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://thumbor.prod.vidiocdn.com/AAIOjz-64hKojjdw5hr0oNNEeJg=/640x360/filters:quality(70)/vidio-web-prod-video/uploads/video/image/7082543/program-minyakita-minyak-goreng-kemasan-sederhana-seharga-rp14-ribu-_-liputan-6-7d9fbb.jpg',
             'channel': 'Liputan 6 Pagi',
             'view_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/listennotes.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/listennotes.py
index 4ebc9be4d1..61eae95edf 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/listennotes.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/listennotes.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class ListenNotesIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://production.listennotes.com/podcasts/thriving-on-overload-ross-dawson-1wb_KospA3P-ed84wITivxF.300x300.jpg',
             'channel_url': 'https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/thriving-on-overload-ross-dawson-ed84wITivxF/',
             'cast': ['Tim O’Reilly', 'Cookie Monster', 'Lao Tzu', 'Wallace Steven', 'Eric Raymond', 'Christine Peterson', 'John Maynard Keyne', 'Ross Dawson'],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/ask-noah-show/episode-177-wireguard-with-lwEA3154JzG/',
         'md5': '62fb4ffe7fc525632a1138bf72a5ce53',
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class ListenNotesIE(InfoExtractor):
             'channel_url': 'https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/ask-noah-show-noah-j-chelliah-4DQTzdS5-j7/',
             'thumbnail': 'https://production.listennotes.com/podcasts/ask-noah-show-noah-j-chelliah-cfbRUw9Gs3F-4DQTzdS5-j7.300x300.jpg',
             'cast': ['noah showlink', 'noah show', 'noah dashboard', 'jason donenfeld'],
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _clean_description(self, description):
@@ -82,5 +82,5 @@ class ListenNotesIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'cast': ('nlp_entities', ..., 'name'),
                 'channel_url': 'channel_url',
                 'channel_id': 'channel_short_uuid',
-            })
+            }),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/litv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/litv.py
index 1003fb2fd4..93f926a9ff 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/litv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/litv.py
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ class LiTVIE(InfoExtractor):
                 endpoint = 'getMainUrlNoAuth'
             video_data = self._download_json(
                 f'https://www.litv.tv/vod/ajax/{endpoint}', video_id,
-                data=json.dumps(payload).encode('utf-8'),
+                data=json.dumps(payload).encode(),
                 headers={'Content-Type': 'application/json'})
 
         if not video_data.get('fullpath'):
@@ -121,8 +121,8 @@ class LiTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             if error_msg == 'vod.error.outsideregionerror':
                 self.raise_geo_restricted('This video is available in Taiwan only')
             if error_msg:
-                raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, error_msg), expected=True)
-            raise ExtractorError('Unexpected result from %s' % self.IE_NAME)
+                raise ExtractorError(f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {error_msg}', expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'Unexpected result from {self.IE_NAME}')
 
         formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
             video_data['fullpath'], video_id, ext='mp4',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/livejournal.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/livejournal.py
index 96bd8b2335..c61f9bec7a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/livejournal.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/livejournal.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import int_or_none
 
 
@@ -14,7 +13,7 @@ class LiveJournalIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Истребители против БПЛА',
             'upload_date': '20190624',
             'timestamp': 1561406715,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -23,7 +22,7 @@ class LiveJournalIE(InfoExtractor):
         record = self._parse_json(self._search_regex(
             r'Site\.page\s*=\s*({.+?});', webpage,
             'page data'), video_id)['video']['record']
-        storage_id = compat_str(record['storageid'])
+        storage_id = str(record['storageid'])
         title = record.get('name')
         if title:
             # remove filename extension(.mp4, .mov, etc...)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/livestream.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/livestream.py
index a05a0fa9ec..7f7947ee7b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/livestream.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/livestream.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import itertools
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str, compat_urlparse
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
     find_xpath_attr,
@@ -41,13 +41,13 @@ class LivestreamIE(InfoExtractor):
             'like_count': int,
             'view_count': int,
             'comment_count': int,
-            'thumbnail': r're:^http://.*\.jpg$'
-        }
+            'thumbnail': r're:^http://.*\.jpg$',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://livestream.com/coheedandcambria/websterhall',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '1585861',
-            'title': 'Live From Webster Hall'
+            'title': 'Live From Webster Hall',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 1,
     }, {
@@ -69,8 +69,8 @@ class LivestreamIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1331042383,
             'thumbnail': 'http://img.new.livestream.com/videos/0000000000000372/cacbeed6-fb68-4b5e-ad9c-e148124e68a9_640x427.jpg',
             'duration': 15.332,
-            'ext': 'mp4'
-        }
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://new.livestream.com/accounts/362/events/3557232/videos/67864563/player?autoPlay=false&height=360&mute=false&width=640',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ class LivestreamIE(InfoExtractor):
         for vn in video_nodes:
             tbr = int_or_none(vn.attrib.get('system-bitrate'), 1000)
             furl = (
-                update_url_query(compat_urlparse.urljoin(base, vn.attrib['src']), {
+                update_url_query(urllib.parse.urljoin(base, vn.attrib['src']), {
                     'v': '3.0.3',
                     'fp': 'WIN% 14,0,0,145',
                 }))
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ class LivestreamIE(InfoExtractor):
         return formats, {}
 
     def _extract_video_info(self, video_data):
-        video_id = compat_str(video_data['id'])
+        video_id = str(video_data['id'])
 
         FORMAT_KEYS = (
             ('sd', 'progressive_url'),
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ class LivestreamIE(InfoExtractor):
                 if ext == 'm3u8':
                     continue
                 bitrate = int_or_none(self._search_regex(
-                    r'(\d+)\.%s' % ext, video_url, 'bitrate', default=None))
+                    rf'(\d+)\.{ext}', video_url, 'bitrate', default=None))
                 formats.append({
                     'url': video_url,
                     'format_id': format_id,
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ class LivestreamIE(InfoExtractor):
         }
 
     def _extract_stream_info(self, stream_info):
-        broadcast_id = compat_str(stream_info['broadcast_id'])
+        broadcast_id = str(stream_info['broadcast_id'])
         is_live = stream_info.get('is_live')
 
         formats = []
@@ -199,8 +199,8 @@ class LivestreamIE(InfoExtractor):
         }
 
     def _generate_event_playlist(self, event_data):
-        event_id = compat_str(event_data['id'])
-        account_id = compat_str(event_data['owner_account_id'])
+        event_id = str(event_data['id'])
+        account_id = str(event_data['owner_account_id'])
         feed_root_url = self._API_URL_TEMPLATE % (account_id, event_id) + '/feed.json'
 
         stream_info = event_data.get('stream_info')
@@ -212,15 +212,14 @@ class LivestreamIE(InfoExtractor):
             if last_video is None:
                 info_url = feed_root_url
             else:
-                info_url = '{root}?&id={id}&newer=-1&type=video'.format(
-                    root=feed_root_url, id=last_video)
+                info_url = f'{feed_root_url}?&id={last_video}&newer=-1&type=video'
             videos_info = self._download_json(
                 info_url, event_id, f'Downloading page {i}')['data']
             videos_info = [v['data'] for v in videos_info if v['type'] == 'video']
             if not videos_info:
                 break
             for v in videos_info:
-                v_id = compat_str(v['id'])
+                v_id = str(v['id'])
                 yield self.url_result(
                     f'http://livestream.com/accounts/{account_id}/events/{event_id}/videos/{v_id}',
                     LivestreamIE, v_id, v.get('caption'))
@@ -278,7 +277,7 @@ class LivestreamOriginalIE(InfoExtractor):
     }]
 
     def _extract_video_info(self, user, video_id):
-        api_url = 'http://x%sx.api.channel.livestream.com/2.0/clipdetails?extendedInfo=true&id=%s' % (user, video_id)
+        api_url = f'http://x{user}x.api.channel.livestream.com/2.0/clipdetails?extendedInfo=true&id={video_id}'
         info = self._download_xml(api_url, video_id)
 
         item = info.find('channel').find('item')
@@ -335,7 +334,7 @@ class LivestreamOriginalIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         entries = [{
             '_type': 'url',
-            'url': compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, p),
+            'url': urllib.parse.urljoin(url, p),
         } for p in paths]
 
         return self.playlist_result(entries, folder_id)
@@ -349,10 +348,10 @@ class LivestreamOriginalIE(InfoExtractor):
             return self._extract_folder(url, content_id)
         else:
             # this url is used on mobile devices
-            stream_url = 'http://x%sx.api.channel.livestream.com/3.0/getstream.json' % user
+            stream_url = f'http://x{user}x.api.channel.livestream.com/3.0/getstream.json'
             info = {}
             if content_id:
-                stream_url += '?id=%s' % content_id
+                stream_url += f'?id={content_id}'
                 info = self._extract_video_info(user, content_id)
             else:
                 content_id = user
@@ -381,8 +380,7 @@ class LivestreamShortenerIE(InfoExtractor):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://livestre\.am/(?P<id>.+)'
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
-        id = mobj.group('id')
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, id)
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
 
         return self.url_result(self._og_search_url(webpage))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/livestreamfails.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/livestreamfails.py
index 0df638422c..c18d05d500 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/livestreamfails.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/livestreamfails.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class LivestreamfailsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.+',
             'timestamp': 1656271785,
             'upload_date': '20220626',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://livestreamfails.com/post/139200',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -33,5 +33,5 @@ class LivestreamfailsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'url': f'https://livestreamfails-video-prod.b-cdn.net/video/{api_response["videoId"]}',
             'title': api_response.get('label'),
             'creator': traverse_obj(api_response, ('streamer', 'label')),
-            'thumbnail': format_field(api_response, 'imageId', 'https://livestreamfails-image-prod.b-cdn.net/image/%s')
+            'thumbnail': format_field(api_response, 'imageId', 'https://livestreamfails-image-prod.b-cdn.net/image/%s'),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lnkgo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lnkgo.py
index 6282d2eaf3..31a7cefd82 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lnkgo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lnkgo.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     clean_html,
     format_field,
@@ -58,10 +57,10 @@ class LnkGoIE(InfoExtractor):
         display_id, video_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
 
         video_info = self._download_json(
-            'https://lnk.lt/api/main/video-page/%s/%s/false' % (display_id, video_id or '0'),
+            'https://lnk.lt/api/main/video-page/{}/{}/false'.format(display_id, video_id or '0'),
             display_id)['videoConfig']['videoInfo']
 
-        video_id = compat_str(video_info['id'])
+        video_id = str(video_info['id'])
         title = video_info['title']
         prefix = 'smil' if video_info.get('isQualityChangeAvailable') else 'mp4'
         formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
@@ -98,9 +97,9 @@ class LnkIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'episode_number': 13431,
             'series': 'Naujausi žinių reportažai',
-            'episode': 'Episode 13431'
+            'episode': 'Episode 13431',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://lnk.lt/istorijos-trumpai/152546',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -114,9 +113,9 @@ class LnkIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'episode_number': 1036,
             'series': 'Istorijos trumpai',
-            'episode': 'Episode 1036'
+            'episode': 'Episode 1036',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://lnk.lt/gyvunu-pasaulis/151549',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -130,26 +129,26 @@ class LnkIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'episode_number': 16,
             'series': 'Gyvūnų pasaulis',
-            'episode': 'Episode 16'
+            'episode': 'Episode 16',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        video_json = self._download_json(f'https://lnk.lt/api/video/video-config/{id}', id)['videoInfo']
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        video_json = self._download_json(f'https://lnk.lt/api/video/video-config/{video_id}', video_id)['videoInfo']
         formats, subtitles = [], {}
         if video_json.get('videoUrl'):
-            fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(video_json['videoUrl'], id)
+            fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(video_json['videoUrl'], video_id)
             formats.extend(fmts)
             subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subtitles, subs)
         if video_json.get('videoFairplayUrl') and not video_json.get('drm'):
-            fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(video_json['videoFairplayUrl'], id)
+            fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(video_json['videoFairplayUrl'], video_id)
             formats.extend(fmts)
             subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subtitles, subs)
 
         return {
-            'id': id,
+            'id': video_id,
             'title': video_json.get('title'),
             'description': video_json.get('description'),
             'view_count': video_json.get('viewsCount'),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lovehomeporn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lovehomeporn.py
index ba5a13acd8..63b75a3d37 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lovehomeporn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lovehomeporn.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class LoveHomePornIE(NuevoBaseIE):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -24,10 +24,10 @@ class LoveHomePornIE(NuevoBaseIE):
         display_id = mobj.group('display_id')
 
         info = self._extract_nuevo(
-            'http://lovehomeporn.com/media/nuevo/config.php?key=%s' % video_id,
+            f'http://lovehomeporn.com/media/nuevo/config.php?key={video_id}',
             video_id)
         info.update({
             'display_id': display_id,
-            'age_limit': 18
+            'age_limit': 18,
         })
         return info
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lrt.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lrt.py
index 80d4d1cdb3..1a0b6da230 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lrt.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lrt.py
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ class LRTStreamIE(LRTBaseIE):
             'id': 'lrt-opus',
             'live_status': 'is_live',
             'title': 're:^LRT Opus.+$',
-            'ext': 'mp4'
-        }
+            'ext': 'mp4',
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class LRTStreamIE(LRTBaseIE):
             'formats': formats,
             'subtitles': subtitles,
             'is_live': True,
-            'title': f'{self._og_search_title(webpage)} - {stream_title}'
+            'title': f'{self._og_search_title(webpage)} - {stream_title}',
         }
 
 
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class LRTVODIE(LRTBaseIE):
             'timestamp': 1604079000,
             'upload_date': '20201030',
             'tags': ['LRT TELEVIZIJA', 'Beatos virtuvė', 'Beata Nicholson', 'Makaronai', 'Baklažanai', 'Vakarienė', 'Receptas'],
-            'thumbnail': 'https://www.lrt.lt/img/2020/10/30/764041-126478-1287x836.jpg'
+            'thumbnail': 'https://www.lrt.lt/img/2020/10/30/764041-126478-1287x836.jpg',
         },
     }, {
         # direct mp3 download
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lsm.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lsm.py
index 35a831fa21..f5be08f97d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lsm.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lsm.py
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class LSMLREmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 1823,
             'title': '#138 Nepilnīgā kompensējamo zāļu sistēma pat mēnešiem dzenā pacientus pa aptiekām',
             'thumbnail': 'https://pic.latvijasradio.lv/public/assets/media/9/d/gallery_fd4675ac.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://radioteatris.lsm.lv/lv/embed/?id=&show=1270&theme=white&size=16x9',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ class LSMLREmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Jens Ahlboms "Spārni". Radioizrāde ar Mārtiņa Freimaņa mūziku',
             'thumbnail': 'https://radioteatris.lsm.lv/public/assets/shows/62f13023a457c.jpg',
             'duration': 1788,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://lr1.lsm.lv/lv/embed/?id=166557&show=0&theme=white&size=16x9',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ class LSMLTVEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20231121',
             'title': 'D23-6000-105_cetstud',
             'thumbnail': 'https://store.cloudycdn.services/tmsp00060/assets/media/660858/placeholder1700589200.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://ltv.lsm.lv/embed?enablesdkjs=1&c=eyJpdiI6IncwVzZmUFk2MU12enVWK1I3SUcwQ1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoid3FhV29vamc3T2sxL1RaRmJ5Rm1GTXozU0o2dVczdUtLK0cwZEZJMDQ2a3ZIRG5DK2pneGlnbktBQy9uazVleHN6VXhxdWIweWNvcHRDSnlISlNYOHlVZ1lpcTUrcWZSTUZPQW14TVdkMW9aOUtRWVNDcFF4eWpHNGcrT0VZbUNFQStKQk91cGpndW9FVjJIa0lpbkh3PT0iLCJtYWMiOiIyZGI1NDJlMWRlM2QyMGNhOGEwYTM2MmNlN2JlOGRhY2QyYjdkMmEzN2RlOTEzYTVkNzI1ODlhZDlhZjU4MjQ2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0=',
         'md5': 'a1711e190fe680fdb68fd8413b378e87',
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ class LSMLTVEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@LTV16plus',
             'like_count': int,
             'description': 'md5:7ff0c42ba971e3c13e4b8a2ff03b70b5',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ class LSMReplayIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20231121',
             'title': '4. studija. Zolitūdes traģēdija un Inčupes stacija',
             'thumbnail': 'https://ltv.lsm.lv/storage/media/8/7/large/5/1f9604e1.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://replay.lsm.lv/lv/ieraksts/lr/183522/138-nepilniga-kompensejamo-zalu-sistema-pat-menesiem-dzena-pacientus-pa-aptiekam',
         'md5': '719b33875cd1429846eeeaeec6df2830',
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ class LSMReplayIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20231102',
             'timestamp': 1698921060,
             'description': 'md5:7bac3b2dd41e44325032943251c357b1',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://replay.lsm.lv/ru/statja/ltv/311130/4-studija-zolitudes-tragedija-un-incupes-stacija',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lumni.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lumni.py
index 5a9538336d..8c26f5b472 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lumni.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lumni.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class LumniIE(FranceTVBaseInfoExtractor):
             'title': "L'homme et son environnement dans la révolution industrielle - L'ère de l'homme",
             'thumbnail': 'https://assets.webservices.francetelevisions.fr/v1/assets/images/a7/17/9f/a7179f5f-63a5-4e11-8d4d-012ab942d905.jpg',
             'duration': 230,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/lynda.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/lynda.py
index 768ce913ee..bfd4619337 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/lynda.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/lynda.py
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
@@ -21,11 +18,11 @@ class LyndaBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     @staticmethod
     def _check_error(json_string, key_or_keys):
-        keys = [key_or_keys] if isinstance(key_or_keys, compat_str) else key_or_keys
+        keys = [key_or_keys] if isinstance(key_or_keys, str) else key_or_keys
         for key in keys:
             error = json_string.get(key)
             if error:
-                raise ExtractorError('Unable to login: %s' % error, expected=True)
+                raise ExtractorError(f'Unable to login: {error}', expected=True)
 
     def _perform_login_step(self, form_html, fallback_action_url, extra_form_data, note, referrer_url):
         action_url = self._search_regex(
@@ -33,7 +30,7 @@ class LyndaBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             'post url', default=fallback_action_url, group='url')
 
         if not action_url.startswith('http'):
-            action_url = compat_urlparse.urljoin(self._SIGNIN_URL, action_url)
+            action_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(self._SIGNIN_URL, action_url)
 
         form_data = self._hidden_inputs(form_html)
         form_data.update(extra_form_data)
@@ -44,7 +41,7 @@ class LyndaBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             headers={
                 'Referer': referrer_url,
                 'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
-            }, expected_status=(418, 500, ))
+            }, expected_status=(418, 500))
 
         self._check_error(response, ('email', 'password', 'ErrorMessage'))
 
@@ -97,8 +94,8 @@ class LyndaIE(LyndaBaseIE):
             'id': '114408',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Using the exercise files',
-            'duration': 68
-        }
+            'duration': 68,
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.lynda.com/player/embed/133770?tr=foo=1;bar=g;fizz=rt&fs=0',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -116,7 +113,7 @@ class LyndaIE(LyndaBaseIE):
 
     def _raise_unavailable(self, video_id):
         self.raise_login_required(
-            'Video %s is only available for members' % video_id)
+            f'Video {video_id} is only available for members')
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
@@ -137,8 +134,7 @@ class LyndaIE(LyndaBaseIE):
             query['courseId'] = course_id
 
             play = self._download_json(
-                'https://www.lynda.com/ajax/course/%s/%s/play'
-                % (course_id, video_id), video_id, 'Downloading play JSON')
+                f'https://www.lynda.com/ajax/course/{course_id}/{video_id}/play', video_id, 'Downloading play JSON')
 
             if not play:
                 self._raise_unavailable(video_id)
@@ -154,7 +150,7 @@ class LyndaIE(LyndaBaseIE):
                         continue
                     formats.append({
                         'url': format_url,
-                        'format_id': '%s-%s' % (cdn, format_id) if cdn else format_id,
+                        'format_id': f'{cdn}-{format_id}' if cdn else format_id,
                         'height': int_or_none(format_id),
                     })
 
@@ -174,12 +170,12 @@ class LyndaIE(LyndaBaseIE):
 
         if 'Status' in video:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'lynda returned error: %s' % video['Message'], expected=True)
+                'lynda returned error: {}'.format(video['Message']), expected=True)
 
         if video.get('HasAccess') is False:
             self._raise_unavailable(video_id)
 
-        video_id = compat_str(video.get('ID') or video_id)
+        video_id = str(video.get('ID') or video_id)
         duration = int_or_none(video.get('DurationInSeconds'))
         title = video['Title']
 
@@ -193,7 +189,7 @@ class LyndaIE(LyndaBaseIE):
                 'width': int_or_none(f.get('Width')),
                 'height': int_or_none(f.get('Height')),
                 'filesize': int_or_none(f.get('FileSize')),
-                'format_id': compat_str(f.get('Resolution')) if f.get('Resolution') else None,
+                'format_id': str(f.get('Resolution')) if f.get('Resolution') else None,
             } for f in fmts if f.get('Url')])
 
         prioritized_streams = video.get('PrioritizedStreams')
@@ -202,7 +198,7 @@ class LyndaIE(LyndaBaseIE):
                 formats.extend([{
                     'url': video_url,
                     'height': int_or_none(format_id),
-                    'format_id': '%s-%s' % (prioritized_stream_id, format_id),
+                    'format_id': f'{prioritized_stream_id}-{format_id}',
                 } for format_id, video_url in prioritized_stream.items()])
 
         self._check_formats(formats, video_id)
@@ -214,18 +210,16 @@ class LyndaIE(LyndaBaseIE):
             'title': title,
             'duration': duration,
             'subtitles': subtitles,
-            'formats': formats
+            'formats': formats,
         }
 
     def _fix_subtitles(self, subs):
         srt = ''
         seq_counter = 0
-        for pos in range(0, len(subs) - 1):
-            seq_current = subs[pos]
+        for seq_current, seq_next in zip(subs, subs[1:]):
             m_current = re.match(self._TIMECODE_REGEX, seq_current['Timecode'])
             if m_current is None:
                 continue
-            seq_next = subs[pos + 1]
             m_next = re.match(self._TIMECODE_REGEX, seq_next['Timecode'])
             if m_next is None:
                 continue
@@ -234,12 +228,12 @@ class LyndaIE(LyndaBaseIE):
             text = seq_current['Caption'].strip()
             if text:
                 seq_counter += 1
-                srt += '%s\r\n%s --> %s\r\n%s\r\n\r\n' % (seq_counter, appear_time, disappear_time, text)
+                srt += f'{seq_counter}\r\n{appear_time} --> {disappear_time}\r\n{text}\r\n\r\n'
         if srt:
             return srt
 
     def _get_subtitles(self, video_id):
-        url = 'https://www.lynda.com/ajax/player?videoId=%s&type=transcript' % video_id
+        url = f'https://www.lynda.com/ajax/player?videoId={video_id}&type=transcript'
         subs = self._download_webpage(
             url, video_id, 'Downloading subtitles JSON', fatal=False)
         if not subs or 'Status="NotFound"' in subs:
@@ -274,10 +268,10 @@ class LyndaCourseIE(LyndaBaseIE):
         course_path = mobj.group('coursepath')
         course_id = mobj.group('courseid')
 
-        item_template = 'https://www.lynda.com/%s/%%s-4.html' % course_path
+        item_template = f'https://www.lynda.com/{course_path}/%s-4.html'
 
         course = self._download_json(
-            'https://www.lynda.com/ajax/player?courseId=%s&type=course' % course_id,
+            f'https://www.lynda.com/ajax/player?courseId={course_id}&type=course',
             course_id, 'Downloading course JSON', fatal=False)
 
         if not course:
@@ -295,7 +289,7 @@ class LyndaCourseIE(LyndaBaseIE):
 
         if course.get('Status') == 'NotFound':
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'Course %s does not exist' % course_id, expected=True)
+                f'Course {course_id} does not exist', expected=True)
 
         unaccessible_videos = 0
         entries = []
@@ -316,13 +310,13 @@ class LyndaCourseIE(LyndaBaseIE):
                         'ie_key': LyndaIE.ie_key(),
                         'chapter': chapter.get('Title'),
                         'chapter_number': int_or_none(chapter.get('ChapterIndex')),
-                        'chapter_id': compat_str(chapter.get('ID')),
+                        'chapter_id': str(chapter.get('ID')),
                     })
 
         if unaccessible_videos > 0:
             self.report_warning(
-                '%s videos are only available for members (or paid members) and will not be downloaded. '
-                % unaccessible_videos + self._ACCOUNT_CREDENTIALS_HINT)
+                f'{unaccessible_videos} videos are only available for members (or paid members) '
+                f'and will not be downloaded. {self._ACCOUNT_CREDENTIALS_HINT}')
 
         course_title = course.get('Title')
         course_description = course.get('Description')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/magentamusik.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/magentamusik.py
index 9d86a1b21d..5bfc0a1545 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/magentamusik.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/magentamusik.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class MagentaMusikIE(InfoExtractor):
             'categories': ['Musikkonzert'],
             'release_year': 2023,
             'location': 'Deutschland',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mailru.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mailru.py
index 0f0550c921..cca678f14a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mailru.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mailru.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import re
 import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_unquote
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     parse_duration,
@@ -100,7 +99,7 @@ class MailRuIE(InfoExtractor):
         {
             'url': 'https://videoapi.my.mail.ru/videos/embed/mail/cloud-strife/Games/2009.html',
             'only_matching': True,
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -109,7 +108,7 @@ class MailRuIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         video_id = None
         if meta_id:
-            meta_url = 'https://my.mail.ru/+/video/meta/%s' % meta_id
+            meta_url = f'https://my.mail.ru/+/video/meta/{meta_id}'
         else:
             video_id = mobj.group('idv1')
             if not video_id:
@@ -138,7 +137,7 @@ class MailRuIE(InfoExtractor):
         # Fallback old approach
         if not video_data:
             video_data = self._download_json(
-                'http://api.video.mail.ru/videos/%s.json?new=1' % video_id,
+                f'http://api.video.mail.ru/videos/{video_id}.json?new=1',
                 video_id, 'Downloading video JSON')
 
         video_key = self._get_cookies('https://my.mail.ru').get('video_key')
@@ -169,7 +168,7 @@ class MailRuIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         acc_id = meta_data.get('accId')
         item_id = meta_data.get('itemId')
-        content_id = '%s_%s' % (acc_id, item_id) if acc_id and item_id else video_id
+        content_id = f'{acc_id}_{item_id}' if acc_id and item_id else video_id
 
         thumbnail = meta_data.get('poster')
         duration = int_or_none(meta_data.get('duration'))
@@ -192,7 +191,7 @@ class MailRuMusicSearchBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _search(self, query, url, audio_id, limit=100, offset=0):
         search = self._download_json(
             'https://my.mail.ru/cgi-bin/my/ajax', audio_id,
-            'Downloading songs JSON page %d' % (offset // limit + 1),
+            f'Downloading songs JSON page {offset // limit + 1}',
             headers={
                 'Referer': url,
                 'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
@@ -236,7 +235,7 @@ class MailRuMusicSearchBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         artist = t.get('Author') or t.get('Author_Text_HTML')
 
         if track:
-            title = '%s - %s' % (artist, track) if artist else track
+            title = f'{artist} - {track}' if artist else track
         else:
             title = audio_id
 
@@ -307,7 +306,7 @@ class MailRuMusicSearchIE(MailRuMusicSearchBaseIE):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        query = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(self._match_id(url))
+        query = urllib.parse.unquote(self._match_id(url))
 
         entries = []
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mainstreaming.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mainstreaming.py
index fa12a6a8df..fb9350584a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mainstreaming.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mainstreaming.py
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ class MainStreamingIE(InfoExtractor):
             },
             'expected_warnings': [
                 'Ignoring alternative content ID: WDAF1KOWUpH3',
-                'MainStreaming said: Live event is OFFLINE'
+                'MainStreaming said: Live event is OFFLINE',
             ],
-            'skip': 'live stream offline'
+            'skip': 'live stream offline',
         }, {
             # playlist
             'url': 'https://webtools-e18da6642b684f8aa9ae449862783a56.msvdn.net/embed/WDAF1KOWUpH3',
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class MainStreamingIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'id': 'WDAF1KOWUpH3',
                 'title': 'Playlist homepage',
             },
-            'playlist_mincount': 2
+            'playlist_mincount': 2,
         }, {
             # livestream
             'url': 'https://webtools-859c1818ed614cc5b0047439470927b0.msvdn.net/embed/tDoFkZD3T1Lw',
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class MainStreamingIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://[A-Za-z0-9-]*\.msvdn.net/image/\w+/poster',
             },
-            'skip': 'live stream'
+            'skip': 'live stream',
         }, {
             'url': 'https://webtools-f5842579ff984c1c98d63b8d789673eb.msvdn.net/embed/EUlZfGWkGpOd?autoPlay=false',
             'info_dict': {
@@ -61,8 +61,8 @@ class MainStreamingIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'live_status': 'not_live',
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://[A-Za-z0-9-]*\.msvdn.net/image/\w+/poster',
-                'duration': 1512
-            }
+                'duration': 1512,
+            },
         }, {
             # video without webtools- prefix
             'url': 'https://f5842579ff984c1c98d63b8d789673eb.msvdn.net/embed/MfuWmzL2lGkA?autoplay=false&T=1635860445',
@@ -73,8 +73,8 @@ class MainStreamingIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'live_status': 'not_live',
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://[A-Za-z0-9-]*\.msvdn.net/image/\w+/poster',
-                'duration': 789.04
-            }
+                'duration': 789.04,
+            },
         }, {
             # always-on livestream with DVR
             'url': 'https://webtools-f5842579ff984c1c98d63b8d789673eb.msvdn.net/embed/HVvPMzy',
@@ -92,14 +92,14 @@ class MainStreamingIE(InfoExtractor):
         }, {
             # no host
             'url': 'https://webtools.msvdn.net/embed/MfuWmzL2lGkA',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         }, {
             'url': 'https://859c1818ed614cc5b0047439470927b0.msvdn.net/amp_embed/tDoFkZD3T1Lw',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         }, {
             'url': 'https://859c1818ed614cc5b0047439470927b0.msvdn.net/content/tDoFkZD3T1Lw#',
-            'only_matching': True
-        }
+            'only_matching': True,
+        },
     ]
 
     def _playlist_entries(self, host, playlist_content):
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ class MainStreamingIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'id': content_id,
                 'duration': int_or_none(traverse_obj(entry, ('duration', 'totalSeconds'))),
                 'title': entry.get('title'),
-                'url': f'https://{host}/embed/{content_id}'
+                'url': f'https://{host}/embed/{content_id}',
             }
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -205,5 +205,5 @@ class MainStreamingIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': parse_duration(content_info.get('duration')),
             'tags': content_info.get('tags'),
             'subtitles': subtitles,
-            'thumbnail': urljoin(self._get_webtools_base_url(host), f'image/{video_id}/poster')
+            'thumbnail': urljoin(self._get_webtools_base_url(host), f'image/{video_id}/poster'),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mangomolo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mangomolo.py
index efaf66fa20..2231f71e8f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mangomolo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mangomolo.py
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
+import base64
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_b64decode,
-    compat_urllib_parse_unquote,
-)
 from ..utils import classproperty, int_or_none
 
 
@@ -33,14 +32,14 @@ class MangomoloBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         page_id = self._get_real_id(self._match_id(url))
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            'https://player.mangomolo.com/v1/%s?%s' % (self._TYPE, url.split('?')[1]), page_id)
+            'https://player.mangomolo.com/v1/{}?{}'.format(self._TYPE, url.split('?')[1]), page_id)
         hidden_inputs = self._hidden_inputs(webpage)
         m3u8_entry_protocol = 'm3u8' if self._IS_LIVE else 'm3u8_native'
 
         format_url = self._html_search_regex(
             [
                 r'(?:file|src)\s*:\s*"(https?://[^"]+?/playlist\.m3u8)',
-                r'<a[^>]+href="(rtsp://[^"]+)"'
+                r'<a[^>]+href="(rtsp://[^"]+)"',
             ], webpage, 'format url')
         formats = self._extract_wowza_formats(
             format_url, page_id, m3u8_entry_protocol, ['smil'])
@@ -70,4 +69,4 @@ class MangomoloLiveIE(MangomoloBaseIE):
     _IS_LIVE = True
 
     def _get_real_id(self, page_id):
-        return compat_b64decode(compat_urllib_parse_unquote(page_id)).decode()
+        return base64.b64decode(urllib.parse.unquote(page_id)).decode()
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/manoto.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/manoto.py
index 44c321c262..1dd0b15c1e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/manoto.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/manoto.py
@@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ class ManotoTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'کارول و جان',
             'description': 'md5:d0fff1f8ba5c6775d312a00165d1a97e',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(jpeg|png|jpg)$',
-            'ext': 'mp4'
+            'ext': 'mp4',
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': 'm3u8',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.manototv.com/episode/12576',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -37,11 +37,11 @@ class ManotoTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'سه ماه تعطیلی',
             'description': 'سه ماه تعطیلی فیلمی به کارگردانی و نویسندگی شاپور قریب ساختهٔ سال ۱۳۵۶ است.',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(jpeg|png|jpg)$',
-            'ext': 'mp4'
+            'ext': 'mp4',
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': 'm3u8',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ class ManotoTVShowIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         entries = [
             self.url_result(
-                'https://www.manototv.com/episode/%s' % item['slideID'], ie=ManotoTVIE.ie_key(), video_id=item['slideID'])
+                'https://www.manototv.com/episode/{}'.format(item['slideID']), ie=ManotoTVIE.ie_key(), video_id=item['slideID'])
             for item in playlist]
         return self.playlist_result(entries, show_id, title, description)
 
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ class ManotoTVLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': 'm3u8',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/manyvids.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/manyvids.py
index 2aa3a3c93b..8caa8f87fe 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/manyvids.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/manyvids.py
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class ManyVidsIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
-        real_url = 'https://www.manyvids.com/video/%s/gtm.js' % (video_id, )
+        real_url = f'https://www.manyvids.com/video/{video_id}/gtm.js'
         try:
             webpage = self._download_webpage(real_url, video_id)
         except Exception:
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class ManyVidsIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         def mung_title(s):
             if uploader:
-                s = re.sub(r'^\s*%s\s+[|-]' % (re.escape(uploader), ), '', s)
+                s = re.sub(rf'^\s*{re.escape(uploader)}\s+[|-]', '', s)
             return txt_or_none(s)
 
         title = (
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ class ManyVidsIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'vid': video_id,
                 }), headers={
                     'Referer': url,
-                    'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest'
+                    'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
                 })
 
         formats = []
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ class ManyVidsIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         def get_likes():
             likes = self._search_regex(
-                r'''(<a\b[^>]*\bdata-id\s*=\s*(['"])%s\2[^>]*>)''' % (video_id, ),
+                rf'''(<a\b[^>]*\bdata-id\s*=\s*(['"]){video_id}\2[^>]*>)''',
                 webpage, 'likes', default='')
             likes = extract_attributes(likes)
             return int_or_none(likes.get('data-likes'))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/markiza.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/markiza.py
index ca465eae96..088b60d554 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/markiza.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/markiza.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     orderedSet,
     parse_duration,
@@ -60,11 +59,11 @@ class MarkizaIE(InfoExtractor):
             info.update({
                 'id': video_id,
                 'title': try_get(
-                    data, lambda x: x['details']['name'], compat_str),
+                    data, lambda x: x['details']['name'], str),
             })
         else:
             info['duration'] = parse_duration(
-                try_get(data, lambda x: x['details']['duration'], compat_str))
+                try_get(data, lambda x: x['details']['duration'], str))
         return info
 
 
@@ -104,7 +103,7 @@ class MarkizaPageIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if MarkizaIE.suitable(url) else super(MarkizaPageIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if MarkizaIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -116,7 +115,7 @@ class MarkizaPageIE(InfoExtractor):
             url, playlist_id, expected_status=500)
 
         entries = [
-            self.url_result('http://videoarchiv.markiza.sk/video/%s' % video_id)
+            self.url_result(f'http://videoarchiv.markiza.sk/video/{video_id}')
             for video_id in orderedSet(re.findall(
                 r'(?:initPlayer_|data-entity=["\']|id=["\']player_)(\d+)',
                 webpage))]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/massengeschmacktv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/massengeschmacktv.py
index 1490e9b21d..43c0873347 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/massengeschmacktv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/massengeschmacktv.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class MassengeschmackTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': 'fktv202',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Fernsehkritik-TV #202',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://cache.massengeschmack.tv/img/mag/fktv202.jpg'
+            'thumbnail': 'https://cache.massengeschmack.tv/img/mag/fktv202.jpg',
         },
     }
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/masters.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/masters.py
index c3c58d7d01..4aa2c989a1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/masters.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/masters.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class MastersIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Sungjae Im: Thursday Interview 2022',
             'upload_date': '20220407',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mdr.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mdr.py
index 49f5b49a40..46097fa20e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mdr.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mdr.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urlparse
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
     int_or_none,
@@ -104,7 +105,7 @@ class MDRIE(InfoExtractor):
             webpage, 'data url', group='url').replace(r'\/', '/')
 
         doc = self._download_xml(
-            compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, data_url), video_id)
+            urllib.parse.urljoin(url, data_url), video_id)
 
         title = xpath_text(doc, ['./title', './broadcast/broadcastName'], 'title', fatal=True)
 
@@ -118,7 +119,7 @@ class MDRIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'progressiveDownload',
                     'dynamicHttpStreamingRedirector',
                     'adaptiveHttpStreamingRedirector'):
-                url_el = asset.find('./%sUrl' % source)
+                url_el = asset.find(f'./{source}Url')
                 if url_el is None:
                     continue
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/medaltv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/medaltv.py
index d040fb48f1..d64dbfe638 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/medaltv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/medaltv.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     float_or_none,
@@ -31,7 +30,7 @@ class MedalTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'view_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
             'duration': 13,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://medal.tv/games/cod-cold-war/clips/2mA60jWAGQCBH',
         'md5': 'fc7a3e4552ae8993c1c4006db46be447',
@@ -50,7 +49,7 @@ class MedalTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'view_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
             'duration': 23,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://medal.tv/games/cod-cold-war/clips/2um24TWdty0NA',
         'md5': 'b6dc76b78195fff0b4f8bf4a33ec2148',
@@ -69,7 +68,7 @@ class MedalTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'view_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
             'duration': 9,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://medal.tv/games/valorant/clips/37rMeFpryCC-9',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -108,13 +107,13 @@ class MedalTVIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'url': item_url,
                 id_key: item_id,
                 'width': width,
-                'height': height
+                'height': height,
             })
 
         formats = []
         thumbnails = []
         for k, v in clip.items():
-            if not (v and isinstance(v, compat_str)):
+            if not (v and isinstance(v, str)):
                 continue
             mobj = re.match(r'(contentUrl|thumbnail)(?:(\d+)p)?$', k)
             if not mobj:
@@ -136,7 +135,7 @@ class MedalTVIE(InfoExtractor):
                     expected=True, video_id=video_id)
             else:
                 self.raise_no_formats(
-                    'An unknown error occurred ({0}).'.format(error),
+                    f'An unknown error occurred ({error}).',
                     video_id=video_id)
 
         # Necessary because the id of the author is not known in advance.
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaite.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaite.py
index 32887cbdef..b3fa6a197f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaite.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaite.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class MediaiteIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1631630185,
             'upload_date': '20210914',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.mediaite.com/tv/joe-scarborough-goes-off-on-tax-breaks-for-super-wealthy-largest-income-redistribution-scam-in-american-history/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class MediaiteIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1631618057,
             'upload_date': '20210914',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.mediaite.com/politics/watch-rudy-giuliani-impersonates-queen-elizabeth-calls-mark-milley-an-asshle-in-bizarre-9-11-speech/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class MediaiteIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1631536476,
             'upload_date': '20210913',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.mediaite.com/podcasts/clarissa-ward-says-she-decided-to-become-a-journalist-on-9-11/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class MediaiteIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1631311188,
             'upload_date': '20210910',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.mediaite.com/opinion/mainstream-media-ignores-rose-mcgowans-bombshell-allegation-that-newsoms-wife-tried-to-silence-her-on-weinstein/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ class MediaiteIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1631553328,
             'upload_date': '20210913',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.mediaite.com/news/watch-cnbcs-jim-cramer-says-nobody-wants-to-die-getting-infected-by-unvaccinated-coworker-even-for-22-an-hour/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class MediaiteIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1633014214,
             'upload_date': '20210930',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.mediaite.com/politics/i-cant-read-it-fast-enough-while-defending-trump-larry-kudlow-overwhelmed-by-volume-of-ex-presidents-legal-troubles/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ class MediaiteIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1691015535,
             'upload_date': '20230802',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaklikk.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaklikk.py
index c015977626..bd1a27fccc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaklikk.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaklikk.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str, compat_urllib_parse_unquote
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     traverse_obj,
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ class MediaKlikkIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Hazajáró, DÉLNYUGAT-BÁCSKA – A Duna mentén Palánkától Doroszlóig',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'upload_date': '20210901',
-            'thumbnail': 'http://mediaklikk.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2014/02/hazajarouj_JO.jpg'
+            'thumbnail': 'http://mediaklikk.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2014/02/hazajarouj_JO.jpg',
         },
         'skip': 'Webpage redirects to 404 page',
     }, {
@@ -34,8 +35,8 @@ class MediaKlikkIE(InfoExtractor):
             'display_id': 'hazajaro-fabova-hegyseg-kishont-koronaja',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'upload_date': '20230903',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://mediaklikk.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2014/02/hazajarouj_JO.jpg'
-        }
+            'thumbnail': 'https://mediaklikk.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2014/02/hazajarouj_JO.jpg',
+        },
     }, {
         # (old) m4sport
         'url': 'https://m4sport.hu/video/2021/08/30/gyemant-liga-parizs/',
@@ -44,7 +45,7 @@ class MediaKlikkIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Gyémánt Liga, Párizs',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'upload_date': '20210830',
-            'thumbnail': 'http://m4sport.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/08/vlcsnap-2021-08-30-18h21m20s10-1024x576.jpg'
+            'thumbnail': 'http://m4sport.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/08/vlcsnap-2021-08-30-18h21m20s10-1024x576.jpg',
         },
         'skip': 'Webpage redirects to 404 page',
     }, {
@@ -56,8 +57,8 @@ class MediaKlikkIE(InfoExtractor):
             'display_id': 'atletika-gyemant-liga-brusszel',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'upload_date': '20230908',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://m4sport.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2023/09/vlcsnap-2023-09-08-22h43m18s691.jpg'
-        }
+            'thumbnail': 'https://m4sport.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2023/09/vlcsnap-2023-09-08-22h43m18s691.jpg',
+        },
     }, {
         # m4sport with *video/ url and no date
         'url': 'https://m4sport.hu/bl-video/real-madrid-chelsea-1-1/',
@@ -66,8 +67,8 @@ class MediaKlikkIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Real Madrid - Chelsea 1-1',
             'display_id': 'real-madrid-chelsea-1-1',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://m4sport.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/04/Sequence-01.Still001-1024x576.png'
-        }
+            'thumbnail': 'https://m4sport.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/04/Sequence-01.Still001-1024x576.png',
+        },
     }, {
         # (old) hirado
         'url': 'https://hirado.hu/videok/felteteleket-szabott-a-fovaros/',
@@ -75,7 +76,7 @@ class MediaKlikkIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': '4760120',
             'title': 'Feltételeket szabott a főváros',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'thumbnail': 'http://hirado.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/09/vlcsnap-2021-09-01-20h20m37s165.jpg'
+            'thumbnail': 'http://hirado.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/09/vlcsnap-2021-09-01-20h20m37s165.jpg',
         },
         'skip': 'Webpage redirects to video list page',
     }, {
@@ -87,8 +88,8 @@ class MediaKlikkIE(InfoExtractor):
             'display_id': 'marad-az-eves-elszamolas-a-napelemekre-beruhazo-csaladoknal',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'upload_date': '20230911',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://hirado.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2023/09/vlcsnap-2023-09-11-09h16m09s882.jpg'
-        }
+            'thumbnail': 'https://hirado.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2023/09/vlcsnap-2023-09-11-09h16m09s882.jpg',
+        },
     }, {
         # (old) petofilive
         'url': 'https://petofilive.hu/video/2021/06/07/tha-shudras-az-akusztikban/',
@@ -97,7 +98,7 @@ class MediaKlikkIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Tha Shudras az Akusztikban',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'upload_date': '20210607',
-            'thumbnail': 'http://petofilive.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/06/vlcsnap-2021-06-07-22h14m23s915-1024x576.jpg'
+            'thumbnail': 'http://petofilive.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/06/vlcsnap-2021-06-07-22h14m23s915-1024x576.jpg',
         },
         'skip': 'Webpage redirects to empty page',
     }, {
@@ -109,8 +110,8 @@ class MediaKlikkIE(InfoExtractor):
             'display_id': 'futball-fesztival-a-margitszigeten',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'upload_date': '20230909',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://petofilive.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2023/09/Clipboard11-2.jpg'
-        }
+            'thumbnail': 'https://petofilive.hu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2023/09/Clipboard11-2.jpg',
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -120,13 +121,13 @@ class MediaKlikkIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         player_data_str = self._html_search_regex(
             r'mtva_player_manager\.player\(document.getElementById\(.*\),\s?(\{.*\}).*\);', webpage, 'player data')
-        player_data = self._parse_json(player_data_str, display_id, compat_urllib_parse_unquote)
-        video_id = compat_str(player_data['contentId'])
+        player_data = self._parse_json(player_data_str, display_id, urllib.parse.unquote)
+        video_id = str(player_data['contentId'])
         title = player_data.get('title') or self._og_search_title(webpage, fatal=False) or \
             self._html_search_regex(r'<h\d+\b[^>]+\bclass="article_title">([^<]+)<', webpage, 'title')
 
         upload_date = unified_strdate(
-            '%s-%s-%s' % (mobj.group('year'), mobj.group('month'), mobj.group('day')))
+            '{}-{}-{}'.format(mobj.group('year'), mobj.group('month'), mobj.group('day')))
         if not upload_date:
             upload_date = unified_strdate(self._html_search_regex(
                 r'<p+\b[^>]+\bclass="article_date">([^<]+)<', webpage, 'upload date', default=None))
@@ -149,5 +150,5 @@ class MediaKlikkIE(InfoExtractor):
             'display_id': display_id,
             'formats': formats,
             'upload_date': upload_date,
-            'thumbnail': player_data.get('bgImage') or self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage)
+            'thumbnail': player_data.get('bgImage') or self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaset.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaset.py
index b7df5c75ab..8cb18e6096 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaset.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaset.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class MediasetIE(ThePlatformBaseIE):
                     '''
 
     _EMBED_REGEX = [
-        rf'<iframe[^>]+src=[\'"](?P<url>(?:https?:)?//(?:\w+\.)+mediaset\.it/player/(?:v\d+/)?index\.html\?\S*?programGuid={_GUID_RE})[\'"&]'
+        rf'<iframe[^>]+src=[\'"](?P<url>(?:https?:)?//(?:\w+\.)+mediaset\.it/player/(?:v\d+/)?index\.html\?\S*?programGuid={_GUID_RE})[\'"&]',
     ]
     _TESTS = [{
         # full episode
@@ -154,14 +154,14 @@ class MediasetIE(ThePlatformBaseIE):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _parse_smil_formats_and_subtitles(
             self, smil, smil_url, video_id, namespace=None, f4m_params=None, transform_rtmp_url=None):
         for video in smil.findall(self._xpath_ns('.//video', namespace)):
             video.attrib['src'] = re.sub(r'(https?://vod05)t(-mediaset-it\.akamaized\.net/.+?.mpd)\?.+', r'\1\2', video.attrib['src'])
-        return super(MediasetIE, self)._parse_smil_formats_and_subtitles(
+        return super()._parse_smil_formats_and_subtitles(
             smil, smil_url, video_id, namespace, f4m_params, transform_rtmp_url)
 
     def _check_drm_formats(self, tp_formats, video_id):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mediasite.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mediasite.py
index d3fec4ec2b..beb12f8a40 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mediasite.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mediasite.py
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
 import json
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     float_or_none,
@@ -23,8 +20,8 @@ _ID_RE = r'(?:[0-9a-f]{32,34}|[0-9a-f]{8}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0
 
 
 class MediasiteIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'(?xi)https?://[^/]+/Mediasite/(?:Play|Showcase/[^/#?]+/Presentation)/(?P<id>%s)(?P<query>\?[^#]+|)' % _ID_RE
-    _EMBED_REGEX = [r'(?xi)<iframe\b[^>]+\bsrc=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:(?:https?:)?//[^/]+)?/Mediasite/Play/%s(?:\?.*?)?)\1' % _ID_RE]
+    _VALID_URL = rf'(?xi)https?://[^/]+/Mediasite/(?:Play|Showcase/[^/#?]+/Presentation)/(?P<id>{_ID_RE})(?P<query>\?[^#]+|)'
+    _EMBED_REGEX = [rf'(?xi)<iframe\b[^>]+\bsrc=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:(?:https?:)?//[^/]+)?/Mediasite/Play/{_ID_RE}(?:\?.*?)?)\1']
     _TESTS = [
         {
             'url': 'https://hitsmediaweb.h-its.org/mediasite/Play/2db6c271681e4f199af3c60d1f82869b1d',
@@ -86,7 +83,7 @@ class MediasiteIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'upload_date': '20120409',
                 'timestamp': 1333983600,
                 'duration': 7794,
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://collegerama.tudelft.nl/Mediasite/Showcase/livebroadcast/Presentation/ada7020854f743c49fbb45c9ec7dbb351d',
@@ -100,7 +97,7 @@ class MediasiteIE(InfoExtractor):
             # dashed id
             'url': 'https://hitsmediaweb.h-its.org/mediasite/Play/2db6c271-681e-4f19-9af3-c60d1f82869b1d',
             'only_matching': True,
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     # look in Mediasite.Core.js (Mediasite.ContentStreamType[*])
@@ -117,16 +114,16 @@ class MediasiteIE(InfoExtractor):
         for embed_url in super()._extract_embed_urls(url, webpage):
             yield smuggle_url(embed_url, {'UrlReferrer': url})
 
-    def __extract_slides(self, *, stream_id, snum, Stream, duration, images):
-        slide_base_url = Stream['SlideBaseUrl']
+    def __extract_slides(self, *, stream_id, snum, stream, duration, images):
+        slide_base_url = stream['SlideBaseUrl']
 
-        fname_template = Stream['SlideImageFileNameTemplate']
+        fname_template = stream['SlideImageFileNameTemplate']
         if fname_template != 'slide_{0:D4}.jpg':
             self.report_warning('Unusual slide file name template; report a bug if slide downloading fails')
         fname_template = re.sub(r'\{0:D([0-9]+)\}', r'{0:0\1}', fname_template)
 
         fragments = []
-        for i, slide in enumerate(Stream['Slides']):
+        for i, slide in enumerate(stream['Slides']):
             if i == 0:
                 if slide['Time'] > 0:
                     default_slide = images.get('DefaultSlide')
@@ -141,18 +138,18 @@ class MediasiteIE(InfoExtractor):
                         })
 
             next_time = try_call(
-                lambda: Stream['Slides'][i + 1]['Time'],
+                lambda: stream['Slides'][i + 1]['Time'],
                 lambda: duration,
                 lambda: slide['Time'],
                 expected_type=(int, float))
 
             fragments.append({
                 'path': fname_template.format(slide.get('Number', i + 1)),
-                'duration': (next_time - slide['Time']) / 1000
+                'duration': (next_time - slide['Time']) / 1000,
             })
 
         return {
-            'format_id': '%s-%u.slides' % (stream_id, snum),
+            'format_id': f'{stream_id}-{snum}.slides',
             'ext': 'mhtml',
             'url': slide_base_url,
             'protocol': 'mhtml',
@@ -173,12 +170,12 @@ class MediasiteIE(InfoExtractor):
         redirect_url = urlh.url
 
         # XXX: might have also extracted UrlReferrer and QueryString from the html
-        service_path = compat_urlparse.urljoin(redirect_url, self._html_search_regex(
+        service_path = urllib.parse.urljoin(redirect_url, self._html_search_regex(
             r'<div[^>]+\bid=["\']ServicePath[^>]+>(.+?)</div>', webpage, resource_id,
             default='/Mediasite/PlayerService/PlayerService.svc/json'))
 
         player_options = self._download_json(
-            '%s/GetPlayerOptions' % service_path, resource_id,
+            f'{service_path}/GetPlayerOptions', resource_id,
             headers={
                 'Content-type': 'application/json; charset=utf-8',
                 'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
@@ -189,25 +186,25 @@ class MediasiteIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'QueryString': query,
                     'UrlReferrer': data.get('UrlReferrer', ''),
                     'UseScreenReader': False,
-                }
-            }).encode('utf-8'))['d']
+                },
+            }).encode())['d']
 
         presentation = player_options['Presentation']
         title = presentation['Title']
 
         if presentation is None:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'Mediasite says: %s' % player_options['PlayerPresentationStatusMessage'],
+                'Mediasite says: {}'.format(player_options['PlayerPresentationStatusMessage']),
                 expected=True)
 
         thumbnails = []
         formats = []
-        for snum, Stream in enumerate(presentation['Streams']):
-            stream_type = Stream.get('StreamType')
+        for snum, stream in enumerate(presentation['Streams']):
+            stream_type = stream.get('StreamType')
             if stream_type is None:
                 continue
 
-            video_urls = Stream.get('VideoUrls')
+            video_urls = stream.get('VideoUrls')
             if not isinstance(video_urls, list):
                 video_urls = []
 
@@ -215,36 +212,36 @@ class MediasiteIE(InfoExtractor):
                 stream_type, 'type%u' % stream_type)
 
             stream_formats = []
-            for unum, VideoUrl in enumerate(video_urls):
-                video_url = url_or_none(VideoUrl.get('Location'))
+            for unum, video_url in enumerate(video_urls):
+                video_url = url_or_none(video_url.get('Location'))
                 if not video_url:
                     continue
                 # XXX: if Stream.get('CanChangeScheme', False), switch scheme to HTTP/HTTPS
 
-                media_type = VideoUrl.get('MediaType')
+                media_type = video_url.get('MediaType')
                 if media_type == 'SS':
                     stream_formats.extend(self._extract_ism_formats(
                         video_url, resource_id,
-                        ism_id='%s-%u.%u' % (stream_id, snum, unum),
+                        ism_id=f'{stream_id}-{snum}.{unum}',
                         fatal=False))
                 elif media_type == 'Dash':
                     stream_formats.extend(self._extract_mpd_formats(
                         video_url, resource_id,
-                        mpd_id='%s-%u.%u' % (stream_id, snum, unum),
+                        mpd_id=f'{stream_id}-{snum}.{unum}',
                         fatal=False))
                 else:
                     stream_formats.append({
-                        'format_id': '%s-%u.%u' % (stream_id, snum, unum),
+                        'format_id': f'{stream_id}-{snum}.{unum}',
                         'url': video_url,
-                        'ext': mimetype2ext(VideoUrl.get('MimeType')),
+                        'ext': mimetype2ext(video_url.get('MimeType')),
                     })
 
-            if Stream.get('HasSlideContent', False):
+            if stream.get('HasSlideContent', False):
                 images = player_options['PlayerLayoutOptions']['Images']
                 stream_formats.append(self.__extract_slides(
                     stream_id=stream_id,
                     snum=snum,
-                    Stream=Stream,
+                    stream=stream,
                     duration=presentation.get('Duration'),
                     images=images,
                 ))
@@ -254,10 +251,10 @@ class MediasiteIE(InfoExtractor):
                 for fmt in stream_formats:
                     fmt['quality'] = -10
 
-            thumbnail_url = Stream.get('ThumbnailUrl')
+            thumbnail_url = stream.get('ThumbnailUrl')
             if thumbnail_url:
                 thumbnails.append({
-                    'id': '%s-%u' % (stream_id, snum),
+                    'id': f'{stream_id}-{snum}',
                     'url': urljoin(redirect_url, thumbnail_url),
                     'preference': -1 if stream_type != 0 else 0,
                 })
@@ -278,15 +275,15 @@ class MediasiteIE(InfoExtractor):
 
 
 class MediasiteCatalogIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'''(?xi)
+    _VALID_URL = rf'''(?xi)
                         (?P<url>https?://[^/]+/Mediasite)
                         /Catalog/Full/
-                        (?P<catalog_id>{0})
+                        (?P<catalog_id>{_ID_RE})
                         (?:
-                            /(?P<current_folder_id>{0})
-                            /(?P<root_dynamic_folder_id>{0})
+                            /(?P<current_folder_id>{_ID_RE})
+                            /(?P<root_dynamic_folder_id>{_ID_RE})
                         )?
-                    '''.format(_ID_RE)
+                    '''
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'http://events7.mediasite.com/Mediasite/Catalog/Full/631f9e48530d454381549f955d08c75e21',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -368,7 +365,7 @@ class MediasiteCatalogIE(InfoExtractor):
             headers[anti_forgery_header] = anti_forgery_token
 
         catalog = self._download_json(
-            '%s/Catalog/Data/GetPresentationsForFolder' % mediasite_url,
+            f'{mediasite_url}/Catalog/Data/GetPresentationsForFolder',
             catalog_id, data=json.dumps(data).encode(), headers=headers)
 
         entries = []
@@ -379,13 +376,13 @@ class MediasiteCatalogIE(InfoExtractor):
             if not video_id:
                 continue
             entries.append(self.url_result(
-                '%s/Play/%s' % (mediasite_url, video_id),
+                f'{mediasite_url}/Play/{video_id}',
                 ie=MediasiteIE.ie_key(), video_id=video_id))
 
         title = try_get(
-            catalog, lambda x: x['CurrentFolder']['Name'], compat_str)
+            catalog, lambda x: x['CurrentFolder']['Name'], str)
 
-        return self.playlist_result(entries, catalog_id, title,)
+        return self.playlist_result(entries, catalog_id, title)
 
 
 class MediasiteNamedCatalogIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -403,8 +400,8 @@ class MediasiteNamedCatalogIE(InfoExtractor):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, catalog_name)
 
         catalog_id = self._search_regex(
-            r'CatalogId\s*:\s*["\'](%s)' % _ID_RE, webpage, 'catalog id')
+            rf'CatalogId\s*:\s*["\']({_ID_RE})', webpage, 'catalog id')
 
         return self.url_result(
-            '%s/Catalog/Full/%s' % (mediasite_url, catalog_id),
+            f'{mediasite_url}/Catalog/Full/{catalog_id}',
             ie=MediasiteCatalogIE.ie_key(), video_id=catalog_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaworksnz.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaworksnz.py
index 62e37d24a9..be67b631eb 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaworksnz.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mediaworksnz.py
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ class MediaWorksNZVODIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1604268608,
             'upload_date': '20201101',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-            'channel': 'George FM'
-        }
+            'channel': 'George FM',
+        },
     }, {
         # has audio-only format
         'url': 'https://vodupload-api.mediaworks.nz/library/asset/published/VID02627',
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class MediaWorksNZVODIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20220822',
             'timestamp': 1661152289,
         },
-        'params': {'format': 'ba[ext=mp3]'}
+        'params': {'format': 'ba[ext=mp3]'},
     }]
 
     _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ class MediaWorksNZVODIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'description': 'Socrates Walks Into A Bar Podcast Episode 1',
             'upload_date': '20220720',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     @classmethod
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class MediaWorksNZVODIE(InfoExtractor):
         for mobj in re.finditer(
             rf'''(?x)<div\s+\bid=["']Player-Attributes-JWID[^>]+\b
             data-request-url=["']{cls._VALID_URL_BASE_RE}["'][^>]+\b
-            data-asset-id=["']{cls._VALID_URL_ID_RE}["']''', webpage
+            data-asset-id=["']{cls._VALID_URL_ID_RE}["']''', webpage,
         ):
             yield f'https://vodupload-api.mediaworks.nz/library/asset/published/{mobj.group("id")}'
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/meipai.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/meipai.py
index 1a6f3cd748..e4c145c727 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/meipai.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/meipai.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class MeipaiIE(InfoExtractor):
             'view_count': 35511,
             'creator': '她她-TATA',
             'tags': ['葉子', '阿桑', '余姿昀', '超級女聲'],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # record of live streaming
         'url': 'http://www.meipai.com/media/585526361',
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class MeipaiIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20160919',
             'view_count': 1215,
             'creator': '她她-TATA',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/melonvod.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/melonvod.py
index 1d3fff8566..05d9de8dc1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/melonvod.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/melonvod.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class MelonVODIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': 'm3u8 download',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -64,5 +64,5 @@ class MelonVODIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': thumbnail,
             'upload_date': upload_date,
             'duration': duration,
-            'formats': formats
+            'formats': formats,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/metacritic.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/metacritic.py
index 14410549ab..41e20a58e0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/metacritic.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/metacritic.py
@@ -40,9 +40,9 @@ class MetacriticIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         clip = next(c for c in info.findall('playList/clip') if c.find('id').text == video_id)
         formats = []
-        for videoFile in clip.findall('httpURI/videoFile'):
-            rate_str = videoFile.find('rate').text
-            video_url = videoFile.find('filePath').text
+        for video_file in clip.findall('httpURI/videoFile'):
+            rate_str = video_file.find('rate').text
+            video_url = video_file.find('filePath').text
             formats.append({
                 'url': video_url,
                 'ext': 'mp4',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mgtv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mgtv.py
index 31ccf004ec..d5dda06f99 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mgtv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mgtv.py
@@ -77,13 +77,13 @@ class MGTVIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         tk2 = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(
-            f'did={str(uuid.uuid4())}|pno=1030|ver=0.3.0301|clit={int(time.time())}'.encode())[::-1]
+            f'did={uuid.uuid4()}|pno=1030|ver=0.3.0301|clit={int(time.time())}'.encode())[::-1]
         try:
             api_data = self._download_json(
                 'https://pcweb.api.mgtv.com/player/video', video_id, query={
                     'tk2': tk2,
                     'video_id': video_id,
-                    'type': 'pch5'
+                    'type': 'pch5',
                 }, headers=self.geo_verification_headers())['data']
         except ExtractorError as e:
             if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 401:
@@ -160,6 +160,6 @@ class MGTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             subtitles.setdefault(locale.lower(), []).append({
                 'url': sub_url,
                 'name': sub.get('name'),
-                'ext': 'srt'
+                'ext': 'srt',
             })
         return subtitles
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/microsoftembed.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/microsoftembed.py
index f71ab3e921..98d50b18a9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/microsoftembed.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/microsoftembed.py
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ class MicrosoftEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'http://img-prod-cms-rt-microsoft-com.akamaized.net/cms/api/am/imageFileData/RWL7Ju?ver=cae5',
             'age_limit': 0,
             'timestamp': 1631658316,
-            'upload_date': '20210914'
-        }
+            'upload_date': '20210914',
+        },
     }]
     _API_URL = 'https://prod-video-cms-rt-microsoft-com.akamaized.net/vhs/api/videos/'
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/microsoftstream.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/microsoftstream.py
index f6a0b416d6..b138810838 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/microsoftstream.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/microsoftstream.py
@@ -37,11 +37,11 @@ class MicrosoftStreamIE(InfoExtractor):
             sub_dict = automatic_captions if track.get('autoGenerated') else subtitles
             sub_dict.setdefault(track['language'], []).append({
                 'ext': 'vtt',
-                'url': track.get('url')
+                'url': track.get('url'),
             })
         return {
             'subtitles': subtitles,
-            'automatic_captions': automatic_captions
+            'automatic_captions': automatic_captions,
         }
 
     def extract_all_subtitles(self, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ class MicrosoftStreamIE(InfoExtractor):
             f'{api_url}/videos/{video_id}', video_id,
             headers=headers, query={
                 '$expand': 'creator,tokens,status,liveEvent,extensions',
-                'api-version': '1.4-private'
+                'api-version': '1.4-private',
             })
         video_id = video_data.get('id') or video_id
         language = video_data.get('language')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/microsoftvirtualacademy.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/microsoftvirtualacademy.py
index b759b1860b..e354d8a507 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/microsoftvirtualacademy.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/microsoftvirtualacademy.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ from ..utils import (
 class MicrosoftVirtualAcademyBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _extract_base_url(self, course_id, display_id):
         return self._download_json(
-            'https://api-mlxprod.microsoft.com/services/products/anonymous/%s' % course_id,
+            f'https://api-mlxprod.microsoft.com/services/products/anonymous/{course_id}',
             display_id, 'Downloading course base URL')
 
     def _extract_chapter_and_title(self, title):
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class MicrosoftVirtualAcademyBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 class MicrosoftVirtualAcademyIE(MicrosoftVirtualAcademyBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'mva'
     IE_DESC = 'Microsoft Virtual Academy videos'
-    _VALID_URL = r'(?:%s:|https?://(?:mva\.microsoft|(?:www\.)?microsoftvirtualacademy)\.com/[^/]+/training-courses/[^/?#&]+-)(?P<course_id>\d+)(?::|\?l=)(?P<id>[\da-zA-Z]+_\d+)' % IE_NAME
+    _VALID_URL = rf'(?:{IE_NAME}:|https?://(?:mva\.microsoft|(?:www\.)?microsoftvirtualacademy)\.com/[^/]+/training-courses/[^/?#&]+-)(?P<course_id>\d+)(?::|\?l=)(?P<id>[\da-zA-Z]+_\d+)'
 
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://mva.microsoft.com/en-US/training-courses/microsoft-azure-fundamentals-virtual-machines-11788?l=gfVXISmEB_6804984382',
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class MicrosoftVirtualAcademyIE(MicrosoftVirtualAcademyBaseIE):
                     'ext': 'ttml',
                 }],
             },
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'mva:11788:gfVXISmEB_6804984382',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class MicrosoftVirtualAcademyIE(MicrosoftVirtualAcademyBaseIE):
         base_url = smuggled_data.get('base_url') or self._extract_base_url(course_id, video_id)
 
         settings = self._download_xml(
-            '%s/content/content_%s/videosettings.xml?v=1' % (base_url, video_id),
+            f'{base_url}/content/content_{video_id}/videosettings.xml?v=1',
             video_id, 'Downloading video settings XML')
 
         _, title = self._extract_chapter_and_title(xpath_text(
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ class MicrosoftVirtualAcademyIE(MicrosoftVirtualAcademyBaseIE):
             if not subtitle_url:
                 continue
             subtitles.setdefault('en', []).append({
-                'url': '%s/%s' % (base_url, subtitle_url),
+                'url': f'{base_url}/{subtitle_url}',
                 'ext': source.get('type'),
             })
 
@@ -108,14 +108,14 @@ class MicrosoftVirtualAcademyIE(MicrosoftVirtualAcademyBaseIE):
             'id': video_id,
             'title': title,
             'subtitles': subtitles,
-            'formats': formats
+            'formats': formats,
         }
 
 
 class MicrosoftVirtualAcademyCourseIE(MicrosoftVirtualAcademyBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'mva:course'
     IE_DESC = 'Microsoft Virtual Academy courses'
-    _VALID_URL = r'(?:%s:|https?://(?:mva\.microsoft|(?:www\.)?microsoftvirtualacademy)\.com/[^/]+/training-courses/(?P<display_id>[^/?#&]+)-)(?P<id>\d+)' % IE_NAME
+    _VALID_URL = rf'(?:{IE_NAME}:|https?://(?:mva\.microsoft|(?:www\.)?microsoftvirtualacademy)\.com/[^/]+/training-courses/(?P<display_id>[^/?#&]+)-)(?P<id>\d+)'
 
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://mva.microsoft.com/en-US/training-courses/microsoft-azure-fundamentals-virtual-machines-11788',
@@ -142,8 +142,7 @@ class MicrosoftVirtualAcademyCourseIE(MicrosoftVirtualAcademyBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if MicrosoftVirtualAcademyIE.suitable(url) else super(
-            MicrosoftVirtualAcademyCourseIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if MicrosoftVirtualAcademyIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
@@ -153,7 +152,7 @@ class MicrosoftVirtualAcademyCourseIE(MicrosoftVirtualAcademyBaseIE):
         base_url = self._extract_base_url(course_id, display_id)
 
         manifest = self._download_json(
-            '%s/imsmanifestlite.json' % base_url,
+            f'{base_url}/imsmanifestlite.json',
             display_id, 'Downloading course manifest JSON')['manifest']
 
         organization = manifest['organizations']['organization'][0]
@@ -175,7 +174,7 @@ class MicrosoftVirtualAcademyCourseIE(MicrosoftVirtualAcademyBaseIE):
                 entries.append({
                     '_type': 'url_transparent',
                     'url': smuggle_url(
-                        'mva:%s:%s' % (course_id, item_id), {'base_url': base_url}),
+                        f'mva:{course_id}:{item_id}', {'base_url': base_url}),
                     'title': title,
                     'description': description,
                     'duration': duration,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mildom.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mildom.py
index caf60c8059..88a2b9e891 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mildom.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mildom.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class MildomBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _call_api(self, url, video_id, query=None, note='Downloading JSON metadata', body=None):
         if not self._GUEST_ID:
-            self._GUEST_ID = f'pc-gp-{str(uuid.uuid4())}'
+            self._GUEST_ID = f'pc-gp-{uuid.uuid4()}'
 
         content = self._download_json(
             url, video_id, note=note, data=json.dumps(body).encode() if body else None,
@@ -150,18 +150,18 @@ class MildomVodIE(MildomBaseIE):
             'protocol': 'm3u8_native',
             'vcodec': 'none',
             'acodec': 'aac',
-            'ext': 'm4a'
+            'ext': 'm4a',
         }]
         for fmt in autoplay['video_link']:
             formats.append({
-                'format_id': 'video-%s' % fmt['name'],
+                'format_id': 'video-{}'.format(fmt['name']),
                 'url': fmt['url'],
                 'protocol': 'm3u8_native',
                 'width': fmt['level'] * autoplay['video_width'] // autoplay['video_height'],
                 'height': fmt['level'],
                 'vcodec': 'h264',
                 'acodec': 'aac',
-                'ext': 'mp4'
+                'ext': 'mp4',
             })
 
         return {
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ class MildomUserVodIE(MildomBaseIE):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         user_id = self._match_id(url)
-        self.to_screen('This will download all VODs belonging to user. To download ongoing live video, use "https://www.mildom.com/%s" instead' % user_id)
+        self.to_screen(f'This will download all VODs belonging to user. To download ongoing live video, use "https://www.mildom.com/{user_id}" instead')
 
         profile = self._call_api(
             'https://cloudac.mildom.com/nonolive/gappserv/user/profileV2', user_id,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/minds.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/minds.py
index 27a6e38056..71c82f208e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/minds.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/minds.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     clean_html,
     format_field,
@@ -16,7 +15,7 @@ class MindsBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         api_url = 'https://www.minds.com/api/' + path
         token = self._get_cookies(api_url).get('XSRF-TOKEN')
         return self._download_json(
-            api_url, video_id, 'Downloading %s JSON metadata' % resource, headers={
+            api_url, video_id, f'Downloading {resource} JSON metadata', headers={
                 'Referer': 'https://www.minds.com/',
                 'X-XSRF-TOKEN': token.value if token else '',
             }, query=query)
@@ -98,7 +97,7 @@ class MindsIE(MindsBaseIE):
         uploader_id = owner.get('username')
 
         tags = entity.get('tags')
-        if tags and isinstance(tags, compat_str):
+        if tags and isinstance(tags, str):
             tags = [tags]
 
         thumbnail = None
@@ -135,8 +134,8 @@ class MindsFeedBaseIE(MindsBaseIE):
         i = 1
         while True:
             data = self._call_api(
-                'v2/feeds/container/%s/videos' % feed_id,
-                feed_id, 'page %s' % i, query)
+                f'v2/feeds/container/{feed_id}/videos',
+                feed_id, f'page {i}', query)
             entities = data.get('entities') or []
             for entity in entities:
                 guid = entity.get('guid')
@@ -153,7 +152,7 @@ class MindsFeedBaseIE(MindsBaseIE):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         feed_id = self._match_id(url)
         feed = self._call_api(
-            'v1/%s/%s' % (self._FEED_PATH, feed_id),
+            f'v1/{self._FEED_PATH}/{feed_id}',
             feed_id, self._FEED_TYPE)[self._FEED_TYPE]
 
         return self.playlist_result(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/minoto.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/minoto.py
index 032bf3b711..69832560d0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/minoto.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/minoto.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class MinotoIE(InfoExtractor):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
         player_id = mobj.group('player_id') or '1'
         video_id = mobj.group('id')
-        video_data = self._download_json('http://play.minoto-video.com/%s/%s.js' % (player_id, video_id), video_id)
+        video_data = self._download_json(f'http://play.minoto-video.com/{player_id}/{video_id}.js', video_id)
         video_metadata = video_data['video-metadata']
         formats = []
         for fmt in video_data['video-files']:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mirrativ.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mirrativ.py
index 0a8ee0c3a5..4e24371a22 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mirrativ.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mirrativ.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class MirrativBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     def assert_error(self, response):
         error_message = traverse_obj(response, ('status', 'error'))
         if error_message:
-            raise ExtractorError('Mirrativ says: %s' % error_message, expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'Mirrativ says: {error_message}', expected=True)
 
 
 class MirrativIE(MirrativBaseIE):
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class MirrativIE(MirrativBaseIE):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage('https://www.mirrativ.com/live/%s' % video_id, video_id)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(f'https://www.mirrativ.com/live/{video_id}', video_id)
         live_response = self._download_json(f'https://www.mirrativ.com/api/live/live?live_id={video_id}', video_id)
         self.assert_error(live_response)
 
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ class MirrativUserIE(MirrativBaseIE):
                     # or the service will ban your IP address for a while
                     continue
                 live_id = live.get('live_id')
-                url = 'https://www.mirrativ.com/live/%s' % live_id
+                url = f'https://www.mirrativ.com/live/{live_id}'
                 yield self.url_result(url, video_id=live_id, video_title=live.get('title'))
             page = api_response.get('next_page')
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mit.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mit.py
index 979584ed6a..e75c540a23 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mit.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mit.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class TechTVMITIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         raw_page = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://techtv.mit.edu/videos/%s' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'http://techtv.mit.edu/videos/{video_id}', video_id)
         clean_page = re.compile(r'<!--.*?-->', re.S).sub('', raw_page)
 
         base_url = self._proto_relative_url(self._search_regex(
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class OCWMITIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'upload_date': '20121109',
                 'uploader_id': 'MIT',
                 'uploader': 'MIT OpenCourseWare',
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mathematics/18-01sc-single-variable-calculus-fall-2010/1.-differentiation/part-a-definition-and-basic-rules/session-1-introduction-to-derivatives/',
@@ -91,8 +91,8 @@ class OCWMITIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'uploader_id': 'MIT',
                 'uploader': 'MIT OpenCourseWare',
                 'description': 'This section contains lecture video excerpts, lecture notes, an interactive mathlet with supporting documents, and problem solving videos.',
-            }
-        }
+            },
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mixch.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mixch.py
index 58c4a23018..9b7c7b89b9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mixch.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mixch.py
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ class MixchArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': '421',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': '96NEKO SHOW TIME',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://mixch.tv/archive/1213',
         'skip': 'paid video, no DRM. expires at Dec 31, 2023',
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ class MixchArchiveIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': '【特別トーク番組アーカイブス】Merm4id×燐舞曲 2nd LIVE「VERSUS」',
             'release_date': '20231201',
             'thumbnail': str,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://mixch.tv/archive/1214',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mixcloud.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mixcloud.py
index 8a95d1a5db..19b7fd4e70 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mixcloud.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mixcloud.py
@@ -1,12 +1,9 @@
+import base64
 import itertools
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_b64decode,
-    compat_ord,
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urllib_parse_unquote,
-)
+from ..compat import compat_ord
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
@@ -25,7 +22,7 @@ class MixcloudBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
   %s(lookup: {username: "%s"%s}) {
     %s
   }
-}''' % (lookup_key, username, ', slug: "%s"' % slug if slug else '', object_fields)
+}''' % (lookup_key, username, f', slug: "{slug}"' if slug else '', object_fields),  # noqa: UP031
             })['data'][lookup_key]
 
 
@@ -91,8 +88,8 @@ class MixcloudIE(MixcloudBaseIE):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         username, slug = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
-        username, slug = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(username), compat_urllib_parse_unquote(slug)
-        track_id = '%s_%s' % (username, slug)
+        username, slug = urllib.parse.unquote(username), urllib.parse.unquote(slug)
+        track_id = f'{username}_{slug}'
 
         cloudcast = self._call_api('cloudcast', '''audioLength
     comments(first: 100) {
@@ -162,7 +159,7 @@ class MixcloudIE(MixcloudBaseIE):
             if not format_url:
                 continue
             decrypted = self._decrypt_xor_cipher(
-                self._DECRYPTION_KEY, compat_b64decode(format_url))
+                self._DECRYPTION_KEY, base64.b64decode(format_url))
             if url_key == 'hlsUrl':
                 formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
                     decrypted, track_id, 'mp4', entry_protocol='m3u8_native',
@@ -200,7 +197,7 @@ class MixcloudIE(MixcloudBaseIE):
 
         tags = []
         for t in cloudcast.get('tags'):
-            tag = try_get(t, lambda x: x['tag']['name'], compat_str)
+            tag = try_get(t, lambda x: x['tag']['name'], str)
             if not tag:
                 tags.append(tag)
 
@@ -213,7 +210,7 @@ class MixcloudIE(MixcloudBaseIE):
             'title': title,
             'formats': formats,
             'description': cloudcast.get('description'),
-            'thumbnail': try_get(cloudcast, lambda x: x['picture']['url'], compat_str),
+            'thumbnail': try_get(cloudcast, lambda x: x['picture']['url'], str),
             'uploader': owner.get('displayName'),
             'timestamp': parse_iso8601(cloudcast.get('publishDate')),
             'uploader_id': owner.get('username'),
@@ -238,12 +235,12 @@ class MixcloudPlaylistBaseIE(MixcloudBaseIE):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         username, slug = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
-        username = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(username)
+        username = urllib.parse.unquote(username)
         if not slug:
             slug = 'uploads'
         else:
-            slug = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(slug)
-        playlist_id = '%s_%s' % (username, slug)
+            slug = urllib.parse.unquote(slug)
+        playlist_id = f'{username}_{slug}'
 
         is_playlist_type = self._ROOT_TYPE == 'playlist'
         playlist_type = 'items' if is_playlist_type else slug
@@ -265,7 +262,7 @@ class MixcloudPlaylistBaseIE(MixcloudBaseIE):
         endCursor
         hasNextPage
       }
-    }''' % (self._TITLE_KEY, self._DESCRIPTION_KEY, playlist_type, list_filter, self._NODE_TEMPLATE),
+    }''' % (self._TITLE_KEY, self._DESCRIPTION_KEY, playlist_type, list_filter, self._NODE_TEMPLATE),  # noqa: UP031
                 playlist_id, username, slug if is_playlist_type else None)
 
             items = playlist.get(playlist_type) or {}
@@ -274,15 +271,15 @@ class MixcloudPlaylistBaseIE(MixcloudBaseIE):
                 cloudcast_url = cloudcast.get('url')
                 if not cloudcast_url:
                     continue
-                item_slug = try_get(cloudcast, lambda x: x['slug'], compat_str)
-                owner_username = try_get(cloudcast, lambda x: x['owner']['username'], compat_str)
+                item_slug = try_get(cloudcast, lambda x: x['slug'], str)
+                owner_username = try_get(cloudcast, lambda x: x['owner']['username'], str)
                 video_id = f'{owner_username}_{item_slug}' if item_slug and owner_username else None
                 entries.append(self.url_result(
                     cloudcast_url, MixcloudIE.ie_key(), video_id))
 
             page_info = items['pageInfo']
             has_next_page = page_info['hasNextPage']
-            list_filter = ', after: "%s"' % page_info['endCursor']
+            list_filter = ', after: "{}"'.format(page_info['endCursor'])
 
         return self.playlist_result(
             entries, playlist_id,
@@ -351,7 +348,7 @@ class MixcloudUserIE(MixcloudPlaylistBaseIE):
           owner { username }'''
 
     def _get_playlist_title(self, title, slug):
-        return '%s (%s)' % (title, slug)
+        return f'{title} ({slug})'
 
 
 class MixcloudPlaylistIE(MixcloudPlaylistBaseIE):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mlb.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mlb.py
index d715b97892..8a693dc0be 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mlb.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mlb.py
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ class MLBIE(MLBBaseIE):
 
     def _download_video_data(self, display_id):
         return self._download_json(
-            'http://content.mlb.com/mlb/item/id/v1/%s/details/web-v1.json' % display_id,
+            f'http://content.mlb.com/mlb/item/id/v1/{display_id}/details/web-v1.json',
             display_id)
 
 
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ class MLBVideoIE(MLBBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if MLBIE.suitable(url) else super(MLBVideoIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if MLBIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     @staticmethod
     def _get_feed(video):
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ class MLBVideoIE(MLBBaseIE):
     timestamp
     title
   }
-}''' % display_id,
+}''' % display_id,  # noqa: UP031
             })['data']['mediaPlayback'][0]
 
 
@@ -300,14 +300,14 @@ class MLBTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'https://ids.mlb.com/oauth2/aus1m088yK07noBfh356/v1/token', None,
             headers={
                 'User-Agent': 'okhttp/3.12.1',
-                'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
+                'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
             }, data=data.encode())['access_token']
 
         entitlement = self._download_webpage(
-            f'https://media-entitlement.mlb.com/api/v3/jwt?os=Android&appname=AtBat&did={str(uuid.uuid4())}', None,
+            f'https://media-entitlement.mlb.com/api/v3/jwt?os=Android&appname=AtBat&did={uuid.uuid4()}', None,
             headers={
                 'User-Agent': 'okhttp/3.12.1',
-                'Authorization': f'Bearer {access_token}'
+                'Authorization': f'Bearer {access_token}',
             })
 
         data = f'grant_type=urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:token-exchange&subject_token={entitlement}&subject_token_type=urn:ietf:params:oauth:token-type:jwt&platform=android-tv'
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ class MLBTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             headers={
                 'Accept': 'application/json',
                 'Authorization': 'Bearer bWxidHYmYW5kcm9pZCYxLjAuMA.6LZMbH2r--rbXcgEabaDdIslpo4RyZrlVfWZhsAgXIk',
-                'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
+                'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
             }, data=data.encode())['access_token']
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ class MLBTVIE(InfoExtractor):
                 airing['playbackUrls'][0]['href'].format(scenario='browser~csai'), video_id,
                 headers={
                     'Authorization': self._access_token,
-                    'Accept': 'application/vnd.media-service+json; version=2'
+                    'Accept': 'application/vnd.media-service+json; version=2',
                 })['stream']['complete']
             f, s = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
                 m3u8_url, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id=join_nonempty(airing.get('feedType'), airing.get('feedLanguage')))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mlssoccer.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mlssoccer.py
index 9383f13581..a0b141ae82 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mlssoccer.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mlssoccer.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ from .common import InfoExtractor
 
 class MLSSoccerIE(InfoExtractor):
     _VALID_DOMAINS = r'(?:(?:cfmontreal|intermiamicf|lagalaxy|lafc|houstondynamofc|dcunited|atlutd|mlssoccer|fcdallas|columbuscrew|coloradorapids|fccincinnati|chicagofirefc|austinfc|nashvillesc|whitecapsfc|sportingkc|soundersfc|sjearthquakes|rsl|timbers|philadelphiaunion|orlandocitysc|newyorkredbulls|nycfc)\.com|(?:torontofc)\.ca|(?:revolutionsoccer)\.net)'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?%s/video/#?(?P<id>[^/&$#?]+)' % _VALID_DOMAINS
+    _VALID_URL = rf'https?://(?:www\.)?{_VALID_DOMAINS}/video/#?(?P<id>[^/&$#?]+)'
 
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.mlssoccer.com/video/the-octagon-can-alphonso-davies-lead-canada-to-first-world-cup-since-1986#the-octagon-can-alphonso-davies-lead-canada-to-first-world-cup-since-1986',
@@ -19,96 +19,97 @@ class MLSSoccerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'tags': ['club/canada'],
             'is_live': False,
             'upload_date': '20211007',
-            'filesize_approx': 255193528.83200002
+            'filesize_approx': 255193528.83200002,
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.whitecapsfc.com/video/highlights-san-jose-earthquakes-vs-vancouver-whitecaps-fc-october-23-2021#highlights-san-jose-earthquakes-vs-vancouver-whitecaps-fc-october-23-2021',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.torontofc.ca/video/highlights-toronto-fc-vs-cf-montreal-october-23-2021-x6733#highlights-toronto-fc-vs-cf-montreal-october-23-2021-x6733',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.sportingkc.com/video/post-match-press-conference-john-pulskamp-oct-27-2021#post-match-press-conference-john-pulskamp-oct-27-2021',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.soundersfc.com/video/highlights-seattle-sounders-fc-vs-sporting-kansas-city-october-23-2021',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.sjearthquakes.com/video/#highlights-austin-fc-vs-san-jose-earthquakes-june-19-2021',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.rsl.com/video/2021-u-of-u-health-mic-d-up-vs-colorado-10-16-21#2021-u-of-u-health-mic-d-up-vs-colorado-10-16-21',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.timbers.com/video/highlights-d-chara-asprilla-with-goals-in-portland-timbers-2-0-win-over-san-jose#highlights-d-chara-asprilla-with-goals-in-portland-timbers-2-0-win-over-san-jose',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.philadelphiaunion.com/video/highlights-torvphi',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.orlandocitysc.com/video/highlight-columbus-crew-vs-orlando-city-sc',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.newyorkredbulls.com/video/all-access-matchday-double-derby-week#all-access-matchday-double-derby-week',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.nycfc.com/video/highlights-nycfc-1-0-chicago-fire-fc#highlights-nycfc-1-0-chicago-fire-fc',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.revolutionsoccer.net/video/two-minute-highlights-revs-1-rapids-0-october-27-2021#two-minute-highlights-revs-1-rapids-0-october-27-2021',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.nashvillesc.com/video/goal-c-j-sapong-nashville-sc-92nd-minute',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.cfmontreal.com/video/faits-saillants-tor-v-mtl#faits-saillants-orl-v-mtl-x5645',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.intermiamicf.com/video/all-access-victory-vs-nashville-sc-by-ukg#all-access-victory-vs-nashville-sc-by-ukg',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.lagalaxy.com/video/#moment-of-the-month-presented-by-san-manuel-casino-rayan-raveloson-scores-his-se',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.lafc.com/video/breaking-down-lafc-s-final-6-matches-of-the-2021-mls-regular-season#breaking-down-lafc-s-final-6-matches-of-the-2021-mls-regular-season',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.houstondynamofc.com/video/postgame-press-conference-michael-nelson-presented-by-coushatta-casino-res-x9660#postgame-press-conference-michael-nelson-presented-by-coushatta-casino-res-x9660',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.dcunited.com/video/tony-alfaro-my-family-pushed-me-to-believe-everything-was-possible',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.fcdallas.com/video/highlights-fc-dallas-vs-minnesota-united-fc-october-02-2021#highlights-fc-dallas-vs-minnesota-united-fc-october-02-2021',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.columbuscrew.com/video/match-rewind-columbus-crew-vs-new-york-red-bulls-october-23-2021',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.coloradorapids.com/video/postgame-reaction-robin-fraser-october-27#postgame-reaction-robin-fraser-october-27',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.fccincinnati.com/video/#keeping-cincy-chill-presented-by-coors-lite',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.chicagofirefc.com/video/all-access-fire-score-dramatic-road-win-in-cincy#all-access-fire-score-dramatic-road-win-in-cincy',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.austinfc.com/video/highlights-colorado-rapids-vs-austin-fc-september-29-2021#highlights-colorado-rapids-vs-austin-fc-september-29-2021',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.atlutd.com/video/goal-josef-martinez-scores-in-the-73rd-minute#goal-josef-martinez-scores-in-the-73rd-minute',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, id)
-        data_json = self._parse_json(self._html_search_regex(r'data-options\=\"([^\"]+)\"', webpage, 'json'), id)['videoList'][0]
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
+        data_json = self._parse_json(
+            self._html_search_regex(r'data-options\=\"([^\"]+)\"', webpage, 'json'), video_id)['videoList'][0]
         return {
-            'id': id,
+            'id': video_id,
             '_type': 'url',
-            'url': 'https://players.brightcove.net/%s/default_default/index.html?videoId=%s' % (data_json['accountId'], data_json['videoId']),
+            'url': 'https://players.brightcove.net/{}/default_default/index.html?videoId={}'.format(data_json['accountId'], data_json['videoId']),
             'ie_key': 'BrightcoveNew',
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mocha.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mocha.py
index 2fbc0e9110..c3f4055bad 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mocha.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mocha.py
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ class MochaVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1652254203,
             'upload_date': '20220511',
             'comment_count': int,
-            'categories': ['Kids']
-        }
+            'categories': ['Kids'],
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mojvideo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mojvideo.py
index d47ad07421..6bc362a53c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mojvideo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mojvideo.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class MojvideoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'V avtu pred mano rdečelaska - Alfi Nipič',
             'thumbnail': r're:^http://.*\.jpg$',
             'duration': 242,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -27,12 +27,12 @@ class MojvideoIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         # XML is malformed
         playerapi = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://www.mojvideo.com/playerapi.php?v=%s&t=1' % video_id, display_id)
+            f'http://www.mojvideo.com/playerapi.php?v={video_id}&t=1', display_id)
 
         if '<error>true</error>' in playerapi:
             error_desc = self._html_search_regex(
                 r'<errordesc>([^<]*)</errordesc>', playerapi, 'error description', fatal=False)
-            raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, error_desc), expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {error_desc}', expected=True)
 
         title = self._html_extract_title(playerapi)
         video_url = self._html_search_regex(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/monstercat.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/monstercat.py
index 411d41cb0a..930c13e278 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/monstercat.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/monstercat.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class MonstercatIE(InfoExtractor):
             'release_date': '20230711',
             'album': 'The Secret Language of Trees',
             'album_artist': 'BT',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _extract_tracks(self, table, album_meta):
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class MonstercatIE(InfoExtractor):
             track_number = int_or_none(try_call(lambda: get_element_by_class('py-xsmall', td)))
             if not track_id or not release_id:
                 self.report_warning(f'Skipping track {track_number}, ID(s) not found')
-                self.write_debug(f'release_id={repr(release_id)} track_id={repr(track_id)}')
+                self.write_debug(f'release_id={release_id!r} track_id={track_id!r}')
                 continue
             yield {
                 **album_meta,
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class MonstercatIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'artist': clean_html(try_call(lambda: get_element_by_class('d-block fs-xxsmall', td))),
                 'url': f'https://www.monstercat.com/api/release/{release_id}/track-stream/{track_id}',
                 'id': track_id,
-                'ext': 'mp3'
+                'ext': 'mp3',
             }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/motherless.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/motherless.py
index b6c18fe5bf..86551950b7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/motherless.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/motherless.py
@@ -115,10 +115,10 @@ class MotherlessIE(InfoExtractor):
         if any(p in webpage for p in (
                 '<title>404 - MOTHERLESS.COM<',
                 ">The page you're looking for cannot be found.<")):
-            raise ExtractorError('Video %s does not exist' % video_id, expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'Video {video_id} does not exist', expected=True)
 
         if '>The content you are trying to view is for friends only.' in webpage:
-            raise ExtractorError('Video %s is for friends only' % video_id, expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'Video {video_id} is for friends only', expected=True)
 
         title = self._html_search_regex(
             (r'(?s)<div[^>]+\bclass=["\']media-meta-title[^>]+>(.+?)</div>',
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ class MotherlessIE(InfoExtractor):
             (r'setup\(\{\s*["\']file["\']\s*:\s*(["\'])(?P<url>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1',
              r'fileurl\s*=\s*(["\'])(?P<url>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1'),
             webpage, 'video URL', default=None, group='url')
-            or 'http://cdn4.videos.motherlessmedia.com/videos/%s.mp4?fs=opencloud' % video_id)
+            or f'http://cdn4.videos.motherlessmedia.com/videos/{video_id}.mp4?fs=opencloud')
         age_limit = self._rta_search(webpage)
         view_count = str_to_int(self._html_search_regex(
             (r'>([\d,.]+)\s+Views<', r'<strong>Views</strong>\s+([^<]+)<'),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/motorsport.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/motorsport.py
index 167d85fa9b..0178367105 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/motorsport.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/motorsport.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 
 
 class MotorsportIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -19,7 +18,7 @@ class MotorsportIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'mcomstaff',
             'uploader_id': 'UC334JIYKkVnyFoNCclfZtHQ',
             'upload_date': '20140903',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.+\.jpg$'
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.+\.jpg$',
         },
         'add_ie': ['Youtube'],
         'params': {
@@ -40,7 +39,7 @@ class MotorsportIE(InfoExtractor):
             return self.url_result(iframe_path)
 
         iframe = self._download_webpage(
-            compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, iframe_path), display_id,
+            urllib.parse.urljoin(url, iframe_path), display_id,
             'Downloading iframe')
         youtube_id = self._search_regex(
             r'www.youtube.com/embed/(.{11})', iframe, 'youtube id')
@@ -48,5 +47,5 @@ class MotorsportIE(InfoExtractor):
         return {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
             'display_id': display_id,
-            'url': 'https://youtube.com/watch?v=%s' % youtube_id,
+            'url': f'https://youtube.com/watch?v={youtube_id}',
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/moview.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/moview.py
index 678b2eb06e..560154e1a1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/moview.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/moview.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class MoviewPlayIE(JixieBaseIE):
                 'title': 'Candy Monster',
                 'description': 'Mengapa Candy Monster ingin mengambil permen Chloe?',
                 'thumbnail': 'https://video.jixie.media/1034/146182/146182_1280x720.jpg',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             # non-drm hls
             'url': 'https://www.moview.id/play/75/Paris-Van-Java-Episode-16',
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ class MoviewPlayIE(JixieBaseIE):
                 'thumbnail': 'https://video.jixie.media/1003/28210/28210_1280x720.jpg',
                 'description': 'md5:2a5e18d98eef9b39d7895029cac96c63',
                 'title': 'Paris Van Java Episode 16',
-            }
-        }
+            },
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/moviezine.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/moviezine.py
index cffcdcfb56..331a56234b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/moviezine.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/moviezine.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class MoviezineIE(InfoExtractor):
         video_id = mobj.group('id')
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
-        jsplayer = self._download_webpage('http://www.moviezine.se/api/player.js?video=%s' % video_id, video_id, 'Downloading js api player')
+        jsplayer = self._download_webpage(f'http://www.moviezine.se/api/player.js?video={video_id}', video_id, 'Downloading js api player')
 
         formats = [{
             'format_id': 'sd',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/movingimage.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/movingimage.py
index 6e0ea2652a..7b1c7979ce 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/movingimage.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/movingimage.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class MovingImageIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         def search_field(field_name, fatal=False):
             return self._search_regex(
-                r'<span\s+class="field_title">%s:</span>\s*<span\s+class="field_content">([^<]+)</span>' % field_name,
+                rf'<span\s+class="field_title">{field_name}:</span>\s*<span\s+class="field_content">([^<]+)</span>',
                 webpage, 'title', fatal=fatal)
 
         title = unescapeHTML(search_field('Title', fatal=True)).strip('()[]')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/msn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/msn.py
index 79728e1063..dd864952c4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/msn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/msn.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     determine_ext,
@@ -139,7 +138,7 @@ class MSNIE(InfoExtractor):
                 format_code = file_.get('formatCode')
                 if not format_url or not format_code:
                     continue
-                if compat_str(format_code) == '3100':
+                if str(format_code) == '3100':
                     subtitles.setdefault(file_.get('culture', 'en'), []).append({
                         'ext': determine_ext(format_url, 'ttml'),
                         'url': format_url,
@@ -163,6 +162,6 @@ class MSNIE(InfoExtractor):
             error = unescapeHTML(self._search_regex(
                 r'data-error=(["\'])(?P<error>.+?)\1',
                 webpage, 'error', group='error'))
-            raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, error), expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {error}', expected=True)
 
         return self.playlist_result(entries, page_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mtv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mtv.py
index 404e431bc6..34e015dfcd 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mtv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mtv.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import re
 import xml.etree.ElementTree
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..networking import HEADRequest, Request
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -23,7 +22,7 @@ from ..utils import (
 
 
 def _media_xml_tag(tag):
-    return '{http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/}%s' % tag
+    return f'{{http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/}}{tag}'
 
 
 class MTVServicesInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
@@ -43,7 +42,7 @@ class MTVServicesInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
         return self._FEED_URL
 
     def _get_thumbnail_url(self, uri, itemdoc):
-        search_path = '%s/%s' % (_media_xml_tag('group'), _media_xml_tag('thumbnail'))
+        search_path = '{}/{}'.format(_media_xml_tag('group'), _media_xml_tag('thumbnail'))
         thumb_node = itemdoc.find(search_path)
         if thumb_node is None:
             return None
@@ -61,7 +60,7 @@ class MTVServicesInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
         response = self._request_webpage(req, mtvn_id, 'Resolving url')
         url = response.url
         # Transform the url to get the best quality:
-        url = re.sub(r'.+pxE=mp4', 'http://mtvnmobile.vo.llnwd.net/kip0/_pxn=0+_pxK=18639+_pxE=mp4', url, 1)
+        url = re.sub(r'.+pxE=mp4', 'http://mtvnmobile.vo.llnwd.net/kip0/_pxn=0+_pxK=18639+_pxE=mp4', url, count=1)
         return [{'url': url, 'ext': 'mp4'}]
 
     def _extract_video_formats(self, mdoc, mtvn_id, video_id):
@@ -87,7 +86,7 @@ class MTVServicesInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
                     rtmp_video_url = rendition.find('./src').text
                     if 'error_not_available.swf' in rtmp_video_url:
                         raise ExtractorError(
-                            '%s said: video is not available' % self.IE_NAME,
+                            f'{self.IE_NAME} said: video is not available',
                             expected=True)
                     if rtmp_video_url.endswith('siteunavail.png'):
                         continue
@@ -118,8 +117,8 @@ class MTVServicesInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
                 if ext == 'cea-608':
                     ext = 'scc'
                 subtitles.setdefault(lang, []).append({
-                    'url': compat_str(sub_src),
-                    'ext': ext
+                    'url': str(sub_src),
+                    'ext': ext,
                 })
         return subtitles
 
@@ -127,7 +126,7 @@ class MTVServicesInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
         uri = itemdoc.find('guid').text
         video_id = self._id_from_uri(uri)
         self.report_extraction(video_id)
-        content_el = itemdoc.find('%s/%s' % (_media_xml_tag('group'), _media_xml_tag('content')))
+        content_el = itemdoc.find('{}/{}'.format(_media_xml_tag('group'), _media_xml_tag('content')))
         mediagen_url = self._remove_template_parameter(content_el.attrib['url'])
         mediagen_url = mediagen_url.replace('device={device}', '')
         if 'acceptMethods' not in mediagen_url:
@@ -143,9 +142,9 @@ class MTVServicesInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
 
         item = mediagen_doc.find('./video/item')
         if item is not None and item.get('type') == 'text':
-            message = '%s returned error: ' % self.IE_NAME
+            message = f'{self.IE_NAME} returned error: '
             if item.get('code') is not None:
-                message += '%s - ' % item.get('code')
+                message += '{} - '.format(item.get('code'))
             message += item.text
             raise ExtractorError(message, expected=True)
 
@@ -184,7 +183,7 @@ class MTVServicesInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
         episode = episode.text if episode is not None else None
         if season and episode:
             # episode number includes season, so remove it
-            episode = re.sub(r'^%s' % season, '', episode)
+            episode = re.sub(rf'^{season}', '', episode)
 
         # This a short id that's used in the webpage urls
         mtvn_id = None
@@ -255,7 +254,7 @@ class MTVServicesInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
 
         feed_url = try_get(
             triforce_feed, lambda x: x['manifest']['zones'][data_zone]['feed'],
-            compat_str)
+            str)
         if not feed_url:
             return
 
@@ -263,7 +262,7 @@ class MTVServicesInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
         if not feed:
             return
 
-        return try_get(feed, lambda x: x['result']['data']['id'], compat_str)
+        return try_get(feed, lambda x: x['result']['data']['id'], str)
 
     @staticmethod
     def _extract_child_with_type(parent, t):
@@ -320,8 +319,7 @@ class MTVServicesInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
         title = url_basename(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, title)
         mgid = self._extract_mgid(webpage)
-        videos_info = self._get_videos_info(mgid, url=url)
-        return videos_info
+        return self._get_videos_info(mgid, url=url)
 
 
 class MTVServicesEmbeddedIE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
@@ -346,7 +344,7 @@ class MTVServicesEmbeddedIE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
     def _get_feed_url(self, uri, url=None):
         video_id = self._id_from_uri(uri)
         config = self._download_json(
-            'http://media.mtvnservices.com/pmt/e1/access/index.html?uri=%s&configtype=edge' % uri, video_id)
+            f'http://media.mtvnservices.com/pmt/e1/access/index.html?uri={uri}&configtype=edge', video_id)
         return self._remove_template_parameter(config['feedWithQueryParams'])
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -443,8 +441,8 @@ class MTVVideoIE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
                 r'(?s)isVevoVideo = true;.*?vevoVideoId = "(.*?)";', webpage)
             if m_vevo:
                 vevo_id = m_vevo.group(1)
-                self.to_screen('Vevo video detected: %s' % vevo_id)
-                return self.url_result('vevo:%s' % vevo_id, ie='Vevo')
+                self.to_screen(f'Vevo video detected: {vevo_id}')
+                return self.url_result(f'vevo:{vevo_id}', ie='Vevo')
 
             uri = self._html_search_regex(r'/uri/(.*?)\?', webpage, 'uri')
         return self._get_videos_info(uri)
@@ -577,9 +575,9 @@ class MTVItaliaProgrammaIE(MTVItaliaIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete I
     def _get_entries(self, title, url):
         while True:
             pg = self._search_regex(r'/(\d+)$', url, 'entries', '1')
-            entries = self._download_json(url, title, 'page %s' % pg)
+            entries = self._download_json(url, title, f'page {pg}')
             url = try_get(
-                entries, lambda x: x['result']['nextPageURL'], compat_str)
+                entries, lambda x: x['result']['nextPageURL'], str)
             entries = try_get(
                 entries, (
                     lambda x: x['result']['data']['items'],
@@ -598,15 +596,15 @@ class MTVItaliaProgrammaIE(MTVItaliaIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete I
         info = self._download_json(info_url, video_id).get('manifest')
 
         redirect = try_get(
-            info, lambda x: x['newLocation']['url'], compat_str)
+            info, lambda x: x['newLocation']['url'], str)
         if redirect:
             return self.url_result(redirect)
 
         title = info.get('title')
         video_id = try_get(
-            info, lambda x: x['reporting']['itemId'], compat_str)
+            info, lambda x: x['reporting']['itemId'], str)
         parent_id = try_get(
-            info, lambda x: x['reporting']['parentId'], compat_str)
+            info, lambda x: x['reporting']['parentId'], str)
 
         playlist_url = current_url = None
         for z in (info.get('zones') or {}).values():
@@ -630,15 +628,15 @@ class MTVItaliaProgrammaIE(MTVItaliaIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete I
             info, (
                 lambda x: x['title'],
                 lambda x: x['headline']),
-            compat_str)
-        description = try_get(info, lambda x: x['content'], compat_str)
+            str)
+        description = try_get(info, lambda x: x['content'], str)
 
         if current_url:
             season = try_get(
                 self._download_json(playlist_url, video_id, 'Seasons info'),
                 lambda x: x['result']['data'], dict)
             current = try_get(
-                season, lambda x: x['currentSeason'], compat_str)
+                season, lambda x: x['currentSeason'], str)
             seasons = try_get(
                 season, lambda x: x['seasons'], list) or []
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/muenchentv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/muenchentv.py
index 934cd4fbc8..5d2dd392b1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/muenchentv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/muenchentv.py
@@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ class MuenchenTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 're:^münchen.tv-Livestream [0-9]{4}-[0-9]{2}-[0-9]{2} [0-9]{2}:[0-9]{2}$',
             'is_live': True,
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$'
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -47,12 +47,12 @@ class MuenchenTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             ext = determine_ext(s['file'], None)
             label_str = s.get('label')
             if label_str is None:
-                label_str = '_%d' % format_num
+                label_str = f'_{format_num}'
 
             if ext is None:
                 format_id = label_str
             else:
-                format_id = '%s-%s' % (ext, label_str)
+                format_id = f'{ext}-{label_str}'
 
             formats.append({
                 'url': s['file'],
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/murrtube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/murrtube.py
index 74365c0c08..3b39a1b9ad 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/murrtube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/murrtube.py
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class MurrtubeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'view_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
             'tags': ['hump', 'breed', 'Fursuit', 'murrsuit', 'bareback'],
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _download_gql(self, video_id, op, note=None, fatal=True):
@@ -129,14 +129,14 @@ query Media($q: String, $sort: String, $userId: ID, $offset: Int!, $limit: Int!)
     __typename
   }
 }'''},
-            'Downloading page {0}'.format(page + 1))
+            f'Downloading page {page + 1}')
         if data is None:
             raise ExtractorError(f'Failed to retrieve video list for page {page + 1}')
 
         media = data['media']
 
         for entry in media:
-            yield self.url_result('murrtube:{0}'.format(entry['id']), MurrtubeIE.ie_key())
+            yield self.url_result('murrtube:{}'.format(entry['id']), MurrtubeIE.ie_key())
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         username = self._match_id(url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/musescore.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/musescore.py
index 289ae57335..0ef2fa0c88 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/musescore.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/musescore.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ class MuseScoreIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:https?://(?:www\.)?musescore\.com/.*\.png[^$]+',
             'uploader': 'PapyPiano',
             'creator': 'Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://musescore.com/user/36164500/scores/6837638',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class MuseScoreIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:https?://(?:www\.)?musescore\.com/.*\.png[^$]+',
             'uploader': 'roxbelviolin',
             'creator': 'Guns N´Roses Arr. Roxbel Violin',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://musescore.com/classicman/fur-elise',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class MuseScoreIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:https?://(?:www\.)?musescore\.com/.*\.png[^$]+',
             'uploader': 'ClassicMan',
             'creator': 'Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827)',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://musescore.com/minh_cuteee/scores/6555384',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@ class MuseScoreIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, None)
         url = self._og_search_url(webpage) or url
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        mp3_url = self._download_json(f'https://musescore.com/api/jmuse?id={id}&index=0&type=mp3&v2=1', id,
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        mp3_url = self._download_json(f'https://musescore.com/api/jmuse?id={video_id}&index=0&type=mp3&v2=1', video_id,
                                       headers={'authorization': '63794e5461e4cfa046edfbdddfccc1ac16daffd2'})['info']['url']
         formats = [{
             'url': mp3_url,
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class MuseScoreIE(InfoExtractor):
         }]
 
         return {
-            'id': id,
+            'id': video_id,
             'formats': formats,
             'title': self._og_search_title(webpage),
             'description': self._og_search_description(webpage),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/musicdex.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/musicdex.py
index a863514581..5ca390ef9a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/musicdex.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/musicdex.py
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ from ..utils import (
 
 
 class MusicdexBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
-    def _return_info(self, track_json, album_json, id):
+    def _return_info(self, track_json, album_json, video_id):
         return {
-            'id': str(id),
+            'id': str(video_id),
             'title': track_json.get('name'),
             'track': track_json.get('name'),
             'description': track_json.get('description'),
@@ -50,15 +50,16 @@ class MusicdexSongIE(MusicdexBaseIE):
             'album_artists': ['fripSide'],
             'thumbnail': 'https://www.musicdex.org/storage/album/9iDIam1DHTVqUG4UclFIEq1WAFGXfPW4y0TtZa91.png',
             'album': 'To Aru Kagaku no Railgun T OP2 Single - dual existence',
-            'release_year': 2020
+            'release_year': 2020,
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        data_json = self._download_json(f'https://www.musicdex.org/secure/tracks/{id}?defaultRelations=true', id)['track']
-        return self._return_info(data_json, data_json.get('album') or {}, id)
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        data_json = self._download_json(
+            f'https://www.musicdex.org/secure/tracks/{video_id}?defaultRelations=true', video_id)['track']
+        return self._return_info(data_json, data_json.get('album') or {}, video_id)
 
 
 class MusicdexAlbumIE(MusicdexBaseIE):
@@ -79,13 +80,15 @@ class MusicdexAlbumIE(MusicdexBaseIE):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        data_json = self._download_json(f'https://www.musicdex.org/secure/albums/{id}?defaultRelations=true', id)['album']
-        entries = [self._return_info(track, data_json, track['id']) for track in data_json.get('tracks') or [] if track.get('id')]
+        playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
+        data_json = self._download_json(
+            f'https://www.musicdex.org/secure/albums/{playlist_id}?defaultRelations=true', playlist_id)['album']
+        entries = [self._return_info(track, data_json, track['id'])
+                   for track in data_json.get('tracks') or [] if track.get('id')]
 
         return {
             '_type': 'playlist',
-            'id': id,
+            'id': playlist_id,
             'title': data_json.get('name'),
             'description': data_json.get('description'),
             'genres': [genre.get('name') for genre in data_json.get('genres') or []],
@@ -98,12 +101,11 @@ class MusicdexAlbumIE(MusicdexBaseIE):
 
 
 class MusicdexPageIE(MusicdexBaseIE):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes should end with BaseIE/InfoExtractor
-    def _entries(self, id):
-        next_page_url = self._API_URL % id
+    def _entries(self, playlist_id):
+        next_page_url = self._API_URL % playlist_id
         while next_page_url:
-            data_json = self._download_json(next_page_url, id)['pagination']
-            for data in data_json.get('data') or []:
-                yield data
+            data_json = self._download_json(next_page_url, playlist_id)['pagination']
+            yield from data_json.get('data') or []
             next_page_url = data_json.get('next_page_url')
 
 
@@ -123,15 +125,15 @@ class MusicdexArtistIE(MusicdexPageIE):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        data_json = self._download_json(f'https://www.musicdex.org/secure/artists/{id}', id)['artist']
+        playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
+        data_json = self._download_json(f'https://www.musicdex.org/secure/artists/{playlist_id}', playlist_id)['artist']
         entries = []
-        for album in self._entries(id):
+        for album in self._entries(playlist_id):
             entries.extend(self._return_info(track, album, track['id']) for track in album.get('tracks') or [] if track.get('id'))
 
         return {
             '_type': 'playlist',
-            'id': id,
+            'id': playlist_id,
             'title': data_json.get('name'),
             'view_count': data_json.get('plays'),
             'thumbnail': format_field(data_json, 'image_small', 'https://www.musicdex.org/%s'),
@@ -156,14 +158,14 @@ class MusicdexPlaylistIE(MusicdexPageIE):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        data_json = self._download_json(f'https://www.musicdex.org/secure/playlists/{id}', id)['playlist']
+        playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
+        data_json = self._download_json(f'https://www.musicdex.org/secure/playlists/{playlist_id}', playlist_id)['playlist']
         entries = [self._return_info(track, track.get('album') or {}, track['id'])
-                   for track in self._entries(id) or [] if track.get('id')]
+                   for track in self._entries(playlist_id) or [] if track.get('id')]
 
         return {
             '_type': 'playlist',
-            'id': id,
+            'id': playlist_id,
             'title': data_json.get('name'),
             'description': data_json.get('description'),
             'view_count': data_json.get('plays'),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mx3.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mx3.py
index cb9f50e0cf..5c42f4d156 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mx3.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mx3.py
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ class Mx3IE(Mx3BaseIE):
             'title': "S'envoler",
             'release_year': 2021,
             'tags': [],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://mx3.ch/t/1LIY',
         'md5': '48293cb908342547827f963a5a2e9118',
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ class Mx3IE(Mx3BaseIE):
             'release_year': 2023,
             'tags': ['the broots', 'cassata records', 'larytta'],
             'description': '"Begging for Help" Larytta Remix Official Video\nRealized By Kali Donkilie in 2023',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://mx3.ch/t/1C6E',
         'md5': '1afcd578493ddb8e5008e94bb6d97e25',
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ class Mx3IE(Mx3BaseIE):
             'title': 'Wide Awake',
             'release_year': 2021,
             'tags': ['alien bubblegum', 'bubblegum', 'alien', 'pop punk', 'poppunk'],
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
 
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ class Mx3NeoIE(Mx3BaseIE):
             'thumbnail': 'https://neo.mx3.ch/pictures/neo/file/0000/0241/square_xlarge/kammerorchester-basel-group-photo-2_c_-lukasz-rajchert.jpg?1560341252',
             'release_year': 2023,
             'tags': [],
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
 
@@ -167,5 +167,5 @@ class Mx3VolksmusikIE(Mx3BaseIE):
             'thumbnail': 'https://volksmusik.mx3.ch/pictures/vxm/file/0000/3815/square_xlarge/grischart1.jpg?1450530120',
             'release_year': 2012,
             'tags': [],
-        }
+        },
     }]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mxplayer.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mxplayer.py
index 1fdb08edfe..8d3e35a7c7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mxplayer.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mxplayer.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     traverse_obj,
@@ -23,7 +22,7 @@ class MxplayerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 2451,
             'season': 'Season 1',
             'series': 'My Girlfriend Is An Alien (Hindi Dubbed)',
-            'episode': 'Episode 1'
+            'episode': 'Episode 1',
         },
         'params': {
             'format': 'bv',
@@ -56,13 +55,13 @@ class MxplayerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 2332,
             'season': 'Season 1',
             'series': 'Shaitaan',
-            'episode': 'Episode 1'
+            'episode': 'Episode 1',
         },
         'params': {
             'format': 'best',
             'skip_download': True,
         },
-        'skip': 'No longer available.'
+        'skip': 'No longer available.',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.mxplayer.in/show/watch-aashram/chapter-1/duh-swapna-online-d445579792b0135598ba1bc9088a84cb',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -76,7 +75,7 @@ class MxplayerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 2568,
             'season': 'Season 1',
             'series': 'Aashram',
-            'episode': 'Episode 3'
+            'episode': 'Episode 3',
         },
         'params': {
             'format': 'bv',
@@ -95,7 +94,7 @@ class MxplayerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 1305,
             'season': 'Season 1',
             'series': 'Dangerous',
-            'episode': 'Episode 1'
+            'episode': 'Episode 1',
         },
         'params': {
             'format': 'bv',
@@ -114,7 +113,7 @@ class MxplayerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'format': 'best',
             'skip_download': True,
         },
-        'skip': 'No longer available. Cannot be played on browser'
+        'skip': 'No longer available. Cannot be played on browser',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.mxplayer.in/movie/watch-kitne-door-kitne-paas-movie-online-a9e9c76c566205955f70d8b2cb88a6a2',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -206,11 +205,11 @@ class MxplayerShowIE(InfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'a8f44e3cc0814b5601d17772cedf5417',
             'title': 'Watch Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat Series Online',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
-    _API_SHOW_URL = "https://api.mxplay.com/v1/web/detail/tab/tvshowseasons?type=tv_show&id={}&device-density=2&platform=com.mxplay.desktop&content-languages=hi,en"
-    _API_EPISODES_URL = "https://api.mxplay.com/v1/web/detail/tab/tvshowepisodes?type=season&id={}&device-density=1&platform=com.mxplay.desktop&content-languages=hi,en&{}"
+    _API_SHOW_URL = 'https://api.mxplay.com/v1/web/detail/tab/tvshowseasons?type=tv_show&id={}&device-density=2&platform=com.mxplay.desktop&content-languages=hi,en'
+    _API_EPISODES_URL = 'https://api.mxplay.com/v1/web/detail/tab/tvshowepisodes?type=season&id={}&device-density=1&platform=com.mxplay.desktop&content-languages=hi,en&{}'
 
     def _entries(self, show_id):
         show_json = self._download_json(
@@ -218,7 +217,7 @@ class MxplayerShowIE(InfoExtractor):
             video_id=show_id, headers={'Referer': 'https://mxplayer.in'})
         page_num = 0
         for season in show_json.get('items') or []:
-            season_id = try_get(season, lambda x: x['id'], compat_str)
+            season_id = try_get(season, lambda x: x['id'], str)
             next_url = ''
             while next_url is not None:
                 page_num += 1
@@ -226,11 +225,11 @@ class MxplayerShowIE(InfoExtractor):
                     self._API_EPISODES_URL.format(season_id, next_url),
                     video_id=season_id,
                     headers={'Referer': 'https://mxplayer.in'},
-                    note='Downloading JSON metadata page %d' % page_num)
+                    note=f'Downloading JSON metadata page {page_num}')
                 for episode in season_json.get('items') or []:
                     video_url = episode['webUrl']
                     yield self.url_result(
-                        'https://mxplayer.in%s' % video_url,
+                        f'https://mxplayer.in{video_url}',
                         ie=MxplayerIE.ie_key(), video_id=video_url.split('-')[-1])
                 next_url = season_json.get('next')
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/myspace.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/myspace.py
index 3451098379..fa2ef14e13 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/myspace.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/myspace.py
@@ -95,17 +95,17 @@ class MySpaceIE(InfoExtractor):
         if is_song:
             # songs don't store any useful info in the 'context' variable
             song_data = self._search_regex(
-                r'''<button.*data-song-id=(["\'])%s\1.*''' % video_id,
+                rf'''<button.*data-song-id=(["\']){video_id}\1.*''',
                 webpage, 'song_data', default=None, group=0)
             if song_data is None:
                 # some songs in an album are not playable
                 self.report_warning(
-                    '%s: No downloadable song on this page' % video_id)
+                    f'{video_id}: No downloadable song on this page')
                 return
 
             def search_data(name):
                 return self._search_regex(
-                    r'''data-%s=([\'"])(?P<data>.*?)\1''' % name,
+                    rf'''data-{name}=([\'"])(?P<data>.*?)\1''',
                     song_data, name, default='', group='data')
             formats = formats_from_stream_urls(
                 search_data('stream-url'), search_data('hls-stream-url'),
@@ -114,10 +114,10 @@ class MySpaceIE(InfoExtractor):
                 vevo_id = search_data('vevo-id')
                 youtube_id = search_data('youtube-id')
                 if vevo_id:
-                    self.to_screen('Vevo video detected: %s' % vevo_id)
-                    return self.url_result('vevo:%s' % vevo_id, ie='Vevo')
+                    self.to_screen(f'Vevo video detected: {vevo_id}')
+                    return self.url_result(f'vevo:{vevo_id}', ie='Vevo')
                 elif youtube_id:
-                    self.to_screen('Youtube video detected: %s' % youtube_id)
+                    self.to_screen(f'Youtube video detected: {youtube_id}')
                     return self.url_result(youtube_id, ie='Youtube')
                 else:
                     raise ExtractorError(
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ class MySpaceAlbumIE(InfoExtractor):
         tracks_paths = re.findall(r'"music:song" content="(.*?)"', webpage)
         if not tracks_paths:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                '%s: No songs found, try using proxy' % display_id,
+                f'{display_id}: No songs found, try using proxy',
                 expected=True)
         entries = [
             self.url_result(t_path, ie=MySpaceIE.ie_key())
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/myspass.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/myspass.py
index 28ac982d66..3e8d506c44 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/myspass.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/myspass.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     parse_duration,
@@ -75,7 +74,7 @@ class MySpassIE(InfoExtractor):
         for group in self._search_regex(r'/myspass2009/\d+/(\d+)/(\d+)/(\d+)/', video_url, 'myspass', group=(1, 2, 3), default=[]):
             group_int = int(group)
             if group_int > video_id_int:
-                video_url = video_url.replace(group, compat_str(group_int // video_id_int))
+                video_url = video_url.replace(group, str(group_int // video_id_int))
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/mzaalo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/mzaalo.py
index 1996368cc1..52e5ea89e7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/mzaalo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/mzaalo.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class MzaaloIE(InfoExtractor):
             'categories': ['Drama'],
             'age_limit': 13,
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'}
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
         # Shows
         'url': 'https://www.mzaalo.com/play/original/93d42b2b-f373-4c2d-bca4-997412cb069d/Modi-Season-2-CM-TO-PM/Episode-1:Decision,-Not-Promises',
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class MzaaloIE(InfoExtractor):
             'categories': ['Drama'],
             'age_limit': 13,
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'}
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
         # Streams/Clips
         'url': 'https://www.mzaalo.com/play/clip/83cdbcb5-400a-42f1-a1d2-459053cfbda5/Manto-Ki-Kahaaniya',
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class MzaaloIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 1937.0,
             'language': 'hin',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'}
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://mzaalo.com/watch/MOVIE/389c892d-0b65-4019-bf73-d4edcb1c014f/Chalo-Dilli',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/n1.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/n1.py
index 8a8a5fec7c..bbb327e750 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/n1.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/n1.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class N1InfoAssetIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': 'ljsottomazilirija3060921-n1info-si-worldwide',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'ljsottomazilirija3060921-n1info-si-worldwide',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class N1InfoIIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:467f330af1effedd2e290f10dc31bb8e',
             'uploader': 'Sport Klub',
             'uploader_id': 'sportklub',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://rs.n1info.com/vesti/djilas-los-plan-za-metro-nece-resiti-nijedan-saobracajni-problem/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ class N1InfoIIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Ćuta: Biti u Kosovskoj Mitrovici znači da te dočekaju eksplozivnim napravama',
             'upload_date': '20230620',
             'timestamp': 1687290536,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://cdn.brid.tv/live/partners/26827/snapshot/1332368_th_6492013a8356f_1687290170.jpg'
+            'thumbnail': 'https://cdn.brid.tv/live/partners/26827/snapshot/1332368_th_6492013a8356f_1687290170.jpg',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://hr.n1info.com/vijesti/pravobraniteljica-o-ubojstvu-u-zagrebu-radi-se-o-doista-nezapamcenoj-situaciji/',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nate.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nate.py
index 5e74caa7f6..bbc641f0e2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nate.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nate.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class NateIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': '3606',
             'tags': 'count:59',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://tv.nate.com/clip/4300566',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class NateIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': '27987',
             'tags': 'count:20',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }]
 
     _QUALITY = {
@@ -60,8 +60,8 @@ class NateIE(InfoExtractor):
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        video_data = self._download_json(f'https://tv.nate.com/api/v1/clip/{id}', id)
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        video_data = self._download_json(f'https://tv.nate.com/api/v1/clip/{video_id}', video_id)
         formats = [{
             'format_id': f_url[-2:],
             'url': f_url,
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ class NateIE(InfoExtractor):
             'quality': int_or_none(f_url[-2:]),
         } for f_url in video_data.get('smcUriList') or []]
         return {
-            'id': id,
+            'id': video_id,
             'title': video_data.get('clipTitle'),
             'description': video_data.get('synopsis'),
             'thumbnail': video_data.get('contentImg'),
@@ -102,19 +102,19 @@ class NateProgramIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
     }]
 
-    def _entries(self, id):
+    def _entries(self, playlist_id):
         for page_num in itertools.count(1):
-            program_data = self._download_json(f'https://tv.nate.com/api/v1/program/{id}/clip/ranking?size=20&page={page_num}',
-                                               id, note=f'Downloading page {page_num}')
+            program_data = self._download_json(
+                f'https://tv.nate.com/api/v1/program/{playlist_id}/clip/ranking?size=20&page={page_num}',
+                playlist_id, note=f'Downloading page {page_num}')
             for clip in program_data.get('content') or []:
                 clip_id = clip.get('clipSeq')
                 if clip_id:
                     yield self.url_result(
-                        'https://tv.nate.com/clip/%s' % clip_id,
-                        ie=NateIE.ie_key(), video_id=clip_id)
+                        f'https://tv.nate.com/clip/{clip_id}', NateIE, playlist_id)
             if program_data.get('last'):
                 break
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        return self.playlist_result(self._entries(id), playlist_id=id)
+        playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
+        return self.playlist_result(self._entries(playlist_id), playlist_id=playlist_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nationalgeographic.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nationalgeographic.py
index 6f046bc29c..43f84a9527 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nationalgeographic.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nationalgeographic.py
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ class NationalGeographicVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
             'ie_key': 'ThePlatform',
             'url': smuggle_url(
-                'http://link.theplatform.com/s/ngs/media/guid/2423130747/%s?mbr=true' % guid,
+                f'http://link.theplatform.com/s/ngs/media/guid/2423130747/{guid}?mbr=true',
                 {'force_smil_url': True}),
             'id': guid,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/naver.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/naver.py
index 26400e3833..a9f7f46078 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/naver.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/naver.py
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class NaverBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             type_ = 'automatic_captions' if caption.get('type') == 'auto' else 'subtitles'
             lang = caption.get('locale') or join_nonempty('language', 'country', from_dict=caption) or 'und'
             if caption.get('type') == 'fan':
-                lang += '_fan%d' % next(i for i in itertools.count(1) if f'{lang}_fan{i}' not in ret[type_])
+                lang += '_fan{}'.format(next(i for i in itertools.count(1) if f'{lang}_fan{i}' not in ret[type_]))
             ret[type_].setdefault(lang, []).extend({
                 'url': sub_url,
                 'name': join_nonempty('label', 'fanName', from_dict=caption, delim=' - '),
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class NaverBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                 encoding_option = stream.get('encodingOption', {})
                 bitrate = stream.get('bitrate', {})
                 formats.append({
-                    'format_id': '%s_%s' % (stream.get('type') or stream_type, dict_get(encoding_option, ('name', 'id'))),
+                    'format_id': '{}_{}'.format(stream.get('type') or stream_type, dict_get(encoding_option, ('name', 'id'))),
                     'url': stream_url,
                     'ext': 'mp4',
                     'width': int_or_none(encoding_option.get('width')),
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ class NaverLiveIE(NaverBaseIE):
                 'thumbnail': ('thumbnailImageUrl', {url_or_none}),
                 'start_time': (('startTime', 'startDateTime', 'startYmdt'), {parse_iso8601}),
             }), get_all=False),
-            'is_live': True
+            'is_live': True,
         }
 
 
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ class NaverNowIE(NaverBaseIE):
         },
         'params': {
             'noplaylist': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://now.naver.com/s/now.4759?shareHightlight=26601461#highlight=',
         'md5': '9f6118e398aa0f22b2152f554ea7851b',
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ class NaverNowIE(NaverBaseIE):
             'id': '4759',
             'title': '아이키의 떰즈업',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 101
+        'playlist_mincount': 101,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://now.naver.com/s/now.4759?shareReplayId=26331132#replay',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ class NaverNowIE(NaverBaseIE):
             show_vod_info = self._download_json(
                 f'{self._API_URL}/vod-shows/now.{show_id}', show_id,
                 query={'page': page, 'page_size': page_size},
-                note=f'Downloading JSON vod list for show {show_id} - page {page}'
+                note=f'Downloading JSON vod list for show {show_id} - page {page}',
             )['response']['result']
             for v in show_vod_info.get('vod_list') or []:
                 yield self._extract_replay(show_id, v['id'])
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nba.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nba.py
index ec4d6368e4..91ae1d14c6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nba.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nba.py
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
 import functools
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .turner import TurnerBaseIE
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urllib_parse_unquote,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     OnDemandPagedList,
     int_or_none,
@@ -22,7 +19,7 @@ from ..utils import (
 class NBACVPBaseIE(TurnerBaseIE):
     def _extract_nba_cvp_info(self, path, video_id, fatal=False):
         return self._extract_cvp_info(
-            'http://secure.nba.com/%s' % path, video_id, {
+            f'http://secure.nba.com/{path}', video_id, {
                 'default': {
                     'media_src': 'http://nba.cdn.turner.com/nba/big',
                 },
@@ -185,7 +182,7 @@ class NBAWatchCollectionIE(NBAWatchBaseIE):
         page += 1
         videos = self._download_json(
             'https://content-api-prod.nba.com/public/1/endeavor/video-list/collection/' + collection_id,
-            collection_id, 'Downloading page %d JSON metadata' % page, query={
+            collection_id, f'Downloading page {page} JSON metadata', query={
                 'count': self._PAGE_SIZE,
                 'page': page,
             })['results']['videos']
@@ -260,14 +257,14 @@ class NBABaseIE(NBACVPBaseIE):
 
     def _call_api(self, team, content_id, query, resource):
         return self._download_json(
-            'https://api.nba.net/2/%s/video,imported_video,wsc/' % team,
-            content_id, 'Download %s JSON metadata' % resource,
+            f'https://api.nba.net/2/{team}/video,imported_video,wsc/',
+            content_id, f'Download {resource} JSON metadata',
             query=query, headers={
                 'accessToken': 'internal|bb88df6b4c2244e78822812cecf1ee1b',
             })['response']['result']
 
     def _extract_video(self, video, team, extract_all=True):
-        video_id = compat_str(video['nid'])
+        video_id = str(video['nid'])
         team = video['brand']
 
         info = {
@@ -330,7 +327,7 @@ class NBABaseIE(NBACVPBaseIE):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         team, display_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
         if '/play#/' in url:
-            display_id = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(display_id)
+            display_id = urllib.parse.unquote(display_id)
         else:
             webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
             display_id = self._search_regex(
@@ -362,7 +359,7 @@ class NBAEmbedIE(NBABaseIE):
 
 class NBAIE(NBABaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'nba'
-    _VALID_URL = NBABaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE + '(?!%s)video/(?P<id>(?:[^/]+/)*[^/?#&]+)' % NBABaseIE._CHANNEL_PATH_REGEX
+    _VALID_URL = NBABaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE + f'(?!{NBABaseIE._CHANNEL_PATH_REGEX})video/(?P<id>(?:[^/]+/)*[^/?#&]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.nba.com/bulls/video/teams/bulls/2020/12/04/3478774/1607105587854-20201204schedulereleasefinaldrupal-3478774',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -389,7 +386,7 @@ class NBAIE(NBABaseIE):
 
 class NBAChannelIE(NBABaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'nba:channel'
-    _VALID_URL = NBABaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE + '(?:%s)/(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)' % NBABaseIE._CHANNEL_PATH_REGEX
+    _VALID_URL = NBABaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE + f'(?:{NBABaseIE._CHANNEL_PATH_REGEX})/(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.nba.com/blazers/video/channel/summer_league',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -408,7 +405,7 @@ class NBAChannelIE(NBABaseIE):
             'channels': channel,
             'count': self._PAGE_SIZE,
             'offset': page * self._PAGE_SIZE,
-        }, 'page %d' % (page + 1))
+        }, f'page {page + 1}')
         for video in results:
             yield self._extract_video(video, team, False)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nbc.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nbc.py
index e88f98abf5..1da2cad3d4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nbc.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nbc.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 import base64
 import json
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 import xml.etree.ElementTree
 
 from .adobepass import AdobePassIE
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .theplatform import ThePlatformIE, default_ns
-from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_unquote
 from ..networking import HEADRequest
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -148,12 +148,12 @@ class NBCIE(ThePlatformIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             # Percent escaped url
             'url': 'https://www.nbc.com/up-all-night/video/day-after-valentine%27s-day/n2189',
             'only_matching': True,
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         permalink, video_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
-        permalink = 'http' + compat_urllib_parse_unquote(permalink)
+        permalink = 'http' + urllib.parse.unquote(permalink)
         video_data = self._download_json(
             'https://friendship.nbc.co/v2/graphql', video_id, query={
                 'query': '''query bonanzaPage(
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ class NBCIE(ThePlatformIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             'switch': 'HLSServiceSecure',
         }
         video_id = video_data['mpxGuid']
-        tp_path = 'NnzsPC/media/guid/%s/%s' % (video_data.get('mpxAccountId') or '2410887629', video_id)
+        tp_path = 'NnzsPC/media/guid/{}/{}'.format(video_data.get('mpxAccountId') or '2410887629', video_id)
         tpm = self._download_theplatform_metadata(tp_path, video_id)
         title = tpm.get('title') or video_data.get('secondaryTitle')
         if video_data.get('locked'):
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ class NBCIE(ThePlatformIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             query['auth'] = self._extract_mvpd_auth(
                 url, video_id, 'nbcentertainment', resource)
         theplatform_url = smuggle_url(update_url_query(
-            'http://link.theplatform.com/s/NnzsPC/media/guid/%s/%s' % (video_data.get('mpxAccountId') or '2410887629', video_id),
+            'http://link.theplatform.com/s/NnzsPC/media/guid/{}/{}'.format(video_data.get('mpxAccountId') or '2410887629', video_id),
             query), {'force_smil_url': True})
 
         # Empty string or 0 can be valid values for these. So the check must be `is None`
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ class NBCIE(ThePlatformIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
 class NBCSportsVPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
     _VALID_URL_BASE = r'https?://(?:vplayer\.nbcsports\.com|(?:www\.)?nbcsports\.com/vplayer)/'
     _VALID_URL = _VALID_URL_BASE + r'(?:[^/]+/)+(?P<id>[0-9a-zA-Z_]+)'
-    _EMBED_REGEX = [r'(?:iframe[^>]+|var video|div[^>]+data-(?:mpx-)?)[sS]rc\s?=\s?"(?P<url>%s[^\"]+)' % _VALID_URL_BASE]
+    _EMBED_REGEX = [rf'(?:iframe[^>]+|var video|div[^>]+data-(?:mpx-)?)[sS]rc\s?=\s?"(?P<url>{_VALID_URL_BASE}[^\"]+)']
 
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://vplayer.nbcsports.com/p/BxmELC/nbcsports_embed/select/9CsDKds0kvHI',
@@ -267,8 +267,8 @@ class NBCSportsVPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'NBCU-SPORTS',
             'duration': 72.818,
             'chapters': [],
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$'
-        }
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://vplayer.nbcsports.com/p/BxmELC/nbcsports_embed/select/media/PEgOtlNcC_y2',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ class NBCSportsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'chapters': [],
             'thumbnail': 'https://hdliveextra-a.akamaihd.net/HD/image_sports/NBCU_Sports_Group_-_nbcsports/253/303/izzodps.jpg',
             'duration': 528.395,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # data-mpx-src
         'url': 'https://www.nbcsports.com/philadelphia/philadelphia-phillies/bruce-bochy-hector-neris-hes-idiot',
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ class NBCSportsStreamIE(AdobePassIE):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         live_source = self._download_json(
-            'http://stream.nbcsports.com/data/live_sources_%s.json' % video_id,
+            f'http://stream.nbcsports.com/data/live_sources_{video_id}.json',
             video_id)
         video_source = live_source['videoSources'][0]
         title = video_source['title']
@@ -499,7 +499,7 @@ class NBCNewsIE(ThePlatformIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
                 continue
             tbr = int_or_none(va.get('bitrate'), 1000)
             if tbr:
-                format_id += '-%d' % tbr
+                format_id += f'-{tbr}'
             formats.append({
                 'format_id': format_id,
                 'url': public_url,
@@ -568,7 +568,7 @@ class NBCOlympicsIE(InfoExtractor):
         except RegexNotFoundError:
             theplatform_url = self._search_regex(
                 r"([\"'])embedUrl\1: *([\"'])(?P<embedUrl>.+)\2",
-                webpage, 'embedding URL', group="embedUrl")
+                webpage, 'embedding URL', group='embedUrl')
 
         return {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
@@ -623,7 +623,7 @@ class NBCOlympicsStreamIE(AdobePassIE):
 
         source_url = self._download_json(
             f'https://api-leap.nbcsports.com/feeds/assets/{pid}?application=NBCOlympics&platform=desktop&format=nbc-player&env=staging',
-            pid, 'Downloading leap config'
+            pid, 'Downloading leap config',
         )['videoSources'][0]['cdnSources']['primary'][0]['sourceUrl']
 
         if event_config.get('cdnToken'):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ndr.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ndr.py
index 243221d46b..5181c7f20c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ndr.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ndr.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_urlparse
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     determine_ext,
@@ -125,13 +125,13 @@ class NDRIE(NDRBaseIE):
         # some more work needed if we only found sophoraID
         if re.match(r'^[a-z]+\d+$', embed_url):
             # get the initial part of the url path,. eg /panorama/archiv/2022/
-            parsed_url = compat_urllib_parse_urlparse(url)
-            path = self._search_regex(r'(.+/)%s' % display_id, parsed_url.path or '', 'embed URL', default='')
+            parsed_url = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)
+            path = self._search_regex(rf'(.+/){display_id}', parsed_url.path or '', 'embed URL', default='')
             # find tell-tale image with the actual ID
-            ndr_id = self._search_regex(r'%s([a-z]+\d+)(?!\.)\b' % (path, ), webpage, 'embed URL', default=None)
+            ndr_id = self._search_regex(rf'{path}([a-z]+\d+)(?!\.)\b', webpage, 'embed URL', default=None)
             # or try to use special knowledge!
             NDR_INFO_URL_TPL = 'https://www.ndr.de/info/%s-player.html'
-            embed_url = 'ndr:%s' % (ndr_id, ) if ndr_id else NDR_INFO_URL_TPL % (embed_url, )
+            embed_url = f'ndr:{ndr_id}' if ndr_id else NDR_INFO_URL_TPL % (embed_url, )
         if not embed_url:
             raise ExtractorError('Unable to extract embedUrl')
 
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ class NDRIE(NDRBaseIE):
         timestamp = parse_iso8601(
             self._search_regex(
                 (r'<span[^>]+itemprop="(?:datePublished|uploadDate)"[^>]+content="(?P<cont>[^"]+)"',
-                 r'\bvar\s*pdt\s*=\s*(?P<q>["\'])(?P<cont>(?:(?!(?P=q)).)+)(?P=q)', ),
+                 r'\bvar\s*pdt\s*=\s*(?P<q>["\'])(?P<cont>(?:(?!(?P=q)).)+)(?P=q)'),
                 webpage, 'upload date', group='cont', default=None))
         info = self._search_json_ld(webpage, display_id, default={})
         return merge_dicts({
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ class NJoyIE(NDRBaseIE):
         # find tell-tale URL with the actual ID, or ...
         video_id = self._search_regex(
             (r'''\bsrc\s*=\s*["']?(?:/\w+)+/([a-z]+\d+)(?!\.)\b''',
-             r'<iframe[^>]+id="pp_([\da-z]+)"', ),
+             r'<iframe[^>]+id="pp_([\da-z]+)"'),
             webpage, 'NDR id', default=None)
 
         description = (
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ class NJoyIE(NDRBaseIE):
         return {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
             'ie_key': 'NDREmbedBase',
-            'url': 'ndr:%s' % video_id,
+            'url': f'ndr:{video_id}',
             'display_id': display_id,
             'description': description,
             'title': display_id.replace('-', ' ').strip(),
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ class NDREmbedBaseIE(InfoExtractor):  # XXX: Conventionally, Concrete class name
         video_id = mobj.group('id') or mobj.group('id_s')
 
         ppjson = self._download_json(
-            'http://www.ndr.de/%s-ppjson.json' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'http://www.ndr.de/{video_id}-ppjson.json', video_id)
 
         playlist = ppjson['playlist']
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ndtv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ndtv.py
index d099db37b1..c328bd4d23 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ndtv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ndtv.py
@@ -15,12 +15,12 @@ class NDTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '468818',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': "प्राइम टाइम: सिस्टम बीमार, स्कूल बदहाल",
+                'title': 'प्राइम टाइम: सिस्टम बीमार, स्कूल बदहाल',
                 'description': 'md5:f410512f1b49672e5695dea16ef2731d',
                 'upload_date': '20170928',
                 'duration': 2218,
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.jpg',
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             # __filename is url
@@ -29,45 +29,45 @@ class NDTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '470304',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
-                'title': "Cracker-Free Diwali Wishes From Karan Johar, Kriti Sanon & Other Stars",
+                'title': 'Cracker-Free Diwali Wishes From Karan Johar, Kriti Sanon & Other Stars',
                 'description': 'md5:f115bba1adf2f6433fa7c1ade5feb465',
                 'upload_date': '20171019',
                 'duration': 137,
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.jpg',
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.ndtv.com/video/news/news/delhi-s-air-quality-status-report-after-diwali-is-very-poor-470372',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://auto.ndtv.com/videos/the-cnb-daily-october-13-2017-469935',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/videos/2nd-t20i-rock-thrown-at-australia-cricket-team-bus-after-win-over-india-469764',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         },
         {
             'url': 'http://gadgets.ndtv.com/videos/uncharted-the-lost-legacy-review-465568',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         },
         {
             'url': 'http://profit.ndtv.com/videos/news/video-indian-economy-on-very-solid-track-international-monetary-fund-chief-470040',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         },
         {
             'url': 'http://food.ndtv.com/video-basil-seeds-coconut-porridge-419083',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://doctor.ndtv.com/videos/top-health-stories-of-the-week-467396',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://swirlster.ndtv.com/video/how-to-make-friends-at-work-469324',
-            'only_matching': True
-        }
+            'only_matching': True,
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nekohacker.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nekohacker.py
index 24b66570e8..537158e87b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nekohacker.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nekohacker.py
@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ class NekoHackerIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'artist': 'Neko Hacker',
                     'track': 'Spaceship',
                     'track_number': 1,
-                    'duration': 195.0
-                }
+                    'duration': 195.0,
+                },
             },
             {
                 'url': 'https://nekohacker.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/02-City-Runner.mp3',
@@ -56,8 +56,8 @@ class NekoHackerIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'artist': 'Neko Hacker',
                     'track': 'City Runner',
                     'track_number': 2,
-                    'duration': 148.0
-                }
+                    'duration': 148.0,
+                },
             },
             {
                 'url': 'https://nekohacker.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/03-Nature-Talk.mp3',
@@ -74,8 +74,8 @@ class NekoHackerIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'artist': 'Neko Hacker',
                     'track': 'Nature Talk',
                     'track_number': 3,
-                    'duration': 174.0
-                }
+                    'duration': 174.0,
+                },
             },
             {
                 'url': 'https://nekohacker.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/04-Crystal-World.mp3',
@@ -92,10 +92,10 @@ class NekoHackerIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'artist': 'Neko Hacker',
                     'track': 'Crystal World',
                     'track_number': 4,
-                    'duration': 199.0
-                }
-            }
-        ]
+                    'duration': 199.0,
+                },
+            },
+        ],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://nekohacker.com/susume/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ class NekoHackerIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'artist': 'Neko Hacker',
                     'track': 'md5:1a5fcbc96ca3c3265b1c6f9f79f30fd0',
                     'track_number': 1,
-                }
+                },
             },
             {
                 'url': 'https://nekohacker.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/むじな-de-なじむ-feat.-六科なじむ-CV_-日高里菜-.mp3',
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ class NekoHackerIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'artist': 'Neko Hacker',
                     'track': 'むじな de なじむ feat. 六科なじむ (CV: 日高里菜 )',
                     'track_number': 2,
-                }
+                },
             },
             {
                 'url': 'https://nekohacker.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/進め！むじなカンパニー-instrumental.mp3',
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ class NekoHackerIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'artist': 'Neko Hacker',
                     'track': '進め！むじなカンパニー (instrumental)',
                     'track_number': 3,
-                }
+                },
             },
             {
                 'url': 'https://nekohacker.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/むじな-de-なじむ-instrumental.mp3',
@@ -169,9 +169,9 @@ class NekoHackerIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'artist': 'Neko Hacker',
                     'track': 'むじな de なじむ (instrumental)',
                     'track_number': 4,
-                }
-            }
-        ]
+                },
+            },
+        ],
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/neteasemusic.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/neteasemusic.py
index b54c12e1e2..dd50efe51a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/neteasemusic.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/neteasemusic.py
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class NetEaseMusicBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             'requestId': f'{int(time.time() * 1000)}_{random.randint(0, 1000):04}',
             **traverse_obj(self._get_cookies(self._API_BASE), {
                 'MUSIC_U': ('MUSIC_U', {lambda i: i.value}),
-            })
+            }),
         }
         return self._download_json(
             urljoin('https://interface3.music.163.com/', f'/eapi{path}'), video_id,
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ class NetEaseMusicIE(NetEaseMusicBaseIE):
             'upload_date': '20180405',
             'description': 'md5:3650af9ee22c87e8637cb2dde22a765c',
             'subtitles': {'lyrics': [{'ext': 'lrc'}]},
-            "duration": 256,
+            'duration': 256,
             'thumbnail': r're:^http.*\.jpg',
             'album': '偶像练习生 表演曲目合集',
             'average_rating': int,
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ class NetEaseMusicListIE(NetEaseMusicBaseIE):
         info = self._download_eapi_json(
             '/v3/playlist/detail', list_id,
             {'id': list_id, 't': '-1', 'n': '500', 's': '0'},
-            note="Downloading playlist info")
+            note='Downloading playlist info')
 
         metainfo = traverse_obj(info, ('playlist', {
             'title': ('name', {str}),
@@ -543,7 +543,7 @@ class NetEaseMusicProgramIE(NetEaseMusicBaseIE):
             'duration': 1104,
         },
         'params': {
-            'noplaylist': True
+            'noplaylist': True,
         },
     }]
 
@@ -585,7 +585,7 @@ class NetEaseMusicDjRadioIE(NetEaseMusicBaseIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '42',
             'title': '声音蔓延',
-            'description': 'md5:c7381ebd7989f9f367668a5aee7d5f08'
+            'description': 'md5:c7381ebd7989f9f367668a5aee7d5f08',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 40,
     }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/netverse.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/netverse.py
index ef53e15da6..2ddec5c0ae 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/netverse.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/netverse.py
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class NetverseIE(NetverseBaseIE):
             'timestamp': 1626919804,
             'like_count': int,
             'uploader': 'Net Prime',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # series
         'url': 'https://www.netverse.id/watch/jadoo-seorang-model',
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ class NetverseIE(NetverseBaseIE):
             'uploader': 'Net Prime',
             'age_limit': 0,
         },
-        'skip': 'video get Geo-blocked for some country'
+        'skip': 'video get Geo-blocked for some country',
     }, {
         # non www host
         'url': 'https://netverse.id/watch/tetangga-baru',
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ class NetverseIE(NetverseBaseIE):
             'timestamp': 1645764984,
             'upload_date': '20220225',
         },
-        'skip': 'This video get Geo-blocked for some country'
+        'skip': 'This video get Geo-blocked for some country',
     }, {
         # video with comments
         'url': 'https://netverse.id/video/episode-1-season-2016-ok-food',
@@ -161,8 +161,8 @@ class NetverseIE(NetverseBaseIE):
             'comment_count': int,
         },
         'params': {
-            'getcomments': True
-        }
+            'getcomments': True,
+        },
     }, {
         # video with multiple page comment
         'url': 'https://netverse.id/video/match-island-eps-1-fix',
@@ -188,8 +188,8 @@ class NetverseIE(NetverseBaseIE):
             'comment_count': int,
         },
         'params': {
-            'getcomments': True
-        }
+            'getcomments': True,
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/netzkino.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/netzkino.py
index e9422eebf1..c07b1715af 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/netzkino.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/netzkino.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class NetzkinoIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': 'Download only works from Germany',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.netzkino.de/#!/filme/dr-jekyll-mrs-hyde-2',
         'md5': 'c7728b2dadd04ff6727814847a51ef03',
@@ -42,14 +42,14 @@ class NetzkinoIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': 'Download only works from Germany',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
         video_id = mobj.group('id')
 
-        api_url = 'https://api.netzkino.de.simplecache.net/capi-2.0a/movies/%s.json?d=www' % video_id
+        api_url = f'https://api.netzkino.de.simplecache.net/capi-2.0a/movies/{video_id}.json?d=www'
         info = self._download_json(api_url, video_id)
         custom_fields = info['custom_fields']
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/newgrounds.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/newgrounds.py
index 67e52efd65..9f5a464e65 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/newgrounds.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/newgrounds.py
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ class NewgroundsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:9246c181614e23754571995104da92e0',
             'age_limit': 13,
             'thumbnail': r're:^https://picon\.ngfiles\.com/297000/flash_297383_card\.png',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.newgrounds.com/portal/view/297383/format/flash',
         'md5': '5d05585a9a0caca059f5abfbd3865524',
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ class NewgroundsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'view_count': int,
             'age_limit': 13,
             'thumbnail': r're:^https://picon\.ngfiles\.com/297000/flash_297383_card\.png',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.newgrounds.com/portal/view/823109',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ class NewgroundsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'view_count': int,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': r're:^https://picon\.ngfiles\.com/823000/flash_823109_card\.png',
-        }
+        },
     }]
     _AGE_LIMIT = {
         'e': 0,
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ class NewgroundsIE(InfoExtractor):
         result = self._download_json(login_url, None, 'Logging in', headers={
             'Accept': 'application/json',
             'Referer': self._LOGIN_URL,
-            'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest'
+            'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
         }, data=urlencode_postdata({
             **self._hidden_inputs(login_webpage),
             'username': username,
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ class NewgroundsIE(InfoExtractor):
             json_video = self._download_json(f'https://www.newgrounds.com/portal/video/{media_id}', media_id, headers={
                 'Accept': 'application/json',
                 'Referer': url,
-                'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest'
+                'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
             })
 
             formats = []
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/newsy.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/newsy.py
index a5a7b168cd..941cb93311 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/newsy.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/newsy.py
@@ -19,9 +19,9 @@ class NewsyIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1621339200,
             'duration': 339630,
             'thumbnail': 'https://cdn.newsy.com/images/videos/x/1620927824_xyrrP4.jpg',
-            'upload_date': '20210518'
+            'upload_date': '20210518',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nextmedia.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nextmedia.py
index 871d3e6696..81da3ffde3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nextmedia.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nextmedia.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urlparse
 from ..utils import (
     clean_html,
     get_element_by_class,
@@ -24,7 +25,7 @@ class NextMediaIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:28222b9912b6665a21011b034c70fcc7',
             'timestamp': 1415456273,
             'upload_date': '20141108',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     _URL_PATTERN = r'\{ url: \'(.+)\' \}'
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@ class NextMediaIE(InfoExtractor):
             r'window\.location\.href\s*=\s*([\'"])(?P<url>(?!\1).+)\1',
             page, 'redirection URL', default=None, group='url')
         if redirection_url:
-            return self.url_result(compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, redirection_url))
+            return self.url_result(urllib.parse.urljoin(url, redirection_url))
 
         title = self._fetch_title(page)
         video_url = self._search_regex(self._URL_PATTERN, page, 'video url')
@@ -67,8 +68,8 @@ class NextMediaIE(InfoExtractor):
         return self._og_search_thumbnail(page)
 
     def _fetch_timestamp(self, page):
-        dateCreated = self._search_regex('"dateCreated":"([^"]+)"', page, 'created time')
-        return parse_iso8601(dateCreated)
+        date_created = self._search_regex('"dateCreated":"([^"]+)"', page, 'created time')
+        return parse_iso8601(date_created)
 
     def _fetch_upload_date(self, url):
         return self._search_regex(self._VALID_URL, url, 'upload date', group='date')
@@ -91,7 +92,7 @@ class NextMediaActionNewsIE(NextMediaIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete
             'description': 'md5:cd802fad1f40fd9ea178c1e2af02d659',
             'timestamp': 1421791200,
             'upload_date': '20150120',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -115,7 +116,7 @@ class AppleDailyIE(NextMediaIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'description': 'md5:2acd430e59956dc47cd7f67cb3c003f4',
             'upload_date': '20150128',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.appledaily.com.tw/realtimenews/article/strange/20150128/550549/%E4%B8%8D%E6%BB%BF%E8%A2%AB%E8%B8%A9%E8%85%B3%E3%80%80%E5%B1%B1%E6%9D%B1%E5%85%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%AA%BD%E4%B8%80%E8%B7%AF%E6%89%93%E4%B8%8B%E8%BB%8A',
         'md5': '86b4e9132d158279c7883822d94ccc49',
@@ -126,7 +127,7 @@ class AppleDailyIE(NextMediaIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'description': 'md5:175b4260c1d7c085993474217e4ab1b4',
             'upload_date': '20150128',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.appledaily.com.tw/animation/realtimenews/new/20150128/5003671',
         'md5': '03df296d95dedc2d5886debbb80cb43f',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nexx.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nexx.py
index b4874c8f3e..cd32892fa0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nexx.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nexx.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import re
 import time
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
@@ -41,7 +40,7 @@ class NexxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1384264416,
             'upload_date': '20131112',
         },
-        'skip': 'Spiegel nexx CDNs are now disabled'
+        'skip': 'Spiegel nexx CDNs are now disabled',
     }, {
         # episode with captions
         'url': 'https://api.nexx.cloud/v3.1/741/videos/byid/1701834',
@@ -92,7 +91,7 @@ class NexxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1527874460,
             'upload_date': '20180601',
         },
-        'skip': 'Spiegel nexx CDNs are now disabled'
+        'skip': 'Spiegel nexx CDNs are now disabled',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://api.nexxcdn.com/v3/748/videos/byid/128907',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -128,8 +127,7 @@ class NexxIE(InfoExtractor):
                     r'(?is)onPLAYReady.+?_play\.(?:init|(?:control\.)?addPlayer)\s*\(.+?\s*,\s*["\']?(\d+)',
                     webpage):
                 entries.append(
-                    'https://api.nexx.cloud/v3/%s/videos/byid/%s'
-                    % (domain_id, video_id))
+                    f'https://api.nexx.cloud/v3/{domain_id}/videos/byid/{video_id}')
 
         # TODO: support more embed formats
 
@@ -137,20 +135,20 @@ class NexxIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _handle_error(self, response):
         if traverse_obj(response, ('metadata', 'notice'), expected_type=str):
-            self.report_warning('%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, response['metadata']['notice']))
+            self.report_warning('{} said: {}'.format(self.IE_NAME, response['metadata']['notice']))
         status = int_or_none(try_get(
             response, lambda x: x['metadata']['status']) or 200)
         if 200 <= status < 300:
             return
         raise ExtractorError(
-            '%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, response['metadata']['errorhint']),
+            '{} said: {}'.format(self.IE_NAME, response['metadata']['errorhint']),
             expected=True)
 
     def _call_api(self, domain_id, path, video_id, data=None, headers={}):
         headers['Content-Type'] = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8'
         result = self._download_json(
-            'https://api.nexx.cloud/v3/%s/%s' % (domain_id, path), video_id,
-            'Downloading %s JSON' % path, data=urlencode_postdata(data),
+            f'https://api.nexx.cloud/v3/{domain_id}/{path}', video_id,
+            f'Downloading {path} JSON', data=urlencode_postdata(data),
             headers=headers)
         self._handle_error(result)
         return result['result']
@@ -160,20 +158,20 @@ class NexxIE(InfoExtractor):
         cdn = stream_data['cdnType']
         assert cdn == 'free'
 
-        hash = video['general']['hash']
+        video_hash = video['general']['hash']
 
-        ps = compat_str(stream_data['originalDomain'])
+        ps = str(stream_data['originalDomain'])
         if stream_data['applyFolderHierarchy'] == 1:
             s = ('%04d' % int(video_id))[::-1]
-            ps += '/%s/%s' % (s[0:2], s[2:4])
-        ps += '/%s/%s_' % (video_id, hash)
+            ps += f'/{s[0:2]}/{s[2:4]}'
+        ps += f'/{video_id}/{video_hash}_'
 
         t = 'http://%s' + ps
         fd = stream_data['azureFileDistribution'].split(',')
         cdn_provider = stream_data['cdnProvider']
 
         def p0(p):
-            return '_%s' % p if stream_data['applyAzureStructure'] == 1 else ''
+            return f'_{p}' if stream_data['applyAzureStructure'] == 1 else ''
 
         formats = []
         if cdn_provider == 'ak':
@@ -191,10 +189,10 @@ class NexxIE(InfoExtractor):
             for i in fd:
                 p = i.split(':')
                 tbr = int(p[0])
-                filename = '%s%s%s.mp4' % (h, p[1], p0(tbr))
+                filename = f'{h}{p[1]}{p0(tbr)}.mp4'
                 f = {
                     'url': http_base + '/' + filename,
-                    'format_id': '%s-http-%d' % (cdn, tbr),
+                    'format_id': f'{cdn}-http-{tbr}',
                     'tbr': tbr,
                 }
                 width_height = p[1].split('x')
@@ -204,7 +202,7 @@ class NexxIE(InfoExtractor):
                         'height': int_or_none(width_height[1]),
                     })
                 formats.append(f)
-                a = filename + ':%s' % (tbr * 1000)
+                a = filename + f':{tbr * 1000}'
                 t += a + ','
             t = t[:-1] + '&audiostream=' + a.split(':')[0]
         else:
@@ -213,10 +211,10 @@ class NexxIE(InfoExtractor):
         if cdn_provider == 'ce':
             formats.extend(self._extract_mpd_formats(
                 t % (stream_data['cdnPathDASH'], 'mpd'), video_id,
-                mpd_id='%s-dash' % cdn, fatal=False))
+                mpd_id=f'{cdn}-dash', fatal=False))
         formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
             t % (stream_data['cdnPathHLS'], 'm3u8'), video_id, 'mp4',
-            entry_protocol='m3u8_native', m3u8_id='%s-hls' % cdn, fatal=False))
+            entry_protocol='m3u8_native', m3u8_id=f'{cdn}-hls', fatal=False))
 
         return formats
 
@@ -231,9 +229,9 @@ class NexxIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         def get_cdn_shield_base(shield_type=''):
             for secure in ('', 's'):
-                cdn_shield = stream_data.get('cdnShield%sHTTP%s' % (shield_type, secure.upper()))
+                cdn_shield = stream_data.get(f'cdnShield{shield_type}HTTP{secure.upper()}')
                 if cdn_shield:
-                    return 'http%s://%s' % (secure, cdn_shield)
+                    return f'http{secure}://{cdn_shield}'
             return f'http://sdn-global-{"prog" if shield_type.lower() == "prog" else "streaming"}-cache.3qsdn.com/' + (f's/{protection_key}/' if protection_key else '')
 
         stream_base = get_cdn_shield_base()
@@ -256,7 +254,7 @@ class NexxIE(InfoExtractor):
             tbr = int_or_none(ss[1], scale=1000)
             formats.append({
                 'url': f'{progressive_base}{q_acc}/uploads/{q_acc}-{ss[2]}.webm',
-                'format_id': f'{cdn}-{ss[0]}{"-%s" % tbr if tbr else ""}',
+                'format_id': f'{cdn}-{ss[0]}{f"-{tbr}" if tbr else ""}',
                 'tbr': tbr,
             })
 
@@ -270,7 +268,7 @@ class NexxIE(InfoExtractor):
             width, height = ss[1].split('x') if len(ss[1].split('x')) == 2 else (None, None)
             f = {
                 'url': f'{progressive_base}{q_acc}/files/{q_prefix}/{q_locator}/{ss[2]}.mp4',
-                'format_id': f'{cdn}-http-{"-%s" % tbr if tbr else ""}',
+                'format_id': f'{cdn}-http-{f"-{tbr}" if tbr else ""}',
                 'tbr': tbr,
                 'width': int_or_none(width),
                 'height': int_or_none(height),
@@ -288,38 +286,37 @@ class NexxIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         def get_cdn_shield_base(shield_type='', static=False):
             for secure in ('', 's'):
-                cdn_shield = stream_data.get('cdnShield%sHTTP%s' % (shield_type, secure.upper()))
+                cdn_shield = stream_data.get(f'cdnShield{shield_type}HTTP{secure.upper()}')
                 if cdn_shield:
-                    return 'http%s://%s' % (secure, cdn_shield)
+                    return f'http{secure}://{cdn_shield}'
+            if 'fb' in stream_data['azureAccount']:
+                prefix = 'df' if static else 'f'
             else:
-                if 'fb' in stream_data['azureAccount']:
-                    prefix = 'df' if static else 'f'
-                else:
-                    prefix = 'd' if static else 'p'
-                account = int(stream_data['azureAccount'].replace('nexxplayplus', '').replace('nexxplayfb', ''))
-                return 'http://nx-%s%02d.akamaized.net/' % (prefix, account)
+                prefix = 'd' if static else 'p'
+            account = int(stream_data['azureAccount'].replace('nexxplayplus', '').replace('nexxplayfb', ''))
+            return 'http://nx-%s%02d.akamaized.net/' % (prefix, account)
 
         language = video['general'].get('language_raw') or ''
 
         azure_stream_base = get_cdn_shield_base()
         is_ml = ',' in language
-        azure_manifest_url = '%s%s/%s_src%s.ism/Manifest' % (
+        azure_manifest_url = '{}{}/{}_src{}.ism/Manifest'.format(
             azure_stream_base, azure_locator, video_id, ('_manifest' if is_ml else '')) + '%s'
 
         protection_token = try_get(
-            video, lambda x: x['protectiondata']['token'], compat_str)
+            video, lambda x: x['protectiondata']['token'], str)
         if protection_token:
-            azure_manifest_url += '?hdnts=%s' % protection_token
+            azure_manifest_url += f'?hdnts={protection_token}'
 
         formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
             azure_manifest_url % '(format=m3u8-aapl)',
             video_id, 'mp4', 'm3u8_native',
-            m3u8_id='%s-hls' % cdn, fatal=False)
+            m3u8_id=f'{cdn}-hls', fatal=False)
         formats.extend(self._extract_mpd_formats(
             azure_manifest_url % '(format=mpd-time-csf)',
-            video_id, mpd_id='%s-dash' % cdn, fatal=False))
+            video_id, mpd_id=f'{cdn}-dash', fatal=False))
         formats.extend(self._extract_ism_formats(
-            azure_manifest_url % '', video_id, ism_id='%s-mss' % cdn, fatal=False))
+            azure_manifest_url % '', video_id, ism_id=f'{cdn}-mss', fatal=False))
 
         azure_progressive_base = get_cdn_shield_base('Prog', True)
         azure_file_distribution = stream_data.get('azureFileDistribution')
@@ -332,9 +329,8 @@ class NexxIE(InfoExtractor):
                         tbr = int_or_none(ss[0])
                         if tbr:
                             f = {
-                                'url': '%s%s/%s_src_%s_%d.mp4' % (
-                                    azure_progressive_base, azure_locator, video_id, ss[1], tbr),
-                                'format_id': '%s-http-%d' % (cdn, tbr),
+                                'url': f'{azure_progressive_base}{azure_locator}/{video_id}_src_{ss[1]}_{tbr}.mp4',
+                                'format_id': f'{cdn}-http-{tbr}',
                                 'tbr': tbr,
                             }
                             width_height = ss[1].split('x')
@@ -365,7 +361,7 @@ class NexxIE(InfoExtractor):
             return None
 
         response = self._download_json(
-            'https://arc.nexx.cloud/api/video/%s.json' % video_id,
+            f'https://arc.nexx.cloud/api/video/{video_id}.json',
             video_id, fatal=False)
         if response and isinstance(response, dict):
             result = response.get('result')
@@ -375,9 +371,7 @@ class NexxIE(InfoExtractor):
         # not all videos work via arc, e.g. nexx:741:1269984
         if not video:
             # Reverse engineered from JS code (see getDeviceID function)
-            device_id = '%d:%d:%d%d' % (
-                random.randint(1, 4), int(time.time()),
-                random.randint(1e4, 99999), random.randint(1, 9))
+            device_id = f'{random.randint(1, 4)}:{int(time.time())}:{random.randint(1e4, 99999)}{random.randint(1, 9)}'
 
             result = self._call_api(domain_id, 'session/init', video_id, data={
                 'nxp_devh': device_id,
@@ -416,10 +410,10 @@ class NexxIE(InfoExtractor):
             # Reversed from JS code for _play.api.call function (search for
             # X-Request-Token)
             request_token = hashlib.md5(
-                ''.join((op, domain_id, secret)).encode('utf-8')).hexdigest()
+                ''.join((op, domain_id, secret)).encode()).hexdigest()
 
             result = self._call_api(
-                domain_id, 'videos/%s/%s' % (op, video_id), video_id, data={
+                domain_id, f'videos/{op}/{video_id}', video_id, data={
                     'additionalfields': 'language,channel,format,licenseby,slug,fileversion,episode,season',
                     'addInteractionOptions': '1',
                     'addStatusDetails': '1',
@@ -460,13 +454,13 @@ class NexxIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'data': '\n\n'.join(
                         f'{i + 1}\n{srt_subtitles_timecode(line["fromms"] / 1000)} --> {srt_subtitles_timecode(line["toms"] / 1000)}\n{line["caption"]}'
                         for i, line in enumerate(sub['data'])),
-                    'name': sub.get('language_long') or sub.get('title')
+                    'name': sub.get('language_long') or sub.get('title'),
                 })
             elif sub.get('url'):
                 subtitles.setdefault(sub.get('language', 'en'), []).append({
                     'url': sub['url'],
                     'ext': sub.get('format'),
-                    'name': sub.get('language_long') or sub.get('title')
+                    'name': sub.get('language_long') or sub.get('title'),
                 })
 
         return {
@@ -477,7 +471,7 @@ class NexxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'release_year': int_or_none(general.get('year')),
             'creator': general.get('studio') or general.get('studio_adref') or None,
             'thumbnail': try_get(
-                video, lambda x: x['imagedata']['thumb'], compat_str),
+                video, lambda x: x['imagedata']['thumb'], str),
             'duration': parse_duration(general.get('runtime')),
             'timestamp': int_or_none(general.get('uploaded')),
             'episode_number': traverse_obj(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nfhsnetwork.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nfhsnetwork.py
index be732a32ff..ec746ecb17 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nfhsnetwork.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nfhsnetwork.py
@@ -17,12 +17,12 @@ class NFHSNetworkIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_url': 'https://www.nfhsnetwork.com/schools/rockford-high-school-rockford-mi',
             'location': 'Rockford, Michigan',
             'timestamp': 1616859000,
-            'upload_date': '20210327'
+            'upload_date': '20210327',
         },
         'params': {
             # m3u8 download
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # Non-sport activity with description
         'url': 'https://www.nfhsnetwork.com/events/limon-high-school-limon-co/evt4a30e3726c',
@@ -36,12 +36,12 @@ class NFHSNetworkIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_url': 'https://www.nfhsnetwork.com/schools/limon-high-school-limon-co',
             'location': 'Limon, Colorado',
             'timestamp': 1607893200,
-            'upload_date': '20201213'
+            'upload_date': '20201213',
         },
         'params': {
             # m3u8 download
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # Postseason game
         'url': 'https://www.nfhsnetwork.com/events/nfhs-network-special-events/dd8de71d45',
@@ -54,12 +54,12 @@ class NFHSNetworkIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_url': 'https://www.nfhsnetwork.com/affiliates/socal-sports-productions',
             'location': 'San Diego, California',
             'timestamp': 1451187000,
-            'upload_date': '20151226'
+            'upload_date': '20151226',
         },
         'params': {
             # m3u8 download
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # Video with no broadcasts object
         'url': 'https://www.nfhsnetwork.com/events/wiaa-wi/9aa2f92f82',
@@ -73,13 +73,13 @@ class NFHSNetworkIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_url': 'https://www.nfhsnetwork.com/associations/wiaa-wi',
             'location': 'Stevens Point, Wisconsin',
             'timestamp': 1421856000,
-            'upload_date': '20150121'
+            'upload_date': '20150121',
         },
         'params': {
             # m3u8 download
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
-    }
+        },
+    },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -91,17 +91,17 @@ class NFHSNetworkIE(InfoExtractor):
         publisher = data.get('publishers')[0]  # always exists
         broadcast = (publisher.get('broadcasts') or publisher.get('vods'))[0]  # some (older) videos don't have a broadcasts object
         uploader = publisher.get('formatted_name') or publisher.get('name')
-        uploaderID = publisher.get('publisher_key')
-        pubType = publisher.get('type')
-        uploaderPrefix = (
-            "schools" if pubType == "school"
-            else "associations" if "association" in pubType
-            else "affiliates" if (pubType == "publisher" or pubType == "affiliate")
-            else "schools")
-        uploaderPage = 'https://www.nfhsnetwork.com/%s/%s' % (uploaderPrefix, publisher.get('slug'))
-        location = '%s, %s' % (data.get('city'), data.get('state_name'))
+        uploader_id = publisher.get('publisher_key')
+        pub_type = publisher.get('type')
+        uploader_prefix = (
+            'schools' if pub_type == 'school'
+            else 'associations' if 'association' in pub_type
+            else 'affiliates' if (pub_type == 'publisher' or pub_type == 'affiliate')
+            else 'schools')
+        uploader_page = 'https://www.nfhsnetwork.com/{}/{}'.format(uploader_prefix, publisher.get('slug'))
+        location = '{}, {}'.format(data.get('city'), data.get('state_name'))
         description = broadcast.get('description')
-        isLive = broadcast.get('on_air') or broadcast.get('status') == 'on_air' or False
+        is_live = broadcast.get('on_air') or broadcast.get('status') == 'on_air' or False
 
         timestamp = unified_timestamp(data.get('local_start_time'))
         upload_date = unified_strdate(data.get('local_start_time'))
@@ -111,13 +111,13 @@ class NFHSNetworkIE(InfoExtractor):
             or self._html_search_regex(r'<h1 class="sr-hidden">(.*?)</h1>', webpage, 'title'))
         title = title.split('|')[0].strip()
 
-        video_type = 'broadcasts' if isLive else 'vods'
-        key = broadcast.get('key') if isLive else try_get(publisher, lambda x: x['vods'][0]['key'])
+        video_type = 'broadcasts' if is_live else 'vods'
+        key = broadcast.get('key') if is_live else try_get(publisher, lambda x: x['vods'][0]['key'])
         m3u8_url = self._download_json(
-            'https://cfunity.nfhsnetwork.com/v2/%s/%s/url' % (video_type, key),
+            f'https://cfunity.nfhsnetwork.com/v2/{video_type}/{key}/url',
             video_id).get('video_url')
 
-        formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(m3u8_url, video_id, 'mp4', live=isLive)
+        formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(m3u8_url, video_id, 'mp4', live=is_live)
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
@@ -126,10 +126,10 @@ class NFHSNetworkIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': description,
             'timestamp': timestamp,
             'uploader': uploader,
-            'uploader_id': uploaderID,
-            'uploader_url': uploaderPage,
+            'uploader_id': uploader_id,
+            'uploader_url': uploader_page,
             'location': location,
             'upload_date': upload_date,
-            'is_live': isLive,
+            'is_live': is_live,
             '_format_sort_fields': ('res', 'tbr'),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nfl.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nfl.py
index 3f83cd20ef..c537c1c47c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nfl.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nfl.py
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ class NFLIE(NFLBaseIE):
             'tags': 'count:6',
             'duration': 157,
             'categories': 'count:3',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.chiefs.com/listen/patrick-mahomes-travis-kelce-react-to-win-over-dolphins-the-breakdown',
         'md5': '6886b32c24b463038c760ceb55a34566',
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ class NFLPlusReplayIE(NFLBaseIE):
 
         def entries():
             for replay in traverse_obj(
-                replays, ('items', lambda _, v: v['mcpPlaybackId'] and v['subType'] in requested_types)
+                replays, ('items', lambda _, v: v['mcpPlaybackId'] and v['subType'] in requested_types),
             ):
                 video_id = replay['mcpPlaybackId']
                 yield self.url_result(f'{self._ANVATO_PREFIX}{video_id}', AnvatoIE, video_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nhk.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nhk.py
index 8bb017a732..0ff25a6909 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nhk.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nhk.py
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ class NhkBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             if not img_path:
                 continue
             thumbnails.append({
-                'id': '%dp' % h,
+                'id': f'{h}p',
                 'height': h,
                 'width': w,
                 'url': 'https://www3.nhk.or.jp' + img_path,
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ class NhkVodIE(NhkBaseIE):
             'series': 'Living in Japan',
             'description': 'md5:0a0e2077d8f07a03071e990a6f51bfab',
             'thumbnail': r're:https://.+/.+\.jpg',
-            'episode': 'Tips for Travelers to Japan / Ramen Vending Machines'
+            'episode': 'Tips for Travelers to Japan / Ramen Vending Machines',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/ondemand/video/2015173/',
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@ class NhkForSchoolBangumiIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20140402',
             'ext': 'mp4',
 
-            'chapters': 'count:12'
+            'chapters': 'count:12',
         },
         'params': {
             # m3u8 download
@@ -521,7 +521,8 @@ class NhkForSchoolSubjectIE(InfoExtractor):
         'eigo', 'tokkatsu',
         'tokushi', 'sonota',
     )
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://www\.nhk\.or\.jp/school/(?P<id>%s)/?(?:[\?#].*)?$' % '|'.join(re.escape(s) for s in KNOWN_SUBJECTS)
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://www\.nhk\.or\.jp/school/(?P<id>{})/?(?:[\?#].*)?$'.format(
+        '|'.join(re.escape(s) for s in KNOWN_SUBJECTS))
 
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.nhk.or.jp/school/sougou/',
@@ -551,9 +552,8 @@ class NhkForSchoolSubjectIE(InfoExtractor):
 
 
 class NhkForSchoolProgramListIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://www\.nhk\.or\.jp/school/(?P<id>(?:%s)/[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+)' % (
-        '|'.join(re.escape(s) for s in NhkForSchoolSubjectIE.KNOWN_SUBJECTS)
-    )
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?://www\.nhk\.or\.jp/school/(?P<id>(?:{})/[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+)'.format(
+        '|'.join(re.escape(s) for s in NhkForSchoolSubjectIE.KNOWN_SUBJECTS))
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.nhk.or.jp/school/sougou/q/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -747,7 +747,7 @@ class NhkRadioNewsPageIE(InfoExtractor):
             'channel': 'NHKラジオ第1',
             'uploader': 'NHKラジオ第1',
             'title': 'NHKラジオニュース',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -789,7 +789,7 @@ class NhkRadiruLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'm4a',
             'thumbnail': 'https://www.nhk.or.jp/common/img/media/fm-200x200.png',
             'live_status': 'is_live',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     _NOA_STATION_IDS = {'r1': 'n1', 'r2': 'n2', 'fm': 'n3'}
@@ -803,8 +803,8 @@ class NhkRadiruLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
         data = config.find(f'.//data//area[.="{area}"]/..')
 
         if not data:
-            raise ExtractorError('Invalid area. Valid areas are: %s' % ', '.join(
-                [i.text for i in config.findall('.//data//area')]), expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError('Invalid area. Valid areas are: {}'.format(', '.join(
+                [i.text for i in config.findall('.//data//area')])), expected=True)
 
         noa_info = self._download_json(
             f'https:{config.find(".//url_program_noa").text}'.format(area=data.find('areakey').text),
@@ -812,7 +812,7 @@ class NhkRadiruLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
         present_info = traverse_obj(noa_info, ('nowonair_list', self._NOA_STATION_IDS.get(station), 'present'))
 
         return {
-            'title': ' '.join(traverse_obj(present_info, (('service', 'area',), 'name', {str}))),
+            'title': ' '.join(traverse_obj(present_info, (('service', 'area'), 'name', {str}))),
             'id': join_nonempty(station, area),
             'thumbnails': traverse_obj(present_info, ('service', 'images', ..., {
                 'url': 'url',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nhl.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nhl.py
index 64cddb4087..83dd480cfa 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nhl.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nhl.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
     int_or_none,
@@ -12,8 +11,8 @@ class NHLBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         site, tmp_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
         video_data = self._download_json(
-            'https://%s/%s/%sid/v1/%s/details/web-v1.json'
-            % (self._CONTENT_DOMAIN, site[:3], 'item/' if site == 'mlb' else '', tmp_id), tmp_id)
+            'https://{}/{}/{}id/v1/{}/details/web-v1.json'.format(
+                self._CONTENT_DOMAIN, site[:3], 'item/' if site == 'mlb' else '', tmp_id), tmp_id)
         if video_data.get('type') != 'video':
             video_data = video_data['media']
             video = video_data.get('video')
@@ -24,7 +23,7 @@ class NHLBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                 if videos:
                     video_data = videos[0]
 
-        video_id = compat_str(video_data['id'])
+        video_id = str(video_data['id'])
         title = video_data['title']
 
         formats = []
@@ -42,7 +41,7 @@ class NHLBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             else:
                 height = int_or_none(playback.get('height'))
                 formats.append({
-                    'format_id': playback.get('name', 'http' + ('-%dp' % height if height else '')),
+                    'format_id': playback.get('name', 'http' + (f'-{height}p' if height else '')),
                     'url': playback_url,
                     'width': int_or_none(playback.get('width')),
                     'height': height,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nick.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nick.py
index 165d8ce9d2..653b10b9d0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nick.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nick.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class NickIE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
                     'title': 'SpongeBob SquarePants: "A Place for Pets/Lockdown for Love" S1',
                     'description': 'A Place for Pets/Lockdown for Love: When customers bring pets into the Krusty Krab, Mr. Krabs realizes pets are more profitable than owners. Plankton ruins another date with Karen, so she puts the Chum Bucket on lockdown until he proves his affection.',
 
-                }
+                },
             },
             {
                 'md5': '839a04f49900a1fcbf517020d94e0737',
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class NickIE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
                     'title': 'SpongeBob SquarePants: "A Place for Pets/Lockdown for Love" S2',
                     'description': 'A Place for Pets/Lockdown for Love: When customers bring pets into the Krusty Krab, Mr. Krabs realizes pets are more profitable than owners. Plankton ruins another date with Karen, so she puts the Chum Bucket on lockdown until he proves his affection.',
 
-                }
+                },
             },
             {
                 'md5': 'f1145699f199770e2919ee8646955d46',
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class NickIE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
                     'title': 'SpongeBob SquarePants: "A Place for Pets/Lockdown for Love" S3',
                     'description': 'A Place for Pets/Lockdown for Love: When customers bring pets into the Krusty Krab, Mr. Krabs realizes pets are more profitable than owners. Plankton ruins another date with Karen, so she puts the Chum Bucket on lockdown until he proves his affection.',
 
-                }
+                },
             },
             {
                 'md5': 'd463116875aee2585ee58de3b12caebd',
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class NickIE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
                     'title': 'SpongeBob SquarePants: "A Place for Pets/Lockdown for Love" S4',
                     'description': 'A Place for Pets/Lockdown for Love: When customers bring pets into the Krusty Krab, Mr. Krabs realizes pets are more profitable than owners. Plankton ruins another date with Karen, so she puts the Chum Bucket on lockdown until he proves his affection.',
 
-                }
+                },
             },
         ],
     }, {
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class NickIE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:9d65a66df38e02254852794b2809d1cf',
             'title': 'Blue\'s Imagination Station',
         },
-        'skip': 'Not accessible?'
+        'skip': 'Not accessible?',
     }]
 
     def _get_feed_query(self, uri):
@@ -74,10 +74,10 @@ class NickIE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         domain, video_type, display_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
-        if video_type.startswith("episodes"):
+        if video_type.startswith('episodes'):
             return super()._real_extract(url)
         video_data = self._download_json(
-            'http://%s/data/video.endLevel.json' % domain,
+            f'http://{domain}/data/video.endLevel.json',
             display_id, query={
                 'urlKey': display_id,
             })
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ class NickDeIE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
     def _get_feed_url(self, uri, url=None):
         video_id = self._id_from_uri(uri)
         config = self._download_json(
-            'http://media.mtvnservices.com/pmt/e1/access/index.html?uri=%s&configtype=edge&ref=%s' % (uri, url), video_id)
+            f'http://media.mtvnservices.com/pmt/e1/access/index.html?uri={uri}&configtype=edge&ref={url}', video_id)
         return self._remove_template_parameter(config['feedWithQueryParams'])
 
 
@@ -221,4 +221,4 @@ class NickRuIE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
         mgid = self._extract_mgid(webpage, url)
-        return self.url_result('http://media.mtvnservices.com/embed/%s' % mgid)
+        return self.url_result(f'http://media.mtvnservices.com/embed/{mgid}')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/niconico.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/niconico.py
index b04ce96154..9d7b010c54 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/niconico.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/niconico.py
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ class NiconicoIE(InfoExtractor):
                 urljoin('https://account.nicovideo.jp', post_url), None,
                 note='Performing MFA', errnote='Unable to complete MFA',
                 data=urlencode_postdata({
-                    'otp': self._get_tfa_info('6 digits code')
+                    'otp': self._get_tfa_info('6 digits code'),
                 }), headers={
                     'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
                 })
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ class NiconicoIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'http_output_download_parameters': {
                     'use_ssl': yesno(session_api_data['urls'][0]['isSsl']),
                     'use_well_known_port': yesno(session_api_data['urls'][0]['isWellKnownPort']),
-                }
+                },
             }
         elif dmc_protocol == 'hls':
             protocol = 'm3u8'
@@ -277,14 +277,14 @@ class NiconicoIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'transfer_preset': '',
                     'use_ssl': yesno(session_api_data['urls'][0]['isSsl']),
                     'use_well_known_port': yesno(session_api_data['urls'][0]['isWellKnownPort']),
-                }
+                },
             }
             if 'hls_encryption' in parsed_token and encryption:
                 protocol_parameters['hls_parameters']['encryption'] = {
                     parsed_token['hls_encryption']: {
                         'encrypted_key': encryption['encryptedKey'],
                         'key_uri': encryption['keyUri'],
-                    }
+                    },
                 }
             else:
                 protocol = 'm3u8_native'
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ class NiconicoIE(InfoExtractor):
             session_api_endpoint['url'], video_id,
             query={'_format': 'json'},
             headers={'Content-Type': 'application/json'},
-            note='Downloading JSON metadata for %s' % info_dict['format_id'],
+            note='Downloading JSON metadata for {}'.format(info_dict['format_id']),
             data=json.dumps({
                 'session': {
                     'client_info': {
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ class NiconicoIE(InfoExtractor):
                         'auth_type': try_get(session_api_data, lambda x: x['authTypes'][session_api_data['protocols'][0]]),
                         'content_key_timeout': session_api_data.get('contentKeyTimeout'),
                         'service_id': 'nicovideo',
-                        'service_user_id': session_api_data.get('serviceUserId')
+                        'service_user_id': session_api_data.get('serviceUserId'),
                     },
                     'content_id': session_api_data.get('contentId'),
                     'content_src_id_sets': [{
@@ -313,34 +313,34 @@ class NiconicoIE(InfoExtractor):
                             'src_id_to_mux': {
                                 'audio_src_ids': [audio_src_id],
                                 'video_src_ids': [video_src_id],
-                            }
-                        }]
+                            },
+                        }],
                     }],
                     'content_type': 'movie',
                     'content_uri': '',
                     'keep_method': {
                         'heartbeat': {
-                            'lifetime': session_api_data.get('heartbeatLifetime')
-                        }
+                            'lifetime': session_api_data.get('heartbeatLifetime'),
+                        },
                     },
                     'priority': session_api_data['priority'],
                     'protocol': {
                         'name': 'http',
                         'parameters': {
                             'http_parameters': {
-                                'parameters': protocol_parameters
-                            }
-                        }
+                                'parameters': protocol_parameters,
+                            },
+                        },
                     },
                     'recipe_id': session_api_data.get('recipeId'),
                     'session_operation_auth': {
                         'session_operation_auth_by_signature': {
                             'signature': session_api_data.get('signature'),
                             'token': session_api_data.get('token'),
-                        }
+                        },
                     },
-                    'timing_constraint': 'unlimited'
-                }
+                    'timing_constraint': 'unlimited',
+                },
             }).encode())
 
         info_dict['url'] = session_response['data']['session']['content_uri']
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ class NiconicoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'data': json.dumps(session_response['data']),
             # interval, convert milliseconds to seconds, then halve to make a buffer.
             'interval': float_or_none(session_api_data.get('heartbeatLifetime'), scale=3000),
-            'ping': ping
+            'ping': ping,
         }
 
         return info_dict, heartbeat_info_dict
@@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ class NiconicoIE(InfoExtractor):
         vid_qual_label = traverse_obj(video_quality, ('metadata', 'label'))
 
         return {
-            'url': 'niconico_dmc:%s/%s/%s' % (video_id, video_quality['id'], audio_quality['id']),
+            'url': 'niconico_dmc:{}/{}/{}'.format(video_id, video_quality['id'], audio_quality['id']),
             'format_id': format_id,
             'format_note': join_nonempty('DMC', vid_qual_label, dmc_protocol.upper(), delim=' '),
             'ext': 'mp4',  # Session API are used in HTML5, which always serves mp4
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@ class NiconicoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'http_headers': {
                 'Origin': 'https://www.nicovideo.jp',
                 'Referer': 'https://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/' + video_id,
-            }
+            },
         }
 
     def _yield_dmc_formats(self, api_data, video_id):
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ class NiconicoIE(InfoExtractor):
         dms_m3u8_url = self._download_json(
             f'https://nvapi.nicovideo.jp/v1/watch/{video_id}/access-rights/hls', video_id,
             data=json.dumps({
-                'outputs': list(itertools.product((v['id'] for v in videos), (a['id'] for a in audios)))
+                'outputs': list(itertools.product((v['id'] for v in videos), (a['id'] for a in audios))),
             }).encode(), query={'actionTrackId': track_id}, headers={
                 'x-access-right-key': access_key,
                 'x-frontend-id': 6,
@@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ class NiconicoIE(InfoExtractor):
         except ExtractorError as e:
             try:
                 api_data = self._download_json(
-                    'https://www.nicovideo.jp/api/watch/v3/%s?_frontendId=6&_frontendVersion=0&actionTrackId=AAAAAAAAAA_%d' % (video_id, round(time.time() * 1000)), video_id,
+                    f'https://www.nicovideo.jp/api/watch/v3/{video_id}?_frontendId=6&_frontendVersion=0&actionTrackId=AAAAAAAAAA_{round(time.time() * 1000)}', video_id,
                     note='Downloading API JSON', errnote='Unable to fetch data')['data']
             except ExtractorError:
                 if not isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError):
@@ -586,7 +586,7 @@ class NiconicoPlaylistBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     _API_HEADERS = {
         'X-Frontend-ID': '6',
         'X-Frontend-Version': '0',
-        'X-Niconico-Language': 'en-us'
+        'X-Niconico-Language': 'en-us',
     }
 
     def _call_api(self, list_id, resource, query):
@@ -601,7 +601,7 @@ class NiconicoPlaylistBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _fetch_page(self, list_id, page):
         page += 1
-        resp = self._call_api(list_id, 'page %d' % page, {
+        resp = self._call_api(list_id, f'page {page}', {
             'page': page,
             'pageSize': self._PAGE_SIZE,
         })
@@ -789,14 +789,14 @@ class NicovideoSearchURLIE(NicovideoSearchBaseIE):
         'url': 'http://www.nicovideo.jp/search/sm9',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'sm9',
-            'title': 'sm9'
+            'title': 'sm9',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 40,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.nicovideo.jp/search/sm9?sort=h&order=d&end=2020-12-31&start=2020-01-01',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'sm9',
-            'title': 'sm9'
+            'title': 'sm9',
         },
         'playlist_count': 31,
     }]
@@ -814,7 +814,7 @@ class NicovideoSearchDateIE(NicovideoSearchBaseIE, SearchInfoExtractor):
         'url': 'nicosearchdateall:a',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'a',
-            'title': 'a'
+            'title': 'a',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 1610,
     }]
@@ -861,7 +861,7 @@ class NicovideoTagURLIE(NicovideoSearchBaseIE):
         'url': 'https://www.nicovideo.jp/tag/ドキュメンタリー淫夢',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'ドキュメンタリー淫夢',
-            'title': 'ドキュメンタリー淫夢'
+            'title': 'ドキュメンタリー淫夢',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 400,
     }]
@@ -880,12 +880,12 @@ class NiconicoUserIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 101,
     }
-    _API_URL = "https://nvapi.nicovideo.jp/v1/users/%s/videos?sortKey=registeredAt&sortOrder=desc&pageSize=%s&page=%s"
+    _API_URL = 'https://nvapi.nicovideo.jp/v1/users/%s/videos?sortKey=registeredAt&sortOrder=desc&pageSize=%s&page=%s'
     _PAGE_SIZE = 100
 
     _API_HEADERS = {
         'X-Frontend-ID': '6',
-        'X-Frontend-Version': '0'
+        'X-Frontend-Version': '0',
     }
 
     def _entries(self, list_id):
@@ -895,12 +895,12 @@ class NiconicoUserIE(InfoExtractor):
             json_parsed = self._download_json(
                 self._API_URL % (list_id, self._PAGE_SIZE, page_num + 1), list_id,
                 headers=self._API_HEADERS,
-                note='Downloading JSON metadata%s' % (' page %d' % page_num if page_num else ''))
+                note='Downloading JSON metadata%s' % (f' page {page_num}' if page_num else ''))
             if not page_num:
                 total_count = int_or_none(json_parsed['data'].get('totalCount'))
-            for entry in json_parsed["data"]["items"]:
+            for entry in json_parsed['data']['items']:
                 count += 1
-                yield self.url_result('https://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/%s' % entry['id'])
+                yield self.url_result('https://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/{}'.format(entry['id']))
             page_num += 1
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -917,7 +917,7 @@ class NiconicoLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'https://live.nicovideo.jp/watch/lv339533123',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'lv339533123',
-            'title': '激辛ペヤング食べます‪( ;ᯅ; )‬（歌枠オーディション参加中）',
+            'title': '激辛ペヤング食べます\u202a( ;ᯅ; )\u202c（歌枠オーディション参加中）',
             'view_count': 1526,
             'comment_count': 1772,
             'description': '初めましてもかって言います❕\nのんびり自由に適当に暮らしてます',
@@ -973,14 +973,14 @@ class NiconicoLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'quality': 'abr',
                     'protocol': 'hls+fmp4',
                     'latency': latency,
-                    'chasePlay': False
+                    'chasePlay': False,
                 },
                 'room': {
                     'protocol': 'webSocket',
-                    'commentable': True
+                    'commentable': True,
                 },
                 'reconnect': False,
-            }
+            },
         }))
 
         while True:
@@ -1004,7 +1004,7 @@ class NiconicoLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
             elif self.get_param('verbose', False):
                 if len(recv) > 100:
                     recv = recv[:100] + '...'
-                self.write_debug('Server said: %s' % recv)
+                self.write_debug(f'Server said: {recv}')
 
         title = traverse_obj(embedded_data, ('program', 'title')) or self._html_search_meta(
             ('og:title', 'twitter:title'), webpage, 'live title', fatal=False)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/niconicochannelplus.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/niconicochannelplus.py
index 89af3f7b53..f39d0000dc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/niconicochannelplus.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/niconicochannelplus.py
@@ -18,9 +18,9 @@ from ..utils import (
 class NiconicoChannelPlusBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     _WEBPAGE_BASE_URL = 'https://nicochannel.jp'
 
-    def _call_api(self, path, item_id, *args, **kwargs):
+    def _call_api(self, path, item_id, **kwargs):
         return self._download_json(
-            f'https://nfc-api.nicochannel.jp/fc/{path}', video_id=item_id, *args, **kwargs)
+            f'https://nfc-api.nicochannel.jp/fc/{path}', video_id=item_id, **kwargs)
 
     def _find_fanclub_site_id(self, channel_name):
         fanclub_list_json = self._call_api(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ninaprotocol.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ninaprotocol.py
index ea57c5f383..c8063fbd12 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ninaprotocol.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ninaprotocol.py
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class NinaProtocolIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'channel_id': '4ceG4zsb7VVxBTGPtZMqDZWGHo3VUg2xRvzC2b17ymWP',
                 'upload_date': '20231201',
                 'album_artist': 'Post Present Medium ',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '3SvsMM3y4oTPZ5DXFJnLkCAqkxz34hjzFxqms1vu9XBJ_2',
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ class NinaProtocolIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'timestamp': 1701417610,
                 'album': 'The Spatulas - March Chant',
                 'uploader_id': '2bGjgdKUddJoj2shYGqfNcUfoSoABP21RJoiwGMZDq3A',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '3SvsMM3y4oTPZ5DXFJnLkCAqkxz34hjzFxqms1vu9XBJ_3',
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class NinaProtocolIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'tags': ['punk', 'postpresentmedium', 'cambridge'],
                 'uploader': 'ppmrecs',
                 'channel': 'ppm',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '3SvsMM3y4oTPZ5DXFJnLkCAqkxz34hjzFxqms1vu9XBJ_4',
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ class NinaProtocolIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'channel': 'ppm',
                 'uploader_id': '2bGjgdKUddJoj2shYGqfNcUfoSoABP21RJoiwGMZDq3A',
                 'uploader': 'ppmrecs',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '3SvsMM3y4oTPZ5DXFJnLkCAqkxz34hjzFxqms1vu9XBJ_5',
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ class NinaProtocolIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'uploader': 'ppmrecs',
                 'channel_id': '4ceG4zsb7VVxBTGPtZMqDZWGHo3VUg2xRvzC2b17ymWP',
                 'upload_date': '20231201',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '3SvsMM3y4oTPZ5DXFJnLkCAqkxz34hjzFxqms1vu9XBJ_6',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ninecninemedia.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ninecninemedia.py
index 579370f1bf..93e28624b7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ninecninemedia.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ninecninemedia.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class NineCNineMediaIE(InfoExtractor):
         title = content['Name']
         content_package = content['ContentPackages'][0]
         package_id = content_package['Id']
-        content_package_url = api_base_url + 'contentpackages/%s/' % package_id
+        content_package_url = api_base_url + f'contentpackages/{package_id}/'
         content_package = self._download_json(
             content_package_url, content_id, query={
                 '$include': '[HasClosedCaptions]',
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class NineCNineMediaIE(InfoExtractor):
                 }, {
                     'url': manifest_base_url + 'srt',
                     'ext': 'srt',
-                }]
+                }],
             }
 
         return info
@@ -118,13 +118,13 @@ class CPTwentyFourIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'http://images2.9c9media.com/image_asset/2014_11_5_2eb609a0-475b-0132-fbd6-34b52f6f1279_jpg_2000x1125.jpg',
             'upload_date': '20211122',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True, 'format': 'bv'}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True, 'format': 'bv'},
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
-        id, destination = self._search_regex(
+        video_id, destination = self._search_regex(
             r'getAuthStates\("(?P<id>[^"]+)",\s?"(?P<destination>[^"]+)"\);',
             webpage, 'video id and destination', group=('id', 'destination'))
-        return self.url_result(f'9c9media:{destination}:{id}', ie=NineCNineMediaIE.ie_key(), video_id=id)
+        return self.url_result(f'9c9media:{destination}:{video_id}', NineCNineMediaIE, video_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ninegag.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ninegag.py
index 865ad99ac5..2979f3a50e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ninegag.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ninegag.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class NineGagIE(InfoExtractor):
             'like_count': int,
             'dislike_count': int,
             'comment_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # HTML escaped title
         'url': 'https://9gag.com/gag/av5nvyb',
@@ -53,14 +53,14 @@ class NineGagIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'Peter Klaus',
             'uploader_id': 'peterklaus12',
             'uploader_url': 'https://9gag.com/u/peterklaus12',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         post_id = self._match_id(url)
         post = self._download_json(
             'https://9gag.com/v1/post', post_id, query={
-                'id': post_id
+                'id': post_id,
             })['data']['post']
 
         if post.get('type') != 'Animated':
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ninenews.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ninenews.py
index 0b4f47b481..08d7fe47df 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ninenews.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ninenews.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class NineNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20231222',
             'uploader_id': '664969388001',
             'tags': ['networkclip', 'aunews_aunationalninenews', 'christmas presents', 'toys', 'fair trading', 'au_news'],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.9news.com.au/world/tape-reveals-donald-trump-pressured-michigan-officials-not-to-certify-2020-vote-a-new-report-says/0b8b880e-7d3c-41b9-b2bd-55bc7e492259',
         'md5': 'a885c44d20898c3e70e9a53e8188cea1',
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class NineNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20231220',
             'uploader_id': '664969388001',
             'tags': ['networkclip', 'aunews_aunationalninenews', 'ineligible', 'presidential candidate', 'donald trump', 'au_news'],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.9news.com.au/national/outrage-as-parents-banned-from-giving-gifts-to-kindergarten-teachers/e19b49d4-a1a4-4533-9089-6e10e2d9386a',
         'info_dict': {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ninenow.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ninenow.py
index b7170b0e70..f17531e622 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ninenow.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ninenow.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     float_or_none,
@@ -55,7 +54,7 @@ class NineNowIE(InfoExtractor):
         'expected_warnings': ['Ignoring subtitle tracks'],
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }]
     BRIGHTCOVE_URL_TEMPLATE = 'http://players.brightcove.net/4460760524001/default_default/index.html?videoId=%s'
 
@@ -72,15 +71,15 @@ class NineNowIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         for kind in ('episode', 'clip'):
             current_key = page_data.get(kind, {}).get(
-                'current%sKey' % kind.capitalize())
+                f'current{kind.capitalize()}Key')
             if not current_key:
                 continue
-            cache = page_data.get(kind, {}).get('%sCache' % kind, {})
+            cache = page_data.get(kind, {}).get(f'{kind}Cache', {})
             if not cache:
                 continue
             common_data = {
-                'episode': (cache.get(current_key) or list(cache.values())[0])[kind],
-                'season': (cache.get(current_key) or list(cache.values())[0]).get('season', None)
+                'episode': (cache.get(current_key) or next(iter(cache.values())))[kind],
+                'season': (cache.get(current_key) or next(iter(cache.values()))).get('season', None),
             }
             break
         else:
@@ -89,14 +88,14 @@ class NineNowIE(InfoExtractor):
         if not self.get_param('allow_unplayable_formats') and try_get(common_data, lambda x: x['episode']['video']['drm'], bool):
             self.report_drm(display_id)
         brightcove_id = try_get(
-            common_data, lambda x: x['episode']['video']['brightcoveId'], compat_str) or 'ref:%s' % common_data['episode']['video']['referenceId']
+            common_data, lambda x: x['episode']['video']['brightcoveId'], str) or 'ref:{}'.format(common_data['episode']['video']['referenceId'])
         video_id = str_or_none(try_get(common_data, lambda x: x['episode']['video']['id'])) or brightcove_id
 
-        title = try_get(common_data, lambda x: x['episode']['name'], compat_str)
+        title = try_get(common_data, lambda x: x['episode']['name'], str)
         season_number = try_get(common_data, lambda x: x['season']['seasonNumber'], int)
         episode_number = try_get(common_data, lambda x: x['episode']['episodeNumber'], int)
-        timestamp = unified_timestamp(try_get(common_data, lambda x: x['episode']['airDate'], compat_str))
-        release_date = unified_strdate(try_get(common_data, lambda x: x['episode']['availability'], compat_str))
+        timestamp = unified_timestamp(try_get(common_data, lambda x: x['episode']['airDate'], str))
+        release_date = unified_strdate(try_get(common_data, lambda x: x['episode']['availability'], str))
         thumbnails_data = try_get(common_data, lambda x: x['episode']['image']['sizes'], dict) or {}
         thumbnails = [{
             'id': thumbnail_id,
@@ -111,7 +110,7 @@ class NineNowIE(InfoExtractor):
                 {'geo_countries': self._GEO_COUNTRIES}),
             'id': video_id,
             'title': title,
-            'description': try_get(common_data, lambda x: x['episode']['description'], compat_str),
+            'description': try_get(common_data, lambda x: x['episode']['description'], str),
             'duration': float_or_none(try_get(common_data, lambda x: x['episode']['video']['duration'], float), 1000),
             'thumbnails': thumbnails,
             'ie_key': 'BrightcoveNew',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nintendo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nintendo.py
index 853a169bb0..d8eb85306d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nintendo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nintendo.py
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class NintendoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'extensions': json.dumps({
                 'persistedQuery': {
                     'version': 1,
-                    'sha256Hash': '969b16fe9f08b686fa37bc44d1fd913b6188e65794bb5e341c54fa683a8004cb'
+                    'sha256Hash': '969b16fe9f08b686fa37bc44d1fd913b6188e65794bb5e341c54fa683a8004cb',
                 },
             }, separators=(',', ':')),
         })
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nitter.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nitter.py
index 249e7cd337..7609b40178 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nitter.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nitter.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import random
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urlparse
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
     parse_count,
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ class NitterIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'like_count': int,
                 'repost_count': int,
                 'comment_count': int,
-            }
+            },
         }, {  # no OpenGraph title
             'url': f'https://{current_instance}/LocalBateman/status/1678455464038735895#m',
             'info_dict': {
@@ -286,12 +286,12 @@ class NitterIE(InfoExtractor):
             },
             'expected_warnings': ['Ignoring subtitle tracks found in the HLS manifest'],
             'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id, uploader_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'uploader_id')
-        parsed_url = compat_urlparse.urlparse(url)
+        parsed_url = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)
         base_url = f'{parsed_url.scheme}://{parsed_url.netloc}'
 
         self._set_cookie(parsed_url.netloc, 'hlsPlayback', 'on')
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ class NitterIE(InfoExtractor):
         if main_tweet_start > 0:
             webpage = full_webpage[main_tweet_start:]
 
-        video_url = '%s%s' % (base_url, self._html_search_regex(
+        video_url = '{}{}'.format(base_url, self._html_search_regex(
             r'(?:<video[^>]+data-url|<source[^>]+src)="([^"]+)"', webpage, 'video url'))
         ext = determine_ext(video_url)
 
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ class NitterIE(InfoExtractor):
         else:
             formats = [{
                 'url': video_url,
-                'ext': ext
+                'ext': ext,
             }]
 
         title = description = self._og_search_description(full_webpage, default=None) or self._html_search_regex(
@@ -334,12 +334,12 @@ class NitterIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         thumbnail = (
             self._html_search_meta('og:image', full_webpage, 'thumbnail url')
-            or remove_end('%s%s' % (base_url, self._html_search_regex(
+            or remove_end('{}{}'.format(base_url, self._html_search_regex(
                 r'<video[^>]+poster="([^"]+)"', webpage, 'thumbnail url', fatal=False)), '%3Asmall'))
 
         thumbnails = [
-            {'id': id, 'url': f'{thumbnail}%3A{id}'}
-            for id in ('thumb', 'small', 'large', 'medium', 'orig')
+            {'id': id_, 'url': f'{thumbnail}%3A{id_}'}
+            for id_ in ('thumb', 'small', 'large', 'medium', 'orig')
         ]
 
         date = self._html_search_regex(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nobelprize.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nobelprize.py
index 513529beaa..536ca27f75 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nobelprize.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nobelprize.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class NobelPrizeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Announcement of the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physics',
             'description': 'md5:05beba57f4f5a4bbd4cf2ef28fcff739',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/noice.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/noice.py
index e6e343303a..f413055b31 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/noice.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/noice.py
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class NoicePodcastIE(InfoExtractor):
             'comment_count': int,
             'dislike_count': int,
             'channel_follower_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://open.noice.id/content/222134e4-99f2-456f-b8a2-b8be404bf063',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ class NoicePodcastIE(InfoExtractor):
             'comment_count': int,
             'channel': 'Dear Jerome',
             'channel_follower_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _get_formats_and_subtitles(self, media_url, video_id):
@@ -112,5 +112,5 @@ class NoicePodcastIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'dislike_count': 'dislikes',
                 'comment_count': 'comments',
                 'channel_follower_count': 'followers',
-            }))
+            })),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nonktube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nonktube.py
index f191be33b7..192e6bb52a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nonktube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nonktube.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class NonkTubeIE(NuevoBaseIE):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.nonktube.com/embed/118636',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/noodlemagazine.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/noodlemagazine.py
index 1c1a763dc2..6414f46efb 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/noodlemagazine.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/noodlemagazine.py
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ class NoodleMagazineIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'Aria alexander manojob',
             'tags': ['aria', 'alexander', 'manojob'],
             'upload_date': '20190218',
-            'age_limit': 18
-        }
+            'age_limit': 18,
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -76,5 +76,5 @@ class NoodleMagazineIE(InfoExtractor):
             'view_count': view_count,
             'like_count': like_count,
             'upload_date': upload_date,
-            'age_limit': 18
+            'age_limit': 18,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/noovo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/noovo.py
index acbb74c6eb..772d4ed9e0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/noovo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/noovo.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from .brightcove import BrightcoveNewIE
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     js_to_json,
@@ -65,7 +64,7 @@ class NoovoIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         title = try_get(
             data, lambda x: x['video']['nom'],
-            compat_str) or self._html_search_meta(
+            str) or self._html_search_meta(
             'dcterms.Title', webpage, 'title', fatal=True)
 
         description = self._html_search_meta(
@@ -77,11 +76,11 @@ class NoovoIE(InfoExtractor):
             webpage, 'series', default=None)
 
         season_el = try_get(data, lambda x: x['emission']['saison'], dict) or {}
-        season = try_get(season_el, lambda x: x['nom'], compat_str)
+        season = try_get(season_el, lambda x: x['nom'], str)
         season_number = int_or_none(try_get(season_el, lambda x: x['numero']))
 
         episode_el = try_get(season_el, lambda x: x['episode'], dict) or {}
-        episode = try_get(episode_el, lambda x: x['nom'], compat_str)
+        episode = try_get(episode_el, lambda x: x['nom'], str)
         episode_number = int_or_none(try_get(episode_el, lambda x: x['numero']))
 
         return {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nosnl.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nosnl.py
index cea54c98e2..13f908c2c2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nosnl.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nosnl.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class NOSNLArticleIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'title': '\'We hebben een huis vol met scheuren\'',
                 'duration': 95.0,
                 'thumbnail': 'https://cdn.nos.nl/image/2022/08/12/887149/3840x2160a.jpg',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             # more than 1 video
             'url': 'https://nos.nl/artikel/2440409-vannacht-sliepen-weer-enkele-honderden-asielzoekers-in-ter-apel-buiten',
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ class NOSNLArticleIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'categories': ['Buitenland'],
             },
             'playlist_mincount': 1,
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _entries(self, nextjs_json, display_id):
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ class NOSNLArticleIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'thumbnails': [{
                         'url': traverse_obj(image, ('url', ...), get_all=False),
                         'width': image.get('width'),
-                        'height': image.get('height')
+                        'height': image.get('height'),
                     } for image in traverse_obj(item, ('imagesByRatio', ...))[0]],
                 }
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nova.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nova.py
index 72884aaaab..e7b69e3706 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nova.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nova.py
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class NovaEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
         duration = None
         formats = []
 
-        def process_format_list(format_list, format_id=""):
+        def process_format_list(format_list, format_id=''):
             nonlocal formats, has_drm
             if not isinstance(format_list, list):
                 format_list = [format_list]
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ class NovaIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:f0a42dd239c26f61c28f19e62d20ef53',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(?:jpg)',
             'duration': 151,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://fanda.nova.cz/clanek/fun-and-games/krvavy-epos-zaklinac-3-divoky-hon-vychazi-vyhrajte-ho-pro-sebe.html',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -216,11 +216,11 @@ class NovaIE(InfoExtractor):
         if embed_id:
             return {
                 '_type': 'url_transparent',
-                'url': 'https://media.cms.nova.cz/embed/%s' % embed_id,
+                'url': f'https://media.cms.nova.cz/embed/{embed_id}',
                 'ie_key': NovaEmbedIE.ie_key(),
                 'id': embed_id,
                 'description': description,
-                'upload_date': upload_date
+                'upload_date': upload_date,
             }
 
         video_id = self._search_regex(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/novaplay.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/novaplay.py
index adab33f59e..77d7ce1860 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/novaplay.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/novaplay.py
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class NovaPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'thumbnail': 'https://nbg-img.fite.tv/img/606609_460x260.jpg',
                 'description': '29 сек',
             },
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     _access_token = None
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class NovaPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
             video_id, headers={
                 'x-flipps-user-agent': 'Flipps/75/9.7',
                 'x-flipps-version': '2022-05-17',
-                'Authorization': f'Bearer {self._access_token}'
+                'Authorization': f'Bearer {self._access_token}',
             })[0]['links']['play']['href']
         formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(m3u8_url, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls')
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nowness.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nowness.py
index a3c29f62cc..c001a82e9f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nowness.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nowness.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ from .brightcove import (
     BrightcoveNewIE,
 )
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..networking import Request
 from ..utils import ExtractorError
 
@@ -17,7 +16,7 @@ class NownessBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                     source = media['source']
                     if source == 'brightcove':
                         player_code = self._download_webpage(
-                            'http://www.nowness.com/iframe?id=%s' % video_id, video_id,
+                            f'http://www.nowness.com/iframe?id={video_id}', video_id,
                             note='Downloading player JavaScript',
                             errnote='Unable to download player JavaScript')
                         bc_url = BrightcoveLegacyIE._extract_brightcove_url(player_code)
@@ -28,7 +27,7 @@ class NownessBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                             return self.url_result(bc_url, BrightcoveNewIE.ie_key())
                         raise ExtractorError('Could not find player definition')
                     elif source == 'vimeo':
-                        return self.url_result('http://vimeo.com/%s' % video_id, 'Vimeo')
+                        return self.url_result(f'http://vimeo.com/{video_id}', 'Vimeo')
                     elif source == 'youtube':
                         return self.url_result(video_id, 'Youtube')
                     elif source == 'cinematique':
@@ -139,4 +138,4 @@ class NownessSeriesIE(NownessBaseIE):
             series_title = translations[0].get('title') or translations[0]['seoTitle']
             series_description = translations[0].get('seoDescription')
         return self.playlist_result(
-            entries, compat_str(series['id']), series_title, series_description)
+            entries, str(series['id']), series_title, series_description)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/noz.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/noz.py
index 19cb972c0a..8476a857ff 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/noz.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/noz.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_unquote
 from ..utils import (
     find_xpath_attr,
     int_or_none,
@@ -35,9 +36,9 @@ class NozIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         config_url_encoded = self._search_regex(
             r'so\.addVariable\("config_url","[^,]*,(.*?)"',
-            edge_content, 'config URL'
+            edge_content, 'config URL',
         )
-        config_url = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(config_url_encoded)
+        config_url = urllib.parse.unquote(config_url_encoded)
 
         doc = self._download_xml(config_url, 'video configuration')
         title = xpath_text(doc, './/title')
@@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ class NozIE(InfoExtractor):
                 formats.append({
                     'url': http_url,
                     'format_name': xpath_text(qnode, './name'),
-                    'format_id': '%s-%s' % ('http', xpath_text(qnode, './id')),
+                    'format_id': '{}-{}'.format('http', xpath_text(qnode, './id')),
                     'height': int_or_none(xpath_text(qnode, './height')),
                     'width': int_or_none(xpath_text(qnode, './width')),
                     'tbr': int_or_none(xpath_text(qnode, './bitrate'), scale=1000),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/npo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/npo.py
index 4d5ff50deb..178fd98bf7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/npo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/npo.py
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ class NPOIE(InfoExtractor):
     def suitable(cls, url):
         return (False if any(ie.suitable(url)
                 for ie in (NPOLiveIE, NPORadioIE, NPORadioFragmentIE))
-                else super(NPOIE, cls).suitable(url))
+                else super().suitable(url))
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ class NPOIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'hasAdConsent': 0,
                 }), headers={
                     'x-xsrf-token': try_call(lambda: urllib.parse.unquote(
-                        self._get_cookies('https://www.npostart.nl')['XSRF-TOKEN'].value))
+                        self._get_cookies('https://www.npostart.nl')['XSRF-TOKEN'].value)),
                 })
 
         player_token = player['token']
@@ -238,8 +238,8 @@ class NPOIE(InfoExtractor):
         formats = []
         for profile in ('hls', 'dash-widevine', 'dash-playready', 'smooth'):
             streams = self._download_json(
-                'https://start-player.npo.nl/video/%s/streams' % video_id,
-                video_id, 'Downloading %s profile JSON' % profile, fatal=False,
+                f'https://start-player.npo.nl/video/{video_id}/streams',
+                video_id, f'Downloading {profile} profile JSON', fatal=False,
                 query={
                     'profile': profile,
                     'quality': 'npoplus',
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ class NPOLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.npo.nl/live',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ class NPOLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         return {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
-            'url': 'npo:%s' % live_id,
+            'url': f'npo:{live_id}',
             'ie_key': NPOIE.ie_key(),
             'id': live_id,
             'display_id': display_id,
@@ -379,16 +379,16 @@ class NPORadioIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if NPORadioFragmentIE.suitable(url) else super(NPORadioIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if NPORadioFragmentIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     @staticmethod
     def _html_get_attribute_regex(attribute):
-        return r'{0}\s*=\s*\'([^\']+)\''.format(attribute)
+        return rf'{attribute}\s*=\s*\'([^\']+)\''
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ class NPORadioFragmentIE(InfoExtractor):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, audio_id)
 
         title = self._html_search_regex(
-            r'href="/radio/[^/]+/fragment/%s" title="([^"]+)"' % audio_id,
+            rf'href="/radio/[^/]+/fragment/{audio_id}" title="([^"]+)"',
             webpage, 'title')
 
         audio_url = self._search_regex(
@@ -456,8 +456,8 @@ class NPODataMidEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):  # XXX: Conventionally, base classes sho
         return {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
             'ie_key': 'NPO',
-            'url': 'npo:%s' % video_id,
-            'display_id': display_id
+            'url': f'npo:{video_id}',
+            'display_id': display_id,
         }
 
 
@@ -472,12 +472,12 @@ class SchoolTVIE(NPODataMidEmbedIE):
             'display_id': 'ademhaling-de-hele-dag-haal-je-adem-maar-wat-gebeurt-er-dan-eigenlijk-in-je-lichaam',
             'title': 'Ademhaling: De hele dag haal je adem. Maar wat gebeurt er dan eigenlijk in je lichaam?',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'description': 'md5:abfa0ff690adb73fd0297fd033aaa631'
+            'description': 'md5:abfa0ff690adb73fd0297fd033aaa631',
         },
         'params': {
             # Skip because of m3u8 download
-            'skip_download': True
-        }
+            'skip_download': True,
+        },
     }
 
 
@@ -496,8 +496,8 @@ class HetKlokhuisIE(NPODataMidEmbedIE):
             'upload_date': '20170223',
         },
         'params': {
-            'skip_download': True
-        }
+            'skip_download': True,
+        },
     }
 
 
@@ -508,7 +508,7 @@ class NPOPlaylistBaseIE(NPOIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, playlist_id)
 
         entries = [
-            self.url_result('npo:%s' % video_id if not video_id.startswith('http') else video_id)
+            self.url_result(f'npo:{video_id}' if not video_id.startswith('http') else video_id)
             for video_id in orderedSet(re.findall(self._PLAYLIST_ENTRY_RE, webpage))
         ]
 
@@ -574,9 +574,9 @@ class VPROIE(NPOPlaylistBaseIE):
             },
             'params': {
                 # Skip because of m3u8 download
-                'skip_download': True
+                'skip_download': True,
             },
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/npr.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/npr.py
index 4b6855c93f..06103ff383 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/npr.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/npr.py
@@ -8,14 +8,14 @@ class NprIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'https://www.npr.org/sections/allsongs/2015/10/21/449974205/new-music-from-beach-house-chairlift-cmj-discoveries-and-more',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '449974205',
-            'title': 'New Music From Beach House, Chairlift, CMJ Discoveries And More'
+            'title': 'New Music From Beach House, Chairlift, CMJ Discoveries And More',
         },
         'playlist_count': 7,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.npr.org/sections/deceptivecadence/2015/10/09/446928052/music-from-the-shadows-ancient-armenian-hymns-and-piano-jazz',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '446928052',
-            'title': "Songs We Love: Tigran Hamasyan, 'Your Mercy is Boundless'"
+            'title': "Songs We Love: Tigran Hamasyan, 'Your Mercy is Boundless'",
         },
         'playlist': [{
             'md5': '12fa60cb2d3ed932f53609d4aeceabf1',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nrk.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nrk.py
index 384865accd..658ae5f916 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nrk.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nrk.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import random
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -53,12 +52,12 @@ class NRKBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                 msg=MESSAGES.get('ProgramIsGeoBlocked'),
                 countries=self._GEO_COUNTRIES)
         message = data.get('endUserMessage') or MESSAGES.get(message_type, message_type)
-        raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, message), expected=True)
+        raise ExtractorError(f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {message}', expected=True)
 
     def _call_api(self, path, video_id, item=None, note=None, fatal=True, query=None):
         return self._download_json(
             urljoin('https://psapi.nrk.no/', path),
-            video_id, note or 'Downloading %s JSON' % item,
+            video_id, note or f'Downloading {item} JSON',
             fatal=fatal, query=query)
 
 
@@ -85,7 +84,7 @@ class NRKIE(NRKBaseIE):
             'title': 'Dompap og andre fugler i Piip-Show',
             'description': 'md5:d9261ba34c43b61c812cb6b0269a5c8f',
             'duration': 262,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # audio
         'url': 'http://www.nrk.no/video/PS*154915',
@@ -96,7 +95,7 @@ class NRKIE(NRKBaseIE):
             'title': 'Slik høres internett ut når du er blind',
             'description': 'md5:a621f5cc1bd75c8d5104cb048c6b8568',
             'duration': 20,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'nrk:ecc1b952-96dc-4a98-81b9-5296dc7a98d9',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -156,7 +155,7 @@ class NRKIE(NRKBaseIE):
         # known values for preferredCdn: akamai, iponly, minicdn and telenor
         manifest = call_playback_api('manifest', {'preferredCdn': 'akamai'})
 
-        video_id = try_get(manifest, lambda x: x['id'], compat_str) or video_id
+        video_id = try_get(manifest, lambda x: x['id'], str) or video_id
 
         if manifest.get('playability') == 'nonPlayable':
             self._raise_error(manifest['nonPlayable'])
@@ -216,13 +215,13 @@ class NRKIE(NRKBaseIE):
             sub_key = str_or_none(sub.get('language')) or 'nb'
             sub_type = str_or_none(sub.get('type'))
             if sub_type:
-                sub_key += '-%s' % sub_type
+                sub_key += f'-{sub_type}'
             subtitles.setdefault(sub_key, []).append({
                 'url': sub_url,
             })
 
         legal_age = try_get(
-            data, lambda x: x['legalAge']['body']['rating']['code'], compat_str)
+            data, lambda x: x['legalAge']['body']['rating']['code'], str)
         # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Media_Authority
         age_limit = None
         if legal_age:
@@ -243,13 +242,13 @@ class NRKIE(NRKBaseIE):
             'age_limit': age_limit,
             'formats': formats,
             'subtitles': subtitles,
-            'timestamp': parse_iso8601(try_get(manifest, lambda x: x['availability']['onDemand']['from'], str))
+            'timestamp': parse_iso8601(try_get(manifest, lambda x: x['availability']['onDemand']['from'], str)),
         }
 
         if is_series:
             series = season_id = season_number = episode = episode_number = None
             programs = self._call_api(
-                'programs/%s' % video_id, video_id, 'programs', fatal=False)
+                f'programs/{video_id}', video_id, 'programs', fatal=False)
             if programs and isinstance(programs, dict):
                 series = str_or_none(programs.get('seriesTitle'))
                 season_id = str_or_none(programs.get('seasonId'))
@@ -259,7 +258,7 @@ class NRKIE(NRKBaseIE):
             if not series:
                 series = title
             if alt_title:
-                title += ' - %s' % alt_title
+                title += f' - {alt_title}'
             if not season_number:
                 season_number = int_or_none(self._search_regex(
                     r'Sesong\s+(\d+)', description or '', 'season number',
@@ -289,7 +288,7 @@ class NRKIE(NRKBaseIE):
 class NRKTVIE(InfoExtractor):
     IE_DESC = 'NRK TV and NRK Radio'
     _EPISODE_RE = r'(?P<id>[a-zA-Z]{4}\d{8})'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:tv|radio)\.nrk(?:super)?\.no/(?:[^/]+/)*%s' % _EPISODE_RE
+    _VALID_URL = rf'https?://(?:tv|radio)\.nrk(?:super)?\.no/(?:[^/]+/)*{_EPISODE_RE}'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://tv.nrk.no/program/MDDP12000117',
         'md5': 'c4a5960f1b00b40d47db65c1064e0ab1',
@@ -306,7 +305,7 @@ class NRKTVIE(InfoExtractor):
                 }],
                 'nb-ttv': [{
                     'ext': 'vtt',
-                }]
+                }],
             },
         },
     }, {
@@ -411,7 +410,7 @@ class NRKTVIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         return self.url_result(
-            'nrk:%s' % video_id, ie=NRKIE.ie_key(), video_id=video_id)
+            f'nrk:{video_id}', ie=NRKIE.ie_key(), video_id=video_id)
 
 
 class NRKTVEpisodeIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -461,14 +460,14 @@ class NRKTVEpisodeIE(InfoExtractor):
         info = self._search_json_ld(webpage, display_id, default={})
         nrk_id = info.get('@id') or self._html_search_meta(
             'nrk:program-id', webpage, default=None) or self._search_regex(
-            r'data-program-id=["\'](%s)' % NRKTVIE._EPISODE_RE, webpage,
+            rf'data-program-id=["\']({NRKTVIE._EPISODE_RE})', webpage,
             'nrk id')
         assert re.match(NRKTVIE._EPISODE_RE, nrk_id)
 
         info.update({
             '_type': 'url',
             'id': nrk_id,
-            'url': 'nrk:%s' % nrk_id,
+            'url': f'nrk:{nrk_id}',
             'ie_key': NRKIE.ie_key(),
             'season_number': int(season_number),
             'episode_number': int(episode_number),
@@ -483,13 +482,13 @@ class NRKTVSerieBaseIE(NRKBaseIE):
         entries = []
         for episode in entry_list:
             nrk_id = episode.get('prfId') or episode.get('episodeId')
-            if not nrk_id or not isinstance(nrk_id, compat_str):
+            if not nrk_id or not isinstance(nrk_id, str):
                 continue
             entries.append(self.url_result(
-                'nrk:%s' % nrk_id, ie=NRKIE.ie_key(), video_id=nrk_id))
+                f'nrk:{nrk_id}', ie=NRKIE.ie_key(), video_id=nrk_id))
         return entries
 
-    _ASSETS_KEYS = ('episodes', 'instalments',)
+    _ASSETS_KEYS = ('episodes', 'instalments')
 
     def _extract_assets_key(self, embedded):
         for asset_key in self._ASSETS_KEYS:
@@ -514,19 +513,18 @@ class NRKTVSerieBaseIE(NRKBaseIE):
                 (lambda x: x[assets_key]['_embedded'][assets_key],
                  lambda x: x[assets_key]),
                 list)
-            for e in self._extract_entries(entries):
-                yield e
+            yield from self._extract_entries(entries)
             # Find next URL
             next_url_path = try_get(
                 data,
                 (lambda x: x['_links']['next']['href'],
                  lambda x: x['_embedded'][assets_key]['_links']['next']['href']),
-                compat_str)
+                str)
             if not next_url_path:
                 break
             data = self._call_api(
                 next_url_path, display_id,
-                note='Downloading %s JSON page %d' % (assets_key, page_num),
+                note=f'Downloading {assets_key} JSON page {page_num}',
                 fatal=False)
             if not data:
                 break
@@ -593,7 +591,7 @@ class NRKTVSeasonIE(NRKTVSerieBaseIE):
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
         return (False if NRKTVIE.suitable(url) or NRKTVEpisodeIE.suitable(url) or NRKRadioPodkastIE.suitable(url)
-                else super(NRKTVSeasonIE, cls).suitable(url))
+                else super().suitable(url))
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
@@ -601,14 +599,13 @@ class NRKTVSeasonIE(NRKTVSerieBaseIE):
         serie_kind = mobj.group('serie_kind')
         serie = mobj.group('serie')
         season_id = mobj.group('id') or mobj.group('id_2')
-        display_id = '%s/%s' % (serie, season_id)
+        display_id = f'{serie}/{season_id}'
 
         data = self._call_api(
-            '%s/catalog/%s/%s/seasons/%s'
-            % (domain, self._catalog_name(serie_kind), serie, season_id),
+            f'{domain}/catalog/{self._catalog_name(serie_kind)}/{serie}/seasons/{season_id}',
             display_id, 'season', query={'pageSize': 50})
 
-        title = try_get(data, lambda x: x['titles']['title'], compat_str) or display_id
+        title = try_get(data, lambda x: x['titles']['title'], str) or display_id
         return self.playlist_result(
             self._entries(data, display_id),
             display_id, title)
@@ -691,7 +688,7 @@ class NRKTVSeriesIE(NRKTVSerieBaseIE):
         return (
             False if any(ie.suitable(url)
                          for ie in (NRKTVIE, NRKTVEpisodeIE, NRKRadioPodkastIE, NRKTVSeasonIE))
-            else super(NRKTVSeriesIE, cls).suitable(url))
+            else super().suitable(url))
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         site, serie_kind, series_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
@@ -700,8 +697,7 @@ class NRKTVSeriesIE(NRKTVSerieBaseIE):
 
         size_prefix = 'p' if is_radio else 'embeddedInstalmentsP'
         series = self._call_api(
-            '%s/catalog/%s/%s'
-            % (domain, self._catalog_name(serie_kind), series_id),
+            f'{domain}/catalog/{self._catalog_name(serie_kind)}/{series_id}',
             series_id, 'serie', query={size_prefix + 'ageSize': 50})
         titles = try_get(series, [
             lambda x: x['titles'],
@@ -719,8 +715,8 @@ class NRKTVSeriesIE(NRKTVSerieBaseIE):
                 season_url = urljoin(url, season.get('href'))
                 if not season_url:
                     season_name = season.get('name')
-                    if season_name and isinstance(season_name, compat_str):
-                        season_url = 'https://%s.nrk.no/serie/%s/sesong/%s' % (domain, series_id, season_name)
+                    if season_name and isinstance(season_name, str):
+                        season_url = f'https://{domain}.nrk.no/serie/{series_id}/sesong/{season_name}'
                 if season_url:
                     entries.append(self.url_result(
                         season_url, ie=NRKTVSeasonIE.ie_key(),
@@ -777,7 +773,7 @@ class NRKRadioPodkastIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         return self.url_result(
-            'nrk:%s' % video_id, ie=NRKIE.ie_key(), video_id=video_id)
+            f'nrk:{video_id}', ie=NRKIE.ie_key(), video_id=video_id)
 
 
 class NRKPlaylistBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -790,7 +786,7 @@ class NRKPlaylistBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, playlist_id)
 
         entries = [
-            self.url_result('nrk:%s' % video_id, NRKIE.ie_key())
+            self.url_result(f'nrk:{video_id}', NRKIE.ie_key())
             for video_id in re.findall(self._ITEM_RE, webpage)
         ]
 
@@ -831,7 +827,7 @@ class NRKPlaylistIE(NRKPlaylistBaseIE):
 
 class NRKTVEpisodesIE(NRKPlaylistBaseIE):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://tv\.nrk\.no/program/[Ee]pisodes/[^/]+/(?P<id>\d+)'
-    _ITEM_RE = r'data-episode=["\']%s' % NRKTVIE._EPISODE_RE
+    _ITEM_RE = rf'data-episode=["\']{NRKTVIE._EPISODE_RE}'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://tv.nrk.no/program/episodes/nytt-paa-nytt/69031',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -869,7 +865,7 @@ class NRKSkoleIE(InfoExtractor):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         nrk_id = self._download_json(
-            'https://nrkno-skole-prod.kube.nrk.no/skole/api/media/%s' % video_id,
+            f'https://nrkno-skole-prod.kube.nrk.no/skole/api/media/{video_id}',
             video_id)['psId']
 
-        return self.url_result('nrk:%s' % nrk_id)
+        return self.url_result(f'nrk:{nrk_id}')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ntvru.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ntvru.py
index fe39657291..1ab1be0f60 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ntvru.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ntvru.py
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ class NTVRuIE(InfoExtractor):
                 self._VIDEO_ID_REGEXES, webpage, 'video id')
 
         player = self._download_xml(
-            'http://www.ntv.ru/vi%s/' % video_id,
+            f'http://www.ntv.ru/vi{video_id}/',
             video_id, 'Downloading video XML')
 
         title = strip_or_none(unescapeHTML(xpath_text(player, './data/title', 'title', fatal=True)))
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ class NTVRuIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         formats = []
         for format_id in ['', 'hi', 'webm']:
-            file_ = xpath_text(video, './%sfile' % format_id)
+            file_ = xpath_text(video, f'./{format_id}file')
             if not file_:
                 continue
             if file_.startswith('//'):
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ class NTVRuIE(InfoExtractor):
                 file_ = 'http://media.ntv.ru/vod/' + file_
             formats.append({
                 'url': file_,
-                'filesize': int_or_none(xpath_text(video, './%ssize' % format_id)),
+                'filesize': int_or_none(xpath_text(video, f'./{format_id}size')),
             })
         hls_manifest = xpath_text(video, './playback/hls')
         if hls_manifest:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nubilesporn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nubilesporn.py
index 1d630f547d..c2079d8b07 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nubilesporn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nubilesporn.py
@@ -51,8 +51,8 @@ class NubilesPornIE(InfoExtractor):
             'season': 'Season 3',
             'season_number': 3,
             'episode': 'Episode 1',
-            'episode_number': 1
-        }
+            'episode_number': 1,
+        },
     }]
 
     def _perform_login(self, username, password):
@@ -95,5 +95,5 @@ class NubilesPornIE(InfoExtractor):
             'series': channel_name,
             'series_id': channel_id,
             'season_number': int_or_none(url_match.group('season')),
-            'episode_number': int_or_none(url_match.group('episode'))
+            'episode_number': int_or_none(url_match.group('episode')),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nuevo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nuevo.py
index 5670445aa8..945fd0c9ce 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nuevo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nuevo.py
@@ -28,5 +28,5 @@ class NuevoBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': title,
             'thumbnail': thumbnail,
             'duration': duration,
-            'formats': formats
+            'formats': formats,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nuvid.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nuvid.py
index 0ef0ec70b9..99a426b25f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nuvid.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nuvid.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class NuvidIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 321.0,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://m.nuvid.com/video/6523263',
         'md5': 'ebd22ce8e47e1d9a4d0756a15c67da52',
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class NuvidIE(InfoExtractor):
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
             'thumbnails': list,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://m.nuvid.com/video/6415801/',
         'md5': '638d5ececb138d5753593f751ae3f697',
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class NuvidIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 1882,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+\.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ class NuvidIE(InfoExtractor):
             })
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://m.nuvid.com/video/%s' % (video_id, ),
+            f'http://m.nuvid.com/video/{video_id}',
             video_id, 'Downloading video page', fatal=False) or ''
 
         title = strip_or_none(video_data.get('title') or self._html_search_regex(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nytimes.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nytimes.py
index 3019202a2e..5ec3cdd675 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nytimes.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nytimes.py
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ class NYTimesArticleIE(NYTimesBaseIE):
             'thumbnails': self._extract_thumbnails(traverse_obj(
                 block, ('promotionalMedia', 'crops', ..., 'renditions', ...))),
             'formats': formats,
-            'subtitles': subtitles
+            'subtitles': subtitles,
         }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nzherald.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nzherald.py
index 0a12aea714..7c09e9ee81 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nzherald.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nzherald.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import json
 
 from .brightcove import BrightcoveNewIE
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import ExtractorError, traverse_obj
 
 
@@ -24,7 +23,7 @@ class NZHeraldIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'tags': [],
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.jpg$',
                 'description': 'md5:2f17713fcbfcfbe38bb9e7dfccbb0f2e',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             # Webpage has brightcove embed player url
             'url': 'https://www.nzherald.co.nz/travel/pencarrow-coastal-trail/HDVTPJEPP46HJ2UEMK4EGD2DFI/',
@@ -39,7 +38,7 @@ class NZHeraldIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.jpg$',
                 'tags': ['travel', 'video'],
                 'duration': 43.627,
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             # two video embeds of the same video
             'url': 'https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/truck-driver-captured-cutting-off-motorist-on-state-highway-1-in-canterbury/FIHNJB7PLLPHWQPK4S7ZBDUC4I/',
@@ -50,7 +49,7 @@ class NZHeraldIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'timestamp': 1619730509,
                 'upload_date': '20210429',
                 'uploader_id': '1308227299001',
-                'description': 'md5:4cae7dfb7613ac4c73b9e73a75c6b5d7'
+                'description': 'md5:4cae7dfb7613ac4c73b9e73a75c6b5d7',
             },
             'skip': 'video removed',
         }, {
@@ -67,17 +66,17 @@ class NZHeraldIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'tags': ['video', 'nz herald focus', 'politics', 'politics videos'],
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.jpg$',
                 'duration': 99.584,
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'url': 'https://www.nzherald.co.nz/kahu/kaupapa-companies-my-taiao-supporting-maori-in-study-and-business/PQBO2J25WCG77VGRX7W7BVYEAI/',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         }, {
             'url': 'https://nzherald.co.nz/the-country/video/focus-nzs-first-mass-covid-19-vaccination-event/N5I7IL3BRFLZSD33TLDLYJDGK4/',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         }, {
             'url': 'https://www.nzherald.co.nz/the-vision-is-clear/news/tvic-damian-roper-planting-trees-an-addiction/AN2AAEPNRK5VLISDWQAJZB6ATQ',
-            'only_matching': True
-        }
+            'only_matching': True,
+        },
     ]
 
     BRIGHTCOVE_URL_TEMPLATE = 'http://players.brightcove.net/1308227299001/S1BXZn8t_default/index.html?videoId=%s'
@@ -86,7 +85,7 @@ class NZHeraldIE(InfoExtractor):
         """The initial webpage may include the brightcove player embed url"""
         bc_url = BrightcoveNewIE._extract_url(self, webpage)
         return bc_url or self._search_regex(
-            r'(?:embedUrl)\"\s*:\s*\"(?P<embed_url>%s)' % BrightcoveNewIE._VALID_URL,
+            rf'(?:embedUrl)\"\s*:\s*\"(?P<embed_url>{BrightcoveNewIE._VALID_URL})',
             webpage, 'embed url', default=None, group='embed_url')
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -108,7 +107,7 @@ class NZHeraldIE(InfoExtractor):
             bc_video_id = traverse_obj(
                 video_metadata or fusion_metadata,  # fusion metadata is the video metadata for video-only pages
                 'brightcoveId', ('content_elements', ..., 'referent', 'id'),
-                get_all=False, expected_type=compat_str)
+                get_all=False, expected_type=str)
 
             if not bc_video_id:
                 if isinstance(video_metadata, dict) and len(video_metadata) == 0:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/nzonscreen.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/nzonscreen.py
index bf2dbca59c..5fc516daf4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/nzonscreen.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/nzonscreen.py
@@ -89,5 +89,5 @@ class NZOnScreenIE(InfoExtractor):
             'http_headers': {
                 'Referer': 'https://www.nzonscreen.com/',
                 'Origin': 'https://www.nzonscreen.com/',
-            }
+            },
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/odkmedia.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/odkmedia.py
index 8321b07418..766cb941bb 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/odkmedia.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/odkmedia.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class OnDemandChinaEpisodeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://d2y2efdi5wgkcl.cloudfront.net/fit-in/256x256/media-io/2020/9/11/image.d9816e81.jpg',
             'description': '疫情严峻，党政军民学、东西南北中协同应考',
             'tags': ['Social Humanities', 'Documentary', 'Medical', 'Social'],
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     _QUERY = '''
@@ -101,5 +101,5 @@ class OnDemandChinaEpisodeIE(InfoExtractor):
                 or self._html_search_meta(['og:description', 'twitter:description', 'description'], webpage)),
             'formats': formats,
             'subtitles': subtitles,
-            'tags': try_call(lambda: self._html_search_meta('keywords', webpage).split(', '))
+            'tags': try_call(lambda: self._html_search_meta('keywords', webpage).split(', ')),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/odnoklassniki.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/odnoklassniki.py
index 1be45d8adc..d27d1c3f02 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/odnoklassniki.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/odnoklassniki.py
@@ -1,12 +1,7 @@
 import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_etree_fromstring,
-    compat_parse_qs,
-    compat_urllib_parse_unquote,
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlparse,
-)
+from ..compat import compat_etree_fromstring
 from ..networking import HEADRequest
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -257,8 +252,8 @@ class OdnoklassnikiIE(InfoExtractor):
                 raise e
 
     def _extract_desktop(self, url):
-        start_time = int_or_none(compat_parse_qs(
-            compat_urllib_parse_urlparse(url).query).get('fromTime', [None])[0])
+        start_time = int_or_none(urllib.parse.parse_qs(
+            urllib.parse.urlparse(url).query).get('fromTime', [None])[0])
 
         url, smuggled = unsmuggle_url(url, {})
         video_id, is_embed = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'embed')
@@ -281,7 +276,7 @@ class OdnoklassnikiIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         player = self._parse_json(
             unescapeHTML(self._search_regex(
-                r'data-options=(?P<quote>["\'])(?P<player>{.+?%s.+?})(?P=quote)' % video_id,
+                rf'data-options=(?P<quote>["\'])(?P<player>{{.+?{video_id}.+?}})(?P=quote)',
                 webpage, 'player', group='player')),
             video_id)
 
@@ -300,7 +295,7 @@ class OdnoklassnikiIE(InfoExtractor):
             if st_location:
                 data['st.location'] = st_location
             metadata = self._download_json(
-                compat_urllib_parse_unquote(flashvars['metadataUrl']),
+                urllib.parse.unquote(flashvars['metadataUrl']),
                 video_id, 'Downloading metadata JSON',
                 data=urlencode_postdata(data))
 
@@ -434,7 +429,7 @@ class OdnoklassnikiIE(InfoExtractor):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://m.ok.ru/video/%s' % video_id, video_id,
+            f'http://m.ok.ru/video/{video_id}', video_id,
             note='Downloading mobile webpage')
 
         error = self._search_regex(
@@ -460,5 +455,5 @@ class OdnoklassnikiIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'format_id': 'mobile',
                 'url': redirect_url,
                 'ext': 'mp4',
-            }]
+            }],
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/oftv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/oftv.py
index 4cac518463..415694ceeb 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/oftv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/oftv.py
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ class OfTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1652391300,
             'upload_date': '20220512',
             'view_count': 0,
-            'creator': 'This is Fire'
-        }
+            'creator': 'This is Fire',
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ class OfTVPlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'https://of.tv/creators/this-is-fire/',
         'playlist_count': 8,
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'this-is-fire'
-        }
+            'id': 'this-is-fire',
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/oktoberfesttv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/oktoberfesttv.py
index e0ac8563a7..b4bcdc7417 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/oktoberfesttv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/oktoberfesttv.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class OktoberfestTVIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/olympics.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/olympics.py
index 5507d2fda3..becf052f6f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/olympics.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/olympics.py
@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ class OlympicsReplayIE(InfoExtractor):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, id)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
         title = self._html_search_meta(('title', 'og:title', 'twitter:title'), webpage)
         uuid = self._html_search_meta('episode_uid', webpage)
         m3u8_url = self._html_search_meta('video_url', webpage)
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class OlympicsReplayIE(InfoExtractor):
             thumbnails.append({
                 'url': thumbnail,
                 'width': width,
-                'height': int_or_none(try_get(width, lambda x: x * height_a / width_a))
+                'height': int_or_none(try_get(width, lambda x: x * height_a / width_a)),
             })
         m3u8_url = self._download_json(
             f'https://olympics.com/tokenGenerator?url={m3u8_url}', uuid, note='Downloading m3u8 url')
@@ -58,5 +58,5 @@ class OlympicsReplayIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnails': thumbnails,
             'formats': formats,
             'subtitles': subtitles,
-            **json_ld
+            **json_ld,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/on24.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/on24.py
index 9a4abc98d9..05218e9de1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/on24.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/on24.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class On24IE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20200219',
             'timestamp': 1582149600.0,
             'view_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://event.on24.com/wcc/r/2639291/82829018E813065A122363877975752E?mode=login&email=johnsmith@gmail.com',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class On24IE(InfoExtractor):
                 'eventId': event_id,
                 'displayProfile': 'player',
                 'key': event_key,
-                'contentType': 'A'
+                'contentType': 'A',
             })
         event_id = str(try_get(event_data, lambda x: x['presentationLogInfo']['eventid'])) or event_id
         language = event_data.get('localelanguagecode')
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ class On24IE(InfoExtractor):
                     'language': language,
                     'ext': 'wav',
                     'vcodec': 'none',
-                    'acodec': 'wav'
+                    'acodec': 'wav',
                 })
 
         return {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/onefootball.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/onefootball.py
index e1b726830d..ee432e8eda 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/onefootball.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/onefootball.py
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class OneFootballIE(InfoExtractor):
             'tags': ['Football', 'Soccer', 'OneFootball'],
             '_old_archive_ids': ['onefootball 34041020'],
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/onenewsnz.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/onenewsnz.py
index 351b397de7..c849da0813 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/onenewsnz.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/onenewsnz.py
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ class OneNewsNZIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'duration': 38.272,
                     'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
                     'description': 'Greenpeace accused the Government of "greenwashing" instead of taking climate action.',
-                }
-            }]
+                },
+            }],
         }, {
             # YouTube video
             'url': 'https://www.1news.co.nz/2022/09/30/now-is-the-time-to-care-about-womens-rugby/',
@@ -59,8 +59,8 @@ class OneNewsNZIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'availability': 'public',
                     'playable_in_embed': True,
                     'live_status': 'not_live',
-                }
-            }]
+                },
+            }],
         }, {
             # 2 Brightcove videos
             'url': 'https://www.1news.co.nz/2022/09/29/raw-videos-capture-hurricane-ians-fury-as-it-slams-florida/',
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ class OneNewsNZIE(InfoExtractor):
                 brightcove_config = traverse_obj(item, ('embed', 'config'))
                 brightcove_url = self.BRIGHTCOVE_URL_TEMPLATE % (
                     traverse_obj(brightcove_config, 'brightcoveAccount') or '963482464001',
-                    traverse_obj(brightcove_config, 'brightcoveVideoId')
+                    traverse_obj(brightcove_config, 'brightcoveVideoId'),
                 )
                 entries.append(self.url_result(brightcove_url, BrightcoveNewIE))
             elif item_type == 'youtube':
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/oneplace.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/oneplace.py
index 86337ad0ad..12e6ef64c1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/oneplace.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/oneplace.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ class OnePlacePodcastIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp3',
             'title': 'Living in the Last Days Part 2 | A Daily Walk with John Randall',
             'description': 'md5:fbb8f1cf21447ac54ecaa2887fc20c6e',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.oneplace.com/ministries/ankerberg-show/listen/ep-3-relying-on-the-constant-companionship-of-the-holy-spirit-part-2-922513.html',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class OnePlacePodcastIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp3',
             'description': 'md5:8b810b4349aa40a5d033b4536fe428e1',
             'title': 'md5:ce10f7d8d5ddcf485ed8905ef109659d',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/onet.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/onet.py
index da10f3779b..05e4d692ad 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/onet.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/onet.py
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class OnetBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         error = response.get('error')
         if error:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                '%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, error['message']), expected=True)
+                '{} said: {}'.format(self.IE_NAME, error['message']), expected=True)
 
         video = response['result'].get('0')
 
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ class OnetChannelIE(OnetBaseIE):
             return self._extract_from_id(video_id, webpage)
 
         matches = re.findall(
-            r'<a[^>]+href=[\'"](%s[a-z]+/[0-9a-z-]+/[0-9a-z]+)' % self._URL_BASE_RE,
+            rf'<a[^>]+href=[\'"]({self._URL_BASE_RE}[a-z]+/[0-9a-z-]+/[0-9a-z]+)',
             webpage)
         entries = [
             self.url_result(video_link, OnetIE.ie_key())
@@ -256,4 +256,4 @@ class OnetPlIE(InfoExtractor):
             mvp_id = self._search_mvp_id(webpage)
 
         return self.url_result(
-            'onetmvp:%s' % mvp_id, OnetMVPIE.ie_key(), video_id=mvp_id)
+            f'onetmvp:{mvp_id}', OnetMVPIE.ie_key(), video_id=mvp_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/onionstudios.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/onionstudios.py
index 5fa49e1423..7e30b2d33d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/onionstudios.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/onionstudios.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import js_to_json
 
 
@@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ class OnionStudiosIE(InfoExtractor):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
             'http://onionstudios.com/embed/dc94dc2899fe644c0e7241fa04c1b732.js',
             video_id)
-        mcp_id = compat_str(self._parse_json(self._search_regex(
+        mcp_id = str(self._parse_json(self._search_regex(
             r'window\.mcpMapping\s*=\s*({.+?});', webpage,
             'MCP Mapping'), video_id, js_to_json)[video_id]['mcp_id'])
         return self.url_result(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/opencast.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/opencast.py
index 12bf557046..a4b0a1989d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/opencast.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/opencast.py
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ class OpencastIE(OpencastBaseIE):
                 'series': 'Kryptographie - WiSe 15/16',
                 'creator': 'Alexander May',
             },
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/openload.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/openload.py
index 56b8330ff8..2d56252b16 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/openload.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/openload.py
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ import json
 import os
 import subprocess
 import tempfile
+import urllib.parse
 
-from ..compat import compat_urlparse
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     Popen,
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ class PhantomJSwrapper:
             if is_outdated_version(version, required_version):
                 self.extractor._downloader.report_warning(
                     'Your copy of PhantomJS is outdated, update it to version '
-                    '%s or newer if you encounter any errors.' % required_version)
+                    f'{required_version} or newer if you encounter any errors.')
 
         for name in self._TMP_FILE_NAMES:
             tmp = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False)
@@ -146,9 +146,9 @@ class PhantomJSwrapper:
             if 'path' not in cookie:
                 cookie['path'] = '/'
             if 'domain' not in cookie:
-                cookie['domain'] = compat_urlparse.urlparse(url).netloc
+                cookie['domain'] = urllib.parse.urlparse(url).netloc
         with open(self._TMP_FILES['cookies'].name, 'wb') as f:
-            f.write(json.dumps(cookies).encode('utf-8'))
+            f.write(json.dumps(cookies).encode())
 
     def _load_cookies(self):
         with open(self._TMP_FILES['cookies'].name, 'rb') as f:
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ class PhantomJSwrapper:
         if not html:
             html = self.extractor._download_webpage(url, video_id, note=note, headers=headers)
         with open(self._TMP_FILES['html'].name, 'wb') as f:
-            f.write(html.encode('utf-8'))
+            f.write(html.encode())
 
         self._save_cookies(url)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/openrec.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/openrec.py
index c9a96aeb4d..b4f1c7d858 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/openrec.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/openrec.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     get_first,
@@ -120,9 +119,9 @@ class OpenRecCaptureIE(OpenRecBaseIE):
             'title': capture_data.get('title'),
             'thumbnail': capture_data.get('thumbnailUrl'),
             'formats': formats,
-            'timestamp': unified_timestamp(traverse_obj(movie_store, 'createdAt', expected_type=compat_str)),
-            'uploader': traverse_obj(movie_store, ('channel', 'name'), expected_type=compat_str),
-            'uploader_id': traverse_obj(movie_store, ('channel', 'id'), expected_type=compat_str),
+            'timestamp': unified_timestamp(traverse_obj(movie_store, 'createdAt', expected_type=str)),
+            'uploader': traverse_obj(movie_store, ('channel', 'name'), expected_type=str),
+            'uploader_id': traverse_obj(movie_store, ('channel', 'id'), expected_type=str),
             'upload_date': unified_strdate(capture_data.get('createdAt')),
             'http_headers': self._M3U8_HEADERS,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ora.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ora.py
index 0e7a8484ea..c6ba4b0d3e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ora.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ora.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urlparse
 from ..utils import (
     get_element_by_attribute,
     qualities,
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class OraTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Vine & YouTube Stars Zach King & King Bach On Their Viral Videos!',
             'description': 'md5:ebbc5b1424dd5dba7be7538148287ac1',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.unsafespeech.com/video/2016/5/10/student-self-censorship-and-the-thought-police-on-university-campuses-0_6622bnkppw4d',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -38,14 +38,14 @@ class OraTVIE(InfoExtractor):
                 m3u8_url, display_id, 'mp4', 'm3u8_native',
                 m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False)
             # similar to GameSpotIE
-            m3u8_path = compat_urlparse.urlparse(m3u8_url).path
+            m3u8_path = urllib.parse.urlparse(m3u8_url).path
             QUALITIES_RE = r'((,[a-z]+\d+)+,?)'
             available_qualities = self._search_regex(
                 QUALITIES_RE, m3u8_path, 'qualities').strip(',').split(',')
             http_path = m3u8_path[1:].split('/', 1)[1]
             http_template = re.sub(QUALITIES_RE, r'%s', http_path)
             http_template = http_template.replace('.csmil/master.m3u8', '')
-            http_template = compat_urlparse.urljoin(
+            http_template = urllib.parse.urljoin(
                 'http://videocdn-pmd.ora.tv/', http_template)
             preference = qualities(
                 ['mobile400', 'basic400', 'basic600', 'sd900', 'sd1200', 'sd1500', 'hd720', 'hd1080'])
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/orf.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/orf.py
index 039f33bd66..f1403d9207 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/orf.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/orf.py
@@ -65,8 +65,8 @@ class ORFRadioIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'duration': 18000,
                 'timestamp': 1659322789,
                 'description': 'md5:a3f6083399ef92b8cbe2d421b180835a',
-            }
-        }]
+            },
+        }],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://ooe.orf.at/player/20220801/OGMO',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -84,8 +84,8 @@ class ORFRadioIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'duration': 18000,
                 'timestamp': 1659322789,
                 'description': 'md5:a3f6083399ef92b8cbe2d421b180835a',
-            }
-        }]
+            },
+        }],
     }, {
         'url': 'http://fm4.orf.at/player/20170107/4CC',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ class ORFRadioIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1483858796,
             'upload_date': '20170108',
         },
-        'skip': 'Shows from ORF radios are only available for 7 days.'
+        'skip': 'Shows from ORF radios are only available for 7 days.',
     }]
 
     def _entries(self, data, station):
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ class ORFPodcastIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 3396.0,
             'series': 'Frühstück bei mir',
         },
-        'skip': 'ORF podcasts are only available for a limited time'
+        'skip': 'ORF podcasts are only available for a limited time',
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -221,13 +221,13 @@ class ORFIPTVIE(InfoExtractor):
         story_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://iptv.orf.at/stories/%s' % story_id, story_id)
+            f'http://iptv.orf.at/stories/{story_id}', story_id)
 
         video_id = self._search_regex(
             r'data-video(?:id)?="(\d+)"', webpage, 'video id')
 
         data = self._download_json(
-            'http://bits.orf.at/filehandler/static-api/json/current/data.json?file=%s' % video_id,
+            f'http://bits.orf.at/filehandler/static-api/json/current/data.json?file={video_id}',
             video_id)[0]
 
         duration = float_or_none(data['duration'], 1000)
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ class ORFFM4StoryIE(InfoExtractor):
         all_ids = orderedSet(re.findall(r'data-video(?:id)?="(\d+)"', webpage))
         for idx, video_id in enumerate(all_ids):
             data = self._download_json(
-                'http://bits.orf.at/filehandler/static-api/json/current/data.json?file=%s' % video_id,
+                f'http://bits.orf.at/filehandler/static-api/json/current/data.json?file={video_id}',
                 video_id)[0]
 
             duration = float_or_none(data['duration'], 1000)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/outsidetv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/outsidetv.py
index b1fcbd6a77..b9191c9cce 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/outsidetv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/outsidetv.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ class OutsideTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:41a12e94f3db3ca253b04bb1e8d8f4cd',
             'upload_date': '20181225',
             'timestamp': 1545742800,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.outsidetv.com/home/play/ZjQYboH6/1/10/Hdg0jukV/4',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/packtpub.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/packtpub.py
index 3e969c8467..38ffd3451f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/packtpub.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/packtpub.py
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class PacktPubIE(PacktPubBaseIE):
             headers['Authorization'] = 'Bearer ' + self._TOKEN
         try:
             video_url = self._download_json(
-                'https://services.packtpub.com/products-v1/products/%s/%s/%s' % (course_id, chapter_id, video_id), video_id,
+                f'https://services.packtpub.com/products-v1/products/{course_id}/{chapter_id}/{video_id}', video_id,
                 'Downloading JSON video', headers=headers)['data']
         except ExtractorError as e:
             if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 400:
@@ -109,17 +109,16 @@ class PacktPubCourseIE(PacktPubBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if PacktPubIE.suitable(url) else super(
-            PacktPubCourseIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if PacktPubIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
         url, course_id = mobj.group('url', 'id')
 
         course = self._download_json(
-            self._STATIC_PRODUCTS_BASE + '%s/toc' % course_id, course_id)
+            self._STATIC_PRODUCTS_BASE + f'{course_id}/toc', course_id)
         metadata = self._download_json(
-            self._STATIC_PRODUCTS_BASE + '%s/summary' % course_id,
+            self._STATIC_PRODUCTS_BASE + f'{course_id}/summary',
             course_id, fatal=False) or {}
 
         entries = []
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/palcomp3.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/palcomp3.py
index 4b0801c1a0..138a7853ac 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/palcomp3.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/palcomp3.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     str_or_none,
@@ -30,7 +29,7 @@ class PalcoMP3BaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             })['data']
 
     def _parse_music(self, music):
-        music_id = compat_str(music['musicID'])
+        music_id = str(music['musicID'])
         title = music['title']
 
         formats = []
@@ -77,12 +76,12 @@ class PalcoMP3IE(PalcoMP3BaseIE):
             'title': 'Nossas Composições - CUIDA BEM DELA',
             'duration': 210,
             'view_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if PalcoMP3VideoIE.suitable(url) else super(PalcoMP3IE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if PalcoMP3VideoIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
 
 class PalcoMP3ArtistIE(PalcoMP3BaseIE):
@@ -106,7 +105,7 @@ class PalcoMP3ArtistIE(PalcoMP3BaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if PalcoMP3IE._match_valid_url(url) else super(PalcoMP3ArtistIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if PalcoMP3IE._match_valid_url(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         artist_slug = self._match_id(url)
@@ -134,7 +133,7 @@ class PalcoMP3VideoIE(PalcoMP3BaseIE):
             'upload_date': '20161107',
             'uploader_id': 'maiaramaraisaoficial',
             'uploader': 'Maiara e Maraisa',
-        }
+        },
     }]
     _MUSIC_FIELDS = 'youtubeID'
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/panopto.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/panopto.py
index 6b25962361..91f1055193 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/panopto.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/panopto.py
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ import datetime as dt
 import functools
 import json
 import random
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_urlparse, compat_urlparse
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     OnDemandPagedList,
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class PanoptoBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         18: 'hu-HU',
         19: 'nb-NO',
         20: 'sv-SE',
-        21: 'it-IT'
+        21: 'it-IT',
     }
 
     def _call_api(self, base_url, path, video_id, data=None, fatal=True, **kwargs):
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ class PanoptoBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     @staticmethod
     def _parse_fragment(url):
-        return {k: json.loads(v[0]) for k, v in compat_urlparse.parse_qs(compat_urllib_parse_urlparse(url).fragment).items()}
+        return {k: json.loads(v[0]) for k, v in urllib.parse.parse_qs(urllib.parse.urlparse(url).fragment).items()}
 
 
 class PanoptoIE(PanoptoBaseIE):
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class PanoptoIE(PanoptoBaseIE):
                 'average_rating': int,
                 'uploader_id': '2db6b718-47a0-4b0b-9e17-ab0b00f42b1e',
                 'channel_id': 'e4c6a2fc-1214-4ca0-8fb7-aef2e29ff63a',
-                'channel': 'Showcase Videos'
+                'channel': 'Showcase Videos',
             },
         },
         {
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ class PanoptoIE(PanoptoBaseIE):
                 'uploader': 'Kathryn Kelly',
                 'channel_id': 'fb93bc3c-6750-4b80-a05b-a921013735d3',
                 'channel': 'Getting Started',
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             # Does not allow normal Viewer.aspx. AUDIO livestream has no url, so should be skipped and only give one stream.
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ class PanoptoIE(PanoptoBaseIE):
                 'chapters': 'count:28',
                 'thumbnail': r're:https://demo\.hosted\.panopto\.com/.+',
             },
-            'params': {'format': 'mhtml', 'skip_download': True}
+            'params': {'format': 'mhtml', 'skip_download': True},
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://na-training-1.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=8285224a-9a2b-4957-84f2-acb0000c4ea9',
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ class PanoptoIE(PanoptoBaseIE):
                 'subtitles': {'en-US': [{'ext': 'srt', 'data': 'md5:a3f4d25963fdeace838f327097c13265'}],
                               'es-ES': [{'ext': 'srt', 'data': 'md5:57e9dad365fd0fbaf0468eac4949f189'}]},
             },
-            'params': {'writesubtitles': True, 'skip_download': True}
+            'params': {'writesubtitles': True, 'skip_download': True},
         }, {
             # On Panopto there are two subs: "Default" and en-US. en-US is blank and should be skipped.
             'url': 'https://na-training-1.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=940cbd41-f616-4a45-b13e-aaf1000c915b',
@@ -218,15 +218,15 @@ class PanoptoIE(PanoptoBaseIE):
                 'upload_date': '20191129',
 
             },
-            'params': {'writesubtitles': True, 'skip_download': True}
+            'params': {'writesubtitles': True, 'skip_download': True},
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://ucc.cloud.panopto.eu/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=0e8484a4-4ceb-4d98-a63f-ac0200b455cb',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://brown.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Embed.aspx?id=0b3ff73b-36a0-46c5-8455-aadf010a3638',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         },
     ]
 
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ class PanoptoIE(PanoptoBaseIE):
                         'StopReason': None,
                         'StreamID': stream_id,
                         'TimeStamp': timestamp_str,
-                        'UpdatesRejected': 0
+                        'UpdatesRejected': 0,
                     },
                 ]}
 
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ class PanoptoIE(PanoptoBaseIE):
             chapters.append({
                 'start_time': start,
                 'end_time': start + duration,
-                'title': caption
+                'title': caption,
             })
         return chapters
 
@@ -283,11 +283,11 @@ class PanoptoIE(PanoptoBaseIE):
         image_frags = {}
         for timestamp in timestamps or []:
             duration = timestamp.get('Duration')
-            obj_id, obj_sn = timestamp.get('ObjectIdentifier'), timestamp.get('ObjectSequenceNumber'),
+            obj_id, obj_sn = timestamp.get('ObjectIdentifier'), timestamp.get('ObjectSequenceNumber')
             if timestamp.get('EventTargetType') == 'PowerPoint' and obj_id is not None and obj_sn is not None:
                 image_frags.setdefault('slides', []).append({
                     'url': base_url + f'/Pages/Viewer/Image.aspx?id={obj_id}&number={obj_sn}',
-                    'duration': duration
+                    'duration': duration,
                 })
 
             obj_pid, session_id, abs_time = timestamp.get('ObjectPublicIdentifier'), timestamp.get('SessionID'), timestamp.get('AbsoluteTime')
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ class PanoptoIE(PanoptoBaseIE):
                 'acodec': 'none',
                 'vcodec': 'none',
                 'url': 'about:invalid',
-                'fragments': fragments
+                'fragments': fragments,
             }
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -329,8 +329,8 @@ class PanoptoIE(PanoptoBaseIE):
                     'deliveryId': video_id,
                     'getCaptions': True,
                     'language': str(lang),
-                    'responseType': 'json'
-                }
+                    'responseType': 'json',
+                },
             )
             if not isinstance(response, list):
                 continue
@@ -359,12 +359,12 @@ class PanoptoIE(PanoptoBaseIE):
                     subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subtitles, stream_subtitles)
                 else:
                     stream_formats.append({
-                        'url': stream_url
+                        'url': stream_url,
                     })
             for fmt in stream_formats:
                 fmt.update({
                     'format_note': stream.get('Tag'),
-                    **fmt_kwargs
+                    **fmt_kwargs,
                 })
             formats.extend(stream_formats)
 
@@ -384,7 +384,7 @@ class PanoptoIE(PanoptoBaseIE):
                 'isKollectiveAgentInstalled': 'false',
                 'isEmbed': 'false',
                 'responseType': 'json',
-            }
+            },
         )
 
         delivery = delivery_info['Delivery']
@@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ class PanoptoIE(PanoptoBaseIE):
             'channel_id': delivery.get('SessionGroupPublicID'),
             'channel': traverse_obj(delivery, 'SessionGroupLongName', 'SessionGroupShortName', get_all=False),
             'formats': formats,
-            'subtitles': subtitles
+            'subtitles': subtitles,
         }
 
 
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ class PanoptoPlaylistIE(PanoptoBaseIE):
                 'id': 'f3b39fcf-882f-4849-93d6-a9f401236d36',
                 'description': '',
             },
-            'playlist_mincount': 36
+            'playlist_mincount': 36,
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://utsa.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?pid=e2900555-3ad4-4bdb-854d-ad2401686190',
@@ -444,7 +444,7 @@ class PanoptoPlaylistIE(PanoptoBaseIE):
                 'id': 'e2900555-3ad4-4bdb-854d-ad2401686190',
                 'description': 'md5:f958bca50a1cbda15fdc1e20d32b3ecb',
             },
-            'playlist_mincount': 4
+            'playlist_mincount': 4,
         },
 
     ]
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ class PanoptoPlaylistIE(PanoptoBaseIE):
                 'description': item.get('Description'),
                 'duration': item.get('Duration'),
                 'channel': traverse_obj(item, ('Parent', 'Name')),
-                'channel_id': traverse_obj(item, ('Parent', 'Id'))
+                'channel_id': traverse_obj(item, ('Parent', 'Id')),
             }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -475,7 +475,7 @@ class PanoptoPlaylistIE(PanoptoBaseIE):
         video_id = get_first(parse_qs(url), 'id')
         if video_id:
             if self.get_param('noplaylist'):
-                self.to_screen('Downloading just video %s because of --no-playlist' % video_id)
+                self.to_screen(f'Downloading just video {video_id} because of --no-playlist')
                 return self.url_result(base_url + f'/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id={video_id}', ie_key=PanoptoIE.ie_key(), video_id=video_id)
             else:
                 self.to_screen(f'Downloading playlist {playlist_id}; add --no-playlist to just download video {video_id}')
@@ -495,28 +495,28 @@ class PanoptoListIE(PanoptoBaseIE):
             'url': 'https://demo.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Sessions/List.aspx#folderID=%22e4c6a2fc-1214-4ca0-8fb7-aef2e29ff63a%22',
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': 'e4c6a2fc-1214-4ca0-8fb7-aef2e29ff63a',
-                'title': 'Showcase Videos'
+                'title': 'Showcase Videos',
             },
-            'playlist_mincount': 140
+            'playlist_mincount': 140,
 
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://demo.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Sessions/List.aspx#view=2&maxResults=250',
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': 'panopto_list',
-                'title': 'panopto_list'
+                'title': 'panopto_list',
             },
-            'playlist_mincount': 300
+            'playlist_mincount': 300,
         },
         {
             # Folder that contains 8 folders and a playlist
             'url': 'https://howtovideos.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Sessions/List.aspx?noredirect=true#folderID=%224b9de7ae-0080-4158-8496-a9ba01692c2e%22',
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '4b9de7ae-0080-4158-8496-a9ba01692c2e',
-                'title': 'Video Tutorials'
+                'title': 'Video Tutorials',
             },
-            'playlist_mincount': 9
-        }
+            'playlist_mincount': 9,
+        },
 
     ]
 
@@ -559,7 +559,7 @@ class PanoptoListIE(PanoptoBaseIE):
             base_url, '/Services/Data.svc/GetFolderInfo', folder_id,
             data={'folderID': folder_id}, fatal=False)
         return {
-            'title': get_first(response, 'Name')
+            'title': get_first(response, 'Name'),
         }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/paramountplus.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/paramountplus.py
index 3f19803c01..317f53b2bc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/paramountplus.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/paramountplus.py
@@ -170,19 +170,19 @@ class ParamountPlusSeriesIE(InfoExtractor):
         'playlist_mincount': 50,
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'drake-josh',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.paramountplus.com/shows/hawaii_five_0/',
         'playlist_mincount': 240,
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'hawaii_five_0',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.paramountplus.com/shows/spongebob-squarepants/',
         'playlist_mincount': 248,
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'spongebob-squarepants',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _entries(self, show_name):
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ class ParamountPlusSeriesIE(InfoExtractor):
                 return
             for episode in show_json['result']['data']:
                 yield self.url_result(
-                    'https://www.paramountplus.com%s' % episode['url'],
+                    'https://www.paramountplus.com{}'.format(episode['url']),
                     ie=ParamountPlusIE.ie_key(), video_id=episode['content_id'])
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/parler.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/parler.py
index 563012f355..9be288a7d0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/parler.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/parler.py
@@ -87,5 +87,5 @@ class ParlerIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'view_count': ('views', {int_or_none}),
                 'comment_count': ('total_comments', {int_or_none}),
                 'repost_count': ('echos', {int_or_none}),
-            })
+            }),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/parlview.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/parlview.py
index 777b008895..b93b5edacd 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/parlview.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/parlview.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     try_get,
@@ -24,7 +23,7 @@ class ParlviewIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://parlview.aph.gov.au/mediaPlayer.php?videoID=539936',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -36,13 +35,13 @@ class ParlviewIE(InfoExtractor):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
         media = self._download_json(self._API_URL % video_id, video_id).get('media')
-        timestamp = try_get(media, lambda x: x['timeMap']['source']['timecode_offsets'][0], compat_str) or '/'
+        timestamp = try_get(media, lambda x: x['timeMap']['source']['timecode_offsets'][0], str) or '/'
 
         stream = try_get(media, lambda x: x['renditions'][0], dict)
         if not stream:
             self.raise_no_formats('No streams were detected')
         elif stream.get('streamType') != 'VOD':
-            self.raise_no_formats('Unknown type of stream was detected: "%s"' % str(stream.get('streamType')))
+            self.raise_no_formats('Unknown type of stream was detected: "{}"'.format(str(stream.get('streamType'))))
         formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(stream['url'], video_id, 'mp4', 'm3u8_native')
 
         media_info = self._download_webpage(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/patreon.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/patreon.py
index efbface4b4..26ca84ab34 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/patreon.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/patreon.py
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class PatreonBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         try:
             return self._download_json(
                 f'https://www.patreon.com/api/{ep}',
-                item_id, note='Downloading API JSON' if not note else note,
+                item_id, note=note if note else 'Downloading API JSON',
                 query=query, fatal=fatal, headers=headers)
         except ExtractorError as e:
             if not isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) or mimetype2ext(e.cause.response.headers.get('Content-Type')) != 'json':
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ class PatreonIE(PatreonBaseIE):
         'params': {
             'noplaylist': True,
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.patreon.com/posts/episode-166-of-743933',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ class PatreonIE(PatreonBaseIE):
             'description': 'md5:557a409bd79d3898689419094934ba79',
             'uploader_id': '14936315',
         },
-        'skip': 'Patron-only content'
+        'skip': 'Patron-only content',
     }, {
         # m3u8 video (https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/2277)
         'url': 'https://www.patreon.com/posts/video-sketchbook-32452882',
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ class PatreonIE(PatreonBaseIE):
             'channel_id': '1641751',
             'channel_url': 'https://www.patreon.com/loish',
             'channel_follower_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # bad videos under media (if media is included). Real one is under post_file
         'url': 'https://www.patreon.com/posts/premium-access-70282931',
@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@ class PatreonIE(PatreonBaseIE):
 
             params.update({'page[cursor]': cursor} if cursor else {})
             response = self._call_api(
-                f'posts/{post_id}/comments', post_id, query=params, note='Downloading comments page %d' % page)
+                f'posts/{post_id}/comments', post_id, query=params, note=f'Downloading comments page {page}')
 
             cursor = None
             for comment in traverse_obj(response, (('data', ('included', lambda _, v: v['type'] == 'comment')), ...)):
@@ -446,18 +446,18 @@ class PatreonCampaignIE(PatreonBaseIE):
             'uploader_id': '37306634',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*$',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 71
+        'playlist_mincount': 71,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.patreon.com/dissonancepod/posts',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.patreon.com/m/5932659',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if PatreonIE.suitable(url) else super(PatreonCampaignIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if PatreonIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _entries(self, campaign_id):
         cursor = None
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ class PatreonCampaignIE(PatreonBaseIE):
         for page in itertools.count(1):
 
             params.update({'page[cursor]': cursor} if cursor else {})
-            posts_json = self._call_api('posts', campaign_id, query=params, note='Downloading posts page %d' % page)
+            posts_json = self._call_api('posts', campaign_id, query=params, note=f'Downloading posts page {page}')
 
             cursor = traverse_obj(posts_json, ('meta', 'pagination', 'cursors', 'next'))
             for post_url in traverse_obj(posts_json, ('data', ..., 'attributes', 'patreon_url')):
@@ -493,7 +493,7 @@ class PatreonCampaignIE(PatreonBaseIE):
             'json-api-use-default-includes': 'false',
             'fields[user]': 'full_name,url',
             'fields[campaign]': 'name,summary,url,patron_count,creation_count,is_nsfw,avatar_photo_url',
-            'include': 'creator'
+            'include': 'creator',
         }
 
         campaign_response = self._call_api(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pbs.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pbs.py
index f6f5a5c3e6..686796491d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pbs.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pbs.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     US_RATINGS,
     ExtractorError,
@@ -182,18 +181,18 @@ class PBSIE(InfoExtractor):
     )
 
     IE_NAME = 'pbs'
-    IE_DESC = 'Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) and member stations: %s' % ', '.join(list(zip(*_STATIONS))[1])
+    IE_DESC = 'Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) and member stations: {}'.format(', '.join(list(zip(*_STATIONS))[1]))
 
     _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)https?://
         (?:
            # Direct video URL
-           (?:%s)/(?:(?:vir|port)alplayer|video)/(?P<id>[0-9]+)(?:[?/]|$) |
+           (?:{})/(?:(?:vir|port)alplayer|video)/(?P<id>[0-9]+)(?:[?/]|$) |
            # Article with embedded player (or direct video)
-           (?:www\.)?pbs\.org/(?:[^/]+/){1,5}(?P<presumptive_id>[^/]+?)(?:\.html)?/?(?:$|[?\#]) |
+           (?:www\.)?pbs\.org/(?:[^/]+/){{1,5}}(?P<presumptive_id>[^/]+?)(?:\.html)?/?(?:$|[?\#]) |
            # Player
            (?:video|player)\.pbs\.org/(?:widget/)?partnerplayer/(?P<player_id>[^/]+)
         )
-    ''' % '|'.join(list(zip(*_STATIONS))[0])
+    '''.format('|'.join(next(zip(*_STATIONS))))
 
     _GEO_COUNTRIES = ['US']
 
@@ -415,7 +414,7 @@ class PBSIE(InfoExtractor):
         {
             'url': 'https://player.pbs.org/portalplayer/3004638221/?uid=',
             'only_matching': True,
-        }
+        },
     ]
     _ERRORS = {
         101: 'We\'re sorry, but this video is not yet available.',
@@ -518,7 +517,7 @@ class PBSIE(InfoExtractor):
             if not video_id:
                 video_info = self._extract_video_data(
                     player_page, 'video data', display_id)
-                video_id = compat_str(
+                video_id = str(
                     video_info.get('id') or video_info['contentID'])
         else:
             video_id = mobj.group('id')
@@ -539,7 +538,7 @@ class PBSIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         if isinstance(video_id, list):
             entries = [self.url_result(
-                'http://video.pbs.org/video/%s' % vid_id, 'PBS', vid_id)
+                f'http://video.pbs.org/video/{vid_id}', 'PBS', vid_id)
                 for vid_id in video_id]
             return self.playlist_result(entries, display_id)
 
@@ -568,11 +567,11 @@ class PBSIE(InfoExtractor):
         # Player pages may also serve different qualities
         for page in ('widget/partnerplayer', 'portalplayer'):
             player = self._download_webpage(
-                'http://player.pbs.org/%s/%s' % (page, video_id),
-                display_id, 'Downloading %s page' % page, fatal=False)
+                f'http://player.pbs.org/{page}/{video_id}',
+                display_id, f'Downloading {page} page', fatal=False)
             if player:
                 video_info = self._extract_video_data(
-                    player, '%s video data' % page, display_id, fatal=False)
+                    player, f'{page} video data', display_id, fatal=False)
                 if video_info:
                     extract_redirect_urls(video_info)
                     if not info:
@@ -603,7 +602,7 @@ class PBSIE(InfoExtractor):
             redirect_id = redirect.get('eeid')
 
             redirect_info = self._download_json(
-                '%s?format=json' % redirect['url'], display_id,
+                '{}?format=json'.format(redirect['url']), display_id,
                 'Downloading %s video url info' % (redirect_id or num),
                 headers=self.geo_verification_headers())
 
@@ -614,7 +613,7 @@ class PBSIE(InfoExtractor):
                     self.raise_geo_restricted(
                         msg=message, countries=self._GEO_COUNTRIES)
                 raise ExtractorError(
-                    '%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, message), expected=True)
+                    f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {message}', expected=True)
 
             format_url = redirect_info.get('url')
             if not format_url:
@@ -649,7 +648,7 @@ class PBSIE(InfoExtractor):
                 f_url = re.sub(r'\d+k|baseline', bitrate + 'k', http_url)
                 # This may produce invalid links sometimes (e.g.
                 # http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/suicide-plan)
-                if not self._is_valid_url(f_url, display_id, 'http-%sk video' % bitrate):
+                if not self._is_valid_url(f_url, display_id, f'http-{bitrate}k video'):
                     continue
                 f = m3u8_format.copy()
                 f.update({
@@ -671,7 +670,7 @@ class PBSIE(InfoExtractor):
         captions = info.get('cc') or {}
         for caption_url in captions.values():
             subtitles.setdefault('en', []).append({
-                'url': caption_url
+                'url': caption_url,
             })
         subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subtitles, hls_subs)
 
@@ -715,7 +714,7 @@ class PBSKidsIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'description': 'md5:d006b2211633685d8ebc8d03b6d5611e',
                 'categories': ['Episode'],
                 'upload_date': '20190718',
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://pbskids.org/video/plum-landing/2365205059',
@@ -730,8 +729,8 @@ class PBSKidsIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'description': 'md5:657e5fc4356a84ead1c061eb280ff05d',
                 'categories': ['Episode'],
                 'upload_date': '20140302',
-            }
-        }
+            },
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -753,5 +752,5 @@ class PBSKidsIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'series': ('video_obj', 'program_title', {str}),
                 'title': ('video_obj', 'title', {str}),
                 'upload_date': ('video_obj', 'air_date', {unified_strdate}),
-            })
+            }),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pearvideo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pearvideo.py
index 086eaaf000..4bea04bf2b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pearvideo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pearvideo.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class PearVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:01d576b747de71be0ee85eb7cac25f9d',
             'timestamp': 1494275280,
             'upload_date': '20170508',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class PearVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
                 query={'contId': video_id}, headers={'Referer': url})
             formats = [{
                 'format_id': k,
-                'url': v.replace(info['systemTime'], f'cont-{video_id}') if k == 'srcUrl' else v
+                'url': v.replace(info['systemTime'], f'cont-{video_id}') if k == 'srcUrl' else v,
             } for k, v in traverse_obj(info, ('videoInfo', 'videos'), default={}).items() if v]
 
         title = self._search_regex(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/peertube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/peertube.py
index fb4d025621..2b69c7e6cf 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/peertube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/peertube.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import functools
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     OnDemandPagedList,
     format_field,
@@ -1316,13 +1315,13 @@ class PeerTubeIE(InfoExtractor):
                         )'''
     _UUID_RE = r'[\da-zA-Z]{22}|[\da-fA-F]{8}-[\da-fA-F]{4}-[\da-fA-F]{4}-[\da-fA-F]{4}-[\da-fA-F]{12}'
     _API_BASE = 'https://%s/api/v1/videos/%s/%s'
-    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
+    _VALID_URL = rf'''(?x)
                     (?:
                         peertube:(?P<host>[^:]+):|
-                        https?://(?P<host_2>%s)/(?:videos/(?:watch|embed)|api/v\d/videos|w)/
+                        https?://(?P<host_2>{_INSTANCES_RE})/(?:videos/(?:watch|embed)|api/v\d/videos|w)/
                     )
-                    (?P<id>%s)
-                    ''' % (_INSTANCES_RE, _UUID_RE)
+                    (?P<id>{_UUID_RE})
+                    '''
     _EMBED_REGEX = [r'''(?x)<iframe[^>]+\bsrc=["\'](?P<url>(?:https?:)?//{_INSTANCES_RE}/videos/embed/{cls._UUID_RE})''']
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://framatube.org/videos/watch/9c9de5e8-0a1e-484a-b099-e80766180a6d',
@@ -1349,7 +1348,7 @@ class PeerTubeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'tags': ['framasoft', 'peertube'],
             'categories': ['Science & Technology'],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://peertube2.cpy.re/w/122d093a-1ede-43bd-bd34-59d2931ffc5e',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -1360,7 +1359,7 @@ class PeerTubeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1589276219,
             'upload_date': '20200512',
             'uploader': 'chocobozzz',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://peertube2.cpy.re/w/3fbif9S3WmtTP8gGsC5HBd',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -1394,7 +1393,7 @@ class PeerTubeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1587401293,
             'upload_date': '20200420',
             'uploader': 'Drew DeVault',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://peertube.debian.social/videos/watch/0b04f13d-1e18-4f1d-814e-4979aa7c9c44',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -1416,14 +1415,13 @@ class PeerTubeIE(InfoExtractor):
     @staticmethod
     def _extract_peertube_url(webpage, source_url):
         mobj = re.match(
-            r'https?://(?P<host>[^/]+)/(?:videos/(?:watch|embed)|w)/(?P<id>%s)'
-            % PeerTubeIE._UUID_RE, source_url)
+            rf'https?://(?P<host>[^/]+)/(?:videos/(?:watch|embed)|w)/(?P<id>{PeerTubeIE._UUID_RE})', source_url)
         if mobj and any(p in webpage for p in (
                 'meta property="og:platform" content="PeerTube"',
                 '<title>PeerTube<',
                 'There will be other non JS-based clients to access PeerTube',
                 '>We are sorry but it seems that PeerTube is not compatible with your web browser.<')):
-            return 'peertube:%s:%s' % mobj.group('host', 'id')
+            return 'peertube:{}:{}'.format(*mobj.group('host', 'id'))
 
     @classmethod
     def _extract_embed_urls(cls, url, webpage):
@@ -1451,8 +1449,8 @@ class PeerTubeIE(InfoExtractor):
             return
         subtitles = {}
         for e in data:
-            language_id = try_get(e, lambda x: x['language']['id'], compat_str)
-            caption_url = urljoin('https://%s' % host, e.get('captionPath'))
+            language_id = try_get(e, lambda x: x['language']['id'], str)
+            caption_url = urljoin(f'https://{host}', e.get('captionPath'))
             if not caption_url:
                 continue
             subtitles.setdefault(language_id or 'en', []).append({
@@ -1491,7 +1489,7 @@ class PeerTubeIE(InfoExtractor):
                 continue
             file_size = int_or_none(file_.get('size'))
             format_id = try_get(
-                file_, lambda x: x['resolution']['label'], compat_str)
+                file_, lambda x: x['resolution']['label'], str)
             f = parse_resolution(format_id)
             f.update({
                 'url': file_url,
@@ -1526,7 +1524,7 @@ class PeerTubeIE(InfoExtractor):
         def channel_data(field, type_):
             return data('channel', field, type_)
 
-        category = data('category', 'label', compat_str)
+        category = data('category', 'label', str)
         categories = [category] if category else None
 
         nsfw = video.get('nsfw')
@@ -1535,7 +1533,7 @@ class PeerTubeIE(InfoExtractor):
         else:
             age_limit = None
 
-        webpage_url = 'https://%s/videos/watch/%s' % (host, video_id)
+        webpage_url = f'https://{host}/videos/watch/{video_id}'
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
@@ -1543,14 +1541,14 @@ class PeerTubeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': description,
             'thumbnail': urljoin(webpage_url, video.get('thumbnailPath')),
             'timestamp': unified_timestamp(video.get('publishedAt')),
-            'uploader': account_data('displayName', compat_str),
+            'uploader': account_data('displayName', str),
             'uploader_id': str_or_none(account_data('id', int)),
-            'uploader_url': url_or_none(account_data('url', compat_str)),
-            'channel': channel_data('displayName', compat_str),
+            'uploader_url': url_or_none(account_data('url', str)),
+            'channel': channel_data('displayName', str),
             'channel_id': str_or_none(channel_data('id', int)),
-            'channel_url': url_or_none(channel_data('url', compat_str)),
-            'language': data('language', 'id', compat_str),
-            'license': data('licence', 'label', compat_str),
+            'channel_url': url_or_none(channel_data('url', str)),
+            'language': data('language', 'id', str),
+            'license': data('licence', 'label', str),
             'duration': int_or_none(video.get('duration')),
             'view_count': int_or_none(video.get('views')),
             'like_count': int_or_none(video.get('likes')),
@@ -1573,9 +1571,9 @@ class PeerTubePlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
         'w/p': 'video-playlists',
     }
     _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
-                        https?://(?P<host>%s)/(?P<type>(?:%s))/
+                        https?://(?P<host>{})/(?P<type>(?:{}))/
                     (?P<id>[^/]+)
-                    ''' % (PeerTubeIE._INSTANCES_RE, '|'.join(_TYPES.keys()))
+                    '''.format(PeerTubeIE._INSTANCES_RE, '|'.join(_TYPES.keys()))
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://peertube.debian.social/w/p/hFdJoTuyhNJVa1cDWd1d12',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -1617,21 +1615,21 @@ class PeerTubePlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
         return self._download_json(
             self._API_BASE % (host, base, name, path), name, **kwargs)
 
-    def fetch_page(self, host, id, type, page):
+    def fetch_page(self, host, playlist_id, playlist_type, page):
         page += 1
         video_data = self.call_api(
-            host, id,
+            host, playlist_id,
             f'/videos?sort=-createdAt&start={self._PAGE_SIZE * (page - 1)}&count={self._PAGE_SIZE}&nsfw=both',
-            type, note=f'Downloading page {page}').get('data', [])
+            playlist_type, note=f'Downloading page {page}').get('data', [])
         for video in video_data:
-            shortUUID = video.get('shortUUID') or try_get(video, lambda x: x['video']['shortUUID'])
+            short_uuid = video.get('shortUUID') or try_get(video, lambda x: x['video']['shortUUID'])
             video_title = video.get('name') or try_get(video, lambda x: x['video']['name'])
             yield self.url_result(
-                f'https://{host}/w/{shortUUID}', PeerTubeIE.ie_key(),
-                video_id=shortUUID, video_title=video_title)
+                f'https://{host}/w/{short_uuid}', PeerTubeIE.ie_key(),
+                video_id=short_uuid, video_title=video_title)
 
-    def _extract_playlist(self, host, type, id):
-        info = self.call_api(host, id, '', type, note='Downloading playlist information', fatal=False)
+    def _extract_playlist(self, host, playlist_type, playlist_id):
+        info = self.call_api(host, playlist_id, '', playlist_type, note='Downloading playlist information', fatal=False)
 
         playlist_title = info.get('displayName')
         playlist_description = info.get('description')
@@ -1641,13 +1639,12 @@ class PeerTubePlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
         thumbnail = format_field(info, 'thumbnailPath', f'https://{host}%s')
 
         entries = OnDemandPagedList(functools.partial(
-            self.fetch_page, host, id, type), self._PAGE_SIZE)
+            self.fetch_page, host, playlist_id, playlist_type), self._PAGE_SIZE)
 
         return self.playlist_result(
-            entries, id, playlist_title, playlist_description,
+            entries, playlist_id, playlist_title, playlist_description,
             timestamp=playlist_timestamp, channel=channel, channel_id=channel_id, thumbnail=thumbnail)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        type, host, id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('type', 'host', 'id')
-        type = self._TYPES[type]
-        return self._extract_playlist(host, type, id)
+        playlist_type, host, playlist_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group('type', 'host', 'id')
+        return self._extract_playlist(host, self._TYPES[playlist_type], playlist_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/peertv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/peertv.py
index a709e21b44..726d5e14c3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/peertv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/peertv.py
@@ -48,5 +48,5 @@ class PeerTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': self._html_search_regex(r'<h1>(.+?)</h1>', webpage, 'title').replace('\xa0', ' '),
             'formats': formats,
             'description': self._html_search_meta(('og:description', 'description'), webpage),
-            'thumbnail': self._html_search_meta(('og:image', 'image'), webpage)
+            'thumbnail': self._html_search_meta(('og:image', 'image'), webpage),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/peloton.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/peloton.py
index 7864299881..c0443e9c91 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/peloton.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/peloton.py
@@ -36,12 +36,12 @@ class PelotonIE(InfoExtractor):
             'chapters': 'count:1',
             'subtitles': {'en': [{
                 'url': r're:^https?://.+',
-                'ext': 'vtt'
+                'ext': 'vtt',
             }]},
         }, 'params': {
             'skip_download': 'm3u8',
         },
-        '_skip': 'Account needed'
+        '_skip': 'Account needed',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://members.onepeloton.com/classes/player/26603d53d6bb4de1b340514864a6a6a8',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -57,11 +57,11 @@ class PelotonIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 1802,
             'categories': ['Running'],
             'is_live': False,
-            'chapters': 'count:3'
+            'chapters': 'count:3',
         }, 'params': {
             'skip_download': 'm3u8',
         },
-        '_skip': 'Account needed'
+        '_skip': 'Account needed',
     }]
 
     _MANIFEST_URL_TEMPLATE = '%s?hdnea=%s'
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class PelotonIE(InfoExtractor):
                 data=json.dumps({
                     'username_or_email': username,
                     'password': password,
-                    'with_pubsub': False
+                    'with_pubsub': False,
                 }).encode(),
                 headers={'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'User-Agent': 'web'})
         except ExtractorError as e:
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ class PelotonIE(InfoExtractor):
             else:
                 raise
 
-        metadata = self._download_json('https://api.onepeloton.com/api/ride/%s/details?stream_source=multichannel' % video_id, video_id)
+        metadata = self._download_json(f'https://api.onepeloton.com/api/ride/{video_id}/details?stream_source=multichannel', video_id)
         ride_data = metadata.get('ride')
         if not ride_data:
             raise ExtractorError('Missing stream metadata')
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ class PelotonIE(InfoExtractor):
             subtitles = {}
         else:
             if ride_data.get('vod_stream_url'):
-                url = 'https://members.onepeloton.com/.netlify/functions/m3u8-proxy?displayLanguage=en&acceptedSubtitles=%s&url=%s?hdnea=%s' % (
+                url = 'https://members.onepeloton.com/.netlify/functions/m3u8-proxy?displayLanguage=en&acceptedSubtitles={}&url={}?hdnea={}'.format(
                     ','.join([re.sub('^([a-z]+)-([A-Z]+)$', r'\1', caption) for caption in ride_data['captions']]),
                     ride_data['vod_stream_url'],
                     urllib.parse.quote(urllib.parse.quote(token)))
@@ -147,14 +147,14 @@ class PelotonIE(InfoExtractor):
         if metadata.get('instructor_cues'):
             subtitles['cues'] = [{
                 'data': json.dumps(metadata.get('instructor_cues')),
-                'ext': 'json'
+                'ext': 'json',
             }]
 
         category = ride_data.get('fitness_discipline_display_name')
         chapters = [{
             'start_time': segment.get('start_time_offset'),
             'end_time': segment.get('start_time_offset') + segment.get('length'),
-            'title': segment.get('name')
+            'title': segment.get('name'),
         } for segment in traverse_obj(metadata, ('segments', 'segment_list'))]
 
         return {
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ class PelotonIE(InfoExtractor):
             'categories': [category] if category else None,
             'tags': traverse_obj(ride_data, ('equipment_tags', ..., 'name')),
             'is_live': is_live,
-            'chapters': chapters
+            'chapters': chapters,
         }
 
 
@@ -194,12 +194,12 @@ class PelotonLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 2014,
             'categories': ['Cycling'],
             'is_live': False,
-            'chapters': 'count:3'
+            'chapters': 'count:3',
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': 'm3u8',
         },
-        '_skip': 'Account needed'
+        '_skip': 'Account needed',
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ class PelotonLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         if peloton.get('ride_id'):
             if not peloton.get('is_live') or peloton.get('is_encore') or peloton.get('status') != 'PRE_START':
-                return self.url_result('https://members.onepeloton.com/classes/player/%s' % peloton['ride_id'])
+                return self.url_result('https://members.onepeloton.com/classes/player/{}'.format(peloton['ride_id']))
             else:
                 raise ExtractorError('Ride has not started', expected=True)
         else:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/performgroup.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/performgroup.py
index f4d7f22d0a..c0d5575912 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/performgroup.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/performgroup.py
@@ -15,12 +15,12 @@ class PerformGroupIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:7cd3b459c82725b021e046ab10bf1c5b',
             'timestamp': 1511533477,
             'upload_date': '20171124',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _call_api(self, service, auth_token, content_id, referer_url):
         return self._download_json(
-            'http://ep3.performfeeds.com/ep%s/%s/%s/' % (service, auth_token, content_id),
+            f'http://ep3.performfeeds.com/ep{service}/{auth_token}/{content_id}/',
             content_id, headers={
                 'Referer': referer_url,
                 'Origin': 'http://player.performgroup.com',
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class PerformGroupIE(InfoExtractor):
             tbr = int_or_none(c.get('bitrate'), 1000)
             format_id = 'http'
             if tbr:
-                format_id += '-%d' % tbr
+                format_id += f'-{tbr}'
             formats.append({
                 'format_id': format_id,
                 'url': c_url,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/periscope.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/periscope.py
index d2351df1a2..e3b33c4d98 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/periscope.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/periscope.py
@@ -9,18 +9,18 @@ from ..utils.traversal import traverse_obj
 
 class PeriscopeBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     _M3U8_HEADERS = {
-        'Referer': 'https://www.periscope.tv/'
+        'Referer': 'https://www.periscope.tv/',
     }
 
     def _call_api(self, method, query, item_id):
         return self._download_json(
-            'https://api.periscope.tv/api/v2/%s' % method,
+            f'https://api.periscope.tv/api/v2/{method}',
             item_id, query=query)
 
     def _parse_broadcast_data(self, broadcast, video_id):
         title = broadcast.get('status') or 'Periscope Broadcast'
         uploader = broadcast.get('user_display_name') or broadcast.get('username')
-        title = '%s - %s' % (uploader, title) if uploader else title
+        title = f'{uploader} - {title}' if uploader else title
         thumbnails = [{
             'url': broadcast[image],
         } for image in ('image_url', 'image_url_medium', 'image_url_small') if broadcast.get(image)]
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class PeriscopeBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             'live_status': {
                 'running': 'is_live',
                 'not_started': 'is_upcoming',
-            }.get(traverse_obj(broadcast, ('state', {str.lower}))) or 'was_live'
+            }.get(traverse_obj(broadcast, ('state', {str.lower}))) or 'was_live',
         }
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ class PeriscopeUserIE(PeriscopeBaseIE):
                 webpage, 'data store', default='{}', group='data')),
             user_name)
 
-        user = list(data_store['UserCache']['users'].values())[0]['user']
+        user = next(iter(data_store['UserCache']['users'].values()))['user']
         user_id = user['id']
         session_id = data_store['SessionToken']['public']['broadcastHistory']['token']['session_id']
 
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ class PeriscopeUserIE(PeriscopeBaseIE):
 
         entries = [
             self.url_result(
-                'https://www.periscope.tv/%s/%s' % (user_name, broadcast_id))
+                f'https://www.periscope.tv/{user_name}/{broadcast_id}')
             for broadcast_id in broadcast_ids]
 
         return self.playlist_result(entries, user_id, title, description)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/philharmoniedeparis.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/philharmoniedeparis.py
index e8494a0840..310ea0f742 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/philharmoniedeparis.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/philharmoniedeparis.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import try_get
 
 
@@ -48,7 +47,7 @@ class PhilharmonieDeParisIE(InfoExtractor):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         config = self._download_json(
-            'https://otoplayer.philharmoniedeparis.fr/fr/config/%s.json' % video_id, video_id, query={
+            f'https://otoplayer.philharmoniedeparis.fr/fr/config/{video_id}.json', video_id, query={
                 'id': video_id,
                 'lang': 'fr-FR',
             })
@@ -66,7 +65,7 @@ class PhilharmonieDeParisIE(InfoExtractor):
             formats = []
             for format_id in ('mobile', 'desktop'):
                 format_url = try_get(
-                    files, lambda x: x[format_id]['file'], compat_str)
+                    files, lambda x: x[format_id]['file'], str)
                 if not format_url or format_url in format_urls:
                     continue
                 format_urls.add(format_url)
@@ -91,7 +90,7 @@ class PhilharmonieDeParisIE(InfoExtractor):
             entry = extract_entry(chapter)
             if entry is None:
                 continue
-            entry['id'] = '%s-%d' % (video_id, num)
+            entry['id'] = f'{video_id}-{num}'
             entries.append(entry)
 
         return self.playlist_result(entries, video_id, config.get('title'))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/phoenix.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/phoenix.py
index 5fa133afea..63c256019e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/phoenix.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/phoenix.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import re
 
 from .youtube import YoutubeIE
 from .zdf import ZDFBaseIE
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     merge_dicts,
@@ -64,7 +63,7 @@ class PhoenixIE(ZDFBaseIE):
         article_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         article = self._download_json(
-            'https://www.phoenix.de/response/id/%s' % article_id, article_id,
+            f'https://www.phoenix.de/response/id/{article_id}', article_id,
             'Downloading article JSON')
 
         video = article['absaetze'][0]
@@ -76,7 +75,7 @@ class PhoenixIE(ZDFBaseIE):
                 video_id, ie=YoutubeIE.ie_key(), video_id=video_id,
                 video_title=title)
 
-        video_id = compat_str(video.get('basename') or video.get('content'))
+        video_id = str(video.get('basename') or video.get('content'))
 
         details = self._download_json(
             'https://www.phoenix.de/php/mediaplayer/data/beitrags_details.php',
@@ -91,7 +90,7 @@ class PhoenixIE(ZDFBaseIE):
         content_id = details['tracking']['nielsen']['content']['assetid']
 
         info = self._extract_ptmd(
-            'https://tmd.phoenix.de/tmd/2/ngplayer_2_3/vod/ptmd/phoenix/%s' % content_id,
+            f'https://tmd.phoenix.de/tmd/2/ngplayer_2_3/vod/ptmd/phoenix/{content_id}',
             content_id, None, url)
 
         duration = int_or_none(try_get(
@@ -99,7 +98,7 @@ class PhoenixIE(ZDFBaseIE):
         timestamp = unified_timestamp(details.get('editorialDate'))
         series = try_get(
             details, lambda x: x['tracking']['nielsen']['content']['program'],
-            compat_str)
+            str)
         episode = title if details.get('contentType') == 'episode' else None
 
         thumbnails = []
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/photobucket.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/photobucket.py
index 71e9a4805b..a7e5bc007d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/photobucket.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/photobucket.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import json
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_unquote
 
 
 class PhotobucketIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class PhotobucketIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20130504',
             'uploader': 'rachaneronas',
             'title': 'Tired of Link Building? Try BacklinkMyDomain.com!',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class PhotobucketIE(InfoExtractor):
         info_json = self._search_regex(r'Pb\.Data\.Shared\.put\(Pb\.Data\.Shared\.MEDIA, (.*?)\);',
                                        webpage, 'info json')
         info = json.loads(info_json)
-        url = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(self._html_search_regex(r'file=(.+\.mp4)', info['linkcodes']['html'], 'url'))
+        url = urllib.parse.unquote(self._html_search_regex(r'file=(.+\.mp4)', info['linkcodes']['html'], 'url'))
         return {
             'id': video_id,
             'url': url,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/piapro.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/piapro.py
index 87d912d568..72e3748a20 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/piapro.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/piapro.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urlparse
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     clean_html,
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@ class PiaproIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(?:png|jpg)$',
             'upload_date': '20090901',
             'view_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'note': 'There are break lines in description, mandating (?s) flag',
         'url': 'https://piapro.jp/t/9cSd',
@@ -47,13 +48,13 @@ class PiaproIE(InfoExtractor):
             'view_count': int,
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(?:png|jpg)$',
             'uploader_id': 'cyankino',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://piapro.jp/content/hcw0z3a169wtemz6',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://piapro.jp/t/-SO-',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     _login_status = False
@@ -64,7 +65,7 @@ class PiaproIE(InfoExtractor):
             '_username': username,
             '_password': password,
             '_remember_me': 'on',
-            'login': 'ログイン'
+            'login': 'ログイン',
         }
         self._request_webpage('https://piapro.jp/login/', None)
         urlh = self._request_webpage(
@@ -74,7 +75,7 @@ class PiaproIE(InfoExtractor):
         if urlh is False:
             login_ok = False
         else:
-            parts = compat_urlparse.urlparse(urlh.url)
+            parts = urllib.parse.urlparse(urlh.url)
             if parts.path != '/':
                 login_ok = False
         if not login_ok:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/picarto.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/picarto.py
index d415ba28e1..726fe41425 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/picarto.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/picarto.py
@@ -17,14 +17,14 @@ class PicartoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 're:^Setz [0-9]{4}-[0-9]{2}-[0-9]{2} [0-9]{2}:[0-9]{2}$',
             'timestamp': int,
-            'is_live': True
+            'is_live': True,
         },
         'skip': 'Stream is offline',
     }
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if PicartoVodIE.suitable(url) else super(PicartoIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if PicartoVodIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         channel_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class PicartoIE(InfoExtractor):
   getLoadBalancerUrl(channel_name: "%s") {
     url
   }
-}''' % (channel_id, channel_id),
+}''' % (channel_id, channel_id),  # noqa: UP031
             })['data']
         metadata = data['channel']
 
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class PicartoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'is_live': True,
             'channel': channel_id,
             'channel_id': metadata.get('id'),
-            'channel_url': 'https://picarto.tv/%s' % channel_id,
+            'channel_url': f'https://picarto.tv/{channel_id}',
             'age_limit': age_limit,
             'formats': formats,
         }
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ class PicartoVodIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': 'ArtofZod_2017.12.12.00.13.23.flv',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'ArtofZod_2017.12.12.00.13.23.flv',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg'
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg',
         },
         'skip': 'The VOD does not exist',
     }, {
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ class PicartoVodIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg',
             'channel': 'ArtofZod',
             'age_limit': 18,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://picarto.tv/videopopout/Plague',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ class PicartoVodIE(InfoExtractor):
       name
     }}
   }}
-}}'''
+}}''',
             })['data']['video']
 
         file_name = data['file_name']
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/piksel.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/piksel.py
index 02ae2fe1aa..ceb65627af 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/piksel.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/piksel.py
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class PikselIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'upload_date': '20161210',
                 'description': '',
                 'thumbnail': 'https://thumbs.piksel.tech/thumbs/aid/t1488331553/3238987.jpg?w=640&h=480',
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             # Original source: http://www.uscourts.gov/cameras-courts/state-washington-vs-donald-j-trump-et-al
@@ -59,13 +59,13 @@ class PikselIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'timestamp': 1486171129,
                 'upload_date': '20170204',
                 'thumbnail': 'https://thumbs.piksel.tech/thumbs/aid/t1495569155/3279887.jpg?w=640&h=360',
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             # https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/ondemand/video/2019240/
             'url': 'http://player.piksel.com/v/refid/nhkworld/prefid/nw_vod_v_en_2019_240_20190823233000_02_1566873477',
             'only_matching': True,
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _call_api(self, app_token, resource, display_id, query, host='https://player.piksel.tech', fatal=True):
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ class PikselIE(InfoExtractor):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
         app_token = self._search_regex([
             r'clientAPI\s*:\s*"([^"]+)"',
-            r'data-de-api-key\s*=\s*"([^"]+)"'
+            r'data-de-api-key\s*=\s*"([^"]+)"',
         ], webpage, 'app token')
         query = {'refid': ref_id, 'prefid': display_id} if ref_id else {'v': display_id}
         program = self._call_api(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pinkbike.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pinkbike.py
index e4e1caaa25..0cd9632c2b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pinkbike.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pinkbike.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class PinkbikeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'location': 'Victoria, British Columbia, Canada',
             'view_count': int,
             'comment_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://es.pinkbike.org/i/kvid/kvid-y5.swf?id=406629',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class PinkbikeIE(InfoExtractor):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://www.pinkbike.com/video/%s' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'http://www.pinkbike.com/video/{video_id}', video_id)
 
         formats = []
         for _, format_id, src in re.findall(
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ class PinkbikeIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         def extract_count(webpage, label):
             return str_to_int(self._search_regex(
-                r'<span[^>]+class="stat-num"[^>]*>([\d,.]+)</span>\s*<span[^>]+class="stat-label"[^>]*>%s' % label,
+                rf'<span[^>]+class="stat-num"[^>]*>([\d,.]+)</span>\s*<span[^>]+class="stat-label"[^>]*>{label}',
                 webpage, label, fatal=False))
 
         view_count = extract_count(webpage, 'Views')
@@ -89,5 +89,5 @@ class PinkbikeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'location': location,
             'view_count': view_count,
             'comment_count': comment_count,
-            'formats': formats
+            'formats': formats,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pinterest.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pinterest.py
index 8361fbbc5f..07f249498c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pinterest.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pinterest.py
@@ -22,9 +22,9 @@ class PinterestBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _call_api(self, resource, video_id, options):
         return self._download_json(
-            'https://www.pinterest.com/resource/%sResource/get/' % resource,
-            video_id, 'Download %s JSON metadata' % resource, query={
-                'data': json.dumps({'options': options})
+            f'https://www.pinterest.com/resource/{resource}Resource/get/',
+            video_id, f'Download {resource} JSON metadata', query={
+                'data': json.dumps({'options': options}),
             })['resource_response']
 
     def _extract_video(self, data, extract_formats=True):
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class PinterestBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         thumbnails = []
         images = data.get('images')
         if isinstance(images, dict):
-            for thumbnail_id, thumbnail in images.items():
+            for thumbnail in images.values():
                 if not isinstance(thumbnail, dict):
                     continue
                 thumbnail_url = url_or_none(thumbnail.get('url'))
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ class PinterestBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
 
 class PinterestIE(PinterestBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'%s/pin/(?P<id>\d+)' % PinterestBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE
+    _VALID_URL = rf'{PinterestBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE}/pin/(?P<id>\d+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         # formats found in data['videos']
         'url': 'https://www.pinterest.com/pin/664281013778109217/',
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ class PinterestIE(PinterestBaseIE):
 
 
 class PinterestCollectionIE(PinterestBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'%s/(?P<username>[^/]+)/(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)' % PinterestBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE
+    _VALID_URL = rf'{PinterestBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE}/(?P<username>[^/]+)/(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.pinterest.ca/mashal0407/cool-diys/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -207,15 +207,14 @@ class PinterestCollectionIE(PinterestBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if PinterestIE.suitable(url) else super(
-            PinterestCollectionIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if PinterestIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         username, slug = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
         board = self._call_api(
             'Board', slug, {
                 'slug': slug,
-                'username': username
+                'username': username,
             })['data']
         board_id = board['id']
         options = {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pixivsketch.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pixivsketch.py
index 850c6f23d9..344cdb3d05 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pixivsketch.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pixivsketch.py
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ class PixivSketchIE(PixivSketchBaseIE):
             'channel_id': str(traverse_obj(data, ('user', 'pixiv_user_id'), ('owner', 'user', 'pixiv_user_id'))),
             'age_limit': 18 if data.get('is_r18') else 15 if data.get('is_r15') else 0,
             'timestamp': unified_timestamp(data.get('created_at')),
-            'is_live': True
+            'is_live': True,
         }
 
 
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ class PixivSketchUserIE(PixivSketchBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return super(PixivSketchUserIE, cls).suitable(url) and not PixivSketchIE.suitable(url)
+        return super().suitable(url) and not PixivSketchIE.suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         user_id = self._match_id(url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pladform.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pladform.py
index c72a3876c6..f4355d0cf5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pladform.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pladform.py
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class PladformIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'Comedy Club',
             'duration': 367,
         },
-        'expected_warnings': ['HTTP Error 404: Not Found']
+        'expected_warnings': ['HTTP Error 404: Not Found'],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://out.pladform.ru/player?pl=64471&videoid=3777899&vk_puid15=0&vk_puid34=0',
         'md5': '53362fac3a27352da20fa2803cc5cd6f',
@@ -73,14 +73,14 @@ class PladformIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         def fail(text):
             raise ExtractorError(
-                '%s returned error: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, text),
+                f'{self.IE_NAME} returned error: {text}',
                 expected=True)
 
         if not video:
-            targetUrl = self._request_webpage(url, video_id, note='Resolving final URL').url
-            if targetUrl == url:
+            target_url = self._request_webpage(url, video_id, note='Resolving final URL').url
+            if target_url == url:
                 raise ExtractorError('Can\'t parse page')
-            return self.url_result(targetUrl)
+            return self.url_result(target_url)
 
         if video.tag == 'error':
             fail(video.text)
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ class PladformIE(InfoExtractor):
                 fail(error)
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://video.pladform.ru/catalog/video/videoid/%s' % video_id,
+            f'http://video.pladform.ru/catalog/video/videoid/{video_id}',
             video_id)
 
         title = self._og_search_title(webpage, fatal=False) or xpath_text(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/planetmarathi.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/planetmarathi.py
index a4b612a6e3..94861836a3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/planetmarathi.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/planetmarathi.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class PlanetMarathiIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'duration': 5539,
                 'upload_date': '20210829',
             },
-        }]  # Trailer skipped
+        }],  # Trailer skipped
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.planetmarathi.com/titles/baap-beep-baap-season-1',
         'playlist_mincount': 10,
@@ -43,18 +43,19 @@ class PlanetMarathiIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'duration': 29,
                 'upload_date': '20210829',
             },
-        }]  # Trailers, Episodes, other Character profiles skipped
+        }],  # Trailers, Episodes, other Character profiles skipped
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
+        playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
         entries = []
-        json_data = self._download_json(f'https://www.planetmarathi.com/api/v1/titles/{id}/assets', id)['assets']
+        json_data = self._download_json(
+            f'https://www.planetmarathi.com/api/v1/titles/{playlist_id}/assets', playlist_id)['assets']
         for asset in json_data:
             asset_title = asset['mediaAssetName']['en']
             if asset_title == 'Movie':
-                asset_title = id.replace('-', ' ')
-            asset_id = f'{asset["sk"]}_{id}'.replace('#', '-')
+                asset_title = playlist_id.replace('-', ' ')
+            asset_id = f'{asset["sk"]}_{playlist_id}'.replace('#', '-')
             formats, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(asset['mediaAssetURL'], asset_id)
             entries.append({
                 'id': asset_id,
@@ -68,4 +69,4 @@ class PlanetMarathiIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'formats': formats,
                 'subtitles': subtitles,
             })
-        return self.playlist_result(entries, playlist_id=id)
+        return self.playlist_result(entries, playlist_id=playlist_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/platzi.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/platzi.py
index d978c080b3..e29f4c2090 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/platzi.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/platzi.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
+import base64
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_b64decode,
-    compat_str,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     clean_html,
@@ -48,10 +46,10 @@ class PlatziBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             None)
 
         for kind in ('error', 'password', 'nonFields'):
-            error = str_or_none(login.get('%sError' % kind))
+            error = str_or_none(login.get(f'{kind}Error'))
             if error:
                 raise ExtractorError(
-                    'Unable to login: %s' % error, expected=True)
+                    f'Unable to login: {error}', expected=True)
         raise ExtractorError('Unable to log in')
 
 
@@ -120,16 +118,16 @@ class PlatziIE(PlatziBaseIE):
                     formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
                         format_url, lecture_id, 'mp4',
                         entry_protocol='m3u8_native', m3u8_id=format_id,
-                        note='Downloading %s m3u8 information' % server_id,
+                        note=f'Downloading {server_id} m3u8 information',
                         fatal=False))
                 elif format_id == 'dash':
                     formats.extend(self._extract_mpd_formats(
                         format_url, lecture_id, mpd_id=format_id,
-                        note='Downloading %s MPD manifest' % server_id,
+                        note=f'Downloading {server_id} MPD manifest',
                         fatal=False))
 
         content = str_or_none(desc.get('content'))
-        description = (clean_html(compat_b64decode(content).decode('utf-8'))
+        description = (clean_html(base64.b64decode(content).decode('utf-8'))
                        if content else None)
         duration = int_or_none(material.get('duration'), invscale=60)
 
@@ -168,7 +166,7 @@ class PlatziCourseIE(PlatziBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if PlatziIE.suitable(url) else super(PlatziCourseIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if PlatziIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         course_name = self._match_id(url)
@@ -207,7 +205,7 @@ class PlatziCourseIE(PlatziBaseIE):
                     'chapter_id': chapter_id,
                 })
 
-        course_id = compat_str(try_get(props, lambda x: x['course']['id']))
-        course_title = try_get(props, lambda x: x['course']['name'], compat_str)
+        course_id = str(try_get(props, lambda x: x['course']['id']))
+        course_title = try_get(props, lambda x: x['course']['name'], str)
 
         return self.playlist_result(entries, course_id, course_title)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/playsuisse.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/playsuisse.py
index 7c5cad1be6..905f8fc2f6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/playsuisse.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/playsuisse.py
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class PlaySuisseIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'episode': 'Knochen',
                 'episode_number': 1,
                 'thumbnail': 're:https://playsuisse-img.akamaized.net/',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             # film
             'url': 'https://www.playsuisse.ch/watch/808675',
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class PlaySuisseIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'description': 'md5:9f61265c7e6dcc3e046137a792b275fd',
                 'duration': 5280,
                 'thumbnail': 're:https://playsuisse-img.akamaized.net/',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             # series (treated as a playlist)
             'url': 'https://www.playsuisse.ch/detail/1115687',
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ class PlaySuisseIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'series': 'They all came out to Montreux',
                     'thumbnail': 're:https://playsuisse-img.akamaized.net/',
                     'title': 'Folge 1',
-                    'ext': 'mp4'
+                    'ext': 'mp4',
                 },
             }, {
                 'info_dict': {
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ class PlaySuisseIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'series': 'They all came out to Montreux',
                     'thumbnail': 're:https://playsuisse-img.akamaized.net/',
                     'title': 'Folge 2',
-                    'ext': 'mp4'
+                    'ext': 'mp4',
                 },
             }, {
                 'info_dict': {
@@ -98,10 +98,10 @@ class PlaySuisseIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'series': 'They all came out to Montreux',
                     'thumbnail': 're:https://playsuisse-img.akamaized.net/',
                     'title': 'Folge 3',
-                    'ext': 'mp4'
-                }
+                    'ext': 'mp4',
+                },
             }],
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     _GRAPHQL_QUERY = '''
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ class PlaySuisseIE(InfoExtractor):
             query=query, headers={'X-CSRF-TOKEN': csrf_token}, data=urlencode_postdata({
                 'request_type': 'RESPONSE',
                 'signInName': username,
-                'password': password
+                'password': password,
             }), expected_status=400), ('status', {int_or_none}))
         if status == 400:
             raise ExtractorError('Invalid username or password', expected=True)
@@ -186,8 +186,8 @@ class PlaySuisseIE(InfoExtractor):
             media_id, data=json.dumps({
                 'operationName': 'AssetWatch',
                 'query': self._GRAPHQL_QUERY,
-                'variables': {'assetId': media_id}
-            }).encode('utf-8'),
+                'variables': {'assetId': media_id},
+            }).encode(),
             headers={'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'locale': 'de'})
 
         return response['data']['assetV2']
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/playtvak.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/playtvak.py
index a01b422901..12e2fa255b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/playtvak.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/playtvak.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlencode,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
@@ -27,7 +25,7 @@ class PlaytvakIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1438732860,
             'upload_date': '20150805',
             'is_live': False,
-        }
+        },
     }, {  # live video test
         'url': 'http://slowtv.playtvak.cz/planespotting-0pr-/planespotting.aspx?c=A150624_164934_planespotting_cat',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -64,7 +62,7 @@ class PlaytvakIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1438969140,
             'upload_date': '20150807',
             'is_live': False,
-        }
+        },
     }, {  # lidovky.cz
         'url': 'http://www.lidovky.cz/dalsi-demonstrace-v-praze-o-migraci-duq-/video.aspx?c=A150808_214044_ln-video_ELE',
         'md5': 'c7209ac4ba9d234d4ad5bab7485bcee8',
@@ -77,7 +75,7 @@ class PlaytvakIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1439052180,
             'upload_date': '20150808',
             'is_live': False,
-        }
+        },
     }, {  # metro.cz
         'url': 'http://www.metro.cz/video-pod-billboardem-se-na-vltavske-roztocil-kolotoc-deti-vozil-jen-par-hodin-1hx-/metro-extra.aspx?c=A141111_173251_metro-extra_row',
         'md5': '84fc1deedcac37b7d4a6ccae7c716668',
@@ -90,7 +88,7 @@ class PlaytvakIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1415725500,
             'upload_date': '20141111',
             'is_live': False,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.playtvak.cz/embed.aspx?idvideo=V150729_141549_play-porad_kuko',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -104,16 +102,16 @@ class PlaytvakIE(InfoExtractor):
         info_url = self._html_search_regex(
             r'Misc\.video(?:FLV)?\(\s*{\s*data\s*:\s*"([^"]+)"', webpage, 'info url')
 
-        parsed_url = compat_urlparse.urlparse(info_url)
+        parsed_url = urllib.parse.urlparse(info_url)
 
-        qs = compat_urlparse.parse_qs(parsed_url.query)
+        qs = urllib.parse.parse_qs(parsed_url.query)
         qs.update({
             'reklama': ['0'],
             'type': ['js'],
         })
 
-        info_url = compat_urlparse.urlunparse(
-            parsed_url._replace(query=compat_urllib_parse_urlencode(qs, True)))
+        info_url = urllib.parse.urlunparse(
+            parsed_url._replace(query=urllib.parse.urlencode(qs, True)))
 
         json_info = self._download_json(
             info_url, video_id,
@@ -136,7 +134,7 @@ class PlaytvakIE(InfoExtractor):
                 continue
 
             format_ = fmt['format']
-            format_id = '%s_%s' % (format_, fmt['quality'])
+            format_id = '{}_{}'.format(format_, fmt['quality'])
             preference = None
 
             if format_ in ('mp4', 'webm'):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/playwire.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/playwire.py
index 1057bff3a0..8539a4b56c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/playwire.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/playwire.py
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class PlaywireIE(InfoExtractor):
         publisher_id, video_id = mobj.group('publisher_id'), mobj.group('id')
 
         player = self._download_json(
-            'http://config.playwire.com/%s/videos/v2/%s/zeus.json' % (publisher_id, video_id),
+            f'http://config.playwire.com/{publisher_id}/videos/v2/{video_id}/zeus.json',
             video_id)
 
         title = player['settings']['title']
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pluralsight.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pluralsight.py
index 60c9efffea..d3f03f7eec 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pluralsight.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pluralsight.py
@@ -3,12 +3,9 @@ import json
 import os
 import random
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     dict_get,
@@ -27,7 +24,7 @@ from ..utils import (
 class PluralsightBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     _API_BASE = 'https://app.pluralsight.com'
 
-    _GRAPHQL_EP = '%s/player/api/graphql' % _API_BASE
+    _GRAPHQL_EP = f'{_API_BASE}/player/api/graphql'
     _GRAPHQL_HEADERS = {
         'Content-Type': 'application/json;charset=UTF-8',
     }
@@ -95,8 +92,8 @@ query BootstrapPlayer {
         response = self._download_json(
             self._GRAPHQL_EP, display_id, data=json.dumps({
                 'query': self._GRAPHQL_COURSE_TMPL % course_id,
-                'variables': {}
-            }).encode('utf-8'), headers=self._GRAPHQL_HEADERS)
+                'variables': {},
+            }).encode(), headers=self._GRAPHQL_HEADERS)
 
         course = try_get(
             response, lambda x: x['data']['rpc']['bootstrapPlayer']['course'],
@@ -105,7 +102,7 @@ query BootstrapPlayer {
             return course
 
         raise ExtractorError(
-            '%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, response['error']['message']),
+            '{} said: {}'.format(self.IE_NAME, response['error']['message']),
             expected=True)
 
 
@@ -176,7 +173,7 @@ query viewClip {
             'post url', default=self._LOGIN_URL, group='url')
 
         if not post_url.startswith('http'):
-            post_url = compat_urlparse.urljoin(self._LOGIN_URL, post_url)
+            post_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(self._LOGIN_URL, post_url)
 
         response = self._download_webpage(
             post_url, None, 'Logging in',
@@ -187,7 +184,7 @@ query viewClip {
             r'<span[^>]+class="field-validation-error"[^>]*>([^<]+)</span>',
             response, 'error message', default=None)
         if error:
-            raise ExtractorError('Unable to login: %s' % error, expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'Unable to login: {error}', expected=True)
 
         if all(not re.search(p, response) for p in (
                 r'__INITIAL_STATE__', r'["\']currentUser["\']',
@@ -196,13 +193,12 @@ query viewClip {
             BLOCKED = 'Your account has been blocked due to suspicious activity'
             if BLOCKED in response:
                 raise ExtractorError(
-                    'Unable to login: %s' % BLOCKED, expected=True)
+                    f'Unable to login: {BLOCKED}', expected=True)
             MUST_AGREE = 'To continue using Pluralsight, you must agree to'
             if any(p in response for p in (MUST_AGREE, '>Disagree<', '>Agree<')):
                 raise ExtractorError(
-                    'Unable to login: %s some documents. Go to pluralsight.com, '
-                    'log in and agree with what Pluralsight requires.'
-                    % MUST_AGREE, expected=True)
+                    f'Unable to login: {MUST_AGREE} some documents. Go to pluralsight.com, '
+                    'log in and agree with what Pluralsight requires.', expected=True)
 
             raise ExtractorError('Unable to log in')
 
@@ -210,8 +206,7 @@ query viewClip {
         captions = None
         if clip_id:
             captions = self._download_json(
-                '%s/transcript/api/v1/caption/json/%s/%s'
-                % (self._API_BASE, clip_id, lang), video_id,
+                f'{self._API_BASE}/transcript/api/v1/caption/json/{clip_id}/{lang}', video_id,
                 'Downloading captions JSON', 'Unable to download captions JSON',
                 fatal=False)
         if not captions:
@@ -222,9 +217,9 @@ query viewClip {
                 'm': name,
             }
             captions = self._download_json(
-                '%s/player/retrieve-captions' % self._API_BASE, video_id,
+                f'{self._API_BASE}/player/retrieve-captions', video_id,
                 'Downloading captions JSON', 'Unable to download captions JSON',
-                fatal=False, data=json.dumps(captions_post).encode('utf-8'),
+                fatal=False, data=json.dumps(captions_post).encode(),
                 headers={'Content-Type': 'application/json;charset=utf-8'})
         if captions:
             return {
@@ -234,7 +229,7 @@ query viewClip {
                 }, {
                     'ext': 'srt',
                     'data': self._convert_subtitles(duration, captions),
-                }]
+                }],
             }
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -255,10 +250,8 @@ query viewClip {
                 continue
             srt += os.linesep.join(
                 (
-                    '%d' % num,
-                    '%s --> %s' % (
-                        srt_subtitles_timecode(start),
-                        srt_subtitles_timecode(end)),
+                    f'{num}',
+                    f'{srt_subtitles_timecode(start)} --> {srt_subtitles_timecode(end)}',
                     text,
                     os.linesep,
                 ))
@@ -272,10 +265,10 @@ query viewClip {
         clip_idx = qs.get('clip', [None])[0]
         course_name = qs.get('course', [None])[0]
 
-        if any(not f for f in (author, name, clip_idx, course_name,)):
+        if any(not f for f in (author, name, clip_idx, course_name)):
             raise ExtractorError('Invalid URL', expected=True)
 
-        display_id = '%s-%s' % (name, clip_idx)
+        display_id = f'{name}-{clip_idx}'
 
         course = self._download_course(course_name, url, display_id)
 
@@ -291,7 +284,7 @@ query viewClip {
                         clip_index = clip_.get('index')
                     if clip_index is None:
                         continue
-                    if compat_str(clip_index) == clip_idx:
+                    if str(clip_index) == clip_idx:
                         clip = clip_
                         break
 
@@ -308,14 +301,14 @@ query viewClip {
             'high-widescreen': {'width': 1280, 'height': 720},
         }
 
-        QUALITIES_PREFERENCE = ('low', 'medium', 'high', 'high-widescreen',)
+        QUALITIES_PREFERENCE = ('low', 'medium', 'high', 'high-widescreen')
         quality_key = qualities(QUALITIES_PREFERENCE)
 
         AllowedQuality = collections.namedtuple('AllowedQuality', ['ext', 'qualities'])
 
         ALLOWED_QUALITIES = (
-            AllowedQuality('webm', ['high', ]),
-            AllowedQuality('mp4', ['low', 'medium', 'high', ]),
+            AllowedQuality('webm', ['high']),
+            AllowedQuality('mp4', ['low', 'medium', 'high']),
         )
 
         # Some courses also offer widescreen resolution for high quality (see
@@ -359,23 +352,23 @@ query viewClip {
                     'mediaType': ext,
                     'quality': '%dx%d' % (f['width'], f['height']),
                 }
-                format_id = '%s-%s' % (ext, quality)
+                format_id = f'{ext}-{quality}'
 
                 try:
                     viewclip = self._download_json(
                         self._GRAPHQL_EP, display_id,
-                        'Downloading %s viewclip graphql' % format_id,
+                        f'Downloading {format_id} viewclip graphql',
                         data=json.dumps({
                             'query': self.GRAPHQL_VIEWCLIP_TMPL % clip_post,
-                            'variables': {}
-                        }).encode('utf-8'),
+                            'variables': {},
+                        }).encode(),
                         headers=self._GRAPHQL_HEADERS)['data']['viewClip']
                 except ExtractorError:
                     # Still works but most likely will go soon
                     viewclip = self._download_json(
-                        '%s/video/clips/viewclip' % self._API_BASE, display_id,
-                        'Downloading %s viewclip JSON' % format_id, fatal=False,
-                        data=json.dumps(clip_post).encode('utf-8'),
+                        f'{self._API_BASE}/video/clips/viewclip', display_id,
+                        f'Downloading {format_id} viewclip JSON', fatal=False,
+                        data=json.dumps(clip_post).encode(),
                         headers={'Content-Type': 'application/json;charset=utf-8'})
 
                 # Pluralsight tracks multiple sequential calls to ViewClip API and start
@@ -404,7 +397,7 @@ query viewClip {
                     clip_f.update({
                         'url': clip_url,
                         'ext': ext,
-                        'format_id': '%s-%s' % (format_id, cdn) if cdn else format_id,
+                        'format_id': f'{format_id}-{cdn}' if cdn else format_id,
                         'quality': quality_key(quality),
                         'source_preference': int_or_none(clip_url_data.get('rank')),
                     })
@@ -472,7 +465,7 @@ class PluralsightCourseIE(PluralsightBaseIE):
                 if clip_index is None:
                     continue
                 clip_url = update_url_query(
-                    '%s/player' % self._API_BASE, query={
+                    f'{self._API_BASE}/player', query={
                         'mode': 'live',
                         'course': course_name,
                         'author': author,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/plutotv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/plutotv.py
index 5898d927c6..234ee987b6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/plutotv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/plutotv.py
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 import uuid
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     float_or_none,
@@ -31,14 +28,14 @@ class PlutoTVIE(InfoExtractor):
     _INFO_QUERY_PARAMS = {
         'appName': 'web',
         'appVersion': 'na',
-        'clientID': compat_str(uuid.uuid1()),
+        'clientID': str(uuid.uuid1()),
         'clientModelNumber': 'na',
         'serverSideAds': 'false',
         'deviceMake': 'unknown',
         'deviceModel': 'web',
         'deviceType': 'web',
         'deviceVersion': 'unknown',
-        'sid': compat_str(uuid.uuid1()),
+        'sid': str(uuid.uuid1()),
     }
     _TESTS = [
         {
@@ -54,21 +51,21 @@ class PlutoTVIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'season_number': 2,
                 'episode_number': 3,
                 'duration': 3600,
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'url': 'https://pluto.tv/on-demand/series/i-love-money/season/1/',
             'playlist_count': 11,
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '5de6c582e9379ae4912dedbd',
                 'title': 'I Love Money - Season 1',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'url': 'https://pluto.tv/on-demand/series/i-love-money/',
             'playlist_count': 26,
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '5de6c582e9379ae4912dedbd',
                 'title': 'I Love Money',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'url': 'https://pluto.tv/on-demand/movies/arrival-2015-1-1',
             'md5': '3cead001d317a018bf856a896dee1762',
@@ -78,7 +75,7 @@ class PlutoTVIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'title': 'Arrival',
                 'description': 'When mysterious spacecraft touch down across the globe, an elite team - led by expert translator Louise Banks (Academy Award® nominee Amy Adams) – races against time to decipher their intent.',
                 'duration': 9000,
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'url': 'https://pluto.tv/en/on-demand/series/manhunters-fugitive-task-force/seasons/1/episode/third-times-the-charm-1-1',
             'only_matching': True,
@@ -95,8 +92,8 @@ class PlutoTVIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'title': 'Attack of the Killer Tomatoes',
                 'description': 'A group of scientists band together to save the world from mutated tomatoes that KILL! (1978)',
                 'duration': 5700,
-            }
-        }
+            },
+        },
     ]
 
     def _to_ad_free_formats(self, video_id, formats, subtitles):
@@ -112,14 +109,14 @@ class PlutoTVIE(InfoExtractor):
                 re.MULTILINE)
             if first_segment_url:
                 m3u8_urls.add(
-                    compat_urlparse.urljoin(first_segment_url.group(1), '0-end/master.m3u8'))
+                    urllib.parse.urljoin(first_segment_url.group(1), '0-end/master.m3u8'))
                 continue
             first_segment_url = re.search(
                 r'^(https?://.*/).+\-0+[0-1]0\.ts$', res,
                 re.MULTILINE)
             if first_segment_url:
                 m3u8_urls.add(
-                    compat_urlparse.urljoin(first_segment_url.group(1), 'master.m3u8'))
+                    urllib.parse.urljoin(first_segment_url.group(1), 'master.m3u8'))
                 continue
 
         for m3u8_url in m3u8_urls:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/podchaser.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/podchaser.py
index fc2d407b14..4570f0f175 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/podchaser.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/podchaser.py
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ class PodchaserIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 3708,
             'timestamp': 1636531259,
             'upload_date': '20211110',
-            'average_rating': 4.0
-        }
+            'average_rating': 4.0,
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.podchaser.com/podcasts/the-bone-zone-28853',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -38,15 +38,15 @@ class PodchaserIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'The Bone Zone',
             'description': 'Podcast by The Bone Zone',
         },
-        'playlist_count': 275
+        'playlist_count': 275,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.podchaser.com/podcasts/sean-carrolls-mindscape-scienc-699349/episodes',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '699349',
             'title': 'Sean Carroll\'s Mindscape: Science, Society, Philosophy, Culture, Arts, and Ideas',
-            'description': 'md5:2cbd8f4749891a84dc8235342e0b5ff1'
+            'description': 'md5:2cbd8f4749891a84dc8235342e0b5ff1',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 225
+        'playlist_mincount': 225,
     }]
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -77,9 +77,9 @@ class PodchaserIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'count': self._PAGE_SIZE,
                 'sort_order': 'SORT_ORDER_RECENT',
                 'filters': {
-                    'podcast_id': podcast_id
+                    'podcast_id': podcast_id,
                 },
-                'options': {}
+                'options': {},
             }).encode())
 
         for episode in json_response['entities']:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/podomatic.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/podomatic.py
index 37b68694b9..b5af82471a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/podomatic.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/podomatic.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class PodomaticIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': 'scienceteachingtips',
             'title': '64.  When the Moon Hits Your Eye',
             'duration': 446,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://ostbahnhof.podomatic.com/entry/2013-11-15T16_31_21-08_00',
         'md5': 'd2cf443931b6148e27638650e2638297',
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class PodomaticIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': 'ostbahnhof',
             'title': 'Einunddreizig',
             'duration': 3799,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.podomatic.com/podcasts/scienceteachingtips/episodes/2009-01-02T16_03_35-08_00',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -48,16 +48,15 @@ class PodomaticIE(InfoExtractor):
         video_id = mobj.group('id')
         channel = mobj.group('channel') or mobj.group('channel_2')
 
-        json_url = (('%s://%s.podomatic.com/entry/embed_params/%s'
-                     + '?permalink=true&rtmp=0') %
-                    (mobj.group('proto'), channel, video_id))
+        json_url = ('{}://{}.podomatic.com/entry/embed_params/{}?permalink=true&rtmp=0'.format(
+            mobj.group('proto'), channel, video_id))
         data_json = self._download_webpage(
             json_url, video_id, 'Downloading video info')
         data = json.loads(data_json)
 
         video_url = data['downloadLink']
         if not video_url:
-            video_url = '%s/%s' % (data['streamer'].replace('rtmp', 'http'), data['mediaLocation'])
+            video_url = '{}/{}'.format(data['streamer'].replace('rtmp', 'http'), data['mediaLocation'])
         uploader = data['podcast']
         title = data['title']
         thumbnail = data['imageLocation']
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pokemon.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pokemon.py
index 0911893d43..1769684f72 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pokemon.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pokemon.py
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class PokemonIE(InfoExtractor):
         video_id, display_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id or display_id)
         video_data = extract_attributes(self._search_regex(
-            r'(<[^>]+data-video-id="%s"[^>]*>)' % (video_id if video_id else '[a-z0-9]{32}'),
+            r'(<[^>]+data-video-id="{}"[^>]*>)'.format(video_id if video_id else '[a-z0-9]{32}'),
             webpage, 'video data element'))
         video_id = video_data['data-video-id']
         title = video_data.get('data-video-title') or self._html_search_meta(
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class PokemonIE(InfoExtractor):
         return {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
             'id': video_id,
-            'url': 'limelight:media:%s' % video_id,
+            'url': f'limelight:media:{video_id}',
             'title': title,
             'description': video_data.get('data-video-summary'),
             'thumbnail': video_data.get('data-video-poster'),
@@ -80,13 +80,13 @@ class PokemonWatchIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Lillier and the Staff!',
             'description': 'md5:338841b8c21b283d24bdc9b568849f04',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://watch.pokemon.com/en-us/#/player?id=3fe7752ba09141f0b0f7756d1981c6b2',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://watch.pokemon.com/de-de/player.html?id=b3c402e111a4459eb47e12160ab0ba07',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _extract_media(self, channel_array, video_id):
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ class PokemonWatchIE(InfoExtractor):
         info = {
             '_type': 'url',
             'id': video_id,
-            'url': 'limelight:media:%s' % video_id,
+            'url': f'limelight:media:{video_id}',
             'ie_key': 'LimelightMedia',
         }
 
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ class PokemonWatchIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         if video_data is None:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'Video %s does not exist' % video_id, expected=True)
+                f'Video {video_id} does not exist', expected=True)
 
         info['_type'] = 'url_transparent'
         images = video_data.get('images')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pokergo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pokergo.py
index 5c7baadf24..e22348053c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pokergo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pokergo.py
@@ -49,26 +49,27 @@ class PokerGoIE(PokerGoBaseIE):
             'episode': 'Episode 2',
             'display_id': '2a70ec4e-4a80-414b-97ec-725d9b72a7dc',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        data_json = self._download_json(f'https://api.pokergo.com/v2/properties/{self._PROPERTY_ID}/videos/{id}', id,
-                                        headers={'authorization': f'Bearer {self._AUTH_TOKEN}'})['data']
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        data_json = self._download_json(
+            f'https://api.pokergo.com/v2/properties/{self._PROPERTY_ID}/videos/{video_id}', video_id,
+            headers={'authorization': f'Bearer {self._AUTH_TOKEN}'})['data']
         v_id = data_json['source']
 
         thumbnails = [{
             'url': image['url'],
             'id': image.get('label'),
             'width': image.get('width'),
-            'height': image.get('height')
+            'height': image.get('height'),
         } for image in data_json.get('images') or [] if image.get('url')]
-        series_json = next(dct for dct in data_json.get('show_tags') or [] if dct.get('video_id') == id) or {}
+        series_json = next(dct for dct in data_json.get('show_tags') or [] if dct.get('video_id') == video_id) or {}
 
         return {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
-            'display_id': id,
+            'display_id': video_id,
             'title': data_json.get('title'),
             'description': data_json.get('description'),
             'duration': data_json.get('duration'),
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ class PokerGoIE(PokerGoBaseIE):
             'season_number': series_json.get('season'),
             'episode_number': series_json.get('episode_number'),
             'series': try_get(series_json, lambda x: x['tag']['name']),
-            'url': f'https://cdn.jwplayer.com/v2/media/{v_id}'
+            'url': f'https://cdn.jwplayer.com/v2/media/{v_id}',
         }
 
 
@@ -91,9 +92,10 @@ class PokerGoCollectionIE(PokerGoBaseIE):
         },
     }]
 
-    def _entries(self, id):
-        data_json = self._download_json(f'https://api.pokergo.com/v2/properties/{self._PROPERTY_ID}/collections/{id}?include=entities',
-                                        id, headers={'authorization': f'Bearer {self._AUTH_TOKEN}'})['data']
+    def _entries(self, playlist_id):
+        data_json = self._download_json(
+            f'https://api.pokergo.com/v2/properties/{self._PROPERTY_ID}/collections/{playlist_id}?include=entities',
+            playlist_id, headers={'authorization': f'Bearer {self._AUTH_TOKEN}'})['data']
         for video in data_json.get('collection_video') or []:
             video_id = video.get('id')
             if video_id:
@@ -102,5 +104,5 @@ class PokerGoCollectionIE(PokerGoBaseIE):
                     ie=PokerGoIE.ie_key(), video_id=video_id)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        return self.playlist_result(self._entries(id), playlist_id=id)
+        playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
+        return self.playlist_result(self._entries(playlist_id), playlist_id=playlist_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/polsatgo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/polsatgo.py
index ecf2132b4b..d4a0d6ab87 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/polsatgo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/polsatgo.py
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class PolsatGoIE(InfoExtractor):
                 continue
             yield {
                 'url': url,
-                'height': int_or_none(try_get(source, lambda x: x['quality'][:-1]))
+                'height': int_or_none(try_get(source, lambda x: x['quality'][:-1])),
             }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class PolsatGoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': video_id,
             'title': media['displayInfo']['title'],
             'formats': formats,
-            'age_limit': int_or_none(media['displayInfo']['ageGroup'])
+            'age_limit': int_or_none(media['displayInfo']['ageGroup']),
         }
 
     def _call_api(self, endpoint, media_id, method, params):
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class PolsatGoIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'clientId': rand_uuid,
                     'cpid': 1,
                 },
-            }).encode('utf-8'),
+            }).encode(),
             headers={'Content-type': 'application/json'})
         if not res.get('result'):
             if res['error']['code'] == 13404:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/polskieradio.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/polskieradio.py
index e0b22fffdf..6fb21e156d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/polskieradio.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/polskieradio.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import re
 import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     InAdvancePagedList,
@@ -37,7 +36,7 @@ class PolskieRadioBaseExtractor(InfoExtractor):
             media_urls.add(media_url)
             entry = base_data.copy()
             entry.update({
-                'id': compat_str(media['id']),
+                'id': str(media['id']),
                 'url': media_url,
                 'duration': int_or_none(media.get('length')),
                 'vcodec': 'none' if media.get('provider') == 'audio' else None,
@@ -68,7 +67,7 @@ class PolskieRadioLegacyIE(PolskieRadioBaseExtractor):
                 'timestamp': 1592654400,
                 'upload_date': '20200620',
                 'duration': 1430,
-                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://static\.prsa\.pl/images/.*\.jpg$'
+                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://static\.prsa\.pl/images/.*\.jpg$',
             },
         }],
     }, {
@@ -328,14 +327,14 @@ class PolskieRadioCategoryIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': '4143',
             'title': 'Kierunek Kraków',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 61
+        'playlist_mincount': 61,
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.polskieradio.pl/10,czworka/214,muzyka',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '214',
             'title': 'Muzyka',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 61
+        'playlist_mincount': 61,
     }, {
         # billennium tabs
         'url': 'https://www.polskieradio.pl/8/2385',
@@ -400,7 +399,7 @@ class PolskieRadioCategoryIE(InfoExtractor):
                 params = self._search_json(
                     r'<div[^>]+class=["\']next["\'][^>]*>\s*<a[^>]+onclick=["\']TB_LoadTab\(',
                     pagination, 'next page params', category_id, default=None, close_objects=1,
-                    contains_pattern='.+', transform_source=lambda x: '[%s' % js_to_json(unescapeHTML(x)))
+                    contains_pattern='.+', transform_source=lambda x: f'[{js_to_json(unescapeHTML(x))}')
                 if not params:
                     break
                 tab_content = self._download_json(
@@ -409,7 +408,7 @@ class PolskieRadioCategoryIE(InfoExtractor):
                     data=json.dumps(dict(zip((
                         'boxInstanceId', 'tabId', 'categoryType', 'sectionId', 'categoryId', 'pagerMode',
                         'subjectIds', 'tagIndexId', 'queryString', 'name', 'openArticlesInParentTemplate',
-                        'idSectionFromUrl', 'maxDocumentAge', 'showCategoryForArticle', 'pageNumber'
+                        'idSectionFromUrl', 'maxDocumentAge', 'showCategoryForArticle', 'pageNumber',
                     ), params))).encode())['d']
                 content, pagination = tab_content['Content'], tab_content.get('PagerContent')
             elif is_post_back:
@@ -511,7 +510,7 @@ class PolskieRadioPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
                 })
 
         return {
-            'id': compat_str(channel['id']),
+            'id': str(channel['id']),
             'formats': formats,
             'title': channel.get('name') or channel.get('streamName'),
             'display_id': channel_url,
@@ -603,7 +602,7 @@ class PolskieRadioPodcastIE(PolskieRadioPodcastBaseExtractor):
             podcast_id, 'Downloading podcast metadata',
             data=json.dumps({
                 'guids': [podcast_id],
-            }).encode('utf-8'),
+            }).encode(),
             headers={
                 'Content-Type': 'application/json',
             })
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/popcorntimes.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/popcorntimes.py
index ddc5ec8c8e..cfece86ee7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/popcorntimes.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/popcorntimes.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
+import base64
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_b64decode
 from ..utils import int_or_none
 
 
@@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ class PopcorntimesIE(InfoExtractor):
                     c_ord -= 26
             loc_b64 += chr(c_ord)
 
-        video_url = compat_b64decode(loc_b64).decode('utf-8')
+        video_url = base64.b64decode(loc_b64).decode('utf-8')
 
         description = self._html_search_regex(
             r'(?s)<div[^>]+class=["\']pt-movie-desc[^>]+>(.+?)</div>', webpage,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/popcorntv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/popcorntv.py
index 77984626f1..2897bb4648 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/popcorntv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/popcorntv.py
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class PopcornTVIE(InfoExtractor):
         m3u8_url = extract_attributes(
             self._search_regex(
                 r'(<link[^>]+itemprop=["\'](?:content|embed)Url[^>]*>)',
-                webpage, 'content'
+                webpage, 'content',
             ))['href']
 
         formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pornbox.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pornbox.py
index c381382e93..e15244dac0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pornbox.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pornbox.py
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ class PornboxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'cast': ['Lily Strong', 'John Strong'],
             'tags': 'count:11',
             'description': 'md5:589c7f33e183aa8aa939537300efb859',
-            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://cdn-image\.gtflixtv\.com.*\.jpg.*$'
-        }
+            'thumbnail': r're:^https?://cdn-image\.gtflixtv\.com.*\.jpg.*$',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://pornbox.com/application/watch-page/216045',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -46,15 +46,15 @@ class PornboxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'cast': 'count:3',
             'tags': 'count:29',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://cdn-image\.gtflixtv\.com.*\.jpg.*$',
-            'subtitles': 'count:6'
+            'subtitles': 'count:6',
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-            'ignore_no_formats_error': True
+            'ignore_no_formats_error': True,
         },
         'expected_warnings': [
             'You are either not logged in or do not have access to this scene',
-            'No video formats found', 'Requested format is not available']
+            'No video formats found', 'Requested format is not available'],
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ class PornboxIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         subtitles = {country_code: [{
             'url': f'https://pornbox.com/contents/{video_id}/subtitles/{country_code}',
-            'ext': 'srt'
+            'ext': 'srt',
         }] for country_code in traverse_obj(public_data, ('subtitles', ..., {str}))}
 
         is_free_scene = traverse_obj(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pornflip.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pornflip.py
index d711d3e67d..bc684fd6fc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pornflip.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pornflip.py
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class PornFlipIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            'https://{}/sv/{}'.format(self._HOST, video_id), video_id, headers={'host': self._HOST})
+            f'https://{self._HOST}/sv/{video_id}', video_id, headers={'host': self._HOST})
         description = self._html_search_regex(r'&p\[summary\]=(.*?)\s*&p', webpage, 'description', fatal=False)
         duration = self._search_regex(r'"duration":\s+"([^"]+)",', webpage, 'duration', fatal=False)
         view_count = self._search_regex(r'"interactionCount":\s+"([^"]+)"', webpage, 'view_count', fatal=False)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pornhub.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pornhub.py
index d94f28ceb1..679dc63234 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pornhub.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pornhub.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .openload import PhantomJSwrapper
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..networking import Request
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
@@ -81,9 +80,9 @@ class PornHubBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         if username is None:
             return
 
-        login_url = 'https://www.%s/%slogin' % (host, 'premium/' if 'premium' in host else '')
+        login_url = 'https://www.{}/{}login'.format(host, 'premium/' if 'premium' in host else '')
         login_page = self._download_webpage(
-            login_url, None, 'Downloading %s login page' % site)
+            login_url, None, f'Downloading {site} login page')
 
         def is_logged(webpage):
             return any(re.search(p, webpage) for p in (
@@ -102,8 +101,8 @@ class PornHubBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         })
 
         response = self._download_json(
-            'https://www.%s/front/authenticate' % host, None,
-            'Logging in to %s' % site,
+            f'https://www.{host}/front/authenticate', None,
+            f'Logging in to {site}',
             data=urlencode_postdata(login_form),
             headers={
                 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8',
@@ -118,23 +117,23 @@ class PornHubBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         message = response.get('message')
         if message is not None:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'Unable to login: %s' % message, expected=True)
+                f'Unable to login: {message}', expected=True)
 
         raise ExtractorError('Unable to log in')
 
 
 class PornHubIE(PornHubBaseIE):
     IE_DESC = 'PornHub and Thumbzilla'
-    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
+    _VALID_URL = rf'''(?x)
                     https?://
                         (?:
                             (?:[^/]+\.)?
-                            %s
+                            {PornHubBaseIE._PORNHUB_HOST_RE}
                             /(?:(?:view_video\.php|video/show)\?viewkey=|embed/)|
                             (?:www\.)?thumbzilla\.com/video/
                         )
                         (?P<id>[\da-z]+)
-                    ''' % PornHubBaseIE._PORNHUB_HOST_RE
+                    '''
     _EMBED_REGEX = [r'<iframe[^>]+?src=["\'](?P<url>(?:https?:)?//(?:www\.)?pornhub(?:premium)?\.(?:com|net|org)/embed/[\da-z]+)']
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'http://www.pornhub.com/view_video.php?viewkey=648719015',
@@ -196,8 +195,8 @@ class PornHubIE(PornHubBaseIE):
             'categories': list,
             'subtitles': {
                 'en': [{
-                    "ext": 'srt'
-                }]
+                    'ext': 'srt',
+                }],
             },
         },
         'params': {
@@ -266,7 +265,7 @@ class PornHubIE(PornHubBaseIE):
     }]
 
     def _extract_count(self, pattern, webpage, name):
-        return str_to_int(self._search_regex(pattern, webpage, '%s count' % name, default=None))
+        return str_to_int(self._search_regex(pattern, webpage, f'{name} count', default=None))
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
@@ -279,8 +278,8 @@ class PornHubIE(PornHubBaseIE):
         def dl_webpage(platform):
             self._set_cookie(host, 'platform', platform)
             return self._download_webpage(
-                'https://www.%s/view_video.php?viewkey=%s' % (host, video_id),
-                video_id, 'Downloading %s webpage' % platform)
+                f'https://www.{host}/view_video.php?viewkey={video_id}',
+                video_id, f'Downloading {platform} webpage')
 
         webpage = dl_webpage('pc')
 
@@ -291,7 +290,7 @@ class PornHubIE(PornHubBaseIE):
         if error_msg:
             error_msg = re.sub(r'\s+', ' ', error_msg)
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'PornHub said: %s' % error_msg,
+                f'PornHub said: {error_msg}',
                 expected=True, video_id=video_id)
 
         if any(re.search(p, webpage) for p in (
@@ -332,7 +331,7 @@ class PornHubIE(PornHubBaseIE):
                     if not isinstance(definition, dict):
                         continue
                     video_url = definition.get('videoUrl')
-                    if not video_url or not isinstance(video_url, compat_str):
+                    if not video_url or not isinstance(video_url, str):
                         continue
                     if video_url in video_urls_set:
                         continue
@@ -392,7 +391,7 @@ class PornHubIE(PornHubBaseIE):
         if not video_urls:
             FORMAT_PREFIXES = ('media', 'quality', 'qualityItems')
             js_vars = extract_js_vars(
-                webpage, r'(var\s+(?:%s)_.+)' % '|'.join(FORMAT_PREFIXES),
+                webpage, r'(var\s+(?:{})_.+)'.format('|'.join(FORMAT_PREFIXES)),
                 default=None)
             if js_vars:
                 for key, format_url in js_vars.items():
@@ -403,7 +402,7 @@ class PornHubIE(PornHubBaseIE):
             if not video_urls and re.search(
                     r'<[^>]+\bid=["\']lockedPlayer', webpage):
                 raise ExtractorError(
-                    'Video %s is locked' % video_id, expected=True)
+                    f'Video {video_id} is locked', expected=True)
 
         if not video_urls:
             js_vars = extract_js_vars(
@@ -470,8 +469,8 @@ class PornHubIE(PornHubBaseIE):
 
         def extract_vote_count(kind, name):
             return self._extract_count(
-                (r'<span[^>]+\bclass="votes%s"[^>]*>([\d,\.]+)</span>' % kind,
-                 r'<span[^>]+\bclass=["\']votes%s["\'][^>]*\bdata-rating=["\'](\d+)' % kind),
+                (rf'<span[^>]+\bclass="votes{kind}"[^>]*>([\d,\.]+)</span>',
+                 rf'<span[^>]+\bclass=["\']votes{kind}["\'][^>]*\bdata-rating=["\'](\d+)'),
                 webpage, name)
 
         view_count = self._extract_count(
@@ -483,8 +482,8 @@ class PornHubIE(PornHubBaseIE):
 
         def extract_list(meta_key):
             div = self._search_regex(
-                r'(?s)<div[^>]+\bclass=["\'].*?\b%sWrapper[^>]*>(.+?)</div>'
-                % meta_key, webpage, meta_key, default=None)
+                rf'(?s)<div[^>]+\bclass=["\'].*?\b{meta_key}Wrapper[^>]*>(.+?)</div>',
+                webpage, meta_key, default=None)
             if div:
                 return [clean_html(x).strip() for x in re.findall(r'(?s)<a[^>]+\bhref=[^>]+>.+?</a>', div)]
 
@@ -528,7 +527,7 @@ class PornHubPlaylistBaseIE(PornHubBaseIE):
 
         return [
             self.url_result(
-                'http://www.%s/%s' % (host, video_url),
+                f'http://www.{host}/{video_url}',
                 PornHubIE.ie_key(), video_title=title)
             for video_url, title in orderedSet(re.findall(
                 r'href="/?(view_video\.php\?.*\bviewkey=[\da-z]+[^"]*)"[^>]*\s+title="([^"]+)"',
@@ -537,7 +536,7 @@ class PornHubPlaylistBaseIE(PornHubBaseIE):
 
 
 class PornHubUserIE(PornHubPlaylistBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'(?P<url>https?://(?:[^/]+\.)?%s/(?:(?:user|channel)s|model|pornstar)/(?P<id>[^/?#&]+))(?:[?#&]|/(?!videos)|$)' % PornHubBaseIE._PORNHUB_HOST_RE
+    _VALID_URL = rf'(?P<url>https?://(?:[^/]+\.)?{PornHubBaseIE._PORNHUB_HOST_RE}/(?:(?:user|channel)s|model|pornstar)/(?P<id>[^/?#&]+))(?:[?#&]|/(?!videos)|$)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.pornhub.com/model/zoe_ph',
         'playlist_mincount': 118,
@@ -574,7 +573,7 @@ class PornHubUserIE(PornHubPlaylistBaseIE):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
         user_id = mobj.group('id')
-        videos_url = '%s/videos' % mobj.group('url')
+        videos_url = '{}/videos'.format(mobj.group('url'))
         self._set_age_cookies(mobj.group('host'))
         page = self._extract_page(url)
         if page:
@@ -599,7 +598,7 @@ class PornHubPagedPlaylistBaseIE(PornHubPlaylistBaseIE):
         VIDEOS = '/videos'
 
         def download_page(base_url, num, fallback=False):
-            note = 'Downloading page %d%s' % (num, ' (switch to fallback)' if fallback else '')
+            note = 'Downloading page {}{}'.format(num, ' (switch to fallback)' if fallback else '')
             return self._download_webpage(
                 base_url, item_id, note, query={'page': num})
 
@@ -646,7 +645,7 @@ class PornHubPagedPlaylistBaseIE(PornHubPlaylistBaseIE):
 
 
 class PornHubPagedVideoListIE(PornHubPagedPlaylistBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:[^/]+\.)?%s/(?!playlist/)(?P<id>(?:[^/]+/)*[^/?#&]+)' % PornHubBaseIE._PORNHUB_HOST_RE
+    _VALID_URL = rf'https?://(?:[^/]+\.)?{PornHubBaseIE._PORNHUB_HOST_RE}/(?!playlist/)(?P<id>(?:[^/]+/)*[^/?#&]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.pornhub.com/model/zoe_ph/videos',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -748,11 +747,11 @@ class PornHubPagedVideoListIE(PornHubPagedPlaylistBaseIE):
     def suitable(cls, url):
         return (False
                 if PornHubIE.suitable(url) or PornHubUserIE.suitable(url) or PornHubUserVideosUploadIE.suitable(url)
-                else super(PornHubPagedVideoListIE, cls).suitable(url))
+                else super().suitable(url))
 
 
 class PornHubUserVideosUploadIE(PornHubPagedPlaylistBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'(?P<url>https?://(?:[^/]+\.)?%s/(?:(?:user|channel)s|model|pornstar)/(?P<id>[^/]+)/videos/upload)' % PornHubBaseIE._PORNHUB_HOST_RE
+    _VALID_URL = rf'(?P<url>https?://(?:[^/]+\.)?{PornHubBaseIE._PORNHUB_HOST_RE}/(?:(?:user|channel)s|model|pornstar)/(?P<id>[^/]+)/videos/upload)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.pornhub.com/pornstar/jenny-blighe/videos/upload',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -769,7 +768,7 @@ class PornHubUserVideosUploadIE(PornHubPagedPlaylistBaseIE):
 
 
 class PornHubPlaylistIE(PornHubPlaylistBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'(?P<url>https?://(?:[^/]+\.)?%s/playlist/(?P<id>[^/?#&]+))' % PornHubBaseIE._PORNHUB_HOST_RE
+    _VALID_URL = rf'(?P<url>https?://(?:[^/]+\.)?{PornHubBaseIE._PORNHUB_HOST_RE}/playlist/(?P<id>[^/?#&]+))'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.pornhub.com/playlist/44121572',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -797,8 +796,8 @@ class PornHubPlaylistIE(PornHubPlaylistBaseIE):
         page_entries = self._extract_entries(webpage, host)
 
         def download_page(page_num):
-            note = 'Downloading page {}'.format(page_num)
-            page_url = 'https://www.{}/playlist/viewChunked'.format(host)
+            note = f'Downloading page {page_num}'
+            page_url = f'https://www.{host}/playlist/viewChunked'
             return self._download_webpage(page_url, item_id, note, query={
                 'id': playlist_id,
                 'page': page_num,
@@ -811,8 +810,7 @@ class PornHubPlaylistIE(PornHubPlaylistBaseIE):
                 page_entries = self._extract_entries(webpage, host)
             if not page_entries:
                 break
-            for e in page_entries:
-                yield e
+            yield from page_entries
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pornotube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pornotube.py
index e0960f4c6f..80c9b278df 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pornotube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pornotube.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class PornotubeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'timestamp': 1417582800,
             'age_limit': 18,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -29,25 +29,24 @@ class PornotubeIE(InfoExtractor):
         token = self._download_json(
             'https://api.aebn.net/auth/v2/origins/authenticate',
             video_id, note='Downloading token',
-            data=json.dumps({'credentials': 'Clip Application'}).encode('utf-8'),
+            data=json.dumps({'credentials': 'Clip Application'}).encode(),
             headers={
                 'Content-Type': 'application/json',
                 'Origin': 'http://www.pornotube.com',
             })['tokenKey']
 
         video_url = self._download_json(
-            'https://api.aebn.net/delivery/v1/clips/%s/MP4' % video_id,
+            f'https://api.aebn.net/delivery/v1/clips/{video_id}/MP4',
             video_id, note='Downloading delivery information',
             headers={'Authorization': token})['mediaUrl']
 
         FIELDS = (
             'title', 'description', 'startSecond', 'endSecond', 'publishDate',
-            'studios{name}', 'categories{name}', 'movieId', 'primaryImageNumber'
+            'studios{name}', 'categories{name}', 'movieId', 'primaryImageNumber',
         )
 
         info = self._download_json(
-            'https://api.aebn.net/content/v2/clips/%s?fields=%s'
-            % (video_id, ','.join(FIELDS)), video_id,
+            'https://api.aebn.net/content/v2/clips/{}?fields={}'.format(video_id, ','.join(FIELDS)), video_id,
             note='Downloading metadata',
             headers={'Authorization': token})
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pornovoisines.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pornovoisines.py
index b8e8701a8f..587b3cdf79 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pornovoisines.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pornovoisines.py
@@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ class PornoVoisinesIE(InfoExtractor):
             'subtitles': {
                 'fr': [{
                     'ext': 'vtt',
-                }]
+                }],
             },
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class PornoVoisinesIE(InfoExtractor):
         display_id = mobj.group('display_id')
 
         settings_url = self._download_json(
-            'http://www.pornovoisines.com/api/video/%s/getsettingsurl/' % video_id,
+            f'http://www.pornovoisines.com/api/video/{video_id}/getsettingsurl/',
             video_id, note='Getting settings URL')['video_settings_url']
         settings = self._download_json(settings_url, video_id)['data']
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pornoxo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pornoxo.py
index 049feb4ece..fa31546441 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pornoxo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pornoxo.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class PornoXOIE(InfoExtractor):
             'categories': list,  # NSFW
             'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'age_limit': 18,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pr0gramm.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pr0gramm.py
index 3e0ccba174..f2c4e12e66 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pr0gramm.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pr0gramm.py
@@ -198,6 +198,6 @@ class Pr0grammIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'dislike_count': ('down', {int}),
                 'timestamp': ('created', {int}),
                 'upload_date': ('created', {int}, {dt.date.fromtimestamp}, {lambda x: x.strftime('%Y%m%d')}),
-                'thumbnail': ('thumb', {lambda x: urljoin('https://thumb.pr0gramm.com', x)})
+                'thumbnail': ('thumb', {lambda x: urljoin('https://thumb.pr0gramm.com', x)}),
             }),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/prankcast.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/prankcast.py
index 56cd40d8a0..84e6f7ebcf 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/prankcast.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/prankcast.py
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ class PrankCastIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': '',
             'categories': ['prank'],
             'tags': ['prank call', 'prank', 'live show'],
-            'upload_date': '20220825'
-        }
+            'upload_date': '20220825',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://prankcast.com/phonelosers/showreel/2048-NOT-COOL',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ class PrankCastIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': '',
             'categories': ['prank'],
             'tags': ['prank call', 'prank', 'live show'],
-            'upload_date': '20221006'
-        }
+            'upload_date': '20221006',
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -62,10 +62,10 @@ class PrankCastIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': uploader,
             'channel_id': str_or_none(json_info.get('user_id')),
             'duration': try_call(lambda: parse_iso8601(json_info['end_date']) - start_date),
-            'cast': list(filter(None, [uploader] + traverse_obj(guests_json, (..., 'name')))),
+            'cast': list(filter(None, [uploader, *traverse_obj(guests_json, (..., 'name'))])),
             'description': json_info.get('broadcast_description'),
             'categories': [json_info.get('broadcast_category')],
-            'tags': try_call(lambda: json_info['broadcast_tags'].split(','))
+            'tags': try_call(lambda: json_info['broadcast_tags'].split(',')),
         }
 
 
@@ -85,8 +85,8 @@ class PrankCastPostIE(InfoExtractor):
             'cast': ['Devonanustart'],
             'description': '',
             'categories': ['prank call'],
-            'upload_date': '20240104'
-        }
+            'upload_date': '20240104',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://prankcast.com/despicabledogs/posts/6217-jake-the-work-crow-',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -101,8 +101,8 @@ class PrankCastPostIE(InfoExtractor):
             'cast': ['despicabledogs'],
             'description': 'https://imgur.com/a/vtxLvKU',
             'categories': [],
-            'upload_date': '20240104'
-        }
+            'upload_date': '20240104',
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ class PrankCastPostIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': uploader,
             'channel_id': str_or_none(post.get('user_id')),
             'duration': float_or_none(content.get('duration')),
-            'cast': list(filter(None, [uploader] + traverse_obj(guests_json, (..., 'name')))),
+            'cast': list(filter(None, [uploader, *traverse_obj(guests_json, (..., 'name'))])),
             'description': post.get('post_body'),
             'categories': list(filter(None, [content.get('category')])),
             'tags': try_call(lambda: list(filter('', post['post_tags'].split(',')))),
@@ -133,5 +133,5 @@ class PrankCastPostIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'url': f'https://prankcast.com/api/private/chat/select-broadcast?id={post["content_id"]}&cache=',
                     'ext': 'json',
                 }],
-            } if post.get('content_id') else None
+            } if post.get('content_id') else None,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/premiershiprugby.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/premiershiprugby.py
index 67d41fdfd5..313b4d2174 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/premiershiprugby.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/premiershiprugby.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class PremiershipRugbyIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 6093.0,
             'tags': ['video'],
             'categories': ['Full Match', 'Harlequins', 'Newcastle Falcons', 'gallaher premiership'],
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/presstv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/presstv.py
index 26ce74a590..30eb64b900 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/presstv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/presstv.py
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ class PressTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Organic mattresses used to clean waste water',
             'upload_date': '20160409',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg',
-            'description': 'md5:20002e654bbafb6908395a5c0cfcd125'
-        }
+            'description': 'md5:20002e654bbafb6908395a5c0cfcd125',
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -36,12 +36,12 @@ class PressTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             (180, '_low200.mp4'),
             (360, '_low400.mp4'),
             (720, '_low800.mp4'),
-            (1080, '.mp4')
+            (1080, '.mp4'),
         ]
 
         formats = [{
             'url': base_url + video_url[:-4] + extension,
-            'format_id': '%dp' % height,
+            'format_id': f'{height}p',
             'height': height,
         } for height, extension in _formats]
 
@@ -65,5 +65,5 @@ class PressTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'formats': formats,
             'thumbnail': thumbnail,
             'upload_date': upload_date,
-            'description': description
+            'description': description,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/projectveritas.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/projectveritas.py
index daf14054c5..6f4248526d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/projectveritas.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/projectveritas.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class ProjectVeritasIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Exclusive: Inside The New York and New Jersey Hospitals Battling Coronavirus',
             'upload_date': '20200327',
             'thumbnail': 'md5:6076477fe50b03eb8708be9415e18e1c',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.projectveritas.com/video/ilhan-omar-connected-ballot-harvester-in-cash-for-ballots-scheme-car-is-full/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -26,13 +26,13 @@ class ProjectVeritasIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Ilhan Omar connected Ballot Harvester in cash-for-ballots scheme: "Car is full" of absentee ballots',
             'upload_date': '20200927',
             'thumbnail': 'md5:194b8edf0e2ba64f25500ff4378369a4',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id, type = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'type')
-        api_url = f'https://www.projectveritas.com/page-data/{type}/{id}/page-data.json'
-        data_json = self._download_json(api_url, id)['result']['data']
+        video_id, video_type = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'type')
+        api_url = f'https://www.projectveritas.com/page-data/{video_type}/{video_id}/page-data.json'
+        data_json = self._download_json(api_url, video_id)['result']['data']
         main_data = traverse_obj(data_json, 'video', 'post')
         video_id = main_data['id']
         thumbnail = traverse_obj(main_data, ('image', 'ogImage', 'src'))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/prosiebensat1.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/prosiebensat1.py
index 4c33baec53..6a3e0971cd 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/prosiebensat1.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/prosiebensat1.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import hashlib
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     determine_ext,
@@ -75,12 +74,12 @@ class ProSiebenSat1BaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                             'format_id': protocol,
                         })
         if not formats:
-            source_ids = [compat_str(source['id']) for source in video['sources']]
+            source_ids = [str(source['id']) for source in video['sources']]
 
-            client_id = self._SALT[:2] + hashlib.sha1(''.join([clip_id, self._SALT, self._TOKEN, client_location, self._SALT, self._CLIENT_NAME]).encode('utf-8')).hexdigest()
+            client_id = self._SALT[:2] + hashlib.sha1(''.join([clip_id, self._SALT, self._TOKEN, client_location, self._SALT, self._CLIENT_NAME]).encode()).hexdigest()
 
             sources = self._download_json(
-                'http://vas.sim-technik.de/vas/live/v2/videos/%s/sources' % clip_id,
+                f'http://vas.sim-technik.de/vas/live/v2/videos/{clip_id}/sources',
                 clip_id, 'Downloading sources JSON', query={
                     'access_token': self._TOKEN,
                     'client_id': client_id,
@@ -96,9 +95,9 @@ class ProSiebenSat1BaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                 return (bitrate // 1000) if bitrate % 1000 == 0 else bitrate
 
             for source_id in source_ids:
-                client_id = self._SALT[:2] + hashlib.sha1(''.join([self._SALT, clip_id, self._TOKEN, server_id, client_location, source_id, self._SALT, self._CLIENT_NAME]).encode('utf-8')).hexdigest()
+                client_id = self._SALT[:2] + hashlib.sha1(''.join([self._SALT, clip_id, self._TOKEN, server_id, client_location, source_id, self._SALT, self._CLIENT_NAME]).encode()).hexdigest()
                 urls = self._download_json(
-                    'http://vas.sim-technik.de/vas/live/v2/videos/%s/sources/url' % clip_id,
+                    f'http://vas.sim-technik.de/vas/live/v2/videos/{clip_id}/sources/url',
                     clip_id, 'Downloading urls JSON', fatal=False, query={
                         'access_token': self._TOKEN,
                         'client_id': client_id,
@@ -141,20 +140,20 @@ class ProSiebenSat1BaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                             app = path[:mp4colon_index]
                             play_path = path[mp4colon_index:]
                             formats.append({
-                                'url': '%s/%s' % (mobj.group('url'), app),
+                                'url': '{}/{}'.format(mobj.group('url'), app),
                                 'app': app,
                                 'play_path': play_path,
                                 'player_url': 'http://livepassdl.conviva.com/hf/ver/2.79.0.17083/LivePassModuleMain.swf',
                                 'page_url': 'http://www.prosieben.de',
                                 'tbr': tbr,
                                 'ext': 'flv',
-                                'format_id': 'rtmp%s' % ('-%d' % tbr if tbr else ''),
+                                'format_id': 'rtmp{}'.format(f'-{tbr}' if tbr else ''),
                             })
                         else:
                             formats.append({
                                 'url': source_url,
                                 'tbr': tbr,
-                                'format_id': 'http%s' % ('-%d' % tbr if tbr else ''),
+                                'format_id': 'http{}'.format(f'-{tbr}' if tbr else ''),
                             })
 
         return {
@@ -493,4 +492,4 @@ class ProSiebenSat1IE(ProSiebenSat1BaseIE):
             return self._extract_playlist(url, webpage)
         else:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'Unsupported page type %s' % page_type, expected=True)
+                f'Unsupported page type {page_type}', expected=True)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/prx.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/prx.py
index 338794ed5d..742479cac7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/prx.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/prx.py
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class PRXBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             'filesize': image_response.get('size'),
             'width': image_response.get('width'),
             'height': image_response.get('height'),
-            'url': cls._extract_file_link(image_response)
+            'url': cls._extract_file_link(image_response),
         }
 
     @classmethod
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class PRXBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': int_or_none(response.get('duration')),
             'tags': response.get('tags'),
             'episode_number': int_or_none(response.get('episodeIdentifier')),
-            'season_number': int_or_none(response.get('seasonIdentifier'))
+            'season_number': int_or_none(response.get('seasonIdentifier')),
         }
 
     @classmethod
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ class PRXBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             **base_info,
             'title': name,
             'channel_id': base_info.get('id'),
-            'channel_url': 'https://beta.prx.org/accounts/%s' % base_info.get('id'),
+            'channel_url': 'https://beta.prx.org/accounts/{}'.format(base_info.get('id')),
             'channel': name,
         }
 
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ class PRXBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             'series_id': series.get('series_id'),
             'channel_id': account.get('channel_id'),
             'channel_url': account.get('channel_url'),
-            'channel': account.get('channel')
+            'channel': account.get('channel'),
         }
 
     def _entries(self, item_id, endpoint, entry_func, query=None):
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ class PRXBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             response = self._call_api(f'{item_id}: page {page}', endpoint, query={
                 **(query or {}),
                 'page': page,
-                'per': 100
+                'per': 100,
             })
             items = self._get_prx_embed_response(response, 'items')
             if not response or not items:
@@ -142,8 +142,8 @@ class PRXBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             return
         story.update({
             '_type': 'url',
-            'url': 'https://beta.prx.org/stories/%s' % story['id'],
-            'ie_key': PRXStoryIE.ie_key()
+            'url': 'https://beta.prx.org/stories/{}'.format(story['id']),
+            'ie_key': PRXStoryIE.ie_key(),
         })
         return story
 
@@ -153,8 +153,8 @@ class PRXBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             return
         series.update({
             '_type': 'url',
-            'url': 'https://beta.prx.org/series/%s' % series['id'],
-            'ie_key': PRXSeriesIE.ie_key()
+            'url': 'https://beta.prx.org/series/{}'.format(series['id']),
+            'ie_key': PRXSeriesIE.ie_key(),
         })
         return series
 
@@ -205,8 +205,8 @@ class PRXStoryIE(PRXBaseIE):
                     'episode': 'Episode 8',
                     'release_date': '20211223',
                     'season': 'Season 5',
-                    'modified_date': '20220104'
-                }
+                    'modified_date': '20220104',
+                },
             }, {
                 'info_dict': {
                     'id': '399200_part2',
@@ -229,11 +229,11 @@ class PRXStoryIE(PRXBaseIE):
                     'episode': 'Episode 8',
                     'release_date': '20211223',
                     'season': 'Season 5',
-                    'modified_date': '20220104'
-                }
-            }
+                    'modified_date': '20220104',
+                },
+            },
 
-            ]
+            ],
         }, {
             # Story with only split audio
             'url': 'https://beta.prx.org/stories/326414',
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ class PRXStoryIE(PRXBaseIE):
                 'channel_url': 'https://beta.prx.org/accounts/206',
                 'channel': 'New Hampshire Public Radio',
             },
-            'playlist_count': 4
+            'playlist_count': 4,
         }, {
             # Story with single combined audio
             'url': 'https://beta.prx.org/stories/400404',
@@ -272,12 +272,12 @@ class PRXStoryIE(PRXBaseIE):
                 'tags': 'count:0',
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://cms\.prx\.org/pub/\w+/0/web/story_image/767965/medium/Aurora_Over_Trees\.jpg',
                 'upload_date': '20220103',
-                'modified_date': '20220103'
-            }
+                'modified_date': '20220103',
+            },
         }, {
             'url': 'https://listen.prx.org/stories/399200',
-            'only_matching': True
-        }
+            'only_matching': True,
+        },
     ]
 
     def _extract_audio_pieces(self, audio_response):
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ class PRXStoryIE(PRXBaseIE):
             'asr': int_or_none(piece_response.get('frequency'), scale=1000),
             'abr': int_or_none(piece_response.get('bitRate')),
             'url': self._extract_file_link(piece_response),
-            'vcodec': 'none'
+            'vcodec': 'none',
         } for piece_response in sorted(
             self._get_prx_embed_response(audio_response, 'items') or [],
             key=lambda p: int_or_none(p.get('position')))]
@@ -304,18 +304,18 @@ class PRXStoryIE(PRXBaseIE):
         if len(audio_pieces) == 1:
             return {
                 'formats': audio_pieces,
-                **info
+                **info,
             }
 
         entries = [{
             **info,
-            'id': '%s_part%d' % (info['id'], (idx + 1)),
+            'id': '{}_part{}'.format(info['id'], (idx + 1)),
             'formats': [fmt],
         } for idx, fmt in enumerate(audio_pieces)]
         return {
             '_type': 'multi_video',
             'entries': entries,
-            **info
+            **info,
         }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -340,9 +340,9 @@ class PRXSeriesIE(PRXBaseIE):
                 'channel_url': 'https://beta.prx.org/accounts/206',
                 'channel': 'New Hampshire Public Radio',
                 'series': 'Outside/In',
-                'series_id': '36252'
+                'series_id': '36252',
             },
-            'playlist_mincount': 39
+            'playlist_mincount': 39,
         }, {
             # Blank series
             'url': 'https://beta.prx.org/series/25038',
@@ -355,18 +355,18 @@ class PRXSeriesIE(PRXBaseIE):
                 'channel_url': 'https://beta.prx.org/accounts/206',
                 'channel': 'New Hampshire Public Radio',
                 'series': '25038',
-                'series_id': '25038'
+                'series_id': '25038',
             },
-            'playlist_count': 0
-        }
+            'playlist_count': 0,
+        },
     ]
 
     def _extract_series(self, series_response):
         info = self._extract_series_info(series_response)
         return {
             '_type': 'playlist',
-            'entries': self._entries(info['id'], 'series/%s/stories' % info['id'], self._story_playlist_entry),
-            **info
+            'entries': self._entries(info['id'], 'series/{}/stories'.format(info['id']), self._story_playlist_entry),
+            **info,
         }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -386,9 +386,9 @@ class PRXAccountIE(PRXBaseIE):
             'channel_id': '206',
             'channel_url': 'https://beta.prx.org/accounts/206',
             'channel': 'New Hampshire Public Radio',
-            'thumbnails': 'count:1'
+            'thumbnails': 'count:1',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 380
+        'playlist_mincount': 380,
     }]
 
     def _extract_account(self, account_response):
@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ class PRXAccountIE(PRXBaseIE):
         return {
             '_type': 'playlist',
             'entries': itertools.chain(series, stories),
-            **info
+            **info,
         }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/puhutv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/puhutv.py
index fc4c29e95f..b62050ecd5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/puhutv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/puhutv.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -48,25 +47,25 @@ class PuhuTVIE(InfoExtractor):
     _SUBTITLE_LANGS = {
         'English': 'en',
         'Deutsch': 'de',
-        'عربى': 'ar'
+        'عربى': 'ar',
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         info = self._download_json(
-            urljoin(url, '/api/slug/%s-izle' % display_id),
+            urljoin(url, f'/api/slug/{display_id}-izle'),
             display_id)['data']
 
-        video_id = compat_str(info['id'])
+        video_id = str(info['id'])
         show = info.get('title') or {}
         title = info.get('name') or show['name']
         if info.get('display_name'):
-            title = '%s %s' % (title, info['display_name'])
+            title = '{} {}'.format(title, info['display_name'])
 
         try:
             videos = self._download_json(
-                'https://puhutv.com/api/assets/%s/videos' % video_id,
+                f'https://puhutv.com/api/assets/{video_id}/videos',
                 display_id, 'Downloading video JSON',
                 headers=self.geo_verification_headers())
         except ExtractorError as e:
@@ -94,7 +93,7 @@ class PuhuTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             f = {
                 'url': media_url,
                 'ext': 'mp4',
-                'height': quality
+                'height': quality,
             }
             video_format = video.get('video_format')
             is_hls = (video_format == 'hls' or '/hls/' in media_url or '/chunklist.m3u8' in media_url) and playlist is False
@@ -106,12 +105,12 @@ class PuhuTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             else:
                 continue
             if quality:
-                format_id += '-%sp' % quality
+                format_id += f'-{quality}p'
             f['format_id'] = format_id
             formats.append(f)
 
         creator = try_get(
-            show, lambda x: x['producer']['name'], compat_str)
+            show, lambda x: x['producer']['name'], str)
 
         content = info.get('content') or {}
 
@@ -119,14 +118,14 @@ class PuhuTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             content, lambda x: x['images']['wide'], dict) or {}
         thumbnails = []
         for image_id, image_url in images.items():
-            if not isinstance(image_url, compat_str):
+            if not isinstance(image_url, str):
                 continue
             if not image_url.startswith(('http', '//')):
-                image_url = 'https://%s' % image_url
+                image_url = f'https://{image_url}'
             t = parse_resolution(image_id)
             t.update({
                 'id': image_id,
-                'url': image_url
+                'url': image_url,
             })
             thumbnails.append(t)
 
@@ -135,7 +134,7 @@ class PuhuTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             if not isinstance(genre, dict):
                 continue
             genre_name = genre.get('name')
-            if genre_name and isinstance(genre_name, compat_str):
+            if genre_name and isinstance(genre_name, str):
                 tags.append(genre_name)
 
         subtitles = {}
@@ -144,10 +143,10 @@ class PuhuTVIE(InfoExtractor):
                 continue
             lang = subtitle.get('language')
             sub_url = url_or_none(subtitle.get('url') or subtitle.get('file'))
-            if not lang or not isinstance(lang, compat_str) or not sub_url:
+            if not lang or not isinstance(lang, str) or not sub_url:
                 continue
             subtitles[self._SUBTITLE_LANGS.get(lang, lang)] = [{
-                'url': sub_url
+                'url': sub_url,
             }]
 
         return {
@@ -166,7 +165,7 @@ class PuhuTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'tags': tags,
             'subtitles': subtitles,
             'thumbnails': thumbnails,
-            'formats': formats
+            'formats': formats,
         }
 
 
@@ -195,8 +194,8 @@ class PuhuTVSerieIE(InfoExtractor):
             has_more = True
             while has_more is True:
                 season = self._download_json(
-                    'https://galadriel.puhutv.com/seasons/%s' % season_id,
-                    season_id, 'Downloading page %s' % page, query={
+                    f'https://galadriel.puhutv.com/seasons/{season_id}',
+                    season_id, f'Downloading page {page}', query={
                         'page': page,
                         'per': 40,
                     })
@@ -208,7 +207,7 @@ class PuhuTVSerieIE(InfoExtractor):
                             continue
                         video_id = str_or_none(int_or_none(ep.get('id')))
                         yield self.url_result(
-                            'https://puhutv.com/%s' % slug_path,
+                            f'https://puhutv.com/{slug_path}',
                             ie=PuhuTVIE.ie_key(), video_id=video_id,
                             video_title=ep.get('name') or ep.get('eventLabel'))
                 page += 1
@@ -218,7 +217,7 @@ class PuhuTVSerieIE(InfoExtractor):
         playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         info = self._download_json(
-            urljoin(url, '/api/slug/%s-detay' % playlist_id),
+            urljoin(url, f'/api/slug/{playlist_id}-detay'),
             playlist_id)['data']
 
         seasons = info.get('seasons')
@@ -229,5 +228,5 @@ class PuhuTVSerieIE(InfoExtractor):
         # For films, these are using same url with series
         video_id = info.get('slug') or info['assets'][0]['slug']
         return self.url_result(
-            'https://puhutv.com/%s-izle' % video_id,
+            f'https://puhutv.com/{video_id}-izle',
             PuhuTVIE.ie_key(), video_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/puls4.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/puls4.py
index 38c5d11093..b43f0352b9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/puls4.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/puls4.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .prosiebensat1 import ProSiebenSat1BaseIE
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import parse_duration, unified_strdate
 
 
@@ -37,7 +36,7 @@ class Puls4IE(ProSiebenSat1BaseIE):
         player_content = media['playerContent']
         info = self._extract_video_info(url, player_content['id'])
         info.update({
-            'id': compat_str(media['objectId']),
+            'id': str(media['objectId']),
             'title': player_content['title'],
             'description': media.get('description'),
             'thumbnail': media.get('previewLink'),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/pyvideo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/pyvideo.py
index 7b25166b22..6ae3155358 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/pyvideo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/pyvideo.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import int_or_none
 
 
@@ -32,8 +31,8 @@ class PyvideoIE(InfoExtractor):
         entries = []
 
         data = self._download_json(
-            'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pyvideo/data/master/%s/videos/%s.json'
-            % (category, video_id), video_id, fatal=False)
+            f'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pyvideo/data/master/{category}/videos/{video_id}.json',
+            video_id, fatal=False)
 
         if data:
             for video in data['videos']:
@@ -43,7 +42,7 @@ class PyvideoIE(InfoExtractor):
                         entries.append(self.url_result(video_url, 'Youtube'))
                     else:
                         entries.append({
-                            'id': compat_str(data.get('id') or video_id),
+                            'id': str(data.get('id') or video_id),
                             'url': video_url,
                             'title': data['title'],
                             'description': data.get('description') or data.get('summary'),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/qingting.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/qingting.py
index cb00de2d52..74fecee1fa 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/qingting.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/qingting.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class QingTingIE(InfoExtractor):
             'channel': '睡前消息',
             'uploader': '马督工',
             'ext': 'm4a',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://m.qtfm.cn/vchannels/378005/programs/23023573/',
         'md5': '2703120b6abe63b5fa90b975a58f4c0e',
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class QingTingIE(InfoExtractor):
             'channel': '睡前消息',
             'uploader': '马督工',
             'ext': 'm4a',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/qqmusic.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/qqmusic.py
index 90141e63b4..a57dd5fb35 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/qqmusic.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/qqmusic.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class QQMusicIE(InfoExtractor):
             'creator': '林俊杰',
             'description': 'md5:d85afb3051952ecc50a1ee8a286d1eac',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'note': 'There is no mp3-320 version of this song.',
         'url': 'https://y.qq.com/n/yqq/song/004MsGEo3DdNxV.html',
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class QQMusicIE(InfoExtractor):
             'creator': '李季美',
             'description': 'md5:46857d5ed62bc4ba84607a805dccf437',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'note': 'lyrics not in .lrc format',
         'url': 'https://y.qq.com/n/yqq/song/001JyApY11tIp6.html',
@@ -60,21 +60,21 @@ class QQMusicIE(InfoExtractor):
     _FORMATS = {
         'mp3-320': {'prefix': 'M800', 'ext': 'mp3', 'preference': 40, 'abr': 320},
         'mp3-128': {'prefix': 'M500', 'ext': 'mp3', 'preference': 30, 'abr': 128},
-        'm4a': {'prefix': 'C200', 'ext': 'm4a', 'preference': 10}
+        'm4a': {'prefix': 'C200', 'ext': 'm4a', 'preference': 10},
     }
 
     # Reference: m_r_GetRUin() in top_player.js
     # http://imgcache.gtimg.cn/music/portal_v3/y/top_player.js
     @staticmethod
     def m_r_get_ruin():
-        curMs = int(time.time() * 1000) % 1000
-        return int(round(random.random() * 2147483647) * curMs % 1E10)
+        cur_ms = int(time.time() * 1000) % 1000
+        return int(round(random.random() * 2147483647) * cur_ms % 1E10)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mid = self._match_id(url)
 
         detail_info_page = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://s.plcloud.music.qq.com/fcgi-bin/fcg_yqq_song_detail_info.fcg?songmid=%s&play=0' % mid,
+            f'http://s.plcloud.music.qq.com/fcgi-bin/fcg_yqq_song_detail_info.fcg?songmid={mid}&play=0',
             mid, note='Download song detail info',
             errnote='Unable to get song detail info', encoding='gbk')
 
@@ -101,21 +101,20 @@ class QQMusicIE(InfoExtractor):
             [r'albummid:\'([0-9a-zA-Z]+)\'', r'"albummid":"([0-9a-zA-Z]+)"'],
             detail_info_page, 'album mid', default=None)
         if albummid:
-            thumbnail_url = 'http://i.gtimg.cn/music/photo/mid_album_500/%s/%s/%s.jpg' \
-                            % (albummid[-2:-1], albummid[-1], albummid)
+            thumbnail_url = f'http://i.gtimg.cn/music/photo/mid_album_500/{albummid[-2:-1]}/{albummid[-1]}/{albummid}.jpg'
 
         guid = self.m_r_get_ruin()
 
         vkey = self._download_json(
-            'http://base.music.qq.com/fcgi-bin/fcg_musicexpress.fcg?json=3&guid=%s' % guid,
+            f'http://base.music.qq.com/fcgi-bin/fcg_musicexpress.fcg?json=3&guid={guid}',
             mid, note='Retrieve vkey', errnote='Unable to get vkey',
             transform_source=strip_jsonp)['key']
 
         formats = []
         for format_id, details in self._FORMATS.items():
             formats.append({
-                'url': 'http://cc.stream.qqmusic.qq.com/%s%s.%s?vkey=%s&guid=%s&fromtag=0'
-                       % (details['prefix'], mid, details['ext'], vkey, guid),
+                'url': 'http://cc.stream.qqmusic.qq.com/{}{}.{}?vkey={}&guid={}&fromtag=0'.format(
+                    details['prefix'], mid, details['ext'], vkey, guid),
                 'format': format_id,
                 'format_id': format_id,
                 'quality': details['preference'],
@@ -134,14 +133,14 @@ class QQMusicIE(InfoExtractor):
             'release_date': publish_time,
             'creator': singer,
             'description': lrc_content,
-            'thumbnail': thumbnail_url
+            'thumbnail': thumbnail_url,
         }
         if actual_lrc_lyrics:
             info_dict['subtitles'] = {
                 'origin': [{
                     'ext': 'lrc',
                     'data': actual_lrc_lyrics,
-                }]
+                }],
             }
         return info_dict
 
@@ -149,7 +148,7 @@ class QQMusicIE(InfoExtractor):
 class QQPlaylistBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     @staticmethod
     def qq_static_url(category, mid):
-        return 'http://y.qq.com/y/static/%s/%s/%s/%s.html' % (category, mid[-2], mid[-1], mid)
+        return f'http://y.qq.com/y/static/{category}/{mid[-2]}/{mid[-1]}/{mid}.html'
 
     def get_singer_all_songs(self, singmid, num):
         return self._download_webpage(
@@ -183,7 +182,7 @@ class QQPlaylistBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             if item['musicData'].get('songmid') is not None:
                 songmid = item['musicData']['songmid']
                 entries.append(self.url_result(
-                    r'https://y.qq.com/n/yqq/song/%s.html' % songmid, 'QQMusic', songmid))
+                    rf'https://y.qq.com/n/yqq/song/{songmid}.html', 'QQMusic', songmid))
 
         return entries
 
@@ -250,12 +249,12 @@ class QQMusicAlbumIE(QQPlaylistBaseIE):
         mid = self._match_id(url)
 
         album = self._download_json(
-            'http://i.y.qq.com/v8/fcg-bin/fcg_v8_album_info_cp.fcg?albummid=%s&format=json' % mid,
+            f'http://i.y.qq.com/v8/fcg-bin/fcg_v8_album_info_cp.fcg?albummid={mid}&format=json',
             mid, 'Download album page')['data']
 
         entries = [
             self.url_result(
-                'https://y.qq.com/n/yqq/song/' + song['songmid'] + '.html', 'QQMusic', song['songmid']
+                'https://y.qq.com/n/yqq/song/' + song['songmid'] + '.html', 'QQMusic', song['songmid'],
             ) for song in album['list']
         ]
         album_name = album.get('name')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/r7.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/r7.py
index 36f0b52bd8..79a4c0a125 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/r7.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/r7.py
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class R7IE(InfoExtractor):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         video = self._download_json(
-            'http://player-api.r7.com/video/i/%s' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'http://player-api.r7.com/video/i/{video_id}', video_id)
 
         title = video['title']
 
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ class R7ArticleIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if R7IE.suitable(url) else super(R7ArticleIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if R7IE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -109,4 +109,4 @@ class R7ArticleIE(InfoExtractor):
             r'<div[^>]+(?:id=["\']player-|class=["\']embed["\'][^>]+id=["\'])([\da-f]{24})',
             webpage, 'video id')
 
-        return self.url_result('http://player.r7.com/video/i/%s' % video_id, R7IE.ie_key())
+        return self.url_result(f'http://player.r7.com/video/i/{video_id}', R7IE.ie_key())
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiko.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiko.py
index f0135827b6..b0b6681c9f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiko.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiko.py
@@ -100,8 +100,8 @@ class RadikoBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _find_program(self, video_id, station, cursor):
         station_program = self._download_xml(
-            'https://radiko.jp/v3/program/station/weekly/%s.xml' % station, video_id,
-            note='Downloading radio program for %s station' % station)
+            f'https://radiko.jp/v3/program/station/weekly/{station}.xml', video_id,
+            note=f'Downloading radio program for {station} station')
 
         prog = None
         for p in station_program.findall('.//prog'):
@@ -207,8 +207,8 @@ class RadikoIE(RadikoBaseIE):
                     'ft': radio_begin,
                     'end_at': radio_end,
                     'to': radio_end,
-                    'seek': video_id
-                }
+                    'seek': video_id,
+                },
             ),
         }
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiocanada.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiocanada.py
index 4a09dcdfc0..950b9ec068 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiocanada.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiocanada.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class RadioCanadaIE(InfoExtractor):
             'params': {
                 # m3u8 download
                 'skip_download': True,
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             # empty Title
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class RadioCanadaIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'series': 'District 31',
             },
             'only_matching': True,
-        }
+        },
     ]
     _GEO_COUNTRIES = ['CA']
     _access_token = None
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ class RadioCanadaIE(InfoExtractor):
             if error == 'Le contenu sélectionné est disponible seulement en premium':
                 self.raise_login_required(error)
             raise ExtractorError(
-                '%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, error), expected=True)
+                f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {error}', expected=True)
         formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(v_url, video_id, 'mp4')
 
         subtitles = {}
@@ -162,4 +162,4 @@ class RadioCanadaAudioVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        return self.url_result('radiocanada:medianet:%s' % self._match_id(url))
+        return self.url_result(f'radiocanada:medianet:{self._match_id(url)}')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiocomercial.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiocomercial.py
index 0c219778fa..7e4609a62d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiocomercial.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiocomercial.py
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class RadioComercialIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:https://radiocomercial.pt/upload/[^.]+.jpg',
             'season': 'Season 6',
             'season_number': 6,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://radiocomercial.pt/podcasts/convenca-me-num-minuto/t3/convenca-me-num-minuto-que-os-lobisomens-existem',
         'md5': '47e96c273aef96a8eb160cd6cf46d782',
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class RadioComercialIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:https://radiocomercial.pt/upload/[^.]+.jpg',
             'season': 'Season 3',
             'season_number': 3,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://radiocomercial.pt/podcasts/inacreditavel-by-ines-castel-branco/t2/o-desastre-de-aviao',
         'md5': '69be64255420fec23b7259955d771e54',
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class RadioComercialIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:https://radiocomercial.pt/upload/[^.]+.jpg',
             'season': 'Season 2023',
             'season_number': 2023,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -99,28 +99,28 @@ class RadioComercialPlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': 'convenca-me-num-minuto_t3',
             'title': 'Convença-me num Minuto - Temporada 3',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 32
+        'playlist_mincount': 32,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://radiocomercial.pt/podcasts/o-homem-que-mordeu-o-cao',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'o-homem-que-mordeu-o-cao',
             'title': 'O Homem Que Mordeu o Cão',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 19
+        'playlist_mincount': 19,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://radiocomercial.pt/podcasts/as-minhas-coisas-favoritas',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'as-minhas-coisas-favoritas',
             'title': 'As Minhas Coisas Favoritas',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 131
+        'playlist_mincount': 131,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://radiocomercial.pt/podcasts/tnt-todos-no-top/t2023',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'tnt-todos-no-top_t2023',
             'title': 'TNT - Todos No Top - Temporada 2023',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 39
+        'playlist_mincount': 39,
     }]
 
     def _entries(self, url, playlist_id):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiode.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiode.py
index 7262078251..1bf7449511 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiode.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiode.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class RadioDeIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class RadioDeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': stream['streamContentFormat'].lower(),
             'acodec': stream['streamContentFormat'],
             'abr': stream['bitRate'],
-            'asr': stream['sampleRate']
+            'asr': stream['sampleRate'],
         } for stream in broadcast['streamUrls']]
 
         return {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiofrance.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiofrance.py
index 6bd6fe9b68..ff21963541 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiofrance.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiofrance.py
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ class FranceCultureIE(RadioFranceBaseIE):
         }, {
             'url': 'https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceinfo/podcasts/le-billet-sciences/sante-bientot-un-vaccin-contre-l-asthme-allergique-3057200',
             'only_matching': True,
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ class FranceCultureIE(RadioFranceBaseIE):
             'uploader': self._html_search_regex(
                 r'(?s)<span class="author">(.*?)</span>', webpage, 'uploader', default=None),
             'upload_date': unified_strdate(self._search_regex(
-                r'"datePublished"\s*:\s*"([^"]+)', webpage, 'timestamp', fatal=False))
+                r'"datePublished"\s*:\s*"([^"]+)', webpage, 'timestamp', fatal=False)),
         }
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiojavan.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiojavan.py
index b3befaef90..53cbbe3f7c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiojavan.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiojavan.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class RadioJavanIE(InfoExtractor):
             'view_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
             'dislike_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiokapital.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiokapital.py
index 5d7d3ddeb8..2d087088c7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiokapital.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiokapital.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class RadioKapitalBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             video_id, note=note)
 
     def _parse_episode(self, data):
-        release = '%s%s%s' % (data['published'][6:11], data['published'][3:6], data['published'][:3])
+        release = '{}{}{}'.format(data['published'][6:11], data['published'][3:6], data['published'][:3])
         return {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
             'url': data['mixcloud_url'],
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class RadioKapitalIE(RadioKapitalBaseIE):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
-        episode = self._call_api('episodes/%s' % video_id, video_id)
+        episode = self._call_api(f'episodes/{video_id}', video_id)
         return self._parse_episode(episode)
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiozet.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiozet.py
index 632c8c281b..e91b3b2779 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/radiozet.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/radiozet.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class RadioZetPodcastIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 83,
             'series': 'Nie Ma Za Co',
             'creator': 'Katarzyna Pakosińska',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _call_api(self, podcast_id, display_id):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/radlive.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/radlive.py
index 325e278fc7..6050892041 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/radlive.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/radlive.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class RadLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
             'channel': 'Proximity',
             'channel_id': '9ce6dd01-70a4-4d59-afb6-d01f807cd009',
             'channel_url': 'https://rad.live/content/channel/9ce6dd01-70a4-4d59-afb6-d01f807cd009',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://rad.live/content/episode/bbcf66ec-0d02-4ca0-8dc0-4213eb2429bf',
         'md5': '40b2175f347592125d93e9a344080125',
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ class RadLiveSeasonIE(RadLiveIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if RadLiveIE.suitable(url) else super(RadLiveSeasonIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if RadLiveIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         season_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ query WebChannelListing ($lrn: ID!) {
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if RadLiveIE.suitable(url) else super(RadLiveChannelIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if RadLiveIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         channel_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -164,8 +164,8 @@ query WebChannelListing ($lrn: ID!) {
             headers={'Content-Type': 'application/json'},
             data=json.dumps({
                 'query': self._QUERY,
-                'variables': {'lrn': f'lrn:12core:media:content:channel:{channel_id}'}
-            }).encode('utf-8'))
+                'variables': {'lrn': f'lrn:12core:media:content:channel:{channel_id}'},
+            }).encode())
 
         data = traverse_obj(graphql, ('data', 'channel'))
         if not data:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rai.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rai.py
index c2e7a6fb8f..efb47affc9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rai.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rai.py
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ class RaiBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         }
 
         def percentage(number, target, pc=20, roof=125):
-            '''check if the target is in the range of number +/- percent'''
+            """check if the target is in the range of number +/- percent"""
             if not number or number < 0:
                 return False
             return abs(target - number) < min(float(number) * float(pc) / 100.0, roof)
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ class RaiBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         # filter out single-stream formats
         fmts = [f for f in fmts
-                if not f.get('vcodec') == 'none' and not f.get('acodec') == 'none']
+                if f.get('vcodec') != 'none' and f.get('acodec') != 'none']
 
         mobj = re.search(_MANIFEST_REG, manifest_url)
         if not mobj:
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ class RaiBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'url': _MP4_TMPL % (relinker_url, q),
                 'protocol': 'https',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
-                **get_format_info(q)
+                **get_format_info(q),
             })
         return formats
 
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ class RaiPlayIE(RaiBaseIE):
             'formats': 'count:7',
         },
         'params': {'skip_download': True},
-        'expected_warnings': ['Video not available. Likely due to geo-restriction.']
+        'expected_warnings': ['Video not available. Likely due to geo-restriction.'],
     }, {
         # 1500 quality
         'url': 'https://www.raiplay.it/video/2012/09/S1E11---Tutto-cio-che-luccica-0cab3323-732e-45d6-8e86-7704acab6598.html',
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ class RaiPlayIE(RaiBaseIE):
             'episode_number': int_or_none(media.get('episode')),
             'subtitles': self._extract_subtitles(url, video),
             'release_year': int_or_none(traverse_obj(media, ('track_info', 'edit_year'))),
-            **relinker_info
+            **relinker_info,
         }
 
 
@@ -596,7 +596,7 @@ class RaiIE(RaiBaseIE):
             'upload_date': '20140612',
         },
         'params': {'skip_download': True},
-        'expected_warnings': ['Video not available. Likely due to geo-restriction.']
+        'expected_warnings': ['Video not available. Likely due to geo-restriction.'],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.rai.it/dl/RaiTV/programmi/media/ContentItem-efb17665-691c-45d5-a60c-5301333cbb0c.html',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -606,7 +606,7 @@ class RaiIE(RaiBaseIE):
             'description': 'TG1 edizione integrale ore 20:00 del giorno 03/11/2016',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'duration': 2214,
-            'upload_date': '20161103'
+            'upload_date': '20161103',
         },
         'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
@@ -632,7 +632,7 @@ class RaiIE(RaiBaseIE):
                     'ext': media.get('formatoAudio'),
                     'vcodec': 'none',
                     'acodec': media.get('formatoAudio'),
-                }]
+                }],
             }
         elif 'Video' in media['type']:
             relinker_info = self._extract_relinker_info(media['mediaUri'], content_id)
@@ -652,7 +652,7 @@ class RaiIE(RaiBaseIE):
             'upload_date': unified_strdate(media.get('date')),
             'duration': parse_duration(media.get('length')),
             'subtitles': self._extract_subtitles(url, media),
-            **relinker_info
+            **relinker_info,
         }
 
 
@@ -721,7 +721,7 @@ class RaiNewsIE(RaiBaseIE):
             'title': player_data.get('title') or track_info.get('title') or self._og_search_title(webpage),
             'upload_date': unified_strdate(track_info.get('date')),
             'uploader': strip_or_none(track_info.get('editor') or None),
-            **relinker_info
+            **relinker_info,
         }
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/raywenderlich.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/raywenderlich.py
index e0e3c3eadf..3e74fd831b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/raywenderlich.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/raywenderlich.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .vimeo import VimeoIE
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
@@ -67,12 +66,12 @@ class RayWenderlichIE(InfoExtractor):
                     continue
                 video_id = content.get('identifier')
                 if video_id:
-                    return compat_str(video_id)
+                    return str(video_id)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
         course_id, lesson_id = mobj.group('course_id', 'id')
-        display_id = '%s/%s' % (course_id, lesson_id)
+        display_id = f'{course_id}/{lesson_id}'
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
 
@@ -110,8 +109,8 @@ class RayWenderlichIE(InfoExtractor):
             if csrf_token:
                 headers['X-CSRF-Token'] = csrf_token
             video = self._download_json(
-                'https://videos.raywenderlich.com/api/v1/videos/%s.json'
-                % video_id, display_id, headers=headers)['video']
+                f'https://videos.raywenderlich.com/api/v1/videos/{video_id}.json',
+                display_id, headers=headers)['video']
             vimeo_id = video['clips'][0]['provider_id']
             info.update({
                 '_type': 'url_transparent',
@@ -124,7 +123,7 @@ class RayWenderlichIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         return merge_dicts(info, self.url_result(
             VimeoIE._smuggle_referrer(
-                'https://player.vimeo.com/video/%s' % vimeo_id, url),
+                f'https://player.vimeo.com/video/{vimeo_id}', url),
             ie=VimeoIE.ie_key(), video_id=vimeo_id))
 
 
@@ -152,8 +151,7 @@ class RayWenderlichCourseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if RayWenderlichIE.suitable(url) else super(
-            RayWenderlichCourseIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if RayWenderlichIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         course_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -163,7 +161,7 @@ class RayWenderlichCourseIE(InfoExtractor):
         entries = []
         lesson_urls = set()
         for lesson_url in re.findall(
-                r'<a[^>]+\bhref=["\'](/%s/lessons/\d+)' % course_id, webpage):
+                rf'<a[^>]+\bhref=["\'](/{course_id}/lessons/\d+)', webpage):
             if lesson_url in lesson_urls:
                 continue
             lesson_urls.add(lesson_url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rbgtum.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rbgtum.py
index 5f2d0c1034..5bb4655372 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rbgtum.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rbgtum.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class RbgTumIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Lecture: October 18. 2022',
             'series': 'Concepts of C++ programming (IN2377)',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # Presentation only
         'url': 'https://live.rbg.tum.de/w/I2DL/12349/PRES',
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class RbgTumIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Lecture 3: Introduction to Neural Networks',
             'series': 'Introduction to Deep Learning (IN2346)',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # Camera only
         'url': 'https://live.rbg.tum.de/w/fvv-info/16130/CAM',
@@ -35,11 +35,11 @@ class RbgTumIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Fachschaftsvollversammlung',
             'series': 'Fachschaftsvollversammlung Informatik',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://tum.live/w/linalginfo/27102',
         'only_matching': True,
-    }, ]
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ class RbgTumCourseIE(InfoExtractor):
     }, {
         'url': 'https://tum.live/old/course/2023/S/linalginfo',
         'only_matching': True,
-    }, ]
+    }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         course_id, hostname, year, term, slug = self._match_valid_url(url).group('id', 'hostname', 'year', 'term', 'slug')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rcs.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rcs.py
index b865f63fbd..1925afbe31 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rcs.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rcs.py
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ class RCSBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         'media2-doveviaggi-it.akamaized': 'viaggi',
         'media2-vivimilano-corriere-it.akamaized': 'vivimilano',
         'vivimilano-vh.akamaihd': 'vivimilano',
-        'media2-youreporter-it.akamaized': 'youreporter'
+        'media2-youreporter-it.akamaized': 'youreporter',
     }
 
     def _get_video_src(self, video):
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ class RCSBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             yield {
                 'type': type_,
                 'url': url,
-                'bitrate': source.get('bitrate')
+                'bitrate': source.get('bitrate'),
             }
 
     def _create_http_formats(self, m3u8_formats, video_id):
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ class RCSBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                     return {
                         '_type': 'url_transparent',
                         'url': emb,
-                        'ie_key': RCSEmbedsIE.ie_key()
+                        'ie_key': RCSEmbedsIE.ie_key(),
                     }
 
         if not video_data:
@@ -236,13 +236,13 @@ class RCSEmbedsIE(RCSBaseIE):
             'title': 'Sky Arte racconta Madonna nella serie "Artist to icon"',
             'description': 'md5:65b09633df9ffee57f48b39e34c9e067',
             'uploader': 'rcs.it',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://video.gazzanet.gazzetta.it/video-embed/gazzanet-mo05-0000260789',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://video.gazzetta.it/video-embed/49612410-00ca-11eb-bcd8-30d4253e0140',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
     _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.iodonna.it/video-iodonna/personaggi-video/monica-bellucci-piu-del-lavoro-oggi-per-me-sono-importanti-lamicizia-e-la-famiglia/',
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ class RCSEmbedsIE(RCSBaseIE):
             'title': 'Monica Bellucci: «Più del lavoro, oggi per me sono importanti l\'amicizia e la famiglia»',
             'description': 'md5:daea6d9837351e56b1ab615c06bebac1',
             'uploader': 'rcs.it',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ class RCSIE(RCSBaseIE):
             'title': 'Vettel guida la Ferrari SF90 al Mugello e al suo fianco c\'è Leclerc (bendato): il video è esilarante',
             'description': 'md5:3915ce5ebb3d2571deb69a5eb85ac9b5',
             'uploader': 'Corriere Tv',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # search for video id inside the page
         'url': 'https://viaggi.corriere.it/video/norvegia-il-nuovo-ponte-spettacolare-sopra-la-cascata-di-voringsfossen/',
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ class RCSIE(RCSBaseIE):
             'title': 'La nuova spettacolare attrazione in Norvegia: il ponte sopra Vøringsfossen',
             'description': 'md5:18b35a291f6746c0c8dacd16e5f5f4f8',
             'uploader': 'DOVE Viaggi',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # only audio format https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/5683
         'url': 'https://video.corriere.it/cronaca/audio-telefonata-il-papa-becciu-santita-lettera-che-mi-ha-inviato-condanna/b94c0d20-70c2-11ed-9572-e4b947a0ebd2',
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ class RCSIE(RCSBaseIE):
             'description': 'md5:c0ddb61bd94a8d4e0d4bb9cda50a689b',
             'uploader': 'Corriere Tv',
             'formats': [{'format_id': 'https-mp3', 'ext': 'mp3'}],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # old content still needs cdn migration
         'url': 'https://viaggi.corriere.it/video/milano-varallo-sesia-sul-treno-a-vapore/',
@@ -322,10 +322,10 @@ class RCSIE(RCSBaseIE):
             'title': 'Milano-Varallo Sesia sul treno a vapore',
             'description': 'md5:6348f47aac230397fe341a74f7678d53',
             'uploader': 'DOVE Viaggi',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://video.corriere.it/video-360/metro-copenaghen-tutta-italiana/a248a7f0-e2db-11e9-9830-af2de6b1f945',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
 
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ class RCSVariousIE(RCSBaseIE):
             'title': 'Cervicalgia e mal di testa, il video con i suggerimenti dell\'esperto',
             'description': 'md5:ae21418f34cee0b8d02a487f55bcabb5',
             'uploader': 'leitv.it',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.youreporter.it/fiume-sesia-3-ottobre-2020/',
         'md5': '3989b6d603482611a2abd2f32b79f739',
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ class RCSVariousIE(RCSBaseIE):
             'title': 'Fiume Sesia 3 ottobre 2020',
             'description': 'md5:0070eef1cc884d13c970a4125063de55',
             'uploader': 'youreporter.it',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.amica.it/video-post/saint-omer-al-cinema-il-film-leone-dargento-che-ribalta-gli-stereotipi/',
         'md5': '187cce524dfd0343c95646c047375fc4',
@@ -368,5 +368,5 @@ class RCSVariousIE(RCSBaseIE):
             'title': '"Saint Omer": al cinema il film Leone d\'argento che ribalta gli stereotipi',
             'description': 'md5:b1c8869c2dcfd6073a2a311ba0008aa8',
             'uploader': 'rcs.it',
-        }
+        },
     }]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rcti.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rcti.py
index 9c382e257d..61b73a550c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rcti.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rcti.py
@@ -154,34 +154,34 @@ class RCTIPlusIE(RCTIPlusBaseIE):
             is_upcoming = try_get(video_json, lambda x: x['current_date'] < x['start_date'])
         if is_upcoming:
             self.raise_no_formats(
-                'This event will start at %s.' % video_json['live_label'] if video_json.get('live_label') else 'This event has not started yet.', expected=True)
+                'This event will start at {}.'.format(video_json['live_label']) if video_json.get('live_label') else 'This event has not started yet.', expected=True)
         if 'akamaized' in video_url:
             # For some videos hosted on Akamai's CDN (possibly AES-encrypted ones?), a session needs to at least be made via Conviva's API
             conviva_json_data = {
                 **self._CONVIVA_JSON_TEMPLATE,
                 'url': video_url,
-                'sst': int(time.time())
+                'sst': int(time.time()),
             }
             conviva_json_res = self._download_json(
                 'https://ff84ae928c3b33064b76dec08f12500465e59a6f.cws.conviva.com/0/wsg', display_id,
                 'Creating Conviva session', 'Failed to create Conviva session',
-                fatal=False, data=json.dumps(conviva_json_data).encode('utf-8'))
+                fatal=False, data=json.dumps(conviva_json_data).encode())
             if conviva_json_res and conviva_json_res.get('err') != 'ok':
-                self.report_warning('Conviva said: %s' % str(conviva_json_res.get('err')))
+                self.report_warning('Conviva said: {}'.format(str(conviva_json_res.get('err'))))
 
         video_meta, meta_paths = self._call_api(
-            'https://api.rctiplus.com/api/v1/%s/%s' % (video_type, video_id), display_id, 'Downloading video metadata')
+            f'https://api.rctiplus.com/api/v1/{video_type}/{video_id}', display_id, 'Downloading video metadata')
 
         thumbnails, image_path = [], meta_paths.get('image_path', 'https://rstatic.akamaized.net/media/')
         if video_meta.get('portrait_image'):
             thumbnails.append({
                 'id': 'portrait_image',
-                'url': '%s%d%s' % (image_path, 2000, video_meta['portrait_image'])  # 2000px seems to be the highest resolution that can be given
+                'url': '{}{}{}'.format(image_path, 2000, video_meta['portrait_image']),  # 2000px seems to be the highest resolution that can be given
             })
         if video_meta.get('landscape_image'):
             thumbnails.append({
                 'id': 'landscape_image',
-                'url': '%s%d%s' % (image_path, 2000, video_meta['landscape_image'])
+                'url': '{}{}{}'.format(image_path, 2000, video_meta['landscape_image']),
             })
         try:
             formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(video_url, display_id, 'mp4', headers={'Referer': 'https://www.rctiplus.com/'})
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ class RCTIPlusSeriesIE(RCTIPlusBaseIE):
             'age_limit': 2,
             'tags': 'count:11',
             'display_id': 'inews-pagi',
-        }
+        },
     }]
     _AGE_RATINGS = {  # Based off https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_rating_konten_televisi with additional ratings
         'S-SU': 2,
@@ -255,13 +255,13 @@ class RCTIPlusSeriesIE(RCTIPlusBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if RCTIPlusIE.suitable(url) else super(RCTIPlusSeriesIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if RCTIPlusIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _entries(self, url, display_id=None, note='Downloading entries JSON', metadata={}):
         total_pages = 0
         try:
             total_pages = self._call_api(
-                '%s&length=20&page=0' % url,
+                f'{url}&length=20&page=0',
                 display_id, note)[1]['pagination']['total_page']
         except ExtractorError as e:
             if 'not found' in str(e):
@@ -272,8 +272,8 @@ class RCTIPlusSeriesIE(RCTIPlusBaseIE):
 
         for page_num in range(1, total_pages + 1):
             episode_list = self._call_api(
-                '%s&length=20&page=%s' % (url, page_num),
-                display_id, '%s page %s' % (note, page_num))[0] or []
+                f'{url}&length=20&page={page_num}',
+                display_id, f'{note} page {page_num}')[0] or []
 
             for video_json in episode_list:
                 yield {
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ class RCTIPlusSeriesIE(RCTIPlusBaseIE):
                     'duration': video_json.get('duration'),
                     'season_number': video_json.get('season'),
                     'episode_number': video_json.get('episode'),
-                    **metadata
+                    **metadata,
                 }
 
     def _series_entries(self, series_id, display_id=None, video_type=None, metadata={}):
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ class RCTIPlusTVIE(RCTIPlusBaseIE):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # Returned video will always change
         'url': 'https://www.rctiplus.com/live-event',
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ class RCTIPlusTVIE(RCTIPlusBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if RCTIPlusIE.suitable(url) else super(RCTIPlusTVIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if RCTIPlusIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         match = self._match_valid_url(url).groupdict()
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rds.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rds.py
index cc76b898ad..975b091aaf 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rds.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rds.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     js_to_json,
     parse_duration,
@@ -24,7 +23,7 @@ class RDSIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1606129030,
             'upload_date': '20201123',
             'duration': 773.039,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.rds.ca/vid%C3%A9os/un-voyage-positif-3.877934',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -36,7 +35,7 @@ class RDSIE(InfoExtractor):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
 
         item = self._parse_json(self._search_regex(r'(?s)itemToPush\s*=\s*({.+?});', webpage, 'item'), display_id, js_to_json)
-        video_id = compat_str(item['id'])
+        video_id = str(item['id'])
         title = item.get('title') or self._og_search_title(webpage) or self._html_search_meta(
             'title', webpage, 'title', fatal=True)
         description = self._og_search_description(webpage) or self._html_search_meta(
@@ -57,7 +56,7 @@ class RDSIE(InfoExtractor):
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
             'id': video_id,
             'display_id': display_id,
-            'url': '9c9media:rds_web:%s' % video_id,
+            'url': f'9c9media:rds_web:{video_id}',
             'title': title,
             'description': description,
             'thumbnail': thumbnail,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/redbee.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/redbee.py
index 4d71133b3c..d43bb0babd 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/redbee.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/redbee.py
@@ -41,8 +41,8 @@ class RedBeeBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         return self._download_json(
             f'{self._API_URL}/auth/{"gigyaLogin" if jwt else "anonymous"}',
-            asset_id, data=json.dumps(request).encode('utf-8'), headers={
-                'Content-Type': 'application/json;charset=utf-8'
+            asset_id, data=json.dumps(request).encode(), headers={
+                'Content-Type': 'application/json;charset=utf-8',
             })['sessionToken']
 
     def _get_formats_and_subtitles(self, asset_id, **kwargs):
@@ -51,26 +51,26 @@ class RedBeeBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             f'{self._API_URL}/entitlement/{asset_id}/play',
             asset_id, headers={
                 'Authorization': f'Bearer {bearer_token}',
-                'Accept': 'application/json, text/plain, */*'
+                'Accept': 'application/json, text/plain, */*',
             })
 
         formats, subtitles = [], {}
-        for format in api_response['formats']:
-            if not format.get('mediaLocator'):
+        for format_data in api_response['formats']:
+            if not format_data.get('mediaLocator'):
                 continue
 
             fmts, subs = [], {}
-            if format.get('format') == 'DASH':
+            if format_data.get('format') == 'DASH':
                 fmts, subs = self._extract_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(
-                    format['mediaLocator'], asset_id, fatal=False)
-            elif format.get('format') == 'SMOOTHSTREAMING':
+                    format_data['mediaLocator'], asset_id, fatal=False)
+            elif format_data.get('format') == 'SMOOTHSTREAMING':
                 fmts, subs = self._extract_ism_formats_and_subtitles(
-                    format['mediaLocator'], asset_id, fatal=False)
-            elif format.get('format') == 'HLS':
+                    format_data['mediaLocator'], asset_id, fatal=False)
+            elif format_data.get('format') == 'HLS':
                 fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
-                    format['mediaLocator'], asset_id, fatal=False)
+                    format_data['mediaLocator'], asset_id, fatal=False)
 
-            if format.get('drm'):
+            if format_data.get('drm'):
                 for f in fmts:
                     f['has_drm'] = True
 
@@ -240,12 +240,12 @@ class RTBFIE(RedBeeBaseIE):
                 'APIKey': self._GIGYA_API_KEY,
                 'targetEnv': 'jssdk',
                 'sessionExpiration': '-2',
-            }).encode('utf-8'), headers={
+            }).encode(), headers={
                 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
             })
 
         if login_response['statusCode'] != 200:
-            raise ExtractorError('Login failed. Server message: %s' % login_response['errorMessage'], expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError('Login failed. Server message: {}'.format(login_response['errorMessage']), expected=True)
 
         self._set_cookie('.rtbf.be', self._LOGIN_COOKIE_ID, login_response['sessionInfo']['login_token'],
                          secure=True, expire_time=time.time() + 3600)
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ class RTBFIE(RedBeeBaseIE):
 
         error = data.get('error')
         if error:
-            raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, error), expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {error}', expected=True)
 
         provider = data.get('provider')
         if provider in self._PROVIDERS:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/redbulltv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/redbulltv.py
index fac51b9efe..ceeef52045 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/redbulltv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/redbulltv.py
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class RedBullTVIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'os_family': 'http',
             })
         if session.get('code') == 'error':
-            raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (
+            raise ExtractorError('{} said: {}'.format(
                 self.IE_NAME, session['message']))
         token = session['token']
 
@@ -65,20 +65,19 @@ class RedBullTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             video = self._download_json(
                 'https://api.redbull.tv/v3/products/' + video_id,
                 video_id, note='Downloading video information',
-                headers={'Authorization': token}
+                headers={'Authorization': token},
             )
         except ExtractorError as e:
             if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 404:
                 error_message = self._parse_json(
                     e.cause.response.read().decode(), video_id)['error']
-                raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (
-                    self.IE_NAME, error_message), expected=True)
+                raise ExtractorError(f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {error_message}', expected=True)
             raise
 
         title = video['title'].strip()
 
         formats, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
-            'https://dms.redbull.tv/v3/%s/%s/playlist.m3u8' % (video_id, token),
+            f'https://dms.redbull.tv/v3/{video_id}/{token}/playlist.m3u8',
             video_id, 'mp4', entry_protocol='m3u8_native', m3u8_id='hls')
 
         for resource in video.get('resources', []):
@@ -86,13 +85,13 @@ class RedBullTVIE(InfoExtractor):
                 splitted_resource = resource.split('_')
                 if splitted_resource[2]:
                     subtitles.setdefault('en', []).append({
-                        'url': 'https://resources.redbull.tv/%s/%s' % (video_id, resource),
+                        'url': f'https://resources.redbull.tv/{video_id}/{resource}',
                         'ext': splitted_resource[2],
                     })
 
         subheading = video.get('subheading')
         if subheading:
-            title += ' - %s' % subheading
+            title += f' - {subheading}'
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
@@ -135,7 +134,7 @@ class RedBullEmbedIE(RedBullTVIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
     %s
     %s
   }
-}''' % (rrn_id, self._VIDEO_ESSENSE_TMPL % 'LiveVideo', self._VIDEO_ESSENSE_TMPL % 'VideoResource'),
+}''' % (rrn_id, self._VIDEO_ESSENSE_TMPL % 'LiveVideo', self._VIDEO_ESSENSE_TMPL % 'VideoResource'),  # noqa: UP031
             })['data']['resource']['videoEssence']['attributes']['assetId']
         return self.extract_info(asset_id)
 
@@ -155,7 +154,7 @@ class RedBullTVRrnContentIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         region, lang, rrn_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
-        rrn_id += ':%s-%s' % (lang, region.upper())
+        rrn_id += f':{lang}-{region.upper()}'
         return self.url_result(
             'https://www.redbull.com/embed/' + rrn_id,
             RedBullEmbedIE.ie_key(), rrn_id)
@@ -209,7 +208,7 @@ class RedBullIE(InfoExtractor):
                 regions.append('LAT')
             if lang in self._INT_FALLBACK_LIST:
                 regions.append('INT')
-        locale = '>'.join(['%s-%s' % (lang, reg) for reg in regions])
+        locale = '>'.join([f'{lang}-{reg}' for reg in regions])
 
         rrn_id = self._download_json(
             'https://www.redbull.com/v3/api/graphql/v1/v3/query/' + locale,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/redge.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/redge.py
index 875d6f8aa5..7cb91eea48 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/redge.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/redge.py
@@ -51,14 +51,14 @@ class RedCDNLivxIE(InfoExtractor):
         'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
-    """
+    '''
     Known methods (first in url path):
     - `livedash` - DASH MPD
     - `livehls` - HTTP Live Streaming
     - `livess` - IIS Smooth Streaming
     - `nvr` - CCTV mode, directly returns a file, typically flv, avc1, aac
     - `sc` - shoutcast/icecast (audio streams, like radio)
-    """
+    '''
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         tenant, path = self._match_valid_url(url).group('tenant', 'id')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/redgifs.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/redgifs.py
index d0546bbfaf..50138ab12c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/redgifs.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/redgifs.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import functools
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_parse_qs
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ class RedGifsBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
             raise ExtractorError('Unable to get temporary token')
         self._API_HEADERS['authorization'] = f'Bearer {auth["token"]}'
 
-    def _call_api(self, ep, video_id, *args, **kwargs):
+    def _call_api(self, ep, video_id, **kwargs):
         for first_attempt in True, False:
             if 'authorization' not in self._API_HEADERS:
                 self._fetch_oauth_token(video_id)
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class RedGifsBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
                 headers = dict(self._API_HEADERS)
                 headers['x-customheader'] = f'https://www.redgifs.com/watch/{video_id}'
                 data = self._download_json(
-                    f'https://api.redgifs.com/v2/{ep}', video_id, headers=headers, *args, **kwargs)
+                    f'https://api.redgifs.com/v2/{ep}', video_id, headers=headers, **kwargs)
                 break
             except ExtractorError as e:
                 if first_attempt and isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 401:
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ class RedGifsIE(RedGifsBaseInfoExtractor):
             'categories': list,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'tags': list,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://thumbs2.redgifs.com/SqueakyHelplessWisent-mobile.mp4#t=0',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ class RedGifsIE(RedGifsBaseInfoExtractor):
             'categories': list,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'tags': list,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ class RedGifsSearchIE(RedGifsBaseInfoExtractor):
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': 'tags=Lesbian',
                 'title': 'Lesbian',
-                'description': 'RedGifs search for Lesbian, ordered by trending'
+                'description': 'RedGifs search for Lesbian, ordered by trending',
             },
             'playlist_mincount': 100,
         },
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ class RedGifsSearchIE(RedGifsBaseInfoExtractor):
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': 'type=g&order=latest&tags=Lesbian',
                 'title': 'Lesbian',
-                'description': 'RedGifs search for Lesbian, ordered by latest'
+                'description': 'RedGifs search for Lesbian, ordered by latest',
             },
             'playlist_mincount': 100,
         },
@@ -184,15 +184,15 @@ class RedGifsSearchIE(RedGifsBaseInfoExtractor):
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': 'type=g&order=latest&tags=Lesbian&page=2',
                 'title': 'Lesbian',
-                'description': 'RedGifs search for Lesbian, ordered by latest'
+                'description': 'RedGifs search for Lesbian, ordered by latest',
             },
             'playlist_count': 80,
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         query_str = self._match_valid_url(url).group('query')
-        query = compat_parse_qs(query_str)
+        query = urllib.parse.parse_qs(query_str)
         if not query.get('tags'):
             raise ExtractorError('Invalid query tags', expected=True)
 
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ class RedGifsUserIE(RedGifsBaseInfoExtractor):
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': 'lamsinka89',
                 'title': 'lamsinka89',
-                'description': 'RedGifs user lamsinka89, ordered by recent'
+                'description': 'RedGifs user lamsinka89, ordered by recent',
             },
             'playlist_mincount': 100,
         },
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ class RedGifsUserIE(RedGifsBaseInfoExtractor):
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': 'lamsinka89?page=3',
                 'title': 'lamsinka89',
-                'description': 'RedGifs user lamsinka89, ordered by recent'
+                'description': 'RedGifs user lamsinka89, ordered by recent',
             },
             'playlist_count': 30,
         },
@@ -238,17 +238,17 @@ class RedGifsUserIE(RedGifsBaseInfoExtractor):
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': 'lamsinka89?order=best&type=g',
                 'title': 'lamsinka89',
-                'description': 'RedGifs user lamsinka89, ordered by best'
+                'description': 'RedGifs user lamsinka89, ordered by best',
             },
             'playlist_mincount': 100,
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         username, query_str = self._match_valid_url(url).group('username', 'query')
         playlist_id = f'{username}?{query_str}' if query_str else username
 
-        query = compat_parse_qs(query_str)
+        query = urllib.parse.parse_qs(query_str)
         order = query.get('order', ('recent',))[0]
 
         entries = self._paged_entries(f'users/{username}/search', playlist_id, query, {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/redtube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/redtube.py
index 14ed0edab2..94a90540d1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/redtube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/redtube.py
@@ -53,14 +53,14 @@ class RedTubeIE(InfoExtractor):
         for patterns, message in ERRORS:
             if any(p in webpage for p in patterns):
                 raise ExtractorError(
-                    'Video %s %s' % (video_id, message), expected=True)
+                    f'Video {video_id} {message}', expected=True)
 
         info = self._search_json_ld(webpage, video_id, default={})
 
         if not info.get('title'):
             info['title'] = self._html_search_regex(
                 (r'<h(\d)[^>]+class="(?:video_title_text|videoTitle|video_title)[^"]*">(?P<title>(?:(?!\1).)+)</h\1>',
-                 r'(?:videoTitle|title)\s*:\s*(["\'])(?P<title>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1',),
+                 r'(?:videoTitle|title)\s*:\s*(["\'])(?P<title>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1'),
                 webpage, 'title', group='title',
                 default=None) or self._og_search_title(webpage)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rentv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rentv.py
index abb537cf3e..aed4380961 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rentv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rentv.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
     int_or_none,
@@ -19,7 +18,7 @@ class RENTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Документальный спецпроект: "Промывка мозгов. Технологии XXI века"',
             'timestamp': 1472230800,
             'upload_date': '20160826',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://ren.tv/player/118577',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -70,7 +69,7 @@ class RENTVArticleIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Видео: микроавтобус, попавший в ДТП с грузовиками в Подмосковье, превратился в груду металла',
             'description': 'Жертвами столкновения двух фур и микроавтобуса, по последним данным, стали семь человек.',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # TODO: invalid m3u8
         'url': 'http://ren.tv/novosti/2015-09-25/sluchaynyy-prohozhiy-poymal-avtougonshchika-v-murmanske-video',
@@ -99,6 +98,6 @@ class RENTVArticleIE(InfoExtractor):
             media_id = config_profile.get('mediaid')
             if not media_id:
                 continue
-            media_id = compat_str(media_id)
+            media_id = str(media_id)
             entries.append(self.url_result('rentv:' + media_id, 'RENTV', media_id))
         return self.playlist_result(entries, display_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/restudy.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/restudy.py
index f49262a650..e10811ba94 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/restudy.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/restudy.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class RestudyIE(InfoExtractor):
         'params': {
             # rtmp download
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://portal.restudy.dk/video/leiden-frosteffekt/id/1637',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class RestudyIE(InfoExtractor):
         description = self._og_search_description(webpage).strip()
 
         formats = self._extract_smil_formats(
-            'https://cdn.portal.restudy.dk/dynamic/themes/front/awsmedia/SmilDirectory/video_%s.xml' % video_id,
+            f'https://cdn.portal.restudy.dk/dynamic/themes/front/awsmedia/SmilDirectory/video_{video_id}.xml',
             video_id)
 
         return {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/reuters.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/reuters.py
index 9c9bac6af9..69a858a3f2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/reuters.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/reuters.py
@@ -18,25 +18,25 @@ class ReutersIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': '368575562',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'San Francisco police chief resigns',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://www.reuters.com/assets/iframe/yovideo?videoId=%s' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'http://www.reuters.com/assets/iframe/yovideo?videoId={video_id}', video_id)
         video_data = js_to_json(self._search_regex(
             r'(?s)Reuters\.yovideo\.drawPlayer\(({.*?})\);',
             webpage, 'video data'))
 
         def get_json_value(key, fatal=False):
-            return self._search_regex(r'"%s"\s*:\s*"([^"]+)"' % key, video_data, key, fatal=fatal)
+            return self._search_regex(rf'"{key}"\s*:\s*"([^"]+)"', video_data, key, fatal=fatal)
 
         title = unescapeHTML(get_json_value('title', fatal=True))
         mmid, fid = re.search(r',/(\d+)\?f=(\d+)', get_json_value('flv', fatal=True)).groups()
 
         mas_data = self._download_json(
-            'http://mas-e.cds1.yospace.com/mas/%s/%s?trans=json' % (mmid, fid),
+            f'http://mas-e.cds1.yospace.com/mas/{mmid}/{fid}?trans=json',
             video_id, transform_source=js_to_json)
         formats = []
         for f in mas_data:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/reverbnation.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/reverbnation.py
index 06b6c3c2f6..ddf8c3753f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/reverbnation.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/reverbnation.py
@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ class ReverbNationIE(InfoExtractor):
         song_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         api_res = self._download_json(
-            'https://api.reverbnation.com/song/%s' % song_id,
+            f'https://api.reverbnation.com/song/{song_id}',
             song_id,
-            note='Downloading information of song %s' % song_id
+            note=f'Downloading information of song {song_id}',
         )
 
         THUMBNAILS = ('thumbnail', 'image')
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class ReverbNationIE(InfoExtractor):
             if api_res.get(thumb_key):
                 thumbnails.append({
                     'url': api_res[thumb_key],
-                    'preference': quality(thumb_key)
+                    'preference': quality(thumb_key),
                 })
 
         return {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ridehome.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ridehome.py
index 78f838ac15..58722bb95c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ridehome.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ridehome.py
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ class RideHomeIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'release_date': '20220108',
                 'release_timestamp': 1641672000,
                 'duration': 2789.38122,
-                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://content\.production\.cdn\.art19\.com/images/.*\.jpeg$'
+                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://content\.production\.cdn\.art19\.com/images/.*\.jpeg$',
             },
         }],
     }, {
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ class RideHomeIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'release_date': '20211026',
                 'release_timestamp': 1635272124,
                 'duration': 2266.30531,
-                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://content\.production\.cdn\.art19\.com/images/.*\.jpeg$'
+                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://content\.production\.cdn\.art19\.com/images/.*\.jpeg$',
             },
         }],
     }]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rinsefm.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rinsefm.py
index f87b895df8..5bc2eb8834 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rinsefm.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rinsefm.py
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ class RinseFMIE(RinseFMBaseIE):
             'title': 'Club Glow - 15/12/2023 - 20:00',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https://.+\.(?:jpg|JPG)$',
             'release_timestamp': 1702598400,
-            'release_date': '20231215'
-        }
+            'release_date': '20231215',
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -58,22 +58,22 @@ class RinseFMArtistPlaylistIE(RinseFMBaseIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'resources',
             'title': '[re]sources',
-            'description': '[re]sources est un label parisien piloté par le DJ et producteur Tommy Kid.'
+            'description': '[re]sources est un label parisien piloté par le DJ et producteur Tommy Kid.',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 40
+        'playlist_mincount': 40,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://rinse.fm/shows/ivy/',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'ivy',
             'title': '[IVY]',
-            'description': 'A dedicated space for DNB/Turbo House and 4x4.'
+            'description': 'A dedicated space for DNB/Turbo House and 4x4.',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 7
+        'playlist_mincount': 7,
     }]
 
     def _entries(self, data):
         for episode in traverse_obj(data, (
-            'props', 'pageProps', 'episodes', lambda _, v: determine_ext(v['fileUrl']) in MEDIA_EXTENSIONS.audio)
+            'props', 'pageProps', 'episodes', lambda _, v: determine_ext(v['fileUrl']) in MEDIA_EXTENSIONS.audio),
         ):
             yield self._parse_entry(episode)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rmcdecouverte.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rmcdecouverte.py
index bc59ed07e4..e7b1e22978 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rmcdecouverte.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rmcdecouverte.py
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .brightcove import BrightcoveLegacyIE
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_parse_qs,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import smuggle_url
 
 
@@ -59,7 +57,7 @@ class RMCDecouverteIE(InfoExtractor):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
         brightcove_legacy_url = BrightcoveLegacyIE._extract_brightcove_url(webpage)
         if brightcove_legacy_url:
-            brightcove_id = compat_parse_qs(compat_urlparse.urlparse(
+            brightcove_id = urllib.parse.parse_qs(urllib.parse.urlparse(
                 brightcove_legacy_url).query)['@videoPlayer'][0]
         else:
             brightcove_id = self._search_regex(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rockstargames.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rockstargames.py
index 16622430cd..02abd482c8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rockstargames.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rockstargames.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class RockstarGamesIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'timestamp': 1464876000,
             'upload_date': '20160602',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.rockstargames.com/videos#/?video=48',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rokfin.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rokfin.py
index 3bc5f3cab2..be174655e0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rokfin.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rokfin.py
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class RokfinIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
             'duration': 213,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://rokfin.com/post/223/Julian-Assange-Arrested-Streaming-In-Real-Time',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class RokfinIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
             'tags': ['FreeThinkingMedia^', 'RealProgressives^'],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.rokfin.com/stream/10543/Its-A-Crazy-Mess-Regional-Director-Blows-Whistle-On-Pfizers-Vaccine-Trial-Data',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ class RokfinIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
             'tags': ['FreeThinkingMedia^'],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://rokfin.com/post/126703/Brave-New-World--Aldous-Huxley-DEEPDIVE--Chpts-13--Quite-Frankly--Jay-Dyer',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ class RokfinIE(InfoExtractor):
             'tags': ['FreeThinkingMedia^', 'OpenMind^'],
             'description': 'md5:cb04e32e68326c9b2b251b297bacff35',
             'duration': 3100,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://rokfin.com/stream/31332/The-Grayzone-live-on-Nordstream-blame-game',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ class RokfinIE(InfoExtractor):
             'release_date': '20230310',
             'upload_date': '20230310',
             'tags': ['FreeThinkingMedia^'],
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ class RokfinIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'parent': 'root',
                     'like_count': int_or_none(comment.get('numLikes')),
                     'dislike_count': int_or_none(comment.get('numDislikes')),
-                    'timestamp': unified_timestamp(comment.get('postedAt'))
+                    'timestamp': unified_timestamp(comment.get('postedAt')),
                 }
 
             pages_total = int_or_none(raw_comments.get('totalPages')) or None
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ class RokfinIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'code': urllib.parse.parse_qs(urllib.parse.urldefrag(urlh.url).fragment).get('code')[0],
                 'client_id': 'web',
                 'grant_type': 'authorization_code',
-                'redirect_uri': 'https://rokfin.com/silent-check-sso.html'
+                'redirect_uri': 'https://rokfin.com/silent-check-sso.html',
             }))
 
     def _authentication_active(self):
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ class RokfinIE(InfoExtractor):
             data=urlencode_postdata({
                 'grant_type': 'refresh_token',
                 'refresh_token': refresh_token,
-                'client_id': 'web'
+                'client_id': 'web',
             }))
         headers['authorization'] = self._get_auth_token()
         if headers['authorization'] is None:
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ class RokfinSearchIE(SearchInfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '"zelenko"',
             'title': '"zelenko"',
-        }
+        },
     }]
     _db_url = None
     _db_access_key = None
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/roosterteeth.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/roosterteeth.py
index 5c622399df..8b0099ec3c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/roosterteeth.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/roosterteeth.py
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ class RoosterTeethBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             'availability': self._availability(
                 needs_premium=sub_only, needs_subscription=sub_only, needs_auth=sub_only,
                 is_private=False, is_unlisted=False),
-            'tags': attributes.get('genres')
+            'tags': attributes.get('genres'),
         }
 
 
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ class RoosterTeethIE(RoosterTeethBaseIE):
             if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 403:
                 if self._parse_json(e.cause.response.read().decode(), display_id).get('access') is False:
                     self.raise_login_required(
-                        '%s is only available for FIRST members' % display_id)
+                        f'{display_id} is only available for FIRST members')
             raise
 
         # XXX: additional ad-free URL at video_data['links']['download'] but often gives 403 errors
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ class RoosterTeethIE(RoosterTeethBaseIE):
             'display_id': display_id,
             'formats': formats,
             'subtitles': subtitles,
-            **self._extract_video_info(episode)
+            **self._extract_video_info(episode),
         }
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rottentomatoes.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rottentomatoes.py
index e35717522b..c229a1c4b5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rottentomatoes.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rottentomatoes.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class RottenTomatoesIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': '11028566',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Toy Story 3',
-            'description': 'From the creators of the beloved TOY STORY films, comes a story that will reunite the gang in a whole new way.'
+            'description': 'From the creators of the beloved TOY STORY films, comes a story that will reunite the gang in a whole new way.',
         },
         'skip': 'No longer available',
     }, {
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class RottenTomatoesIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Toy Story 3: Trailer 2',
             'description': '',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-            'duration': 149.941
+            'duration': 149.941,
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/toy_story_3',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rozhlas.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rozhlas.py
index 411a625192..4a10720ab1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rozhlas.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rozhlas.py
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ class RozhlasIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': '3421320',
             'ext': 'mp3',
             'title': 'Echo Pavla Klusáka (30.06.2015 21:00)',
-            'description': 'Osmdesátiny Terryho Rileyho jsou skvělou příležitostí proletět se elektronickými i akustickými díly zakladatatele minimalismu, který je aktivní už přes padesát let'
-        }
+            'description': 'Osmdesátiny Terryho Rileyho jsou skvělou příležitostí proletět se elektronickými i akustickými díly zakladatatele minimalismu, který je aktivní už přes padesát let',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://prehravac.rozhlas.cz/audio/3421320/embed',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class RozhlasIE(InfoExtractor):
         audio_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://prehravac.rozhlas.cz/audio/%s' % audio_id, audio_id)
+            f'http://prehravac.rozhlas.cz/audio/{audio_id}', audio_id)
 
         title = self._html_search_regex(
             r'<h3>(.+?)</h3>\s*<p[^>]*>.*?</p>\s*<div[^>]+id=["\']player-track',
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class RozhlasIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         return {
             'id': audio_id,
-            'url': 'http://media.rozhlas.cz/_audio/%s.mp3' % audio_id,
+            'url': f'http://media.rozhlas.cz/_audio/{audio_id}.mp3',
             'title': title,
             'description': description,
             'duration': duration,
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ class RozhlasVltavaIE(RozhlasBaseIE):
                 'artist': 'Aleš Stuchlý',
                 'channel_id': 'radio-wave',
             },
-        }]
+        }],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://wave.rozhlas.cz/poslechnete-si-neklid-podcastovy-thriller-o-vine-strachu-a-vztahu-ktery-zasel-8554744',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ class RozhlasVltavaIE(RozhlasBaseIE):
                 'chapter': 'Neklid #5',
                 'chapter_number': 5,
             },
-        }]
+        }],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://dvojka.rozhlas.cz/karel-siktanc-cerny-jezdec-bily-kun-napinava-pohadka-o-tajemnem-prizraku-8946969',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ class RozhlasVltavaIE(RozhlasBaseIE):
                 'duration': ('duration', {int_or_none}),
                 'artist': ('meta', 'ga', 'contentAuthor'),
                 'channel_id': ('meta', 'ga', 'contentCreator'),
-            })
+            }),
         }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ class MujRozhlasIE(RozhlasBaseIE):
                 'timestamp': ('attributes', 'since', {unified_timestamp}),
                 'modified_timestamp': ('attributes', 'updated', {unified_timestamp}),
                 'thumbnail': ('attributes', 'asset', 'url', {url_or_none}),
-            })
+            }),
         }
 
     def _entries(self, api_url, playlist_id):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rte.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rte.py
index 729804d23e..42ee9d2bdc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rte.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rte.py
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class RteBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                     error_info = self._parse_json(ee.cause.response.read().decode(), item_id, fatal=False)
                     if error_info:
                         raise ExtractorError(
-                            '%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, error_info['message']),
+                            '{} said: {}'.format(self.IE_NAME, error_info['message']),
                             expected=True)
                 raise
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtl2.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtl2.py
index 07e1aa3ce4..86e383a018 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtl2.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtl2.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ class RTL2IE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': 'folge-203-0',
             'ext': 'f4v',
             'title': 'GRIP sucht den Sommerkönig',
-            'description': 'md5:e3adbb940fd3c6e76fa341b8748b562f'
+            'description': 'md5:e3adbb940fd3c6e76fa341b8748b562f',
         },
         'params': {
             # rtmp download
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class RTL2IE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': 'anna-erwischt-alex',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Anna erwischt Alex!',
-            'description': 'Anna nimmt ihrem Vater nicht ab, dass er nicht spielt. Und tatsächlich erwischt sie ihn auf frischer Tat.'
+            'description': 'Anna nimmt ihrem Vater nicht ab, dass er nicht spielt. Und tatsächlich erwischt sie ihn auf frischer Tat.',
         },
         'params': {
             # rtmp download
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtlnl.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtlnl.py
index 724cb64e93..4537b3dc4e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtlnl.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtlnl.py
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class RtlNlIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://screenshots\.rtl\.nl/(?:[^/]+/)*sz=[0-9]+x[0-9]+/uuid=84ae5571-ac25-4225-ae0c-ef8d9efb2aed$',
             'upload_date': '20150215',
             'description': 'Er zijn nieuwe beelden vrijgegeven die vlak na de aanslag in Kopenhagen zijn gemaakt. Op de video is goed te zien hoe omstanders zich bekommeren om één van de slachtoffers, terwijl de eerste agenten ter plaatse komen.',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # empty synopsis and missing episodes (see https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/6275)
         # best format available nettv
@@ -99,14 +99,14 @@ class RtlNlIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         uuid = self._match_id(url)
         info = self._download_json(
-            'http://www.rtl.nl/system/s4m/vfd/version=2/uuid=%s/fmt=adaptive/' % uuid,
+            f'http://www.rtl.nl/system/s4m/vfd/version=2/uuid={uuid}/fmt=adaptive/',
             uuid)
 
         material = info['material'][0]
         title = info['abstracts'][0]['name']
         subtitle = material.get('title')
         if subtitle:
-            title += ' - %s' % subtitle
+            title += f' - {subtitle}'
         description = material.get('synopsis')
 
         meta = info.get('meta', {})
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ class RtlNlIE(InfoExtractor):
                     r'/sz=([0-9]+)', meta[p], 'thumbnail width', fatal=False)),
                 'height': int_or_none(self._search_regex(
                     r'/sz=[0-9]+x([0-9]+)',
-                    meta[p], 'thumbnail height', fatal=False))
+                    meta[p], 'thumbnail height', fatal=False)),
             })
 
         return {
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ class RTLLuTeleVODIE(RTLLuBaseIE):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'thumbnail': 'https://replay-assets.rtl.lu/2021/11/16/d3647fc4-470d-11ec-adc2-3a00abd6e90f_00008.jpg',
             'description': 'md5:b1db974408cc858c9fd241812e4a2a14',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.rtl.lu/video/3295215',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ class RTLLuTeleVODIE(RTLLuBaseIE):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'thumbnail': 'https://replay-assets.rtl.lu/2022/06/28/0000_3295215_0000.jpg',
             'description': 'md5:85bcd4e0490aa6ec969d9bf16927437b',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
 
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ class RTLLuArticleIE(RTLLuBaseIE):
             'thumbnail': 'https://static.rtl.lu/rtl2008.lu/nt/p/2022/06/28/19/e4b37d66ddf00bab4c45617b91a5bb9b.jpeg',
             'description': 'md5:5eab4a2a911c1fff7efc1682a38f9ef7',
             'title': 'md5:40aa85f135578fbd549d3c9370321f99',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # 5minutes
         'url': 'https://5minutes.rtl.lu/espace-frontaliers/frontaliers-en-questions/a/1853173.html',
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ class RTLLuArticleIE(RTLLuBaseIE):
             'description': 'md5:ac031da0740e997a5cf4633173634fee',
             'title': 'md5:87e17722ed21af0f24be3243f4ec0c46',
             'thumbnail': 'https://replay-assets.rtl.lu/2022/01/26/screenshot_20220126104933_3274749_12b249833469b0d6e4440a1dec83cdfa.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # today.lu
         'url': 'https://today.rtl.lu/entertainment/news/a/1936203.html',
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ class RTLLuArticleIE(RTLLuBaseIE):
             'title': 'Once Upon A Time...zu Lëtzebuerg: The Three Witches\' Tower',
             'description': 'The witchy theme continues in the latest episode of Once Upon A Time...',
             'thumbnail': 'https://replay-assets.rtl.lu/2022/07/02/screenshot_20220702122859_3290019_412dc5185951b7f6545a4039c8be9235.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
 
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ class RTLLuLiveIE(RTLLuBaseIE):
             'live_status': 'is_live',
             'title': r're:RTL - Télé LIVE \d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2} \d{2}:\d{2}',
             'thumbnail': 'https://static.rtl.lu/livestream/channel1.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # Tele:live-2
         'url': 'https://www.rtl.lu/tele/live-2',
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ class RTLLuLiveIE(RTLLuBaseIE):
             'live_status': 'is_live',
             'title': r're:RTL - Télé LIVE \d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2} \d{2}:\d{2}',
             'thumbnail': 'https://static.rtl.lu/livestream/channel2.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # Radio:lauschteren
         'url': 'https://www.rtl.lu/radio/lauschteren',
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ class RTLLuLiveIE(RTLLuBaseIE):
             'live_status': 'is_live',
             'title': r're:RTL - Radio LIVE \d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2} \d{2}:\d{2}',
             'thumbnail': 'https://static.rtl.lu/livestream/rtlradiowebtv.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
 
@@ -290,5 +290,5 @@ class RTLLuRadioIE(RTLLuBaseIE):
             'description': 'md5:f855a4f3e3235393ae47ed1db5d934b9',
             'title': '5 vir 12 - Stau um Stau',
             'thumbnail': 'https://static.rtl.lu/rtlg//2022/06/24/c9c19e5694a14be46a3647a3760e1f62.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtnews.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtnews.py
index 6be9945f70..558511f1c0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtnews.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtnews.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class RTNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': '546301',
             'title': 'Crowds gather to greet deported Djokovic as he returns to Serbia (VIDEO)',
             'description': 'md5:1d5bfe1a988d81fd74227cfdf93d314d',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://cdni.rt.com/files/2022.01/article/61e587a085f540102c3386c1.png'
+            'thumbnail': 'https://cdni.rt.com/files/2022.01/article/61e587a085f540102c3386c1.png',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.rt.com/shows/in-question/535980-plot-to-assassinate-julian-assange/',
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class RTNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': '535980',
             'title': 'The plot to assassinate Julian Assange',
             'description': 'md5:55279ce5e4441dc1d16e2e4a730152cd',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://cdni.rt.com/files/2021.09/article/615226f42030274e8879b53d.png'
+            'thumbnail': 'https://cdni.rt.com/files/2021.09/article/615226f42030274e8879b53d.png',
         },
         'playlist': [{
             'info_dict': {
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class RTNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'title': '6152271d85f5400464496162',
             },
-        }]
+        }],
     }]
 
     def _entries(self, webpage):
@@ -46,12 +46,12 @@ class RTNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
                 }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, id)
+        playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, playlist_id)
 
         return {
             '_type': 'playlist',
-            'id': id,
+            'id': playlist_id,
             'entries': self._entries(webpage),
             'title': self._og_search_title(webpage),
             'description': self._og_search_description(webpage),
@@ -71,9 +71,9 @@ class RTDocumentryIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:647c76984b7cb9a8b52a567e87448d88',
             'thumbnail': 'https://cdni.rt.com/rtd-files/films/escobars-hitman/escobars-hitman_11.jpg',
             'average_rating': 8.53,
-            'duration': 3134.0
+            'duration': 3134.0,
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://rtd.rt.com/shows/the-kalashnikova-show-military-secrets-anna-knishenko/iskander-tactical-system-natos-headache/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -86,9 +86,9 @@ class RTDocumentryIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 274.0,
             'timestamp': 1605726000,
             'view_count': int,
-            'upload_date': '20201118'
+            'upload_date': '20201118',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://rtd.rt.com/series/i-am-hacked-trailer/introduction-to-safe-digital-life-ep2/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -101,29 +101,29 @@ class RTDocumentryIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 1524.0,
             'timestamp': 1636977600,
             'view_count': int,
-            'upload_date': '20211115'
+            'upload_date': '20211115',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, id)
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
         ld_json = self._search_json_ld(webpage, None, fatal=False)
         if not ld_json:
             self.raise_no_formats('No video/audio found at the provided url.', expected=True)
         media_json = self._parse_json(
             self._search_regex(r'(?s)\'Med\'\s*:\s*\[\s*({.+})\s*\]\s*};', webpage, 'media info'),
-            id, transform_source=js_to_json)
+            video_id, transform_source=js_to_json)
         if 'title' not in ld_json and 'title' in media_json:
             ld_json['title'] = media_json['title']
         formats = [{'url': src['file']} for src in media_json.get('sources') or [] if src.get('file')]
 
         return {
-            'id': id,
+            'id': video_id,
             'thumbnail': media_json.get('image'),
             'formats': formats,
-            **ld_json
+            **ld_json,
         }
 
 
@@ -144,23 +144,23 @@ class RTDocumentryPlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
     }]
 
-    def _entries(self, webpage, id):
+    def _entries(self, webpage, playlist_id):
         video_urls = set(re.findall(r'list-2__link\s*"\s*href="([^"]+)"', webpage))
         for v_url in video_urls:
-            if id not in v_url:
+            if playlist_id not in v_url:
                 continue
             yield self.url_result(
-                'https://rtd.rt.com%s' % v_url,
+                f'https://rtd.rt.com{v_url}',
                 ie=RTDocumentryIE.ie_key())
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, id)
+        playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, playlist_id)
 
         return {
             '_type': 'playlist',
-            'id': id,
-            'entries': self._entries(webpage, id),
+            'id': playlist_id,
+            'entries': self._entries(webpage, playlist_id),
         }
 
 
@@ -174,20 +174,20 @@ class RuptlyIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Japan: Double trouble! Tokyo zoo presents adorable panda twins | Video Ruptly',
             'description': 'md5:85a8da5fdb31486f0562daf4360ce75a',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://storage.ruptly.tv/thumbnails/20220112-020/i6JQKnTNpYuqaXsR/i6JQKnTNpYuqaXsR.jpg'
+            'thumbnail': 'https://storage.ruptly.tv/thumbnails/20220112-020/i6JQKnTNpYuqaXsR/i6JQKnTNpYuqaXsR.jpg',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, id)
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
         m3u8_url = self._search_regex(r'preview_url"\s?:\s?"(https?://storage\.ruptly\.tv/video_projects/.+\.m3u8)"', webpage, 'm3u8 url', fatal=False)
         if not m3u8_url:
             self.raise_no_formats('No video/audio found at the provided url.', expected=True)
-        formats, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(m3u8_url, id, ext='mp4')
+        formats, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(m3u8_url, video_id, ext='mp4')
         return {
-            'id': id,
+            'id': video_id,
             'formats': formats,
             'subtitles': subs,
             'title': self._og_search_title(webpage),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtp.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtp.py
index ec78d0a669..944e8636ab 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtp.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtp.py
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class RTPIE(InfoExtractor):
             data = self._RX_OBFUSCATION.sub(
                 lambda m: json.dumps(
                     base64.b64decode(urllib.parse.unquote(
-                        ''.join(self._parse_json(m.group(1), video_id))
+                        ''.join(self._parse_json(m.group(1), video_id)),
                     )).decode('iso-8859-1')),
                 data)
         return js_to_json(data)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtrfm.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtrfm.py
index 7381d82026..7421e4249d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtrfm.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtrfm.py
@@ -56,8 +56,8 @@ class RTRFMIE(InfoExtractor):
             url = None
             self.raise_no_formats('Expired or no episode on this date', expected=True)
         return {
-            'id': '%s-%s' % (show, date),
-            'title': '%s %s' % (title, date),
+            'id': f'{show}-{date}',
+            'title': f'{title} {date}',
             'series': title,
             'url': url,
             'release_date': date,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rts.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rts.py
index bce5cba82a..dc1e2d3b44 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rts.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rts.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import re
 
 from .srgssr import SRGSSRIE
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
     int_or_none,
@@ -110,7 +109,7 @@ class RTSIE(SRGSSRIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
         {
             'url': 'http://pages.rts.ch/emissions/passe-moi-les-jumelles/5624065-entre-ciel-et-mer.html',
             'only_matching': True,
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -120,7 +119,7 @@ class RTSIE(SRGSSRIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
 
         def download_json(internal_id):
             return self._download_json(
-                'http://www.rts.ch/a/%s.html?f=json/article' % internal_id,
+                f'http://www.rts.ch/a/{internal_id}.html?f=json/article',
                 display_id)
 
         all_info = download_json(media_id)
@@ -149,7 +148,7 @@ class RTSIE(SRGSSRIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
                         r'(?s)<iframe[^>]+class="srg-player"[^>]+src="[^"]+urn:([^"]+)"',
                         page)
                 if videos:
-                    entries = [self.url_result('srgssr:%s' % video_urn, 'SRGSSR') for video_urn in videos]
+                    entries = [self.url_result(f'srgssr:{video_urn}', 'SRGSSR') for video_urn in videos]
 
             if entries:
                 return self.playlist_result(entries, media_id, all_info.get('title'))
@@ -196,7 +195,7 @@ class RTSIE(SRGSSRIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
                     'tbr': extract_bitrate(format_url),
                 })
 
-        download_base = 'http://rtsww%s-d.rts.ch/' % ('-a' if media_type == 'audio' else '')
+        download_base = 'http://rtsww{}-d.rts.ch/'.format('-a' if media_type == 'audio' else '')
         for media in info.get('media', []):
             media_url = media.get('url')
             if not media_url or re.match(r'https?://', media_url):
@@ -215,7 +214,7 @@ class RTSIE(SRGSSRIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
         self._check_formats(formats, media_id)
 
         duration = info.get('duration') or info.get('cutout') or info.get('cutduration')
-        if isinstance(duration, compat_str):
+        if isinstance(duration, str):
             duration = parse_duration(duration)
 
         return {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtvcplay.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtvcplay.py
index e7dcd5fd61..5b0eee9659 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtvcplay.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtvcplay.py
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ class RTVCPlayEmbedIE(RTVCPlayBaseIE):
             'title': 'Tráiler: Señoritas',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(?:jpg|png)',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ class RTVCPlayEmbedIE(RTVCPlayBaseIE):
                 'title': 'title',
                 'description': 'description',
                 'thumbnail': ('image', ..., 'thumbnail', 'path'),
-            }, get_all=False)
+            }, get_all=False),
         }
 
 
@@ -282,5 +282,5 @@ class RTVCKalturaIE(RTVCPlayBaseIE):
                 'title': 'title',
                 'description': 'description',
                 'thumbnail': ('channel', 'image', 'logo', 'path'),
-            })
+            }),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtve.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtve.py
index a99a266c60..7e0b666ab3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtve.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtve.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import io
 import struct
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_b64decode
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     determine_ext,
@@ -62,14 +61,14 @@ class RTVEALaCartaIE(InfoExtractor):
     }]
 
     def _real_initialize(self):
-        user_agent_b64 = base64.b64encode(self.get_param('http_headers')['User-Agent'].encode('utf-8')).decode('utf-8')
+        user_agent_b64 = base64.b64encode(self.get_param('http_headers')['User-Agent'].encode()).decode('utf-8')
         self._manager = self._download_json(
             'http://www.rtve.es/odin/loki/' + user_agent_b64,
             None, 'Fetching manager info')['manager']
 
     @staticmethod
     def _decrypt_url(png):
-        encrypted_data = io.BytesIO(compat_b64decode(png)[8:])
+        encrypted_data = io.BytesIO(base64.b64decode(png)[8:])
         while True:
             length = struct.unpack('!I', encrypted_data.read(4))[0]
             chunk_type = encrypted_data.read(4)
@@ -111,7 +110,7 @@ class RTVEALaCartaIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _extract_png_formats(self, video_id):
         png = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://www.rtve.es/ztnr/movil/thumbnail/%s/videos/%s.png' % (self._manager, video_id),
+            f'http://www.rtve.es/ztnr/movil/thumbnail/{self._manager}/videos/{video_id}.png',
             video_id, 'Downloading url information', query={'q': 'v2'})
         q = qualities(['Media', 'Alta', 'HQ', 'HD_READY', 'HD_FULL'])
         formats = []
@@ -135,7 +134,7 @@ class RTVEALaCartaIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         info = self._download_json(
-            'http://www.rtve.es/api/videos/%s/config/alacarta_videos.json' % video_id,
+            f'http://www.rtve.es/api/videos/{video_id}/config/alacarta_videos.json',
             video_id)['page']['items'][0]
         if info['state'] == 'DESPU':
             raise ExtractorError('The video is no longer available', expected=True)
@@ -194,7 +193,7 @@ class RTVEAudioIE(RTVEALaCartaIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             'title': 'Ignatius Farray',
             'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/1613243011863.jpg',
             'duration': 3559.559,
-            'series': 'En Radio 3'
+            'series': 'En Radio 3',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.rtve.es/play/audios/frankenstein-o-el-moderno-prometeo/capitulo-26-ultimo-muerte-victor-juan-jose-plans-mary-shelley/6082623/',
@@ -205,7 +204,7 @@ class RTVEAudioIE(RTVEALaCartaIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             'title': 'Capítulo 26 y último: La muerte de Victor',
             'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+/1632147445707.jpg',
             'duration': 3174.086,
-            'series': 'Frankenstein o el moderno Prometeo'
+            'series': 'Frankenstein o el moderno Prometeo',
         },
     }]
 
@@ -217,8 +216,7 @@ class RTVEAudioIE(RTVEALaCartaIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
         media url
         """
         png = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://www.rtve.es/ztnr/movil/thumbnail/%s/audios/%s.png' %
-            (self._manager, audio_id),
+            f'http://www.rtve.es/ztnr/movil/thumbnail/{self._manager}/audios/{audio_id}.png',
             audio_id, 'Downloading url information', query={'q': 'v2'})
         q = qualities(['Media', 'Alta', 'HQ', 'HD_READY', 'HD_FULL'])
         formats = []
@@ -242,7 +240,7 @@ class RTVEAudioIE(RTVEALaCartaIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         audio_id = self._match_id(url)
         info = self._download_json(
-            'https://www.rtve.es/api/audios/%s.json' % audio_id,
+            f'https://www.rtve.es/api/audios/{audio_id}.json',
             audio_id)['page']['items'][0]
 
         return {
@@ -288,7 +286,7 @@ class RTVELiveIE(RTVEALaCartaIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': 'live stream',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtvs.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtvs.py
index defb8d741f..927da57787 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtvs.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtvs.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class RTVSIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 2854,
             'thumbnail': 'https://www.rtvs.sk/media/a501/image/file/2/0000/b1R8.rtvs.jpg',
             'display_id': '135331',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # tv archive
         'url': 'http://www.rtvs.sk/televizia/archiv/8249/63118',
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class RTVSIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1428555900,
             'upload_date': '20150409',
             'duration': 4986,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # tv archive
         'url': 'https://www.rtvs.sk/televizia/archiv/18083?utm_source=web&utm_medium=rozcestnik&utm_campaign=Robin',
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class RTVSIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 831,
             'upload_date': '20211111',
             'thumbnail': 'https://www.rtvs.sk/media/a501/image/file/2/0916/robin.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -80,5 +80,5 @@ class RTVSIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': parse_duration(traverse_obj(data, ('playlist', 0, 'length'))),
             'thumbnail': traverse_obj(data, ('playlist', 0, 'image')),
             'timestamp': unified_timestamp(traverse_obj(data, ('playlist', 0, 'datetime_create'))),
-            'formats': formats
+            'formats': formats,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtvslo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtvslo.py
index 39ace7cc6e..e71d01d1e0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rtvslo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rtvslo.py
@@ -87,8 +87,8 @@ class RTVSLOIE(InfoExtractor):
             },
         }, {
             'url': 'https://4d.rtvslo.si/arhiv/dnevnik/174842550',
-            'only_matching': True
-        }
+            'only_matching': True,
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ class RTVSLOIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'format_note': 'Sign language interpretation', 'preference': -10,
                     'language': (
                         'slv' if f.get('language') == 'eng' and f.get('acodec') != 'none'
-                        else f.get('language'))
+                        else f.get('language')),
                 })
 
         for mediafile in traverse_obj(media, ('mediaFiles', lambda _, v: url_or_none(v['streams']['https']))):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rule34video.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rule34video.py
index 11095b2626..3630f5e40c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rule34video.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rule34video.py
@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ class Rule34VideoIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'uploader': 'Sweet HMV',
                 'uploader_url': 'https://rule34video.com/members/22119/',
                 'categories': ['3D', 'MMD', 'iwara'],
-                'tags': 'mincount:10'
-            }
+                'tags': 'mincount:10',
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://rule34video.com/videos/3065296/lara-in-trouble-ep-7-wildeerstudio/',
@@ -61,8 +61,8 @@ class Rule34VideoIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'uploader': 'CerZule',
                 'uploader_url': 'https://rule34video.com/members/36281/',
                 'categories': ['3D', 'Tomb Raider'],
-                'tags': 'mincount:40'
-            }
+                'tags': 'mincount:40',
+            },
         },
     ]
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rumble.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rumble.py
index 837a324e62..db780a2cf4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rumble.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rumble.py
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class RumbleEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 234,
             'uploader': 'WMAR',
             'live_status': 'not_live',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://rumble.com/embed/vslb7v',
         'md5': '7418035de1a30a178b8af34dc2b6a52b',
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class RumbleEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 901,
             'uploader': 'CTNews',
             'live_status': 'not_live',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://rumble.com/embed/vunh1h',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -73,12 +73,12 @@ class RumbleEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
                     {
                         'url': r're:https://.+\.vtt',
                         'name': 'English',
-                        'ext': 'vtt'
-                    }
-                ]
+                        'ext': 'vtt',
+                    },
+                ],
             },
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://rumble.com/embed/v1essrt',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ class RumbleEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'Lofi Girl',
             'live_status': 'is_live',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://rumble.com/embed/v1amumr',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ class RumbleEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'Rumble Events',
             'live_status': 'was_live',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://rumble.com/embed/ufe9n.v5pv5f',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ class RumbleEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'uploader': 'Mr Producer Media',
                 'upload_date': '20220610',
                 'live_status': 'not_live',
-            }
+            },
         },
     ]
 
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ class RumbleEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
                         'filesize': 'size',
                         'width': 'w',
                         'height': 'h',
-                    }, expected_type=lambda x: int(x) or None)
+                    }, expected_type=lambda x: int(x) or None),
                 })
 
         subtitles = {
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ class RumbleIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'view_count': int,
             'live_status': 'not_live',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.rumble.com/vDMUM1?key=value',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ class RumbleIE(InfoExtractor):
                 r'<span data-js="rumbles_up_votes">\s*([\d,.KM]+)', webpage, 'like count', default=None)),
             'dislike_count': parse_count(self._search_regex(
                 r'<span data-js="rumbles_down_votes">\s*([\d,.KM]+)', webpage, 'dislike count', default=None)),
-            'description': clean_html(get_element_by_class('media-description', webpage))
+            'description': clean_html(get_element_by_class('media-description', webpage)),
         }
 
 
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ class RumbleChannelIE(InfoExtractor):
     def entries(self, url, playlist_id):
         for page in itertools.count(1):
             try:
-                webpage = self._download_webpage(f'{url}?page={page}', playlist_id, note='Downloading page %d' % page)
+                webpage = self._download_webpage(f'{url}?page={page}', playlist_id, note=f'Downloading page {page}')
             except ExtractorError as e:
                 if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 404:
                     break
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rutube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rutube.py
index eb12f32faf..d389b32091 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rutube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rutube.py
@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
 import itertools
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     bool_or_none,
     determine_ext,
@@ -21,7 +18,7 @@ class RutubeBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             query = {}
         query['format'] = 'json'
         return self._download_json(
-            'http://rutube.ru/api/video/%s/' % video_id,
+            f'http://rutube.ru/api/video/{video_id}/',
             video_id, 'Downloading video JSON',
             'Unable to download video JSON', query=query)
 
@@ -44,7 +41,7 @@ class RutubeBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': video.get('thumbnail_url'),
             'duration': duration,
             'uploader': try_get(video, lambda x: x['author']['name']),
-            'uploader_id': compat_str(uploader_id) if uploader_id else None,
+            'uploader_id': str(uploader_id) if uploader_id else None,
             'timestamp': unified_timestamp(video.get('created_ts')),
             'categories': [category] if category else None,
             'age_limit': age_limit,
@@ -63,7 +60,7 @@ class RutubeBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             query = {}
         query['format'] = 'json'
         return self._download_json(
-            'http://rutube.ru/api/play/options/%s/' % video_id,
+            f'http://rutube.ru/api/play/options/{video_id}/',
             video_id, 'Downloading options JSON',
             'Unable to download options JSON',
             headers=self.geo_verification_headers(), query=query)
@@ -171,7 +168,7 @@ class RutubeIE(RutubeBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if RutubePlaylistIE.suitable(url) else super(RutubeIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if RutubePlaylistIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -236,7 +233,7 @@ class RutubePlaylistBaseIE(RutubeBaseIE):
             page = self._download_json(
                 next_page_url or self._next_page_url(
                     pagenum, playlist_id, *args, **kwargs),
-                playlist_id, 'Downloading page %s' % pagenum)
+                playlist_id, f'Downloading page {pagenum}')
 
             results = page.get('results')
             if not results or not isinstance(results, list):
@@ -335,7 +332,7 @@ class RutubePlaylistIE(RutubePlaylistBaseIE):
     def suitable(cls, url):
         from ..utils import int_or_none, parse_qs
 
-        if not super(RutubePlaylistIE, cls).suitable(url):
+        if not super().suitable(url):
             return False
         params = parse_qs(url)
         return params.get('pl_type', [None])[0] and int_or_none(params.get('pl_id', [None])[0])
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/rutv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/rutv.py
index 726d49111a..9bd26ad03e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/rutv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/rutv.py
@@ -124,18 +124,18 @@ class RUTVIE(InfoExtractor):
         is_live = video_type == 'live'
 
         json_data = self._download_json(
-            'http://player.vgtrk.com/iframe/data%s/id/%s' % ('live' if is_live else 'video', video_id),
+            'http://player.vgtrk.com/iframe/data{}/id/{}'.format('live' if is_live else 'video', video_id),
             video_id, 'Downloading JSON')
 
         if json_data['errors']:
-            raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, json_data['errors']), expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError('{} said: {}'.format(self.IE_NAME, json_data['errors']), expected=True)
 
         playlist = json_data['data']['playlist']
         medialist = playlist['medialist']
         media = medialist[0]
 
         if media['errors']:
-            raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, media['errors']), expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError('{} said: {}'.format(self.IE_NAME, media['errors']), expected=True)
 
         view_count = int_or_none(playlist.get('count_views'))
         priority_transport = playlist['priority_transport']
@@ -175,12 +175,12 @@ class RUTVIE(InfoExtractor):
                     continue
                 else:
                     fmt = {
-                        'url': url
+                        'url': url,
                     }
                 fmt.update({
                     'width': int_or_none(quality, default=height, invscale=width, scale=height),
                     'height': int_or_none(quality, default=height),
-                    'format_id': '%s-%s' % (transport, quality),
+                    'format_id': f'{transport}-{quality}',
                     'source_preference': preference,
                 })
                 formats.append(fmt)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ruutu.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ruutu.py
index dc61387be7..2dddb39f95 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ruutu.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ruutu.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import json
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_urlparse
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     determine_ext,
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ class RuutuIE(InfoExtractor):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         video_xml = self._download_xml(
-            '%s/media-xml-cache' % self._API_BASE, video_id,
+            f'{self._API_BASE}/media-xml-cache', video_id,
             query={'id': video_id})
 
         formats = []
@@ -182,8 +182,8 @@ class RuutuIE(InfoExtractor):
                     processed_urls.append(video_url)
                     ext = determine_ext(video_url)
                     auth_video_url = url_or_none(self._download_webpage(
-                        '%s/auth/access/v2' % self._API_BASE, video_id,
-                        note='Downloading authenticated %s stream URL' % ext,
+                        f'{self._API_BASE}/auth/access/v2', video_id,
+                        note=f'Downloading authenticated {ext} stream URL',
                         fatal=False, query={'stream': video_url}))
                     if auth_video_url:
                         processed_urls.append(auth_video_url)
@@ -209,16 +209,16 @@ class RuutuIE(InfoExtractor):
                             'vcodec': 'none',
                         })
                     else:
-                        proto = compat_urllib_parse_urlparse(video_url).scheme
+                        proto = urllib.parse.urlparse(video_url).scheme
                         if not child.tag.startswith('HTTP') and proto != 'rtmp':
                             continue
                         preference = -1 if proto == 'rtmp' else 1
                         label = child.get('label')
                         tbr = int_or_none(child.get('bitrate'))
-                        format_id = '%s-%s' % (proto, label if label else tbr) if label or tbr else proto
+                        format_id = f'{proto}-{label if label else tbr}' if label or tbr else proto
                         if not self._is_valid_url(video_url, video_id, format_id):
                             continue
-                        width, height = [int_or_none(x) for x in child.get('resolution', 'x').split('x')[:2]]
+                        width, height = (int_or_none(x) for x in child.get('resolution', 'x').split('x')[:2])
                         formats.append({
                             'format_id': format_id,
                             'url': video_url,
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ class RuutuIE(InfoExtractor):
                 self.report_drm(video_id)
             ns_st_cds = pv('ns_st_cds')
             if ns_st_cds != 'free':
-                raise ExtractorError('This video is %s.' % ns_st_cds, expected=True)
+                raise ExtractorError(f'This video is {ns_st_cds}.', expected=True)
 
         themes = pv('themes')
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ruv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ruv.py
index 12499d6ca8..5e55a4059c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ruv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ruv.py
@@ -131,10 +131,10 @@ class RuvSpilaIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.ruv.is/ungruv/spila/ungruv/28046/8beuph',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.ruv.is/krakkaruv/spila/krakkafrettir/30712/9jbgb0',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ class RuvSpilaIE(InfoExtractor):
                         }
                     }
                 }
-            }''' % (series_id, display_id)})['data']['Program']
+            }''' % (series_id, display_id)})['data']['Program']  # noqa: UP031
         episode = program['episodes'][0]
 
         subs = {}
@@ -182,5 +182,5 @@ class RuvSpilaIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': unified_timestamp(episode.get('firstrun')),
             'formats': formats,
             'age_limit': episode.get('rating'),
-            'chapters': clips
+            'chapters': clips,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/s4c.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/s4c.py
index 67eff723b1..6eb8b2b2c6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/s4c.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/s4c.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class S4CIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Y Swn',
             'description': 'md5:f7681a30e4955b250b3224aa9fe70cf0',
             'duration': 5340,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://www.s4c.cymru/amg/1920x1080/Y_Swn_2023S4C_099_ii.jpg'
+            'thumbnail': 'https://www.s4c.cymru/amg/1920x1080/Y_Swn_2023S4C_099_ii.jpg',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.s4c.cymru/clic/programme/856636948',
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class S4CIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Am Dro',
             'duration': 2880,
             'description': 'md5:100d8686fc9a632a0cb2db52a3433ffe',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://www.s4c.cymru/amg/1920x1080/Am_Dro_2022-23S4C_P6_4005.jpg'
+            'thumbnail': 'https://www.s4c.cymru/amg/1920x1080/Am_Dro_2022-23S4C_P6_4005.jpg',
         },
     }]
 
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ class S4CSeriesIE(InfoExtractor):
             'https://www.s4c.cymru/df/series_details', series_id, query={
                 'lang': 'e',
                 'series_id': series_id,
-                'show_prog_in_series': 'Y'
+                'show_prog_in_series': 'Y',
             }, note='Downloading series details JSON')
 
         return self.playlist_result(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/safari.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/safari.py
index 17dff0afa2..86f34df478 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/safari.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/safari.py
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
 import json
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_parse_qs,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     update_url_query,
@@ -34,9 +31,9 @@ class SafariBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             return
 
         redirect_url = urlh.url
-        parsed_url = compat_urlparse.urlparse(redirect_url)
-        qs = compat_parse_qs(parsed_url.query)
-        next_uri = compat_urlparse.urljoin(
+        parsed_url = urllib.parse.urlparse(redirect_url)
+        qs = urllib.parse.parse_qs(parsed_url.query)
+        next_uri = urllib.parse.urljoin(
             'https://api.oreilly.com', qs['next'][0])
 
         auth, urlh = self._download_json_handle(
@@ -54,7 +51,7 @@ class SafariBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         if (not auth.get('logged_in') and not auth.get('redirect_uri')
                 and credentials):
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'Unable to login: %s' % credentials, expected=True)
+                f'Unable to login: {credentials}', expected=True)
 
         # oreilly serves two same instances of the following cookies
         # in Set-Cookie header and expects first one to be actually set
@@ -62,7 +59,7 @@ class SafariBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             self._apply_first_set_cookie_header(urlh, cookie)
 
         _, urlh = self._download_webpage_handle(
-            auth.get('redirect_uri') or next_uri, None, 'Completing login',)
+            auth.get('redirect_uri') or next_uri, None, 'Completing login')
 
         if is_logged(urlh):
             self.LOGGED_IN = True
@@ -124,7 +121,7 @@ class SafariIE(SafariBaseIE):
             partner_id = self._PARTNER_ID
             ui_id = self._UICONF_ID
         else:
-            video_id = '%s-%s' % (mobj.group('course_id'), mobj.group('part'))
+            video_id = '{}-{}'.format(mobj.group('course_id'), mobj.group('part'))
 
             webpage, urlh = self._download_webpage_handle(url, video_id)
 
@@ -144,14 +141,14 @@ class SafariIE(SafariBaseIE):
                 group='id')
 
         query = {
-            'wid': '_%s' % partner_id,
+            'wid': f'_{partner_id}',
             'uiconf_id': ui_id,
             'flashvars[referenceId]': reference_id,
         }
 
         if self.LOGGED_IN:
             kaltura_session = self._download_json(
-                '%s/player/kaltura_session/?reference_id=%s' % (self._API_BASE, reference_id),
+                f'{self._API_BASE}/player/kaltura_session/?reference_id={reference_id}',
                 video_id, 'Downloading kaltura session JSON',
                 'Unable to download kaltura session JSON', fatal=False,
                 headers={'Accept': 'application/json'})
@@ -180,7 +177,7 @@ class SafariApiIE(SafariBaseIE):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
         part = self._download_json(
-            url, '%s/%s' % (mobj.group('course_id'), mobj.group('part')),
+            url, '{}/{}'.format(mobj.group('course_id'), mobj.group('part')),
             'Downloading part JSON')
         web_url = part['web_url']
         if 'library/view' in web_url:
@@ -236,18 +233,18 @@ class SafariCourseIE(SafariBaseIE):
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
         return (False if SafariIE.suitable(url) or SafariApiIE.suitable(url)
-                else super(SafariCourseIE, cls).suitable(url))
+                else super().suitable(url))
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         course_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         course_json = self._download_json(
-            '%s/book/%s/?override_format=%s' % (self._API_BASE, course_id, self._API_FORMAT),
+            f'{self._API_BASE}/book/{course_id}/?override_format={self._API_FORMAT}',
             course_id, 'Downloading course JSON')
 
         if 'chapters' not in course_json:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'No chapters found for course %s' % course_id, expected=True)
+                f'No chapters found for course {course_id}', expected=True)
 
         entries = [
             self.url_result(chapter, SafariApiIE.ie_key())
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/saitosan.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/saitosan.py
index a5f05e1d05..4ed919572f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/saitosan.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/saitosan.py
@@ -47,15 +47,15 @@ class SaitosanIE(InfoExtractor):
         base += '&sid=' + sid
 
         self._download_webpage(base, b_id, note='Polling socket')
-        payload = '420["room_start_join",{"room_id":"%s"}]' % b_id
-        payload = '%s:%s' % (len(payload), payload)
+        payload = f'420["room_start_join",{{"room_id":"{b_id}"}}]'
+        payload = f'{len(payload)}:{payload}'
 
         self._download_webpage(base, b_id, data=payload, note='Polling socket with payload')
         response = self._download_socket_json(base, b_id, note='Polling socket')
         if not response.get('ok'):
             err = response.get('error') or {}
             raise ExtractorError(
-                '%s said: %s - %s' % (self.IE_NAME, err.get('code', '?'), err.get('msg', 'Unknown')) if err
+                '{} said: {} - {}'.format(self.IE_NAME, err.get('code', '?'), err.get('msg', 'Unknown')) if err
                 else 'The socket reported that the broadcast could not be joined. Maybe it\'s offline or the URL is incorrect',
                 expected=True, video_id=b_id)
 
@@ -71,5 +71,5 @@ class SaitosanIE(InfoExtractor):
             'formats': self._extract_m3u8_formats(m3u8_url, b_id, 'mp4', live=True),
             'thumbnail': m3u8_url.replace('av.m3u8', 'thumb'),
             'uploader': try_get(b_data, lambda x: x['broadcast_user']['name']),  # same as title
-            'is_live': True
+            'is_live': True,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/samplefocus.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/samplefocus.py
index e9f5c227b7..36ceb0254d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/samplefocus.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/samplefocus.py
@@ -28,10 +28,10 @@ class SampleFocusIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://samplefocus.com/samples/dababy-style-bass-808',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://samplefocus.com/samples/young-chop-kick',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class SampleFocusIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         def extract_count(klass):
             return int_or_none(self._html_search_regex(
-                r'<span[^>]+class=(?:["\'])?%s-count[^>]*>(\d+)' % klass,
+                rf'<span[^>]+class=(?:["\'])?{klass}-count[^>]*>(\d+)',
                 webpage, klass, fatal=False))
 
         return {
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ class SampleFocusIE(InfoExtractor):
                 r'<a[^>]+href=(["\'])/license\1[^>]*>(?P<license>[^<]+)<',
                 webpage, 'license', fatal=False, group='license'),
             'uploader_id': uploader_id,
-            'like_count': extract_count('sample-%s-favorites' % sample_id),
+            'like_count': extract_count(f'sample-{sample_id}-favorites'),
             'comment_count': extract_count('comments'),
             'comments': comments,
             'categories': categories,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sapo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sapo.py
index beffaee592..2b8c078ea0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sapo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sapo.py
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ class SapoIE(InfoExtractor):
         video_id = mobj.group('id')
 
         item = self._download_xml(
-            'http://rd3.videos.sapo.pt/%s/rss2' % video_id, video_id).find('./channel/item')
+            f'http://rd3.videos.sapo.pt/{video_id}/rss2', video_id).find('./channel/item')
 
         title = item.find('./title').text
         description = item.find('./{http://videos.sapo.pt/mrss/}synopse').text
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sbscokr.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sbscokr.py
index 001d19ee1d..93cf14fd09 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sbscokr.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sbscokr.py
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ class SBSCoKrIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         formats = []
         for stream in traverse_obj(details, (
-            'vod', 'source', 'mediasourcelist', lambda _, v: v['mediaurl'] or v['mediarscuse']
+            'vod', 'source', 'mediasourcelist', lambda _, v: v['mediaurl'] or v['mediarscuse'],
         ), default=[source]):
             if not stream.get('mediaurl'):
                 new_source = traverse_obj(
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ class SBSCoKrIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'format_id': stream.get('mediarscuse'),
                 'format_note': stream.get('medianame'),
                 **parse_resolution(stream.get('quality')),
-                'preference': int_or_none(stream.get('mediarscuse'))
+                'preference': int_or_none(stream.get('mediarscuse')),
             })
 
         caption_url = traverse_obj(details, ('vod', 'source', 'subtitle', {url_or_none}))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/screencast.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/screencast.py
index df5e79bef7..44b58911f2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/screencast.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/screencast.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-import urllib.request
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_parse_qs
 from ..utils import ExtractorError
 
 
@@ -16,7 +15,7 @@ class ScreencastIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Color Measurement with Ocean Optics Spectrometers',
             'description': 'md5:240369cde69d8bed61349a199c5fb153',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(?:gif|jpg)$',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.screencast.com/t/V2uXehPJa1ZI',
         'md5': 'e8e4b375a7660a9e7e35c33973410d34',
@@ -26,7 +25,7 @@ class ScreencastIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'The Amadeus Spectrometer',
             'description': 're:^In this video, our friends at.*To learn more about Amadeus, visit',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(?:gif|jpg)$',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.screencast.com/t/aAB3iowa',
         'md5': 'dedb2734ed00c9755761ccaee88527cd',
@@ -36,7 +35,7 @@ class ScreencastIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Google Earth Export',
             'description': 'Provides a demo of a CommunityViz export to Google Earth, one of the 3D viewing options.',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(?:gif|jpg)$',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.screencast.com/t/X3ddTrYh',
         'md5': '669ee55ff9c51988b4ebc0877cc8b159',
@@ -46,7 +45,7 @@ class ScreencastIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Toolkit 6 User Group Webinar (2014-03-04) - Default Judgment and First Impression',
             'description': 'md5:7b9f393bc92af02326a5c5889639eab0',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(?:gif|jpg)$',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://screencast.com/t/aAB3iowa',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -71,8 +70,8 @@ class ScreencastIE(InfoExtractor):
                 if flash_vars_s:
                     flash_vars_s = flash_vars_s.replace(',', '&')
             if flash_vars_s:
-                flash_vars = compat_parse_qs(flash_vars_s)
-                video_url_raw = urllib.request.quote(
+                flash_vars = urllib.parse.parse_qs(flash_vars_s)
+                video_url_raw = urllib.parse.quote(
                     flash_vars['content'][0])
                 video_url = video_url_raw.replace('http%3A', 'http:')
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/screencastomatic.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/screencastomatic.py
index 28e25e9d8b..3af9135a9a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/screencastomatic.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/screencastomatic.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class ScreencastOMaticIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'as the title says! also: some general info re 1) VCE philosophy and 2) distance learning.',
             'duration': 369,
             'upload_date': '20141216',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://screencast-o-matic.com/player/c2lD3BeOPl',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/scrippsnetworks.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/scrippsnetworks.py
index 85d51cd59a..d770368a7f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/scrippsnetworks.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/scrippsnetworks.py
@@ -56,10 +56,10 @@ class ScrippsNetworksWatchIE(AWSIE):
         site_id, video_id = mobj.group('site', 'id')
 
         aws_identity_id_json = json.dumps({
-            'IdentityId': '%s:7655847c-0ae7-4d9b-80d6-56c062927eb3' % self._AWS_REGION
-        }).encode('utf-8')
+            'IdentityId': f'{self._AWS_REGION}:7655847c-0ae7-4d9b-80d6-56c062927eb3',
+        }).encode()
         token = self._download_json(
-            'https://cognito-identity.%s.amazonaws.com/' % self._AWS_REGION, video_id,
+            f'https://cognito-identity.{self._AWS_REGION}.amazonaws.com/', video_id,
             data=aws_identity_id_json,
             headers={
                 'Accept': '*/*',
@@ -85,11 +85,11 @@ class ScrippsNetworksWatchIE(AWSIE):
 
         def get(key):
             return xpath_text(
-                sts, './/{https://sts.amazonaws.com/doc/2011-06-15/}%s' % key,
+                sts, f'.//{{https://sts.amazonaws.com/doc/2011-06-15/}}{key}',
                 fatal=True)
 
         mcp_id = self._aws_execute_api({
-            'uri': '/1/web/brands/%s/episodes/scrid/%s' % (self._SNI_TABLE[site_id], video_id),
+            'uri': f'/1/web/brands/{self._SNI_TABLE[site_id]}/episodes/scrid/{video_id}',
             'access_key': get('AccessKeyId'),
             'secret_key': get('SecretAccessKey'),
             'session_token': get('SessionToken'),
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ class ScrippsNetworksWatchIE(AWSIE):
 
         return self.url_result(
             smuggle_url(
-                'anvato:anvato_scripps_app_web_prod_0837996dbe373629133857ae9eb72e740424d80a:%s' % mcp_id,
+                f'anvato:anvato_scripps_app_web_prod_0837996dbe373629133857ae9eb72e740424d80a:{mcp_id}',
                 {'geo_countries': ['US']}),
             AnvatoIE.ie_key(), video_id=mcp_id)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/scrolller.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/scrolller.py
index 4f9fa14403..a50822e109 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/scrolller.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/scrolller.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class ScrolllerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://zepto.scrolller.com/a-helping-hand-3ty9q8x094-540x960.jpg',
             'title': 'A helping hand',
             'age_limit': 0,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://scrolller.com/tigers-chasing-a-drone-c5d1f2so6j',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class ScrolllerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://zepto.scrolller.com/tigers-chasing-a-drone-az9pkpguwe-540x303.jpg',
             'title': 'Tigers chasing a drone',
             'age_limit': 0,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://scrolller.com/baby-rhino-smells-something-9chhugsv9p',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class ScrolllerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://atto.scrolller.com/hmm-whats-that-smell-bh54mf2c52-300x224.jpg',
             'title': 'Baby rhino smells something',
             'age_limit': 0,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://scrolller.com/its-all-fun-and-games-cco8jjmoh7',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class ScrolllerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://atto.scrolller.com/its-all-fun-and-games-3amk9vg7m3-540x649.jpg',
             'title': 'It\'s all fun and games...',
             'age_limit': 0,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://scrolller.com/may-the-force-be-with-you-octokuro-yeytg1fs7a',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class ScrolllerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://thumbs2.redgifs.com/DarkStarchyNautilus-poster.jpg',
             'title': 'May the force be with you (Octokuro)',
             'age_limit': 18,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ class ScrolllerIE(InfoExtractor):
                         height
                     }
                 }
-            }''' % video_id
+            }''' % video_id,  # noqa: UP031
         }
 
         video_data = self._download_json(
@@ -98,5 +98,5 @@ class ScrolllerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': video_data.get('title'),
             'thumbnails': thumbnails,
             'formats': formats,
-            'age_limit': 18 if video_data.get('isNsfw') else 0
+            'age_limit': 18 if video_data.get('isNsfw') else 0,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/scte.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/scte.py
index fc91d60e17..39711325fc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/scte.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/scte.py
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class SCTEBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                 r'(?s)<[^>]+class=["\']AsiError["\'][^>]*>(.+?)</',
                 response, 'error message', default=None)
             if error:
-                raise ExtractorError('Unable to login: %s' % error, expected=True)
+                raise ExtractorError(f'Unable to login: {error}', expected=True)
             raise ExtractorError('Unable to log in')
 
 
@@ -66,9 +66,9 @@ class SCTEIE(SCTEBaseIE):
         title = self._search_regex(r'<h1>(.+?)</h1>', webpage, 'title')
 
         context_id = self._search_regex(r'context-(\d+)', webpage, video_id)
-        content_base = 'https://learning.scte.org/pluginfile.php/%s/mod_scorm/content/8/' % context_id
+        content_base = f'https://learning.scte.org/pluginfile.php/{context_id}/mod_scorm/content/8/'
         context = decode_packed_codes(self._download_webpage(
-            '%smobile/data.js' % content_base, video_id))
+            f'{content_base}mobile/data.js', video_id))
 
         data = self._parse_xml(
             self._search_regex(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/senategov.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/senategov.py
index 7ff0cf5b72..cddca09d0c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/senategov.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/senategov.py
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_parse_qs,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     parse_qs,
@@ -68,7 +65,7 @@ class SenateISVPIE(InfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'commerce011514',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Integrated Senate Video Player'
+            'title': 'Integrated Senate Video Player',
         },
         'params': {
             # m3u8 download
@@ -80,8 +77,8 @@ class SenateISVPIE(InfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'intel090613',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'Integrated Senate Video Player'
-        }
+            'title': 'Integrated Senate Video Player',
+        },
     }, {
         # From http://www.c-span.org/video/?96791-1
         'url': 'http://www.senate.gov/isvp?type=live&comm=banking&filename=banking012715',
@@ -91,7 +88,7 @@ class SenateISVPIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         url, smuggled_data = unsmuggle_url(url, {})
 
-        qs = compat_parse_qs(self._match_valid_url(url).group('qs'))
+        qs = urllib.parse.parse_qs(self._match_valid_url(url).group('qs'))
         if not qs.get('filename') or not qs.get('type') or not qs.get('comm'):
             raise ExtractorError('Invalid URL', expected=True)
 
@@ -114,13 +111,13 @@ class SenateISVPIE(InfoExtractor):
         formats = []
         if video_type == 'arch':
             filename = video_id if '.' in video_id else video_id + '.mp4'
-            m3u8_url = compat_urlparse.urljoin(domain, 'i/' + filename + '/master.m3u8')
+            m3u8_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(domain, 'i/' + filename + '/master.m3u8')
             formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(m3u8_url, video_id, ext='mp4', m3u8_id='m3u8')
         else:
             hdcore_sign = 'hdcore=3.1.0'
             url_params = (domain, video_id, stream_num)
             f4m_url = f'%s/z/%s_1@%s/manifest.f4m?{hdcore_sign}' % url_params
-            m3u8_url = '%s/i/%s_1@%s/master.m3u8' % url_params
+            m3u8_url = '{}/i/{}_1@{}/master.m3u8'.format(*url_params)
             for entry in self._extract_f4m_formats(f4m_url, video_id, f4m_id='f4m'):
                 # URLs without the extra param induce an 404 error
                 entry.update({'extra_param_to_segment_url': hdcore_sign})
@@ -196,5 +193,5 @@ class SenateGovIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': self._og_search_description(webpage, default=None),
             'thumbnail': self._og_search_thumbnail(webpage, default=None),
             'age_limit': self._rta_search(webpage),
-            'formats': formats
+            'formats': formats,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sendtonews.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sendtonews.py
index 99fcf51f16..ecf4b27d7a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sendtonews.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sendtonews.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class SendtoNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
         # From http://cleveland.cbslocal.com/2016/05/16/indians-score-season-high-15-runs-in-blowout-win-over-reds-rapid-reaction/
         'url': 'http://embed.sendtonews.com/player2/embedplayer.php?SC=GxfCe0Zo7D-175909-5588&type=single&autoplay=on&sound=YES',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'GxfCe0Zo7D-175909-5588'
+            'id': 'GxfCe0Zo7D-175909-5588',
         },
         'playlist_count': 8,
         # test the first video only to prevent lengthy tests
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class SendtoNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
                 if not tbr:
                     continue
                 f.update({
-                    'format_id': '%s-%d' % (determine_protocol(f), tbr),
+                    'format_id': f'{determine_protocol(f)}-{tbr}',
                     'tbr': tbr,
                 })
 
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ class SendtoNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'timestamp': parse_iso8601(video.get('S_sysDate'), delimiter=' '),
                 # 'tbr' was explicitly set to be preferred over 'height' originally,
                 # So this is being kept unless someone can confirm this is unnecessary
-                '_format_sort_fields': ('tbr', 'res')
+                '_format_sort_fields': ('tbr', 'res'),
             })
             entries.append(info_dict)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/servus.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/servus.py
index dda1958832..117f180814 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/servus.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/servus.py
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class ServusIE(InfoExtractor):
             'episode': 'Episode 8 - Vie Ferrate – Klettersteige in den Alpen',
             'episode_number': 8,
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'}
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.servustv.com/natur/v/aa-1xg5xwmgw2112/',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sevenplus.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sevenplus.py
index 6c688d1505..6e1fbe7135 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sevenplus.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sevenplus.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import json
 import re
 
 from .brightcove import BrightcoveNewBaseIE
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -31,7 +30,7 @@ class SevenPlusIE(BrightcoveNewBaseIE):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://7plus.com.au/UUUU?episode-id=AUMS43-001',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -71,7 +70,7 @@ class SevenPlusIE(BrightcoveNewBaseIE):
                 'idToken': id_token,
                 'platformId': 'web',
                 'regSource': '7plus',
-            }).encode('utf-8')) or {}
+            }).encode()) or {}
         self.token = token_resp.get('token')
         if not self.token:
             self.report_warning('Unable to log in: Could not extract auth token')
@@ -120,7 +119,7 @@ class SevenPlusIE(BrightcoveNewBaseIE):
                     if value:
                         info[dst_key] = value
                 info['series'] = try_get(
-                    item, lambda x: x['seriesLogo']['name'], compat_str)
+                    item, lambda x: x['seriesLogo']['name'], str)
                 mobj = re.search(r'^S(\d+)\s+E(\d+)\s+-\s+(.+)$', info['title'])
                 if mobj:
                     info.update({
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sexu.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sexu.py
index 989b63c721..71b1076e6d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sexu.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sexu.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class SexuIE(InfoExtractor):
             'categories': list,  # NSFW
             'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'age_limit': 18,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/seznamzpravy.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/seznamzpravy.py
index b31d566dfe..6f2bfcd27f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/seznamzpravy.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/seznamzpravy.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     parse_codecs,
@@ -13,7 +11,7 @@ from ..utils import (
 
 
 def _raw_id(src_url):
-    return compat_urllib_parse_urlparse(src_url).path.split('/')[-1]
+    return urllib.parse.urlparse(src_url).path.split('/')[-1]
 
 
 class SeznamZpravyIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -68,7 +66,7 @@ class SeznamZpravyIE(InfoExtractor):
 
             f = {
                 'url': urljoin(sdn_url, relative_url),
-                'format_id': 'http-%s' % format_id,
+                'format_id': f'http-{format_id}',
                 'tbr': int_or_none(format_data.get('bandwidth'), scale=1000),
                 'width': int_or_none(width),
                 'height': int_or_none(height),
@@ -79,7 +77,7 @@ class SeznamZpravyIE(InfoExtractor):
         pls = sdn_data.get('pls', {})
 
         def get_url(format_id):
-            return try_get(pls, lambda x: x[format_id]['url'], compat_str)
+            return try_get(pls, lambda x: x[format_id]['url'], str)
 
         dash_rel_url = get_url('dash')
         if dash_rel_url:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/shahid.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/shahid.py
index 89aee27280..f0a3b6b7d7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/shahid.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/shahid.py
@@ -63,17 +63,17 @@ class ShahidIE(ShahidBaseIE):
         'params': {
             # m3u8 download
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://shahid.mbc.net/ar/movies/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%A9/movie-151746',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         # shahid plus subscriber only
         'url': 'https://shahid.mbc.net/ar/series/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7-2011-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%85-1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A9-1/episode-90511',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://shahid.mbc.net/en/shows/Ramez-Fi-Al-Shallal-season-1-episode-1/episode-359319',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _perform_login(self, username, password):
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ class ShahidIE(ShahidBaseIE):
                     'email': username,
                     'password': password,
                     'basic': 'false',
-                }).encode('utf-8'), headers={
+                }).encode(), headers={
                     'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=UTF-8',
                 })['user']
         except ExtractorError as e:
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ class ShahidIE(ShahidBaseIE):
         #     })['productModel']
 
         response = self._download_json(
-            'http://api.shahid.net/api/v1_1/%s/%s' % (page_type, video_id),
+            f'http://api.shahid.net/api/v1_1/{page_type}/{video_id}',
             video_id, 'Downloading video JSON', query={
                 'apiKey': 'sh@hid0nlin3',
                 'hash': 'b2wMCTHpSmyxGqQjJFOycRmLSex+BpTK/ooxy6vHaqs=',
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ class ShahidIE(ShahidBaseIE):
         error = data.get('error')
         if error:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                '%s returned error: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, '\n'.join(error.values())),
+                '{} returned error: {}'.format(self.IE_NAME, '\n'.join(error.values())),
                 expected=True)
 
         video = data[page_type]
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ class ShahidShowIE(ShahidBaseIE):
         'playlist_mincount': 32,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://shahid.mbc.net/ar/series/How-to-live-Longer-(The-Big-Think)/series-291861',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
     _PAGE_SIZE = 30
 
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ class ShahidShowIE(ShahidBaseIE):
                     'pageSize': 30,
                     'sorts': [{
                         'order': 'DESC',
-                        'type': 'SORTDATE'
+                        'type': 'SORTDATE',
                     }],
                 })
             for product in playlist.get('productList', {}).get('products', []):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/shemaroome.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/shemaroome.py
index cca86ed6c0..284b2f89c1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/shemaroome.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/shemaroome.py
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
+import base64
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..aes import aes_cbc_decrypt, unpad_pkcs7
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_b64decode,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     bytes_to_intlist,
@@ -24,8 +23,8 @@ class ShemarooMeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:2782c4127807103cf5a6ae2ca33645ce',
         },
         'params': {
-            'skip_download': True
-        }
+            'skip_download': True,
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.shemaroome.com/shows/jurm-aur-jazbaat/laalach',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -37,9 +36,9 @@ class ShemarooMeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'release_date': '20210507',
         },
         'params': {
-            'skip_download': True
+            'skip_download': True,
         },
-        'skip': 'Premium videos cannot be downloaded yet.'
+        'skip': 'Premium videos cannot be downloaded yet.',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.shemaroome.com/shows/jai-jai-jai-bajrang-bali/jai-jai-jai-bajrang-bali-episode-99',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -51,8 +50,8 @@ class ShemarooMeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'release_date': '20110101',
         },
         'params': {
-            'skip_download': True
-        }
+            'skip_download': True,
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -69,8 +68,8 @@ class ShemarooMeIE(InfoExtractor):
         data_json = self._download_json('https://www.shemaroome.com/users/user_all_lists', video_id, data=data.encode())
         if not data_json.get('status'):
             raise ExtractorError('Premium videos cannot be downloaded yet.', expected=True)
-        url_data = bytes_to_intlist(compat_b64decode(data_json['new_play_url']))
-        key = bytes_to_intlist(compat_b64decode(data_json['key']))
+        url_data = bytes_to_intlist(base64.b64decode(data_json['new_play_url']))
+        key = bytes_to_intlist(base64.b64decode(data_json['key']))
         iv = [0] * 16
         m3u8_url = unpad_pkcs7(intlist_to_bytes(aes_cbc_decrypt(url_data, key, iv))).decode('ascii')
         headers = {'stream_key': data_json['stream_key']}
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/showroomlive.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/showroomlive.py
index ab18953118..303f0b3cc0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/showroomlive.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/showroomlive.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
@@ -24,18 +23,18 @@ class ShowRoomLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
              r'(?:profile|room)\?room_id\=(\d+)'), webpage, 'room_id')
 
         room = self._download_json(
-            urljoin(url, '/api/room/profile?room_id=%s' % room_id),
+            urljoin(url, f'/api/room/profile?room_id={room_id}'),
             broadcaster_id)
 
         is_live = room.get('is_onlive')
         if is_live is not True:
-            raise ExtractorError('%s is offline' % broadcaster_id, expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'{broadcaster_id} is offline', expected=True)
 
         uploader = room.get('performer_name') or broadcaster_id
         title = room.get('room_name') or room.get('main_name') or uploader
 
         streaming_url_list = self._download_json(
-            urljoin(url, '/api/live/streaming_url?room_id=%s' % room_id),
+            urljoin(url, f'/api/live/streaming_url?room_id={room_id}'),
             broadcaster_id)['streaming_url_list']
 
         formats = []
@@ -68,7 +67,7 @@ class ShowRoomLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 })
 
         return {
-            'id': compat_str(room.get('live_id') or broadcaster_id),
+            'id': str(room.get('live_id') or broadcaster_id),
             'title': title,
             'description': room.get('description'),
             'timestamp': int_or_none(room.get('current_live_started_at')),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sibnet.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sibnet.py
index 73bb75d8f2..c3fb72e691 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sibnet.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sibnet.py
@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@ class SibnetEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
     _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://phpbb3.x-tk.ru/bbcode-video-sibnet-t24.html',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'shell',  # FIXME?
+            'id': 'shell',  # FIXME: Non unique ID?
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'age_limit': 0,
             'thumbnail': 'https://video.sibnet.ru/upload/cover/video_1887072_0.jpg',
             'title': 'КВН Москва не сразу строилась  - Девушка впервые играет в Mortal Kombat',
-        }
+        },
     }]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/simplecast.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/simplecast.py
index ec349ddf90..f6bb1306ad 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/simplecast.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/simplecast.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class SimplecastBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _call_search_api(self, resource, resource_id, resource_url):
         return self._download_json(
-            'https://api.simplecast.com/%ss/search' % resource, resource_id,
+            f'https://api.simplecast.com/{resource}s/search', resource_id,
             data=urlencode_postdata({'url': resource_url}))
 
     def _parse_episode(self, episode):
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class SimplecastBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         season_id = None
         if season_href:
             season_id = self._search_regex(
-                r'https?://api.simplecast.com/seasons/(%s)' % self._UUID_REGEX,
+                rf'https?://api.simplecast.com/seasons/({self._UUID_REGEX})',
                 season_href, 'season id', default=None)
 
         webpage_url = episode.get('episode_url')
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class SimplecastBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
 class SimplecastIE(SimplecastBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'simplecast'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:api\.simplecast\.com/episodes|player\.simplecast\.com)/(?P<id>%s)' % SimplecastBaseIE._UUID_REGEX
+    _VALID_URL = rf'https?://(?:api\.simplecast\.com/episodes|player\.simplecast\.com)/(?P<id>{SimplecastBaseIE._UUID_REGEX})'
     _EMBED_REGEX = [rf'''(?x)<iframe[^>]+src=["\']
         (?P<url>https?://(?:
             embed\.simplecast\.com/[0-9a-f]{8}|
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sina.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sina.py
index eeb9ebb44c..974af1bc53 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sina.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sina.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class SinaIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'id': '250576622',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'title': '现场:克鲁兹宣布退选 特朗普将稳获提名',
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'http://video.sina.com.cn/v/b/101314253-1290078633.html',
@@ -66,8 +66,7 @@ class SinaIE(InfoExtractor):
                 webpage = self._download_webpage(url, pseudo_id)
                 error = get_element_by_attribute('class', 'errtitle', webpage)
                 if error:
-                    raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (
-                        self.IE_NAME, clean_html(error)), expected=True)
+                    raise ExtractorError(f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {clean_html(error)}', expected=True)
                 video_id = self._search_regex(
                     r"video_id\s*:\s*'(\d+)'", webpage, 'video id')
 
@@ -75,7 +74,7 @@ class SinaIE(InfoExtractor):
             'http://s.video.sina.com.cn/video/h5play',
             video_id, query={'video_id': video_id})
         if video_data['code'] != 1:
-            raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (
+            raise ExtractorError('{} said: {}'.format(
                 self.IE_NAME, video_data['message']), expected=True)
         else:
             video_data = video_data['data']
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sixplay.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sixplay.py
index 44619a16c6..6037a35116 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sixplay.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sixplay.py
@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
     int_or_none,
@@ -44,9 +41,9 @@ class SixPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
         }.get(domain, ('6play', 'm6web'))
 
         data = self._download_json(
-            'https://pc.middleware.6play.fr/6play/v2/platforms/m6group_web/services/%s/videos/clip_%s' % (service, video_id),
+            f'https://pc.middleware.6play.fr/6play/v2/platforms/m6group_web/services/{service}/videos/clip_{video_id}',
             video_id, headers={
-                'x-customer-name': consumer_name
+                'x-customer-name': consumer_name,
             }, query={
                 'csa': 5,
                 'with': 'clips',
@@ -82,7 +79,7 @@ class SixPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
                         asset_url = urlh.url
                     asset_url = asset_url.replace('_drmnp.ism/', '_unpnp.ism/')
                     for i in range(3, 0, -1):
-                        asset_url = asset_url = asset_url.replace('_sd1/', '_sd%d/' % i)
+                        asset_url = asset_url.replace('_sd1/', f'_sd{i}/')
                         m3u8_formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
                             asset_url, video_id, 'mp4', 'm3u8_native',
                             m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False)
@@ -107,7 +104,7 @@ class SixPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         def get(getter):
             for src in (data, clip_data):
-                v = try_get(src, getter, compat_str)
+                v = try_get(src, getter, str)
                 if v:
                     return v
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/skeb.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/skeb.py
index 54dfdc441d..bc5ec3da7f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/skeb.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/skeb.py
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ class SkebIE(InfoExtractor):
             'subtitles': {
                 'jpn': [{
                     'url': r're:https://skeb.+',
-                    'ext': 'vtt'
-                }]
+                    'ext': 'vtt',
+                }],
             },
             'width': 720,
             'height': 405,
@@ -48,8 +48,8 @@ class SkebIE(InfoExtractor):
             'subtitles': {
                 'jpn': [{
                     'url': r're:https://skeb.+',
-                    'ext': 'vtt'
-                }]
+                    'ext': 'vtt',
+                }],
             },
             'duration': 98,
             'ext': 'mp3',
@@ -70,8 +70,8 @@ class SkebIE(InfoExtractor):
             }, {
                 'id': '486431',
                 'title': 'ヒロ。\n\n私のキャラク... by 諸々',
-            }]
-        }
+            }],
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ class SkebIE(InfoExtractor):
             if width is not None and height is not None:
                 # the longest side is at most 720px for non-client viewers
                 max_size = max(width, height)
-                width, height = list(x * 720 // max_size for x in (width, height))
+                width, height = (x * 720 // max_size for x in (width, height))
             entries.append({
                 **parent,
                 'id': str(item['id']),
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ class SkebIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'jpn': [{
                         'url': item.get('vtt_url'),
                         'ext': 'vtt',
-                    }]
+                    }],
                 } if item.get('vtt_url') else None,
                 'width': width,
                 'height': height,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sky.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sky.py
index 574ac219cc..5c9e4f35ca 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sky.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sky.py
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ class SkyNewsStoryIE(SkyBaseIE):
             'upload_date': '20211027',
             'timestamp': 1635317494,
             'uploader_id': '6058004172001',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/skyit.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/skyit.py
index 42d30f7c4c..6e2973232e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/skyit.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/skyit.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_parse_qs,
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     dict_get,
     int_or_none,
@@ -56,7 +54,7 @@ class SkyItPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        domain = compat_parse_qs(compat_urllib_parse_urlparse(
+        domain = urllib.parse.parse_qs(urllib.parse.urlparse(
             url).query).get('domain', [None])[0]
         token = dict_get(self._TOKEN_MAP, (domain, 'sky'))
         video = self._download_json(
@@ -64,7 +62,7 @@ class SkyItPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
             video_id, query={
                 'caller': 'sky',
                 'id': video_id,
-                'token': token
+                'token': token,
             }, headers=self.geo_verification_headers())
         return self._parse_video(video, video_id)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/skylinewebcams.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/skylinewebcams.py
index 197407c18d..102a2f9b27 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/skylinewebcams.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/skylinewebcams.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class SkylineWebcamsIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/skynewsarabia.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/skynewsarabia.py
index 234703cf70..7ac24437f7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/skynewsarabia.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/skynewsarabia.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     parse_duration,
     parse_iso8601,
@@ -10,7 +9,7 @@ class SkyNewsArabiaBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     _IMAGE_BASE_URL = 'http://www.skynewsarabia.com/web/images'
 
     def _call_api(self, path, value):
-        return self._download_json('http://api.skynewsarabia.com/web/rest/v2/%s/%s.json' % (path, value), value)
+        return self._download_json(f'http://api.skynewsarabia.com/web/rest/v2/{path}/{value}.json', value)
 
     def _get_limelight_media_id(self, url):
         return self._search_regex(r'/media/[^/]+/([a-z0-9]{32})', url, 'limelight media id')
@@ -19,11 +18,11 @@ class SkyNewsArabiaBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         return self._IMAGE_BASE_URL + image_path_template.format(width=width, height=height)
 
     def _extract_video_info(self, video_data):
-        video_id = compat_str(video_data['id'])
+        video_id = str(video_data['id'])
         topic = video_data.get('topicTitle')
         return {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
-            'url': 'limelight:media:%s' % self._get_limelight_media_id(video_data['videoUrl'][0]['url']),
+            'url': 'limelight:media:{}'.format(self._get_limelight_media_id(video_data['videoUrl'][0]['url'])),
             'id': video_id,
             'title': video_data['headline'],
             'description': video_data.get('summary'),
@@ -32,7 +31,7 @@ class SkyNewsArabiaBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': parse_duration(video_data.get('runTime')),
             'tags': video_data.get('tags', []),
             'categories': [topic] if topic else [],
-            'webpage_url': 'http://www.skynewsarabia.com/web/video/%s' % video_id,
+            'webpage_url': f'http://www.skynewsarabia.com/web/video/{video_id}',
             'ie_key': 'LimelightMedia',
         }
 
@@ -101,7 +100,7 @@ class SkyNewsArabiaArticleIE(SkyNewsArabiaBaseIE):
             topic = article_data.get('topicTitle')
             return {
                 '_type': 'url_transparent',
-                'url': 'limelight:media:%s' % self._get_limelight_media_id(media_asset['videoUrl'][0]['url']),
+                'url': 'limelight:media:{}'.format(self._get_limelight_media_id(media_asset['videoUrl'][0]['url'])),
                 'id': article_id,
                 'title': article_data['headline'],
                 'description': article_data.get('summary'),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/skynewsau.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/skynewsau.py
index 43a9c82cf1..617738a7ce 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/skynewsau.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/skynewsau.py
@@ -22,21 +22,21 @@ class SkyNewsAUIE(InfoExtractor):
             'tags': ['fblink', 'msn', 'usa', 'world', 'yt'],
             'upload_date': '20211015',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True, 'format': 'bv'}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True, 'format': 'bv'},
     }]
 
     _API_KEY = '6krsj3w249nk779d8fukqx9f'
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, id)
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
         embedcode = self._search_regex(r'embedcode\s?=\s?\"([^\"]+)\"', webpage, 'embedcode')
         data_json = self._download_json(
-            f'https://content.api.news/v3/videos/brightcove/{embedcode}?api_key={self._API_KEY}', id)['content']
+            f'https://content.api.news/v3/videos/brightcove/{embedcode}?api_key={self._API_KEY}', video_id)['content']
         return {
-            'id': id,
+            'id': video_id,
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
-            'url': 'https://players.brightcove.net/%s/default_default/index.html?videoId=%s' % tuple(embedcode.split('-')),
+            'url': 'https://players.brightcove.net/{}/default_default/index.html?videoId={}'.format(*tuple(embedcode.split('-'))),
             'ie_key': 'BrightcoveNew',
             'title': data_json.get('caption'),
             'upload_date': unified_strdate(try_get(data_json, lambda x: x['date']['created'])),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/slideshare.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/slideshare.py
index ab9dad0ec6..302b6e15cd 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/slideshare.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/slideshare.py
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 import json
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     get_element_by_id,
@@ -32,12 +30,12 @@ class SlideshareIE(InfoExtractor):
             webpage, 'slideshare object')
         info = json.loads(slideshare_obj)
         if info['slideshow']['type'] != 'video':
-            raise ExtractorError('Webpage type is "%s": only video extraction is supported for Slideshare' % info['slideshow']['type'], expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError('Webpage type is "{}": only video extraction is supported for Slideshare'.format(info['slideshow']['type']), expected=True)
 
         doc = info['doc']
         bucket = info['jsplayer']['video_bucket']
         ext = info['jsplayer']['video_extension']
-        video_url = compat_urlparse.urljoin(bucket, doc + '-SD.' + ext)
+        video_url = urllib.parse.urljoin(bucket, doc + '-SD.' + ext)
         description = get_element_by_id('slideshow-description-paragraph', webpage) or self._html_search_regex(
             r'(?s)<p[^>]+itemprop="description"[^>]*>(.+?)</p>', webpage,
             'description', fatal=False)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/slideslive.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/slideslive.py
index a1328dee2d..e684ac7b8e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/slideslive.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/slideslive.py
@@ -532,7 +532,7 @@ class SlidesLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
                 }, note='Downloading video slides info', errnote='Failed to download video slides info') or {}
 
             for slide_id, slide in enumerate(traverse_obj(slides, ('slides', ...)), 1):
-                if not traverse_obj(slide, ('video', 'service')) == 'yoda':
+                if traverse_obj(slide, ('video', 'service')) != 'yoda':
                     continue
                 video_path = traverse_obj(slide, ('video', 'id'))
                 cdn_hostname = traverse_obj(service_data, (
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/slutload.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/slutload.py
index 8e6e89c9aa..c04898b1e3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/slutload.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/slutload.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class SlutloadIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'virginie baisee en cam',
             'age_limit': 18,
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*?\.jpg'
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.*?\.jpg',
         },
     }, {
         # mobile site
@@ -29,14 +29,14 @@ class SlutloadIE(InfoExtractor):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         embed_page = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://www.slutload.com/embed_player/%s' % video_id, video_id,
+            f'http://www.slutload.com/embed_player/{video_id}', video_id,
             'Downloading embed page', fatal=False)
 
         if embed_page:
             def extract(what):
                 return self._html_search_regex(
-                    r'data-video-%s=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1' % what,
-                    embed_page, 'video %s' % what, default=None, group='url')
+                    rf'data-video-{what}=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1',
+                    embed_page, f'video {what}', default=None, group='url')
 
             video_url = extract('url')
             if video_url:
@@ -47,11 +47,11 @@ class SlutloadIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'url': video_url,
                     'title': title,
                     'thumbnail': extract('preview'),
-                    'age_limit': 18
+                    'age_limit': 18,
                 }
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://www.slutload.com/video/_/%s/' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'http://www.slutload.com/video/_/{video_id}/', video_id)
         title = self._html_search_regex(
             r'<h1><strong>([^<]+)</strong>', webpage, 'title').strip()
         info = self._parse_html5_media_entries(url, webpage, video_id)[0]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/snotr.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/snotr.py
index 6889f1929d..859e5e8376 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/snotr.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/snotr.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class SnotrIE(InfoExtractor):
             'filesize_approx': 8500000,
             'description': 'The top 10 George W. Bush moments, brought to you by David Letterman!',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sohu.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sohu.py
index a41ad303a5..23faee1f11 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sohu.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sohu.py
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
 import base64
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlencode,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     float_or_none,
@@ -51,7 +48,7 @@ class SohuIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20150305',
             'thumbnail': 'http://e3f49eaa46b57.cdn.sohucs.com//group1/M10/83/FA/MTAuMTAuODguODA=/6_14cbccdde5eg104SysCutcloud_78693464_7_0b.jpg',
             'tags': ['爱范儿', '爱范品', 'MWC', '手机'],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'note': 'Multipart video',
         'url': 'http://my.tv.sohu.com/pl/8384802/78910339.shtml',
@@ -71,22 +68,22 @@ class SohuIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'duration': 294,
                 'title': '【神探苍实战秘籍】第13期 战争之影 赫卡里姆',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '78910339_part2',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'duration': 300,
                 'title': '【神探苍实战秘籍】第13期 战争之影 赫卡里姆',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '78910339_part3',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'duration': 150,
                 'title': '【神探苍实战秘籍】第13期 战争之影 赫卡里姆',
-            }
-        }]
+            },
+        }],
     }, {
         'note': 'Video with title containing dash',
         'url': 'http://my.tv.sohu.com/us/249884221/78932792.shtml',
@@ -101,8 +98,8 @@ class SohuIE(InfoExtractor):
             'tags': [],
         },
         'params': {
-            'skip_download': True
-        }
+            'skip_download': True,
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -115,7 +112,7 @@ class SohuIE(InfoExtractor):
 
             return self._download_json(
                 base_data_url + vid_id, video_id,
-                'Downloading JSON data for %s' % vid_id,
+                f'Downloading JSON data for {vid_id}',
                 headers=self.geo_verification_headers())
 
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
@@ -133,18 +130,18 @@ class SohuIE(InfoExtractor):
         if vid_data['play'] != 1:
             if vid_data.get('status') == 12:
                 raise ExtractorError(
-                    '%s said: There\'s something wrong in the video.' % self.IE_NAME,
+                    f'{self.IE_NAME} said: There\'s something wrong in the video.',
                     expected=True)
             else:
                 self.raise_geo_restricted(
-                    '%s said: The video is only licensed to users in Mainland China.' % self.IE_NAME)
+                    f'{self.IE_NAME} said: The video is only licensed to users in Mainland China.')
 
         formats_json = {}
         for format_id in ('nor', 'high', 'super', 'ori', 'h2644k', 'h2654k'):
-            vid_id = vid_data['data'].get('%sVid' % format_id)
+            vid_id = vid_data['data'].get(f'{format_id}Vid')
             if not vid_id:
                 continue
-            vid_id = compat_str(vid_id)
+            vid_id = str(vid_id)
             formats_json[format_id] = vid_data if vid == vid_id else _fetch_data(vid_id, mytv)
 
         part_count = vid_data['data']['totalBlocks']
@@ -162,7 +159,7 @@ class SohuIE(InfoExtractor):
                 su = data['su']
 
                 video_url = 'newflv.sohu.ccgslb.net'
-                cdnId = None
+                cdn_id = None
                 retries = 0
 
                 while 'newflv.sohu.ccgslb.net' in video_url:
@@ -174,20 +171,19 @@ class SohuIE(InfoExtractor):
                         'rb': 1,
                     }
 
-                    if cdnId is not None:
-                        params['idc'] = cdnId
+                    if cdn_id is not None:
+                        params['idc'] = cdn_id
 
-                    download_note = 'Downloading %s video URL part %d of %d' % (
-                        format_id, i + 1, part_count)
+                    download_note = f'Downloading {format_id} video URL part {i + 1} of {part_count}'
 
                     if retries > 0:
-                        download_note += ' (retry #%d)' % retries
+                        download_note += f' (retry #{retries})'
                     part_info = self._parse_json(self._download_webpage(
-                        'http://%s/?%s' % (allot, compat_urllib_parse_urlencode(params)),
+                        f'http://{allot}/?{urllib.parse.urlencode(params)}',
                         video_id, download_note), video_id)
 
                     video_url = part_info['url']
-                    cdnId = part_info.get('nid')
+                    cdn_id = part_info.get('nid')
 
                     retries += 1
                     if retries > 5:
@@ -204,7 +200,7 @@ class SohuIE(InfoExtractor):
                 })
 
             playlist.append({
-                'id': '%s_part%d' % (video_id, i + 1),
+                'id': f'{video_id}_part{i + 1}',
                 'title': title,
                 'duration': vid_data['data']['clipsDuration'][i],
                 'formats': formats,
@@ -269,7 +265,7 @@ class SohuVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20150305',
             'thumbnail': 'http://e3f49eaa46b57.cdn.sohucs.com//group1/M10/83/FA/MTAuMTAuODguODA=/6_14cbccdde5eg104SysCutcloud_78693464_7_0b.jpg',
             'tags': ['爱范儿', '爱范品', 'MWC', '手机'],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'note': 'Multipart video',
         'url': 'https://tv.sohu.com/v/dXMvMjQyNTYyMTYzLzc4OTEwMzM5LnNodG1s.html?src=pl',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sonyliv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sonyliv.py
index 7c914acbed..a0a051e972 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sonyliv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sonyliv.py
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class SonyLIVIE(InfoExtractor):
             if c == 'x':
                 t[i] = str(n)
             elif c == 'y':
-                t[i] = '{:x}'.format(3 & n | 8)
+                t[i] = f'{3 & n | 8:x}'
         return ''.join(t) + '-' + str(int(time.time() * 1000))
 
     def _perform_login(self, username, password):
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ class SonyLIVIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _call_api(self, version, path, video_id):
         try:
             return self._download_json(
-                'https://apiv2.sonyliv.com/AGL/%s/A/ENG/WEB/%s' % (version, path),
+                f'https://apiv2.sonyliv.com/AGL/{version}/A/ENG/WEB/{path}',
                 video_id, headers=self._HEADERS)['resultObj']
         except ExtractorError as e:
             if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 406 and self._parse_json(
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ class SonyLIVIE(InfoExtractor):
             self.report_drm(video_id)
         dash_url = content['videoURL']
         headers = {
-            'x-playback-session-id': '%s-%d' % (uuid.uuid4().hex, time.time() * 1000)
+            'x-playback-session-id': '%s-%d' % (uuid.uuid4().hex, time.time() * 1000),
         }
         formats = self._extract_mpd_formats(
             dash_url, video_id, mpd_id='dash', headers=headers, fatal=False)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/soundcloud.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/soundcloud.py
index 358146171f..0f73684355 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/soundcloud.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/soundcloud.py
@@ -4,13 +4,11 @@ import json
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor, SearchInfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..networking import HEADRequest
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     KNOWN_EXTENSIONS,
     ExtractorError,
-    error_to_compat_str,
     float_or_none,
     int_or_none,
     join_nonempty,
@@ -113,7 +111,7 @@ class SoundcloudBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                     self._update_client_id()
                     continue
                 elif non_fatal:
-                    self.report_warning(error_to_compat_str(e))
+                    self.report_warning(str(e))
                     return False
                 raise
 
@@ -196,24 +194,20 @@ class SoundcloudBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         t = clid  # _CLIENT_ID
 
         d = '-'.join([str(mInt) for mInt in [a, i, s, w, u, l, b, k]])
-        p = n + y + d + r + e + t + d + n
-        h = p
+        h = n + y + d + r + e + t + d + n
 
         m = 8011470
-        f = 0
 
-        for f in range(f, len(h)):
+        for f in range(len(h)):
             m = (m >> 1) + ((1 & m) << 23)
             m += ord(h[f])
             m &= 16777215
 
         # c is not even needed
-        out = str(y) + ':' + str(d) + ':' + format(m, 'x') + ':' + str(c)
-
-        return out
+        return f'{y}:{d}:{m:x}:{c}'
 
     def _extract_info_dict(self, info, full_title=None, secret_token=None, extract_flat=False):
-        track_id = compat_str(info['id'])
+        track_id = str(info['id'])
         title = info['title']
 
         format_urls = set()
@@ -342,12 +336,12 @@ class SoundcloudBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         thumbnails = []
         artwork_url = info.get('artwork_url')
         thumbnail = artwork_url or user.get('avatar_url')
-        if isinstance(thumbnail, compat_str):
+        if isinstance(thumbnail, str):
             if re.search(self._IMAGE_REPL_RE, thumbnail):
                 for image_id, size in self._ARTWORK_MAP.items():
                     i = {
                         'id': image_id,
-                        'url': re.sub(self._IMAGE_REPL_RE, '-%s.jpg' % image_id, thumbnail),
+                        'url': re.sub(self._IMAGE_REPL_RE, f'-{image_id}.jpg', thumbnail),
                     }
                     if image_id == 'tiny' and not artwork_url:
                         size = 18
@@ -363,7 +357,7 @@ class SoundcloudBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                 thumbnails = [{'url': thumbnail}]
 
         def extract_count(key):
-            return int_or_none(info.get('%s_count' % key))
+            return int_or_none(info.get(f'{key}_count'))
 
         return {
             'id': track_id,
@@ -382,7 +376,7 @@ class SoundcloudBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             'comment_count': extract_count('comment'),
             'repost_count': extract_count('reposts'),
             'genres': traverse_obj(info, ('genre', {str}, {lambda x: x or None}, all)),
-            'formats': formats if not extract_flat else None
+            'formats': formats if not extract_flat else None,
         }
 
     @classmethod
@@ -434,7 +428,7 @@ class SoundcloudIE(SoundcloudBaseIE):
                 'thumbnail': 'https://i1.sndcdn.com/artworks-000031955188-rwb18x-original.jpg',
                 'uploader_url': 'https://soundcloud.com/ethmusic',
                 'genres': [],
-            }
+            },
         },
         # geo-restricted
         {
@@ -467,7 +461,7 @@ class SoundcloudIE(SoundcloudBaseIE):
                 'id': '123998367',
                 'ext': 'mp3',
                 'title': 'Youtube - Dl Test Video \'\' Ä↭',
-                'description': 'test chars:  \"\'/\\ä↭',
+                'description': 'test chars:  "\'/\\ä↭',
                 'uploader': 'jaimeMF',
                 'uploader_id': '69767071',
                 'timestamp': 1386604920,
@@ -491,7 +485,7 @@ class SoundcloudIE(SoundcloudBaseIE):
                 'id': '123998367',
                 'ext': 'mp3',
                 'title': 'Youtube - Dl Test Video \'\' Ä↭',
-                'description': 'test chars:  \"\'/\\ä↭',
+                'description': 'test chars:  "\'/\\ä↭',
                 'uploader': 'jaimeMF',
                 'uploader_id': '69767071',
                 'timestamp': 1386604920,
@@ -630,10 +624,10 @@ class SoundcloudIE(SoundcloudBaseIE):
             if token:
                 query['secret_token'] = token
         else:
-            full_title = resolve_title = '%s/%s' % mobj.group('uploader', 'title')
+            full_title = resolve_title = '{}/{}'.format(*mobj.group('uploader', 'title'))
             token = mobj.group('token')
             if token:
-                resolve_title += '/%s' % token
+                resolve_title += f'/{token}'
             info_json_url = self._resolv_url(self._BASE_URL + resolve_title)
 
         info = self._download_json(
@@ -644,13 +638,13 @@ class SoundcloudIE(SoundcloudBaseIE):
 
 class SoundcloudPlaylistBaseIE(SoundcloudBaseIE):
     def _extract_set(self, playlist, token=None):
-        playlist_id = compat_str(playlist['id'])
+        playlist_id = str(playlist['id'])
         tracks = playlist.get('tracks') or []
-        if not all([t.get('permalink_url') for t in tracks]) and token:
+        if not all(t.get('permalink_url') for t in tracks) and token:
             tracks = self._download_json(
                 self._API_V2_BASE + 'tracks', playlist_id,
                 'Downloading tracks', query={
-                    'ids': ','.join([compat_str(t['id']) for t in tracks]),
+                    'ids': ','.join([str(t['id']) for t in tracks]),
                     'playlistId': playlist_id,
                     'playlistSecretToken': token,
                 }, headers=self._HEADERS)
@@ -700,7 +694,7 @@ class SoundcloudSetIE(SoundcloudPlaylistBaseIE):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
 
-        full_title = '%s/sets/%s' % mobj.group('uploader', 'slug_title')
+        full_title = '{}/sets/{}'.format(*mobj.group('uploader', 'slug_title'))
         token = mobj.group('token')
         if token:
             full_title += '/' + token
@@ -709,8 +703,8 @@ class SoundcloudSetIE(SoundcloudPlaylistBaseIE):
             self._BASE_URL + full_title), full_title, headers=self._HEADERS)
 
         if 'errors' in info:
-            msgs = (compat_str(err['error_message']) for err in info['errors'])
-            raise ExtractorError('unable to download video webpage: %s' % ','.join(msgs))
+            msgs = (str(err['error_message']) for err in info['errors'])
+            raise ExtractorError('unable to download video webpage: {}'.format(','.join(msgs)))
 
         return self._extract_set(info, token)
 
@@ -853,7 +847,7 @@ class SoundcloudUserIE(SoundcloudPagedPlaylistBaseIE):
         return self._extract_playlist(
             self._API_V2_BASE + self._BASE_URL_MAP[resource] % user['id'],
             str_or_none(user.get('id')),
-            '%s (%s)' % (user['username'], resource.capitalize()))
+            '{} ({})'.format(user['username'], resource.capitalize()))
 
 
 class SoundcloudUserPermalinkIE(SoundcloudPagedPlaylistBaseIE):
@@ -897,8 +891,8 @@ class SoundcloudTrackStationIE(SoundcloudPagedPlaylistBaseIE):
             r'soundcloud:track-stations:(\d+)', track['id'], 'track id')
 
         return self._extract_playlist(
-            self._API_V2_BASE + 'stations/%s/tracks' % track['id'],
-            track_id, 'Track station: %s' % track['title'])
+            self._API_V2_BASE + 'stations/{}/tracks'.format(track['id']),
+            track_id, 'Track station: {}'.format(track['title']))
 
 
 class SoundcloudRelatedIE(SoundcloudPagedPlaylistBaseIE):
@@ -946,7 +940,7 @@ class SoundcloudRelatedIE(SoundcloudPagedPlaylistBaseIE):
 
         return self._extract_playlist(
             self._API_V2_BASE + self._BASE_URL_MAP[relation] % track['id'], str(track['id']),
-            '%s (%s)' % (track.get('title') or slug, relation.capitalize()))
+            '{} ({})'.format(track.get('title') or slug, relation.capitalize()))
 
 
 class SoundcloudPlaylistIE(SoundcloudPlaylistBaseIE):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/soundgasm.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/soundgasm.py
index 9e59c7c0e5..b524e245d3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/soundgasm.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/soundgasm.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class SoundgasmIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Piano sample',
             'description': 'Royalty Free Sample Music',
             'uploader': 'ytdl',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -69,6 +69,6 @@ class SoundgasmProfileIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         entries = [
             self.url_result(audio_url, 'Soundgasm')
-            for audio_url in re.findall(r'href="([^"]+/u/%s/[^"]+)' % profile_id, webpage)]
+            for audio_url in re.findall(rf'href="([^"]+/u/{profile_id}/[^"]+)', webpage)]
 
         return self.playlist_result(entries, profile_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/southpark.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/southpark.py
index e23f192a1c..3d661a86ac 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/southpark.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/southpark.py
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ class SouthParkDeIE(SouthParkIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             'id': 'e99d45ea-ed00-11e0-aca6-0026b9414f30',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Zahnfee Cartman',
-            'description': 'md5:b917eec991d388811d911fd1377671ac'
+            'description': 'md5:b917eec991d388811d911fd1377671ac',
         },
     }, {
         # episode
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ class SouthParkDeIE(SouthParkIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
     def _get_feed_url(self, uri, url=None):
         video_id = self._id_from_uri(uri)
         config = self._download_json(
-            'http://media.mtvnservices.com/pmt/e1/access/index.html?uri=%s&configtype=edge&ref=%s' % (uri, url), video_id)
+            f'http://media.mtvnservices.com/pmt/e1/access/index.html?uri={uri}&configtype=edge&ref={url}', video_id)
         return self._remove_template_parameter(config['feedWithQueryParams'])
 
     def _get_feed_query(self, uri):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/spankbang.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/spankbang.py
index c73f7971d0..6805a72deb 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/spankbang.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/spankbang.py
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class SpankBangIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1617109572,
             'upload_date': '20210330',
             'age_limit': 18,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # 480p only
         'url': 'http://spankbang.com/1vt0/video/solvane+gangbang',
@@ -72,12 +72,12 @@ class SpankBangIE(InfoExtractor):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
         video_id = mobj.group('id') or mobj.group('id_2')
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            url.replace('/%s/embed' % video_id, '/%s/video' % video_id),
+            url.replace(f'/{video_id}/embed', f'/{video_id}/video'),
             video_id, headers={'Cookie': 'country=US'})
 
         if re.search(r'<[^>]+\b(?:id|class)=["\']video_removed', webpage):
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'Video %s is not available' % video_id, expected=True)
+                f'Video {video_id} is not available', expected=True)
 
         formats = []
 
@@ -104,8 +104,7 @@ class SpankBangIE(InfoExtractor):
         STREAM_URL_PREFIX = 'stream_url_'
 
         for mobj in re.finditer(
-                r'%s(?P<id>[^\s=]+)\s*=\s*(["\'])(?P<url>(?:(?!\2).)+)\2'
-                % STREAM_URL_PREFIX, webpage):
+                rf'{STREAM_URL_PREFIX}(?P<id>[^\s=]+)\s*=\s*(["\'])(?P<url>(?:(?!\2).)+)\2', webpage):
             extract_format(mobj.group('id', 'url'))
 
         if not formats:
@@ -159,7 +158,7 @@ class SpankBangIE(InfoExtractor):
             'view_count': view_count,
             'formats': formats,
             'age_limit': age_limit,
-        }, info
+        }, info,
         )
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/spiegel.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/spiegel.py
index 3701e295a9..0397f83fec 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/spiegel.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/spiegel.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from .jwplatform import JWPlatformIE
 
 class SpiegelIE(InfoExtractor):
     _UUID_RE = r'[\da-f]{8}-[\da-f]{4}-[\da-f]{4}-[\da-f]{4}-[\da-f]{12}'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?(?:spiegel|manager-magazin)\.de(?:/[^/]+)+/[^/]*-(?P<id>[0-9]+|%s)(?:-embed|-iframe)?(?:\.html)?(?:$|[#?])' % _UUID_RE
+    _VALID_URL = rf'https?://(?:www\.)?(?:spiegel|manager-magazin)\.de(?:/[^/]+)+/[^/]*-(?P<id>[0-9]+|{_UUID_RE})(?:-embed|-iframe)?(?:\.html)?(?:$|[#?])'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'http://www.spiegel.de/video/vulkan-tungurahua-in-ecuador-ist-wieder-aktiv-video-1259285.html',
         'md5': '50c7948883ec85a3e431a0a44b7ad1d6',
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class SpiegelIE(InfoExtractor):
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
             'id': video_id,
             'display_id': video_id,
-            'url': 'jwplatform:%s' % media_id,
+            'url': f'jwplatform:{media_id}',
             'title': self._og_search_title(webpage, default=None),
             'ie_key': JWPlatformIE.ie_key(),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sport5.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sport5.py
index 44b4067de3..6c45c3ec4a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sport5.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sport5.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class Sport5IE(InfoExtractor):
                 'categories': list,
             },
             'skip': 'Blocked outside of Israel',
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -39,13 +39,13 @@ class Sport5IE(InfoExtractor):
         video_id = self._html_search_regex(r'clipId=([\w-]+)', webpage, 'video id')
 
         metadata = self._download_xml(
-            'http://sport5-metadata-rr-d.nsacdn.com/vod/vod/%s/HDS/metadata.xml' % video_id,
+            f'http://sport5-metadata-rr-d.nsacdn.com/vod/vod/{video_id}/HDS/metadata.xml',
             video_id)
 
         error = metadata.find('./Error')
         if error is not None:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                '%s returned error: %s - %s' % (
+                '{} returned error: {} - {}'.format(
                     self.IE_NAME,
                     error.find('./Name').text,
                     error.find('./Description').text),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sportdeutschland.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sportdeutschland.py
index 30dbcf370a..2d6acb8768 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sportdeutschland.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sportdeutschland.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class SportDeutschlandIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 32447,
             'upload_date': '20230114',
             'timestamp': 1673733618,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://sportdeutschland.tv/deutscherbadmintonverband/bwf-tour-1-runde-feld-1-yonex-gainward-german-open-2022-0',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class SportDeutschlandIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 41097,
             'upload_date': '20220309',
             'timestamp': 1646860727.0,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://sportdeutschland.tv/ggcbremen/formationswochenende-latein-2023',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -66,8 +66,8 @@ class SportDeutschlandIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'upload_date': '20230225',
                 'timestamp': 1677349909,
                 'live_status': 'was_live',
-            }
-        }]
+            },
+        }],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://sportdeutschland.tv/dtb/gymnastik-international-tag-1',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ class SportDeutschlandIE(InfoExtractor):
             **traverse_obj(video, {
                 'id': 'id',
                 'duration': ('duration', {lambda x: float(x) > 0 and float(x)}),
-                'timestamp': ('created_at', {unified_timestamp})
+                'timestamp': ('created_at', {unified_timestamp}),
             }),
         }
 
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ class SportDeutschlandIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'is_live': 'currently_live',
                 'was_live': 'was_live',
                 'channel_url': ('profile', 'slug', {lambda x: f'https://sportdeutschland.tv/{x}'}),
-            }, get_all=False)
+            }, get_all=False),
         }
 
         parts = traverse_obj(meta, (('livestream', ('videos', ...)), ))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/spotify.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/spotify.py
index 55ce36aeaa..de67a61148 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/spotify.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/spotify.py
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class SpotifyBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'persistedQuery': {
                         'sha256Hash': self._OPERATION_HASHES[operation],
                     },
-                })
+                }),
             }, headers={'authorization': 'Bearer ' + self._ACCESS_TOKEN},
             **kwargs)['data']
 
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ class SpotifyIE(SpotifyBaseIE):
             'duration': 2083.605,
             'release_date': '20201217',
             'series': "The Guardian's Audio Long Reads",
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://open.spotify.com/embed/episode/4TvCsKKs2thXmarHigWvXE?si=7eatS8AbQb6RxqO2raIuWA',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ class SpotifyIE(SpotifyBaseIE):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         episode_id = self._match_id(url)
         episode = self._call_api('Episode', episode_id, {
-            'uri': 'spotify:episode:' + episode_id
+            'uri': 'spotify:episode:' + episode_id,
         })['episode']
         return self._extract_episode(
             episode, try_get(episode, lambda x: x['podcast']['name']))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/spreaker.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/spreaker.py
index 36a9bd2915..d1df45969b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/spreaker.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/spreaker.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import itertools
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     float_or_none,
     int_or_none,
@@ -16,26 +15,26 @@ def _extract_episode(data, episode_id=None):
     title = data['title']
     download_url = data['download_url']
 
-    series = try_get(data, lambda x: x['show']['title'], compat_str)
-    uploader = try_get(data, lambda x: x['author']['fullname'], compat_str)
+    series = try_get(data, lambda x: x['show']['title'], str)
+    uploader = try_get(data, lambda x: x['author']['fullname'], str)
 
     thumbnails = []
     for image in ('image_original', 'image_medium', 'image'):
-        image_url = url_or_none(data.get('%s_url' % image))
+        image_url = url_or_none(data.get(f'{image}_url'))
         if image_url:
             thumbnails.append({'url': image_url})
 
     def stats(key):
         return int_or_none(try_get(
             data,
-            (lambda x: x['%ss_count' % key],
-             lambda x: x['stats']['%ss' % key])))
+            (lambda x: x[f'{key}s_count'],
+             lambda x: x['stats'][f'{key}s'])))
 
     def duration(key):
         return float_or_none(data.get(key), scale=1000)
 
     return {
-        'id': compat_str(episode_id or data['episode_id']),
+        'id': str(episode_id or data['episode_id']),
         'url': download_url,
         'display_id': data.get('permalink'),
         'title': title,
@@ -97,7 +96,7 @@ class SpreakerIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         episode_id = self._match_id(url)
         data = self._download_json(
-            'https://api.spreaker.com/v2/episodes/%s' % episode_id,
+            f'https://api.spreaker.com/v2/episodes/{episode_id}',
             episode_id)['response']['episode']
         return _extract_episode(data, episode_id)
 
@@ -116,7 +115,7 @@ class SpreakerPageIE(InfoExtractor):
             (r'data-episode_id=["\'](?P<id>\d+)',
              r'episode_id\s*:\s*(?P<id>\d+)'), webpage, 'episode id')
         return self.url_result(
-            'https://api.spreaker.com/episode/%s' % episode_id,
+            f'https://api.spreaker.com/episode/{episode_id}',
             ie=SpreakerIE.ie_key(), video_id=episode_id)
 
 
@@ -133,8 +132,8 @@ class SpreakerShowIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _entries(self, show_id):
         for page_num in itertools.count(1):
             episodes = self._download_json(
-                'https://api.spreaker.com/show/%s/episodes' % show_id,
-                show_id, note='Downloading JSON page %d' % page_num, query={
+                f'https://api.spreaker.com/show/{show_id}/episodes',
+                show_id, note=f'Downloading JSON page {page_num}', query={
                     'page': page_num,
                     'max_per_page': 100,
                 })
@@ -169,5 +168,5 @@ class SpreakerShowPageIE(InfoExtractor):
         show_id = self._search_regex(
             r'show_id\s*:\s*(?P<id>\d+)', webpage, 'show id')
         return self.url_result(
-            'https://api.spreaker.com/show/%s' % show_id,
+            f'https://api.spreaker.com/show/{show_id}',
             ie=SpreakerShowIE.ie_key(), video_id=show_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/springboardplatform.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/springboardplatform.py
index bdb8ef4968..cd3261d554 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/springboardplatform.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/springboardplatform.py
@@ -52,8 +52,7 @@ class SpringboardPlatformIE(InfoExtractor):
         index = mobj.group('index') or mobj.group('index_2')
 
         video = self._download_xml(
-            'http://cms.springboardplatform.com/xml_feeds_advanced/index/%s/rss3/%s'
-            % (index, video_id), video_id)
+            f'http://cms.springboardplatform.com/xml_feeds_advanced/index/{index}/rss3/{video_id}', video_id)
 
         item = xpath_element(video, './/item', 'item', fatal=True)
 
@@ -66,7 +65,7 @@ class SpringboardPlatformIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         if 'error_video.mp4' in video_url:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'Video %s no longer exists' % video_id, expected=True)
+                f'Video {video_id} no longer exists', expected=True)
 
         duration = int_or_none(content.get('duration'))
         tbr = int_or_none(content.get('bitrate'))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/srgssr.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/srgssr.py
index 145f25e9f7..c01fd12cca 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/srgssr.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/srgssr.py
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class SRGSSRIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _get_tokenized_src(self, url, video_id, format_id):
         token = self._download_json(
             'http://tp.srgssr.ch/akahd/token?acl=*',
-            video_id, 'Downloading %s token' % format_id, fatal=False) or {}
+            video_id, f'Downloading {format_id} token', fatal=False) or {}
         auth_params = try_get(token, lambda x: x['token']['authparams'])
         if auth_params:
             url += ('?' if '?' not in url else '&') + auth_params
@@ -57,8 +57,7 @@ class SRGSSRIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _get_media_data(self, bu, media_type, media_id):
         query = {'onlyChapters': True} if media_type == 'video' else {}
         full_media_data = self._download_json(
-            'https://il.srgssr.ch/integrationlayer/2.0/%s/mediaComposition/%s/%s.json'
-            % (bu, media_type, media_id),
+            f'https://il.srgssr.ch/integrationlayer/2.0/{bu}/mediaComposition/{media_type}/{media_id}.json',
             media_id, query=query)['chapterList']
         try:
             media_data = next(
@@ -73,7 +72,7 @@ class SRGSSRIE(InfoExtractor):
                 self.raise_geo_restricted(
                     msg=message, countries=self._GEO_COUNTRIES)
             raise ExtractorError(
-                '%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, message), expected=True)
+                f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {message}', expected=True)
 
         return media_data
 
@@ -119,7 +118,7 @@ class SRGSSRIE(InfoExtractor):
         # whole episode.
         if int_or_none(media_data.get('position')) == 0:
             for p in ('S', 'H'):
-                podcast_url = media_data.get('podcast%sdUrl' % p)
+                podcast_url = media_data.get(f'podcast{p}dUrl')
                 if not podcast_url:
                     continue
                 quality = p + 'D'
@@ -207,7 +206,7 @@ class SRGSSRPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
         'params': {
             # m3u8 download
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://play.swissinfo.ch/play/tv/business/video/why-people-were-against-tax-reforms?id=42960270',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -223,7 +222,7 @@ class SRGSSRPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.srf.ch/play/tv/popupvideoplayer?id=c4dba0ca-e75b-43b2-a34f-f708a4932e01',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -244,4 +243,4 @@ class SRGSSRPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
         bu = mobj.group('bu')
         media_type = mobj.group('type') or mobj.group('type_2')
         media_id = mobj.group('id')
-        return self.url_result('srgssr:%s:%s:%s' % (bu[:3], media_type, media_id), 'SRGSSR')
+        return self.url_result(f'srgssr:{bu[:3]}:{media_type}:{media_id}', 'SRGSSR')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/srmediathek.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/srmediathek.py
index f0b3b585ff..fc63d9b1a5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/srmediathek.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/srmediathek.py
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class SRMediathekIE(ARDMediathekBaseIE):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
 
         if '>Der gew&uuml;nschte Beitrag ist leider nicht mehr verf&uuml;gbar.<' in webpage:
-            raise ExtractorError('Video %s is no longer available' % video_id, expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'Video {video_id} is no longer available', expected=True)
 
         media_collection_url = self._search_regex(
             r'data-mediacollection-ardplayer="([^"]+)"', webpage, 'media collection url')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/stageplus.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/stageplus.py
index 77e4362fc6..6399072693 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/stageplus.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/stageplus.py
@@ -468,7 +468,7 @@ fragment BannerFields on Banner {
         }, data=json.dumps({
             'query': self._GRAPHQL_QUERY,
             'variables': {'videoId': concert_id},
-            'operationName': 'videoDetailPage'
+            'operationName': 'videoDetailPage',
         }, separators=(',', ':')).encode())['data']['node']
 
         metadata = traverse_obj(data, {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/stanfordoc.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/stanfordoc.py
index be0f4afc12..ab41091cff 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/stanfordoc.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/stanfordoc.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class StanfordOpenClassroomIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': 'PracticalUnix_intro-environment',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Intro Environment',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -34,12 +34,12 @@ class StanfordOpenClassroomIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'upload_date': None,
             }
 
-            baseUrl = 'http://openclassroom.stanford.edu/MainFolder/courses/' + course + '/videos/'
-            xmlUrl = baseUrl + video + '.xml'
-            mdoc = self._download_xml(xmlUrl, info['id'])
+            base_url = 'http://openclassroom.stanford.edu/MainFolder/courses/' + course + '/videos/'
+            xml_url = base_url + video + '.xml'
+            mdoc = self._download_xml(xml_url, info['id'])
             try:
                 info['title'] = mdoc.findall('./title')[0].text
-                info['url'] = baseUrl + mdoc.findall('./videoFile')[0].text
+                info['url'] = base_url + mdoc.findall('./videoFile')[0].text
             except IndexError:
                 raise ExtractorError('Invalid metadata XML file')
             return info
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ class StanfordOpenClassroomIE(InfoExtractor):
 
             links = orderedSet(re.findall(r'<a href="(VideoPage\.php\?[^"]+)">', coursepage))
             info['entries'] = [self.url_result(
-                'http://openclassroom.stanford.edu/MainFolder/%s' % unescapeHTML(l)
+                f'http://openclassroom.stanford.edu/MainFolder/{unescapeHTML(l)}',
             ) for l in links]
             return info
         else:  # Root page
@@ -78,12 +78,12 @@ class StanfordOpenClassroomIE(InfoExtractor):
             }
             info['title'] = info['id']
 
-            rootURL = 'http://openclassroom.stanford.edu/MainFolder/HomePage.php'
-            rootpage = self._download_webpage(rootURL, info['id'],
+            root_url = 'http://openclassroom.stanford.edu/MainFolder/HomePage.php'
+            rootpage = self._download_webpage(root_url, info['id'],
                                               errnote='Unable to download course info page')
 
             links = orderedSet(re.findall(r'<a href="(CoursePage\.php\?[^"]+)">', rootpage))
             info['entries'] = [self.url_result(
-                'http://openclassroom.stanford.edu/MainFolder/%s' % unescapeHTML(l)
+                f'http://openclassroom.stanford.edu/MainFolder/{unescapeHTML(l)}',
             ) for l in links]
             return info
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/startrek.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/startrek.py
index 94efb589c6..c591871731 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/startrek.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/startrek.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class StarTrekIE(InfoExtractor):
             }, {
                 'url': 'https://media.startrek.com/2022/06/16/2043801155561/1069981_hls/trr_snw_107_v4-c4bfc25d/stream_vtt.m3u8',
             }]},
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.startrek.com/videos/watch-ethan-peck-and-gia-sandhu-beam-down-to-the-ready-room',
         'md5': 'f5ad74fbb86e91e0882fc0a333178d1d',
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class StarTrekIE(InfoExtractor):
             'subtitles': {'en-US': [{
                 'url': r're:https://(?:intl|www)\.startrek\.com/sites/default/files/video/captions/2022-06/TRR_SNW_105_v5\.vtt',
             }]},
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/startv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/startv.py
index 312a4fde08..8cb5765306 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/startv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/startv.py
@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     clean_html,
@@ -11,14 +8,14 @@ from ..utils import (
 
 
 class StarTVIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r"""(?x)
+    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
         https?://(?:www\.)?startv\.com\.tr/
         (?:
             (?:dizi|program)/(?:[^/?#&]+)/(?:bolumler|fragmanlar|ekstralar)|
             video/arsiv/(?:dizi|program)/(?:[^/?#&]+)
         )/
         (?P<id>[^/?#&]+)
-    """
+    '''
     IE_NAME = 'startv'
     _TESTS = [
         {
@@ -32,41 +29,41 @@ class StarTVIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'description': 'md5:3a8049f05a75c2e8747116a673275de4',
                 'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg(?:\?.*?)?$',
                 'timestamp': 1569281400,
-                'upload_date': '20190923'
+                'upload_date': '20190923',
             },
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.startv.com.tr/video/arsiv/dizi/avlu/44-bolum',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.startv.com.tr/dizi/cocuk/fragmanlar/5-bolum-fragmani',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.startv.com.tr/dizi/cocuk/ekstralar/5-bolumun-nefes-kesen-final-sahnesi',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.startv.com.tr/program/burcu-ile-haftasonu/bolumler/1-bolum',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.startv.com.tr/program/burcu-ile-haftasonu/fragmanlar/2-fragman',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.startv.com.tr/video/arsiv/program/buyukrisk/14-bolumde-hangi-unlu-ne-sordu-',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.startv.com.tr/video/arsiv/program/buyukrisk/buyuk-risk-334-bolum',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.startv.com.tr/video/arsiv/program/dada/dada-58-bolum',
-            'only_matching': True
-        }
+            'only_matching': True,
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -80,7 +77,7 @@ class StarTVIE(InfoExtractor):
         if not info:
             raise ExtractorError('Failed to extract API data')
 
-        video_id = compat_str(info.get('id'))
+        video_id = str(info.get('id'))
         title = info.get('title') or self._og_search_title(webpage)
         description = clean_html(info.get('description')) or self._og_search_description(webpage, default=None)
         thumbnail = self._proto_relative_url(
@@ -96,5 +93,5 @@ class StarTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': description,
             'thumbnail': thumbnail,
             'timestamp': int_or_none(info.get('release_date')),
-            'formats': formats
+            'formats': formats,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/steam.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/steam.py
index 63da9662ad..b7f8ac3ae7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/steam.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/steam.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ from ..utils import (
 
 
 class SteamIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r"""(?x)
+    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
         https?://(?:store\.steampowered|steamcommunity)\.com/
             (?:agecheck/)?
             (?P<urltype>video|app)/ #If the page is only for videos or for a game
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class SteamIE(InfoExtractor):
             (?P<videoID>\d*)(?P<extra>\??) # For urltype == video we sometimes get the videoID
         |
         https?://(?:www\.)?steamcommunity\.com/sharedfiles/filedetails/\?id=(?P<fileID>[0-9]+)
-    """
+    '''
     _VIDEO_PAGE_TEMPLATE = 'http://store.steampowered.com/video/%s/'
     _AGECHECK_TEMPLATE = 'http://store.steampowered.com/agecheck/video/%s/?snr=1_agecheck_agecheck__age-gate&ageDay=1&ageMonth=January&ageYear=1970'
     _TESTS = [{
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class SteamIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'ext': 'mp4',
                     'title': 'Terraria video 256785003',
                     'thumbnail': r're:^https://cdn\.[^\.]+\.steamstatic\.com',
-                }
+                },
             },
             {
                 'md5': '6a294ee0c4b1f47f5bb76a65e31e3592',
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ class SteamIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'ext': 'mp4',
                     'title': 'Terraria video 2040428',
                     'thumbnail': r're:^https://cdn\.[^\.]+\.steamstatic\.com',
-                }
-            }
+                },
+            },
         ],
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '105600',
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class SteamIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'playlistend': 2,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://store.steampowered.com/app/271590/Grand_Theft_Auto_V/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -61,13 +61,13 @@ class SteamIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         m = self._match_valid_url(url)
-        fileID = m.group('fileID')
-        if fileID:
+        file_id = m.group('fileID')
+        if file_id:
             video_url = url
-            playlist_id = fileID
+            playlist_id = file_id
         else:
-            gameID = m.group('gameID')
-            playlist_id = gameID
+            game_id = m.group('gameID')
+            playlist_id = game_id
             video_url = self._VIDEO_PAGE_TEMPLATE % playlist_id
 
         self._set_cookie('steampowered.com', 'wants_mature_content', '1')
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ class SteamIE(InfoExtractor):
                 entry['thumbnail'] = movie.get('data-poster')
                 for quality in ('', '-hd'):
                     for ext in ('webm', 'mp4'):
-                        video_url = movie.get('data-%s%s-source' % (ext, quality))
+                        video_url = movie.get(f'data-{ext}{quality}-source')
                         if video_url:
                             formats.append({
                                 'format_id': ext + quality,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/stitcher.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/stitcher.py
index 46a15e6a18..09ebabb289 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/stitcher.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/stitcher.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     clean_html,
@@ -37,7 +36,7 @@ class StitcherBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _extract_episode(self, episode, audio_url, show_info):
         info = {
-            'id': compat_str(episode['id']),
+            'id': str(episode['id']),
             'display_id': episode.get('slug'),
             'title': episode['title'].strip(),
             'description': self._extract_description(episode),
@@ -126,7 +125,7 @@ class StitcherShowIE(StitcherBaseIE):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         show_slug = self._match_id(url)
         data = self._call_api(
-            'search/show/%s/allEpisodes' % show_slug, show_slug, {'count': 10000})
+            f'search/show/{show_slug}/allEpisodes', show_slug, {'count': 10000})
         show = try_get(data, lambda x: x['shows'][0], dict) or {}
         show_info = self._extract_show_info(show)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/storyfire.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/storyfire.py
index 20a70a7bcd..d5430e6c08 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/storyfire.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/storyfire.py
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ class StoryFireBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _call_api(self, path, video_id, resource, query=None):
         return self._download_json(
-            'https://storyfire.com/app/%s/%s' % (path, video_id), video_id,
-            'Downloading %s JSON metadata' % resource, query=query)
+            f'https://storyfire.com/app/{path}/{video_id}', video_id,
+            f'Downloading {resource} JSON metadata', query=query)
 
     def _parse_video(self, video):
         title = video['title']
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ class StoryFireIE(StoryFireBaseIE):
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
         },
-        'expected_warnings': ['Unable to download JSON metadata']
+        'expected_warnings': ['Unable to download JSON metadata'],
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ class StoryFireUserIE(StoryFireBaseIE):
 
     def _fetch_page(self, user_id, page):
         videos = self._call_api(
-            'publicVideos', user_id, 'page %d' % (page + 1), {
+            'publicVideos', user_id, f'page {page + 1}', {
                 'skip': page * self._PAGE_SIZE,
             })['videos']
         for video in videos:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/streamable.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/streamable.py
index c303ac53ac..62ae0ee46c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/streamable.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/streamable.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class StreamableIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'upload_date': '20160208',
                 'duration': 61.516,
                 'view_count': int,
-            }
+            },
         },
         # older video without bitrate, width/height, codecs, etc. info
         {
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class StreamableIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'upload_date': '20150311',
                 'duration': 12,
                 'view_count': int,
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://streamable.com/e/dnd1',
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class StreamableIE(InfoExtractor):
         {
             'url': 'https://streamable.com/s/okkqk/drxjds',
             'only_matching': True,
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ class StreamableIE(InfoExtractor):
         # to return video info like the title properly sometimes, and doesn't
         # include info like the video duration
         video = self._download_json(
-            'https://ajax.streamable.com/videos/%s' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'https://ajax.streamable.com/videos/{video_id}', video_id)
 
         # Format IDs:
         # 0 The video is being uploaded
@@ -99,5 +99,5 @@ class StreamableIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': float_or_none(video.get('date_added')),
             'duration': float_or_none(video.get('duration')),
             'view_count': int_or_none(video.get('plays')),
-            'formats': formats
+            'formats': formats,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/streamcz.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/streamcz.py
index c4537ba8df..4122ba8863 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/streamcz.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/streamcz.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class StreamCZIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:8f5f09b9b7bc67df910486cdd88f7165',
             'duration': 1369.6,
             'view_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.stream.cz/kdo-to-mluvi/kdo-to-mluvi-velke-odhaleni-prinasi-novy-porad-uz-od-25-srpna-64087937',
         'md5': '41fd358000086a1ccdb068c77809b158',
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class StreamCZIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:97a811000a6460266029d6c1c2ebcd59',
             'duration': 50.2,
             'view_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.stream.cz/tajemno/znicehonic-jim-skrz-strechu-prolitnul-zahadny-predmet-badatele-vse-objasnili-64147267',
         'md5': '3ee4d0be040e8f4a543e67e509d55e3f',
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class StreamCZIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:4b8ada6718d34bb011c4e04ca4bc19bf',
             'duration': 442.84,
             'view_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _extract_formats(self, spl_url, video):
@@ -86,9 +86,9 @@ class StreamCZIE(InfoExtractor):
                         perex
                         duration
                         views
-                    }'''
-            }).encode('utf-8'),
-            headers={'Content-Type': 'application/json;charset=UTF-8'}
+                    }''',
+            }).encode(),
+            headers={'Content-Type': 'application/json;charset=UTF-8'},
         )['data']['episode']
 
         spl_url = data['spl'] + 'spl2,3'
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ class StreamCZIE(InfoExtractor):
             for ext, sub_url in subs.get('urls').items():
                 subtitles.setdefault(subs['language'], []).append({
                     'ext': ext,
-                    'url': urljoin(spl_url, sub_url)
+                    'url': urljoin(spl_url, sub_url),
                 })
 
         formats = list(self._extract_formats(spl_url, video))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/streetvoice.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/streetvoice.py
index a32c8bc378..60056f7cbf 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/streetvoice.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/streetvoice.py
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class StreetVoiceIE(InfoExtractor):
             'track': '流浪',
             'track_id': '123688',
             'album': '2010',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://tw.streetvoice.com/skippylu/songs/94440/',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class StreetVoiceIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         song_id = self._match_id(url)
-        base_url = 'https://streetvoice.com/api/v4/song/%s/' % song_id
+        base_url = f'https://streetvoice.com/api/v4/song/{song_id}/'
         song = self._download_json(base_url, song_id, query={
             'fields': 'album,comments_count,created_at,id,image,length,likes_count,name,nickname,plays_count,profile,share_count,synopsis,user,username',
         })
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class StreetVoiceIE(InfoExtractor):
         for suffix, format_id in [('hls/file', 'hls'), ('file', 'http'), ('file/original', 'original')]:
             f_url = (self._download_json(
                 base_url + suffix + '/', song_id,
-                'Downloading %s format URL' % format_id,
+                f'Downloading {format_id} format URL',
                 data=b'', fatal=False) or {}).get('file')
             if not f_url:
                 continue
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ class StreetVoiceIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': parse_iso8601(song.get('created_at')),
             'uploader': try_get(user, lambda x: x['profile']['nickname']),
             'uploader_id': str_or_none(user.get('id')),
-            'uploader_url': urljoin(url, '/%s/' % username) if username else None,
+            'uploader_url': urljoin(url, f'/{username}/') if username else None,
             'view_count': get_count('plays'),
             'like_count': get_count('likes'),
             'comment_count': get_count('comments'),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/stretchinternet.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/stretchinternet.py
index e438dee111..232837d8d5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/stretchinternet.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/stretchinternet.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class StretchInternetIE(InfoExtractor):
             # 'timestamp': 1575668361,
             # 'upload_date': '20191206',
             'uploader_id': '99997',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/stripchat.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/stripchat.py
index a847925e47..31c8afbc62 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/stripchat.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/stripchat.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class StripchatIE(InfoExtractor):
         'skip': 'Room is offline',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://stripchat.com/Rakhijaan@xh',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/stv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/stv.py
index 0ab7801004..c489e4237c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/stv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/stv.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     float_or_none,
     int_or_none,
@@ -21,7 +20,7 @@ class STVPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'upload_date': '20170301',
             'title': '60 seconds on set with Laura Norton',
-            'description': "How many questions can Laura - a.k.a Kerry Wyatt - answer in 60 seconds? Let\'s find out!",
+            'description': "How many questions can Laura - a.k.a Kerry Wyatt - answer in 60 seconds? Let's find out!",
             'timestamp': 1488388054,
             'uploader_id': '1486976045',
         },
@@ -47,13 +46,13 @@ class STVPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         api_path, resp = None, {}
         for k, v in player_api_cache.items():
-            if k.startswith('/episodes/') or k.startswith('/shortform/'):
+            if k.startswith(('/episodes/', '/shortform/')):
                 api_path, resp = k, v
                 break
         else:
             episode_id = str_or_none(try_get(
                 props, lambda x: x['pageProps']['episodeId']))
-            api_path = '/%s/%s' % (self._PTYPE_MAP[ptype], episode_id or video_id)
+            api_path = f'/{self._PTYPE_MAP[ptype]}/{episode_id or video_id}'
 
         result = resp.get('results')
         if not result:
@@ -62,7 +61,7 @@ class STVPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
             result = resp['results']
 
         video = result['video']
-        video_id = compat_str(video['id'])
+        video_id = str(video['id'])
 
         subtitles = {}
         _subtitles = result.get('_subtitles') or {}
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/substack.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/substack.py
index 6ee3f75e1a..30cb322dc2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/substack.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/substack.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class SubstackIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'md5:bec758a34d8ee9142d43bcebdf33af18',
             'uploader': 'Maybe Baby',
             'uploader_id': '33628',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://haleynahman.substack.com/p/-dear-danny-i-found-my-boyfriends?s=r',
         'md5': '0a63eacec877a1171a62cfa69710fcea',
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class SubstackIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'md5:daa40b6b79249417c14ff8103db29639',
             'uploader': 'Maybe Baby',
             'uploader_id': '33628',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://andrewzimmern.substack.com/p/mussels-with-black-bean-sauce-recipe',
         'md5': 'fd3c07077b02444ff0130715b5f632bb',
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class SubstackIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'md5:e30bfaa9da40e82aa62354263a9dd232',
             'uploader': "Andrew Zimmern's Spilled Milk ",
             'uploader_id': '577659',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     @classmethod
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class SubstackIE(InfoExtractor):
         if mobj:
             parsed = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)
             yield parsed._replace(netloc=f'{mobj.group("subdomain")}.substack.com').geturl()
-            raise cls.StopExtraction()
+            raise cls.StopExtraction
 
     def _extract_video_formats(self, video_id, url):
         formats, subtitles = [], {}
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sunporno.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sunporno.py
index 501156e513..6078d50004 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sunporno.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sunporno.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class SunPornoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'duration': 302,
             'age_limit': 18,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://embeds.sunporno.com/embed/807778',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class SunPornoIE(InfoExtractor):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://www.sunporno.com/videos/%s' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'http://www.sunporno.com/videos/{video_id}', video_id)
 
         title = self._html_extract_title(webpage)
         description = self._html_search_meta(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/sverigesradio.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/sverigesradio.py
index 01a07b3995..944ce18c46 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/sverigesradio.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/sverigesradio.py
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class SverigesRadioBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             query['quality'] = quality
             audio_url_data = self._download_json(
                 self._BASE_URL + 'getaudiourl', audio_id,
-                'Downloading %s format JSON metadata' % quality,
+                f'Downloading {quality} format JSON metadata',
                 fatal=False, query=query) or {}
             audio_url = audio_url_data.get('audioUrl')
             if not audio_url or audio_url in urls:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/svt.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/svt.py
index 573147a455..38782abac7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/svt.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/svt.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import json
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
     dict_get,
@@ -100,7 +99,7 @@ class SVTBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
 class SVTIE(SVTBaseIE):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?svt\.se/wd\?(?:.*?&)?widgetId=(?P<widget_id>\d+)&.*?\barticleId=(?P<id>\d+)'
-    _EMBED_REGEX = [r'(?:<iframe src|href)="(?P<url>%s[^"]*)"' % _VALID_URL]
+    _EMBED_REGEX = [rf'(?:<iframe src|href)="(?P<url>{_VALID_URL}[^"]*)"']
     _TEST = {
         'url': 'http://www.svt.se/wd?widgetId=23991&sectionId=541&articleId=2900353&type=embed&contextSectionId=123&autostart=false',
         'md5': '33e9a5d8f646523ce0868ecfb0eed77d',
@@ -119,7 +118,7 @@ class SVTIE(SVTBaseIE):
         article_id = mobj.group('id')
 
         info = self._download_json(
-            'http://www.svt.se/wd?widgetId=%s&articleId=%s&format=json&type=embed&output=json' % (widget_id, article_id),
+            f'http://www.svt.se/wd?widgetId={widget_id}&articleId={article_id}&format=json&type=embed&output=json',
             article_id)
 
         info_dict = self._extract_video(info['video'], article_id)
@@ -159,7 +158,7 @@ class SVTPlayIE(SVTPlayBaseIE):
             'subtitles': {
                 'sv': [{
                     'ext': 'vtt',
-                }]
+                }],
             },
         },
         'params': {
@@ -181,7 +180,7 @@ class SVTPlayIE(SVTPlayBaseIE):
             'episode': '1. Farlig kryssning',
             'series': 'Rederiet',
             'subtitles': {
-                'sv': 'count:3'
+                'sv': 'count:3',
             },
         },
         'params': {
@@ -236,7 +235,7 @@ class SVTPlayIE(SVTPlayBaseIE):
 
     def _extract_by_video_id(self, video_id, webpage=None):
         data = self._download_json(
-            'https://api.svt.se/videoplayer-api/video/%s' % video_id,
+            f'https://api.svt.se/videoplayer-api/video/{video_id}',
             video_id, headers=self.geo_verification_headers())
         info_dict = self._extract_video(data, video_id)
         if not info_dict.get('title'):
@@ -281,7 +280,7 @@ class SVTPlayIE(SVTPlayBaseIE):
 
             svt_id = try_get(
                 data, lambda x: x['statistics']['dataLake']['content']['id'],
-                compat_str)
+                str)
 
         if not svt_id:
             nextjs_data = self._search_nextjs_data(webpage, video_id, fatal=False)
@@ -323,7 +322,7 @@ class SVTSeriesIE(SVTPlayBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if SVTIE.suitable(url) or SVTPlayIE.suitable(url) else super(SVTSeriesIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if SVTIE.suitable(url) or SVTPlayIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         series_slug, season_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
@@ -349,7 +348,7 @@ class SVTSeriesIE(SVTPlayBaseIE):
     name
     shortDescription
   }
-}''' % series_slug,
+}''' % series_slug,  # noqa: UP031
             })['data']['listablesBySlug'][0]
 
         season_name = None
@@ -368,7 +367,7 @@ class SVTSeriesIE(SVTPlayBaseIE):
             for item in items:
                 video = item.get('item') or {}
                 content_id = video.get('videoSvtId')
-                if not content_id or not isinstance(content_id, compat_str):
+                if not content_id or not isinstance(content_id, str):
                     continue
                 entries.append(self.url_result(
                     'svt:' + content_id, SVTPlayIE.ie_key(), content_id))
@@ -377,7 +376,7 @@ class SVTSeriesIE(SVTPlayBaseIE):
         season_name = season_name or season_id
 
         if title and season_name:
-            title = '%s - %s' % (title, season_name)
+            title = f'{title} - {season_name}'
         elif season_id:
             title = season_id
 
@@ -401,32 +400,32 @@ class SVTPageIE(SVTBaseIE):
             'id': 'jXvk42E',
             'title': 'Försvarsmakten om trafikkaoset på E22: Kunde inte varit där snabbare',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            "duration": 80,
+            'duration': 80,
             'age_limit': 0,
             'timestamp': 1704370009,
             'episode': 'Försvarsmakten om trafikkaoset på E22: Kunde inte varit där snabbare',
             'series': 'Lokala Nyheter Skåne',
-            'upload_date': '20240104'
+            'upload_date': '20240104',
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.svt.se/nyheter/svtforum/2023-tungt-ar-for-svensk-media',
         'info_dict': {
             'title': '2023 tungt år för svensk media',
             'id': 'ewqAZv4',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            "duration": 3074,
+            'duration': 3074,
             'age_limit': 0,
             'series': '',
             'timestamp': 1702980479,
             'upload_date': '20231219',
-            'episode': 'Mediestudier'
+            'episode': 'Mediestudier',
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.svt.se/sport/ishockey/bakom-masken-lehners-kamp-mot-mental-ohalsa',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -434,7 +433,7 @@ class SVTPageIE(SVTBaseIE):
             'title': 'Bakom masken – Lehners kamp mot mental ohälsa',
         },
         'playlist_count': 4,
-        'skip': 'Video is gone'
+        'skip': 'Video is gone',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.svt.se/nyheter/utrikes/svenska-andrea-ar-en-mil-fran-branderna-i-kalifornien',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -442,7 +441,7 @@ class SVTPageIE(SVTBaseIE):
             'title': 'Svenska Andrea redo att fly sitt hem i Kalifornien',
         },
         'playlist_count': 2,
-        'skip': 'Video is gone'
+        'skip': 'Video is gone',
     }, {
         # only programTitle
         'url': 'http://www.svt.se/sport/ishockey/jagr-tacklar-giroux-under-intervjun',
@@ -453,7 +452,7 @@ class SVTPageIE(SVTBaseIE):
             'duration': 27,
             'age_limit': 0,
         },
-        'skip': 'Video is gone'
+        'skip': 'Video is gone',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/vast/svt-testar-tar-nagon-upp-skrapet-1',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -464,7 +463,7 @@ class SVTPageIE(SVTBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if SVTIE.suitable(url) or SVTPlayIE.suitable(url) else super(SVTPageIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if SVTIE.suitable(url) or SVTPlayIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -479,7 +478,7 @@ class SVTPageIE(SVTBaseIE):
 
         def entries():
             for video_id in set(traverse_obj(data, (
-                'page', (('topMedia', 'svtId'), ('body', ..., 'video', 'svtId')), {str}
+                'page', (('topMedia', 'svtId'), ('body', ..., 'video', 'svtId')), {str},
             ))):
                 info = self._extract_video(
                     self._download_json(f'https://api.svt.se/video/{video_id}', video_id), video_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/swearnet.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/swearnet.py
index aeaff28f22..b4835c5adc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/swearnet.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/swearnet.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class SwearnetEpisodeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Episode 1 - Grilled Cheese Sammich',
             'season_number': 1,
             'thumbnail': 'https://cdn.vidyard.com/thumbnails/232819/_RX04IKIq60a2V6rIRqq_Q_small.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _get_formats_and_subtitle(self, video_source, video_id):
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class SwearnetEpisodeIE(InfoExtractor):
             else:
                 formats.extend({
                     'url': video_mp4.get('url'),
-                    'ext': 'mp4'
+                    'ext': 'mp4',
                 } for video_mp4 in value)
 
         return formats, subtitles
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class SwearnetEpisodeIE(InfoExtractor):
         for caption in caption_json:
             subs.setdefault(caption.get('language') or 'und', []).append({
                 'url': caption.get('vttUrl'),
-                'name': caption.get('name')
+                'name': caption.get('name'),
             })
 
         return subs
@@ -75,5 +75,5 @@ class SwearnetEpisodeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'season_number': int_or_none(season_number),
             'episode_number': int_or_none(episode_number),
             'thumbnails': [{'url': thumbnail_url}
-                           for thumbnail_url in traverse_obj(json_data, ('thumbnailUrls', ...))]
+                           for thumbnail_url in traverse_obj(json_data, ('thumbnailUrls', ...))],
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/syfy.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/syfy.py
index 29e5e573fe..a32b50080f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/syfy.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/syfy.py
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ class SyfyIE(AdobePassIE):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
-        syfy_mpx = list(self._parse_json(self._search_regex(
+        syfy_mpx = next(iter(self._parse_json(self._search_regex(
             r'jQuery\.extend\(Drupal\.settings\s*,\s*({.+?})\);', webpage, 'drupal settings'),
-            display_id)['syfy']['syfy_mpx'].values())[0]
+            display_id)['syfy']['syfy_mpx'].values()))
         video_id = syfy_mpx['mpxGUID']
         title = syfy_mpx['episodeTitle']
         query = {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/syvdk.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/syvdk.py
index 287fb264b7..ec166831cd 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/syvdk.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/syvdk.py
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ class SYVDKIE(InfoExtractor):
             'display_id': 'isabella-arendt-stiller-op-for-de-konservative-2',
             'ext': 'mp3',
             'title': 'Isabella Arendt stiller op for De Konservative',
-            'description': 'md5:f5fa6a431813bf37284f3412ad7c6c06'
-        }
+            'description': 'md5:f5fa6a431813bf37284f3412ad7c6c06',
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tagesschau.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tagesschau.py
index c69c13d0bb..4c537dfd14 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tagesschau.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tagesschau.py
@@ -141,10 +141,10 @@ class TagesschauIE(InfoExtractor):
                 if not formats:
                     continue
                 entries.append({
-                    'id': '%s-%d' % (display_id, num),
+                    'id': f'{display_id}-{num}',
                     'title': try_get(video, lambda x: x['mc']['_title']),
                     'duration': int_or_none(try_get(video, lambda x: x['mc']['_duration'])),
-                    'formats': formats
+                    'formats': formats,
                 })
 
         if not entries:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/taptap.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/taptap.py
index 56f2f0ef4b..e4c31da4e2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/taptap.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/taptap.py
@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ class TapTapBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         # h265 playlist contains both h265 and h264 formats
         video_url = traverse_obj(video_data, ('play_url', ('url_h265', 'url'), {url_or_none}, any))
         formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(video_url, video_id, fatal=False)
-        for format in formats:
-            if re.search(r'^(hev|hvc|hvt)\d', format.get('vcodec', '')):
-                format['format_id'] = join_nonempty(format.get('format_id'), 'h265', delim='_')
+        for fmt in formats:
+            if re.search(r'^(hev|hvc|hvt)\d', fmt.get('vcodec', '')):
+                fmt['format_id'] = join_nonempty(fmt.get('format_id'), 'h265', delim='_')
 
         return {
             'id': str(video_id),
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class TapTapBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             **traverse_obj(video_data, ({
                 'duration': ('info', 'duration', {int_or_none}),
                 'thumbnail': ('thumbnail', ('original_url', 'url'), {url_or_none}),
-            }), get_all=False)
+            }), get_all=False),
         }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -54,8 +54,8 @@ class TapTapBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         metainfo = traverse_obj(data, self._META_PATH)
         entries = [{
             **metainfo,
-            **self._extract_video(id)
-        } for id in set(traverse_obj(data, self._ID_PATH))]
+            **self._extract_video(id_),
+        } for id_ in set(traverse_obj(data, self._ID_PATH))]
 
         return self.playlist_result(entries, **metainfo, id=video_id)
 
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ class TapTapMomentIE(TapTapBaseIE):
                 'uploader': '乌酱',
                 'uploader_id': '532896',
                 'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(png|jpg)',
-            }
+            },
         }],
         'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ class TapTapMomentIE(TapTapBaseIE):
                 'uploader': '崩坏：星穹铁道',
                 'uploader_id': '414732580',
                 'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(png|jpg)',
-            }
+            },
         }],
         'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ class TapTapAppIE(TapTapBaseIE):
                 'description': 'md5:e345f39a5fea5de2a46923f70d5f76ab',
                 'duration': 26,
                 'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(png|jpg)',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '4058462',
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ class TapTapAppIE(TapTapBaseIE):
                 'description': 'md5:e345f39a5fea5de2a46923f70d5f76ab',
                 'duration': 295,
                 'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(png|jpg)',
-            }
+            },
         }],
         'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }]
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ class TapTapAppIntlIE(TapTapIntlBase):
                 'description': 'md5:418285f9c15347fc3cf3e3a3c649f182',
                 'duration': 78,
                 'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(png|jpg)',
-            }
+            },
         }],
         'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }]
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ class TapTapPostIntlIE(TapTapIntlBase):
                 'uploader': 'TapTap Editor',
                 'uploader_id': '80224473',
                 'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.(png|jpg)',
-            }
+            },
         }],
         'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tbs.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tbs.py
index 4e178593f4..9b9aa50d37 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tbs.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tbs.py
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .turner import TurnerBaseIE
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_parse_qs,
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     float_or_none,
     int_or_none,
@@ -27,7 +24,7 @@ class TBSIE(TurnerBaseIE):
         'params': {
             # m3u8 download
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.tbs.com/shows/search-party/season-1/episode-1/explicit-the-mysterious-disappearance-of-the-girl-no-one-knew',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -42,20 +39,20 @@ class TBSIE(TurnerBaseIE):
         drupal_settings = self._parse_json(self._search_regex(
             r'<script[^>]+?data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json"[^>]*?>({.+?})</script>',
             webpage, 'drupal setting'), display_id)
-        isLive = 'watchtnt' in path or 'watchtbs' in path
-        video_data = next(v for v in drupal_settings['turner_playlist'] if isLive or v.get('url') == path)
+        is_live = 'watchtnt' in path or 'watchtbs' in path
+        video_data = next(v for v in drupal_settings['turner_playlist'] if is_live or v.get('url') == path)
 
         media_id = video_data['mediaID']
         title = video_data['title']
-        tokenizer_query = compat_parse_qs(compat_urllib_parse_urlparse(
+        tokenizer_query = urllib.parse.parse_qs(urllib.parse.urlparse(
             drupal_settings['ngtv_token_url']).query)
 
         info = self._extract_ngtv_info(
             media_id, tokenizer_query, {
                 'url': url,
                 'site_name': site[:3].upper(),
-                'auth_required': video_data.get('authRequired') == '1' or isLive,
-                'is_live': isLive
+                'auth_required': video_data.get('authRequired') == '1' or is_live,
+                'is_live': is_live,
             })
 
         thumbnails = []
@@ -84,6 +81,6 @@ class TBSIE(TurnerBaseIE):
             'season_number': int_or_none(video_data.get('season')),
             'episode_number': int_or_none(video_data.get('episode')),
             'thumbnails': thumbnails,
-            'is_live': isLive
+            'is_live': is_live,
         })
         return info
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tbsjp.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tbsjp.py
index 77ddeca32c..32f9cfbdec 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tbsjp.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tbsjp.py
@@ -92,8 +92,8 @@ class TBSJPProgramIE(InfoExtractor):
             'categories': ['エンタメ', 'ミライカプセル', '会社', '働く', 'バラエティ', '動画'],
             'description': '幼少期の夢は大人になって、どう成長したのだろうか？\nそしてその夢は今後、どのように広がっていくのか？\nいま話題の会社で働く人の「夢の成長」を描く',
             'series': 'ミライカプセル　-I have a dream-',
-            'title': 'ミライカプセル　-I have a dream-'
-        }
+            'title': 'ミライカプセル　-I have a dream-',
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ class TBSJPPlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'title': 'まもなく配信終了',
             'id': '184f9970e7ba48e4915f1b252c55015e',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/teachable.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/teachable.py
index 778fa1263d..0d39be6d5f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/teachable.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/teachable.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class TeachableBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         'courses.workitdaily.com': 'workitdaily',
     }
 
-    _VALID_URL_SUB_TUPLE = (_URL_PREFIX, '|'.join(re.escape(site) for site in _SITES.keys()))
+    _VALID_URL_SUB_TUPLE = (_URL_PREFIX, '|'.join(re.escape(site) for site in _SITES))
 
     def _real_initialize(self):
         self._logged_in = False
@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@ class TeachableBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             return
 
         login_page, urlh = self._download_webpage_handle(
-            'https://%s/sign_in' % site, None,
-            'Downloading %s login page' % site)
+            f'https://{site}/sign_in', None,
+            f'Downloading {site} login page')
 
         def is_logged(webpage):
             return any(re.search(p, webpage) for p in (
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class TeachableBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             post_url = urljoin(login_url, post_url)
 
         response = self._download_webpage(
-            post_url, None, 'Logging in to %s' % site,
+            post_url, None, f'Logging in to {site}',
             data=urlencode_postdata(login_form),
             headers={
                 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
@@ -82,8 +82,8 @@ class TeachableBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         if '>I accept the new Privacy Policy<' in response:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'Unable to login: %s asks you to accept new Privacy Policy. '
-                'Go to https://%s/ and accept.' % (site, site), expected=True)
+                f'Unable to login: {site} asks you to accept new Privacy Policy. '
+                f'Go to https://{site}/ and accept.', expected=True)
 
         # Successful login
         if is_logged(response):
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ class TeachableBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         message = get_element_by_class('alert', response)
         if message is not None:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'Unable to login: %s' % clean_html(message), expected=True)
+                f'Unable to login: {clean_html(message)}', expected=True)
 
         raise ExtractorError('Unable to log in')
 
@@ -102,11 +102,11 @@ class TeachableIE(TeachableBaseIE):
     _WORKING = False
     _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
                     (?:
-                        %shttps?://(?P<site_t>[^/]+)|
-                        https?://(?:www\.)?(?P<site>%s)
+                        {}https?://(?P<site_t>[^/]+)|
+                        https?://(?:www\.)?(?P<site>{})
                     )
                     /courses/[^/]+/lectures/(?P<id>\d+)
-                    ''' % TeachableBaseIE._VALID_URL_SUB_TUPLE
+                    '''.format(*TeachableBaseIE._VALID_URL_SUB_TUPLE)
 
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://gns3.teachable.com/courses/gns3-certified-associate/lectures/6842364',
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ class TeachableIE(TeachableBaseIE):
         if cls._is_teachable(webpage):
             if re.match(r'https?://[^/]+/(?:courses|p)', url):
                 yield f'{cls._URL_PREFIX}{url}'
-                raise cls.StopExtraction()
+                raise cls.StopExtraction
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ class TeachableIE(TeachableBaseIE):
         chapter = None
         chapter_number = None
         section_item = self._search_regex(
-            r'(?s)(?P<li><li[^>]+\bdata-lecture-id=["\']%s[^>]+>.+?</li>)' % video_id,
+            rf'(?s)(?P<li><li[^>]+\bdata-lecture-id=["\']{video_id}[^>]+>.+?</li>)',
             webpage, 'section item', default=None, group='li')
         if section_item:
             chapter_number = int_or_none(self._search_regex(
@@ -211,11 +211,11 @@ class TeachableIE(TeachableBaseIE):
 class TeachableCourseIE(TeachableBaseIE):
     _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
                         (?:
-                            %shttps?://(?P<site_t>[^/]+)|
-                            https?://(?:www\.)?(?P<site>%s)
+                            {}https?://(?P<site_t>[^/]+)|
+                            https?://(?:www\.)?(?P<site>{})
                         )
                         /(?:courses|p)/(?:enrolled/)?(?P<id>[^/?#&]+)
-                    ''' % TeachableBaseIE._VALID_URL_SUB_TUPLE
+                    '''.format(*TeachableBaseIE._VALID_URL_SUB_TUPLE)
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'http://v1.upskillcourses.com/courses/essential-web-developer-course/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -242,8 +242,7 @@ class TeachableCourseIE(TeachableBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if TeachableIE.suitable(url) else super(
-            TeachableCourseIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if TeachableIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
@@ -259,7 +258,7 @@ class TeachableCourseIE(TeachableBaseIE):
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, course_id)
 
-        url_base = 'https://%s/' % site
+        url_base = f'https://{site}/'
 
         entries = []
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/teachertube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/teachertube.py
index 7402409936..4c26d31e05 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/teachertube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/teachertube.py
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class TeacherTubeIE(InfoExtractor):
             r'<div\b[^>]+\bclass=["\']msgBox error[^>]+>([^<]+)', webpage,
             'error', default=None)
         if error:
-            raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, error), expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {error}', expected=True)
 
         title = self._html_search_meta('title', webpage, 'title', fatal=True)
         TITLE_SUFFIX = ' - TeacherTube'
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ class TeacherTubeIE(InfoExtractor):
         formats = [
             {
                 'url': media_url,
-                'quality': quality(determine_ext(media_url))
+                'quality': quality(determine_ext(media_url)),
             } for media_url in set(media_urls)
         ]
 
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ class TeacherTubeUserIE(InfoExtractor):
     _TEST = {
         'url': 'http://www.teachertube.com/user/profile/rbhagwati2',
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': 'rbhagwati2'
+            'id': 'rbhagwati2',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 179,
     }
@@ -115,10 +115,10 @@ class TeacherTubeUserIE(InfoExtractor):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, user_id)
         urls.extend(re.findall(self._MEDIA_RE, webpage))
 
-        pages = re.findall(r'/ajax-user/user-videos/%s\?page=([0-9]+)' % user_id, webpage)[:-1]
+        pages = re.findall(rf'/ajax-user/user-videos/{user_id}\?page=([0-9]+)', webpage)[:-1]
         for p in pages:
-            more = 'http://www.teachertube.com/ajax-user/user-videos/%s?page=%s' % (user_id, p)
-            webpage = self._download_webpage(more, user_id, 'Downloading page %s/%s' % (p, len(pages)))
+            more = f'http://www.teachertube.com/ajax-user/user-videos/{user_id}?page={p}'
+            webpage = self._download_webpage(more, user_id, f'Downloading page {p}/{len(pages)}')
             video_urls = re.findall(self._MEDIA_RE, webpage)
             urls.extend(video_urls)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ted.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ted.py
index 0969bbb036..8544c8bed5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ted.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ted.py
@@ -46,11 +46,11 @@ class TedTalkIE(TedBaseIE):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id)
         talk_info = self._search_nextjs_data(webpage, display_id)['props']['pageProps']['videoData']
         video_id = talk_info['id']
-        playerData = self._parse_json(talk_info.get('playerData'), video_id)
+        player_data = self._parse_json(talk_info.get('playerData'), video_id)
 
         http_url = None
         formats, subtitles = [], {}
-        for format_id, resources in (playerData.get('resources') or {}).items():
+        for format_id, resources in (player_data.get('resources') or {}).items():
             if format_id == 'hls':
                 stream_url = url_or_none(try_get(resources, lambda x: x['stream']))
                 if not stream_url:
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ class TedTalkIE(TedBaseIE):
                     bitrate = int_or_none(resource.get('bitrate'))
                     formats.append({
                         'url': h264_url,
-                        'format_id': '%s-%sk' % (format_id, bitrate),
+                        'format_id': f'{format_id}-{bitrate}k',
                         'tbr': bitrate,
                     })
                     if re.search(r'\d+k', h264_url):
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ class TedTalkIE(TedBaseIE):
                 if not streamer:
                     continue
                 formats.extend({
-                    'format_id': '%s-%s' % (format_id, resource.get('name')),
+                    'format_id': '{}-{}'.format(format_id, resource.get('name')),
                     'url': streamer,
                     'play_path': resource['file'],
                     'ext': 'flv',
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ class TedTalkIE(TedBaseIE):
                     continue
                 bitrate_url = re.sub(r'\d+k', bitrate, http_url)
                 if not self._is_valid_url(
-                        bitrate_url, video_id, '%s bitrate' % bitrate):
+                        bitrate_url, video_id, f'{bitrate} bitrate'):
                     continue
                 f = m3u8_format.copy()
                 f.update({
@@ -119,12 +119,12 @@ class TedTalkIE(TedBaseIE):
             })
 
         if not formats:
-            external = playerData.get('external') or {}
+            external = player_data.get('external') or {}
             service = external.get('service') or ''
             ext_url = external.get('code') if service.lower() == 'youtube' else None
             return self.url_result(ext_url or external['uri'])
 
-        thumbnail = playerData.get('thumb') or self._og_search_property('image', webpage)
+        thumbnail = player_data.get('thumb') or self._og_search_property('image', webpage)
         if thumbnail:
             # trim thumbnail resize parameters
             thumbnail = thumbnail.split('?')[0]
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ class TedTalkIE(TedBaseIE):
             'view_count': str_to_int(talk_info.get('viewedCount')),
             'upload_date': unified_strdate(talk_info.get('publishedAt')),
             'release_date': unified_strdate(talk_info.get('recordedOn')),
-            'tags': try_get(playerData, lambda x: x['targeting']['tag'].split(',')),
+            'tags': try_get(player_data, lambda x: x['targeting']['tag'].split(',')),
         }
 
 
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ class TedSeriesIE(TedBaseIE):
             'id': '3',
             'title': 'Small Thing Big Idea',
             'series': 'Small Thing Big Idea',
-            'description': 'md5:6869ca52cec661aef72b3e9f7441c55c'
+            'description': 'md5:6869ca52cec661aef72b3e9f7441c55c',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 16,
     }, {
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ class TedSeriesIE(TedBaseIE):
             'title': 'The Way We Work Season 2',
             'series': 'The Way We Work',
             'description': 'md5:59469256e533e1a48c4aa926a382234c',
-            'season_number': 2
+            'season_number': 2,
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 8,
     }]
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ class TedPlaylistIE(TedBaseIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '171',
             'title': 'The most popular talks of all time',
-            'description': 'md5:d2f22831dc86c7040e733a3cb3993d78'
+            'description': 'md5:d2f22831dc86c7040e733a3cb3993d78',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 25,
     }]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tele13.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tele13.py
index 1705c2d556..c5ca208fb4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tele13.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tele13.py
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class Tele13IE(InfoExtractor):
                 'uploader_id': 'UCnLY_3ezwNcDSC_Wc6suZxw',
             },
             'add_ie': ['Youtube'],
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/telecaribe.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/telecaribe.py
index 91118a1a4a..5391876908 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/telecaribe.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/telecaribe.py
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class TelecaribePlayIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': 'Livestream',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.play.telecaribe.co/liveplus',
         'info_dict': {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/telecinco.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/telecinco.py
index a3f0c7cda8..7a9dcd71c5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/telecinco.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/telecinco.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class TelecincoIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'title': 'Con Martín Berasategui, hacer un bacalao al pil-pil es fácil y divertido',
                 'duration': 662,
             },
-        }]
+        }],
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.cuatro.com/deportes/futbol/barcelona/Leo_Messi-Champions-Roma_2_2052780128.html',
         'md5': 'c86fe0d99e3bdb46b7950d38bf6ef12a',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/telegraaf.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/telegraaf.py
index 13e9515f8d..c0bcdc206a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/telegraaf.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/telegraaf.py
@@ -40,11 +40,11 @@ class TelegraafIE(InfoExtractor):
       videoId
     }
   }
-}''' % article_id,
+}''' % article_id,  # noqa: UP031
             })['data']['article']['videos'][0]['videoId']
 
         item = self._download_json(
-            'https://content.tmgvideo.nl/playlist/item=%s/playlist.json' % video_id,
+            f'https://content.tmgvideo.nl/playlist/item={video_id}/playlist.json',
             video_id)['items'][0]
         title = item['title']
 
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class TelegraafIE(InfoExtractor):
                 formats.extend(self._extract_mpd_formats(
                     manifest_url, video_id, mpd_id='dash', fatal=False))
             else:
-                self.report_warning('Unknown adaptive format %s' % ext)
+                self.report_warning(f'Unknown adaptive format {ext}')
         for location in locations.get('progressive', []):
             src = try_get(location, lambda x: x['sources'][0]['src'])
             if not src:
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ class TelegraafIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'url': src,
                 'width': int_or_none(location.get('width')),
                 'height': int_or_none(location.get('height')),
-                'format_id': 'http' + ('-%s' % label if label else ''),
+                'format_id': 'http' + (f'-{label}' if label else ''),
             })
 
         return {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/telegram.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/telegram.py
index 5ec54857d6..4ec8bcc757 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/telegram.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/telegram.py
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class TelegramEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'noplaylist': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # 2-video post with 'single' query param
         'url': 'https://t.me/vorposte/29342?single',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/telemb.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/telemb.py
index a71b14c27c..664464844c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/telemb.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/telemb.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class TeleMBIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'title': 'Mons - Cook with Danielle : des cours de cuisine en anglais ! - Les reportages',
                 'description': 'md5:bc5225f47b17c309761c856ad4776265',
                 'thumbnail': r're:^http://.*\.(?:jpg|png)$',
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             # non-ASCII characters in download URL
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class TeleMBIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'title': 'Havré - Incendie mortel - Les reportages',
                 'description': 'md5:5e54cb449acb029c2b7734e2d946bd4a',
                 'thumbnail': r're:^http://.*\.(?:jpg|png)$',
-            }
+            },
         },
     ]
 
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class TeleMBIE(InfoExtractor):
         for video_url in re.findall(r'file\s*:\s*"([^"]+)"', webpage):
             fmt = {
                 'url': video_url,
-                'format_id': video_url.split(':')[0]
+                'format_id': video_url.split(':')[0],
             }
             rtmp = re.search(r'^(?P<url>rtmp://[^/]+/(?P<app>.+))/(?P<playpath>mp4:.+)$', video_url)
             if rtmp:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/telemundo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/telemundo.py
index 84b24dead8..7f4cecd515 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/telemundo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/telemundo.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class TelemundoIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.telemundo.com/shows/al-rojo-vivo/empleo/video/personajes-de-times-square-piden-que-la-ciudad-de-nueva-york-los-deje-volver-trabajar-tmvo9816272',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -46,5 +46,5 @@ class TelemundoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'formats': formats,
             'timestamp': date,
             'uploader': 'Telemundo',
-            'uploader_id': self._search_regex(r'https?:\/\/(?:[^/]+\/){3}video\/(?P<id>[^\/]+)', m3u8_url, 'Akamai account', fatal=False)
+            'uploader_id': self._search_regex(r'https?:\/\/(?:[^/]+\/){3}video\/(?P<id>[^\/]+)', m3u8_url, 'Akamai account', fatal=False),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/telequebec.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/telequebec.py
index 08a083714e..7f5d5d29b9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/telequebec.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/telequebec.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     smuggle_url,
@@ -72,7 +71,7 @@ class TeleQuebecIE(TeleQuebecBaseIE):
         product = media.get('product') or {}
         season = product.get('season') or {}
         info.update({
-            'description': try_get(media, lambda x: x['descriptions'][-1]['text'], compat_str),
+            'description': try_get(media, lambda x: x['descriptions'][-1]['text'], str),
             'series': try_get(season, lambda x: x['serie']['titre']),
             'season': season.get('name'),
             'season_number': int_or_none(season.get('seasonNo')),
@@ -108,14 +107,14 @@ class TeleQuebecSquatIE(InfoExtractor):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         video = self._download_json(
-            'https://squat.api.telequebec.tv/v1/videos/%s' % video_id,
+            f'https://squat.api.telequebec.tv/v1/videos/{video_id}',
             video_id)
 
         media_id = video['sourceId']
 
         return {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
-            'url': 'http://zonevideo.telequebec.tv/media/%s' % media_id,
+            'url': f'http://zonevideo.telequebec.tv/media/{media_id}',
             'ie_key': TeleQuebecIE.ie_key(),
             'id': media_id,
             'title': video.get('titre'),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/teletask.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/teletask.py
index fd831f580a..050196c57e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/teletask.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/teletask.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class TeleTaskIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'title': 'Duplicate Detection',
                 'upload_date': '20141218',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'md5': 'e1e7218c5f0e4790015a437fcf6c71b4',
             'info_dict': {
@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ class TeleTaskIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'title': 'Duplicate Detection',
                 'upload_date': '20141218',
-            }
-        }]
+            },
+        }],
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class TeleTaskIE(InfoExtractor):
             r'Date:</td><td>([^<]+)</td>', webpage, 'date', fatal=False))
 
         entries = [{
-            'id': '%s-%s' % (lecture_id, format_id),
+            'id': f'{lecture_id}-{format_id}',
             'url': video_url,
             'title': title,
             'upload_date': upload_date,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/telewebion.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/telewebion.py
index 380c84d98b..b651160240 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/telewebion.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/telewebion.py
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ class TelewebionIE(InfoExtractor):
         result = self._download_json('https://graph.telewebion.com/graphql', video_id, note, data=json.dumps({
             'operationName': operation,
             'query': f'query {operation}{parameters} @cacheControl(maxAge: 60) {{{query}\n}}\n',
-            'variables': {name: value for name, (_, value) in (variables or {}).items()}
+            'variables': {name: value for name, (_, value) in (variables or {}).items()},
         }, separators=(',', ':')).encode(), headers={
             'Content-Type': 'application/json',
             'Accept': 'application/json',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tempo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tempo.py
index 71e54eb0cf..4cd16f240d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tempo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tempo.py
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ class IVXPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20221204',
             'title': 'Film Indonesia di Disney Content Showcase Asia Pacific 2022',
             'timestamp': 1670151746,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://ivx-image.ivideosmart.com/serve/image/video/2366065?width=300'
-        }
+            'thumbnail': 'https://ivx-image.ivideosmart.com/serve/image/video/2366065?width=300',
+        },
     }]
     _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.cantika.com/video/31737/film-indonesia-di-disney-content-showcase-asia-pacific-2022',
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ class IVXPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Serial Indonesia di Disney Content Showcase Asia Pacific 2022',
             'timestamp': 1670639416,
             'upload_date': '20221210',
-            'thumbnail': 'https://ivx-image.ivideosmart.com/serve/image/video/2374200?width=300'
-        }
+            'thumbnail': 'https://ivx-image.ivideosmart.com/serve/image/video/2374200?width=300',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.gooto.com/video/11437/wuling-suv-ramai-dikunjungi-di-giias-2018',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@ class IVXPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:6d901483d0aacc664aecb4489719aafa',
             'duration': 75,
             'timestamp': 1534011263,
-            'thumbnail': 'https://ivx-image.ivideosmart.com/serve/image/video/892109?width=300'
-        }
+            'thumbnail': 'https://ivx-image.ivideosmart.com/serve/image/video/892109?width=300',
+        },
     }]
 
     @classmethod
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class IVXPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
             webpage)
         if mobj:
             yield f'ivxplayer:{mobj.group("video_id")}:{mobj.group("player_key")}'
-            raise cls.StopExtraction()
+            raise cls.StopExtraction
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id, player_key = self._match_valid_url(url).group('video_id', 'player_key')
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ class IVXPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': parse_iso8601(traverse_obj(json_data, ('ivx', 'published_at'))),
             'formats': formats,
             'subtitles': subtitles,
-            'thumbnail': traverse_obj(json_data, ('ivx', 'thumbnail_url'))
+            'thumbnail': traverse_obj(json_data, ('ivx', 'thumbnail_url')),
         }
 
 
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ class TempoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1658907970,
             'upload_date': '20220727',
             'tags': ['Anies Baswedan', ' PTUN', ' PTUN | Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara', ' PTUN Batalkan UMP DKI', ' UMP DKI'],
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tencent.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tencent.py
index ae2cb483f7..fc2b07ac27 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tencent.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tencent.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class TencentBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         if api_response.get('code') != '0.0' and msg is not None:
             if msg in (
                 '您所在区域暂无此内容版权（如设置VPN请关闭后重试）',
-                'This content is not available in your area due to copyright restrictions. Please choose other videos.'
+                'This content is not available in your area due to copyright restrictions. Please choose other videos.',
             ):
                 self.raise_geo_restricted()
             raise ExtractorError(f'Tencent said: {msg}')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tennistv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tennistv.py
index c1b4a33124..197d7892d1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tennistv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tennistv.py
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class TennisTVIE(InfoExtractor):
     _HEADERS = {
         'origin': 'https://www.tennistv.com',
         'referer': 'https://www.tennistv.com/',
-        'content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
+        'content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
     }
 
     def _perform_login(self, username, password):
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class TennisTVIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'redirect_uri': 'https://tennistv.com',
                 'response_mode': 'fragment',
                 'response_type': 'code',
-                'scope': 'openid'
+                'scope': 'openid',
             })
 
         post_url = self._html_search_regex(r'action=["\']([^"\']+?)["\']\s+method=["\']post["\']', login_page, 'login POST url')
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ class TennisTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             headers=self._HEADERS, data=urlencode_postdata({
                 'username': username,
                 'password': password,
-                'submitAction': 'Log In'
+                'submitAction': 'Log In',
             }))
         if 'Your username or password was incorrect' in temp_page:
             raise ExtractorError('Your username or password was incorrect', expected=True)
@@ -82,14 +82,14 @@ class TennisTVIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'response_type': 'code',
                 'scope': 'openid',
                 'nonce': random_uuidv4(),
-                'prompt': 'none'
+                'prompt': 'none',
             })
 
         self.get_token(None, {
             'code': urllib.parse.parse_qs(handle.url)['code'][-1],
             'grant_type': 'authorization_code',
             'client_id': 'tennis-tv-web',
-            'redirect_uri': 'https://www.tennistv.com/resources/v1.1.10/html/silent-check-sso.html'
+            'redirect_uri': 'https://www.tennistv.com/resources/v1.1.10/html/silent-check-sso.html',
         })
 
     def get_token(self, video_id, payload):
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ class TennisTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             self.raise_login_required()
         self.access_token, self.refresh_token = cookies['access_token'].value, cookies['refresh_token'].value
 
-    def _download_session_json(self, video_id, entryid,):
+    def _download_session_json(self, video_id, entryid):
         return self._download_json(
             f'https://atppayments.streamamg.com/api/v1/session/ksession/?lang=en&apijwttoken={self.access_token}&entryId={entryid}',
             video_id, 'Downloading ksession token', 'Failed to download ksession token', headers=self._HEADERS)
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ class TennisTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             self.get_token(video_id, {
                 'grant_type': 'refresh_token',
                 'refresh_token': self.refresh_token,
-                'client_id': 'tennis-tv-web'
+                'client_id': 'tennis-tv-web',
             })
             k_session = self._download_session_json(video_id, entryid).get('KSession')
             if k_session is None:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tenplay.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tenplay.py
index 11cc5705e9..d8c556acef 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tenplay.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tenplay.py
@@ -45,11 +45,11 @@ class TenPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1600770600,
             'upload_date': '20200922',
             'uploader': 'Channel 10',
-            'uploader_id': '2199827728001'
+            'uploader_id': '2199827728001',
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://10play.com.au/how-to-stay-married/web-extras/season-1/terrys-talks-ep-1-embracing-change/tpv190915ylupc',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class TenPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
         'MA': 15,
         'MA15+': 15,
         'R': 18,
-        'X': 18
+        'X': 18,
     }
 
     def _get_bearer_token(self, video_id):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/testurl.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/testurl.py
index 3cf0017765..31e3c4d9cb 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/testurl.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/testurl.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class TestURLIE(InfoExtractor):
             ), None)
             if not extractor:
                 raise ExtractorError(
-                    'Found multiple matching extractors: %s' % ' '.join(ie.IE_NAME for ie in matching_extractors),
+                    'Found multiple matching extractors: {}'.format(' '.join(ie.IE_NAME for ie in matching_extractors)),
                     expected=True)
         else:
             extractor = matching_extractors[0]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tf1.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tf1.py
index aba4927ae8..5bade3ae56 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tf1.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tf1.py
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class TF1IE(InfoExtractor):
             'season': 'Season 3',
             'tags': 'count:13',
             'episode': 'Episode 21',
-            'duration': 2312
+            'duration': 2312,
         },
         'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class TF1IE(InfoExtractor):
                 'variables': json.dumps({
                     'programSlug': program_slug,
                     'slug': slug,
-                })
+                }),
             })['data']['videoBySlug']
         wat_id = video['streamId']
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tfo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tfo.py
index d417f50e10..0d1b252175 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tfo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tfo.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class TFOIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Video Game Hackathon',
             'description': 'md5:558afeba217c6c8d96c60e5421795c07',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class TFOIE(InfoExtractor):
         if infos.get('success') == 0:
             if infos.get('code') == 'ErrGeoBlocked':
                 self.raise_geo_restricted(countries=self._GEO_COUNTRIES)
-            raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, clean_html(infos['msg'])), expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError('{} said: {}'.format(self.IE_NAME, clean_html(infos['msg'])), expected=True)
         video_data = infos['data']
 
         return {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/theguardian.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/theguardian.py
index fb6407715c..a9e4990649 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/theguardian.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/theguardian.py
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ class TheGuardianPodcastIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:cfd3df2791d394d2ab62cd571d5207ee',
             'creator': 'Stephen Buranyi',
             'thumbnail': 'md5:73c12558fcb3b0e2a59422bfb33b3f79',
-            'release_date': '20231103'
-        }
+            'release_date': '20231103',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.theguardian.com/news/audio/2023/oct/30/the-trials-of-robert-habeck-is-the-worlds-most-powerful-green-politician-doomed-to-fail-podcast',
         'md5': 'd1771744681789b4cd7da2a08e487702',
@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ class TheGuardianPodcastIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:1b5cf6582d1771c6b7077784b5456994',
             'creator': 'Philip Oltermann',
             'thumbnail': 'md5:6e5c5ec43843e956e20be793722e9080',
-            'release_date': '20231030'
-        }
+            'release_date': '20231030',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.theguardian.com/football/audio/2023/nov/06/arsenal-feel-hard-done-by-and-luton-hold-liverpool-football-weekly',
         'md5': 'a2fcff6f8e060a95b1483295273dc35e',
@@ -50,8 +50,8 @@ class TheGuardianPodcastIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:286a9fbddaeb7c83cc65d1c4a5330b2a',
             'creator': 'Max Rushden',
             'thumbnail': 'md5:93eb7d6440f1bb94eb3a6cad63f48afd',
-            'release_date': '20231106'
-        }
+            'release_date': '20231106',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.theguardian.com/politics/audio/2023/nov/02/the-covid-inquiry-politics-weekly-uk-podcast',
         'md5': '06a0f7e9701a80c8064a5d35690481ec',
@@ -62,8 +62,8 @@ class TheGuardianPodcastIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:207c98859c14903582b17d25b014046e',
             'creator': 'Gaby Hinsliff',
             'thumbnail': 'md5:28932a7b5a25b057be330d2ed70ea7f3',
-            'release_date': '20231102'
-        }
+            'release_date': '20231102',
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -88,25 +88,25 @@ class TheGuardianPodcastPlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'theguardianswomensfootballweekly',
             'title': "The Guardian's Women's Football Weekly",
-            'description': 'md5:e2cc021311e582d29935a73614a43f51'
+            'description': 'md5:e2cc021311e582d29935a73614a43f51',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 69
+        'playlist_mincount': 69,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.theguardian.com/news/series/todayinfocus?page=2',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'todayinfocus',
             'title': 'Today in Focus',
-            'description': 'md5:0f097764fc0d359e0b6eb537be0387e2'
+            'description': 'md5:0f097764fc0d359e0b6eb537be0387e2',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 1261
+        'playlist_mincount': 1261,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.theguardian.com/news/series/the-audio-long-read',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'the-audio-long-read',
             'title': 'The Audio Long Read',
-            'description': 'md5:5462994a27527309562b25b6defc4ef3'
+            'description': 'md5:5462994a27527309562b25b6defc4ef3',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 996
+        'playlist_mincount': 996,
     }]
 
     def _entries(self, url, playlist_id):
@@ -117,8 +117,7 @@ class TheGuardianPodcastPlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
                 break
 
             episodes = get_elements_html_by_class('fc-item--type-media', webpage)
-            for url_path in traverse_obj(episodes, (..., {extract_attributes}, 'data-id')):
-                yield url_path
+            yield from traverse_obj(episodes, (..., {extract_attributes}, 'data-id'))
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         podcast_id = self._match_id(url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/theholetv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/theholetv.py
index a13f83bffa..a3a7024288 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/theholetv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/theholetv.py
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ class TheHoleTvIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Сергей Орлов — Громкий вопрос',
             'thumbnail': 'https://assets-cdn.the-hole.tv/images/t8gan4n6zn627e7wni11b2uemqts',
-            'description': 'md5:45741a9202331f995d9fb76996759379'
-        }
+            'description': 'md5:45741a9202331f995d9fb76996759379',
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -31,5 +31,5 @@ class TheHoleTvIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': self._og_search_description(webpage),
             'thumbnail': player_attrs.get('data-player-poster-value'),
             'formats': formats,
-            'subtitles': subtitles
+            'subtitles': subtitles,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/theintercept.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/theintercept.py
index 99f0d42ef5..dcdca8f811 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/theintercept.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/theintercept.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
@@ -20,7 +19,7 @@ class TheInterceptIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1450429239,
             'upload_date': '20151218',
             'comment_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -35,8 +34,8 @@ class TheInterceptIE(InfoExtractor):
             if post['slug'] == display_id:
                 return {
                     '_type': 'url_transparent',
-                    'url': 'jwplatform:%s' % post['fov_videoid'],
-                    'id': compat_str(post['ID']),
+                    'url': 'jwplatform:{}'.format(post['fov_videoid']),
+                    'id': str(post['ID']),
                     'display_id': display_id,
                     'title': post['title'],
                     'description': post.get('excerpt'),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/theplatform.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/theplatform.py
index eeb33a6606..7c1769c2df 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/theplatform.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/theplatform.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import binascii
 import hashlib
 import hmac
 import re
@@ -42,8 +41,7 @@ class ThePlatformBaseIE(OnceIE):
                 if exception.get('value') == 'GeoLocationBlocked':
                     self.raise_geo_restricted(error_element.attrib['abstract'])
                 elif error_element.attrib['src'].startswith(
-                        'http://link.theplatform.%s/s/errorFiles/Unavailable.'
-                        % self._TP_TLD):
+                        f'http://link.theplatform.{self._TP_TLD}/s/errorFiles/Unavailable.'):
                     raise ExtractorError(
                         error_element.attrib['abstract'], expected=True)
 
@@ -70,7 +68,7 @@ class ThePlatformBaseIE(OnceIE):
         return formats, subtitles
 
     def _download_theplatform_metadata(self, path, video_id):
-        info_url = 'http://link.theplatform.%s/s/%s?format=preview' % (self._TP_TLD, path)
+        info_url = f'http://link.theplatform.{self._TP_TLD}/s/{path}?format=preview'
         return self._download_json(info_url, video_id)
 
     def _parse_theplatform_metadata(self, info):
@@ -140,7 +138,7 @@ class ThePlatformIE(ThePlatformBaseIE, AdobePassIE):
             <meta\s+
                 property=(["'])(?:og:video(?::(?:secure_)?url)?|twitter:player)\1\s+
                 content=(["'])(?P<url>https?://player\.theplatform\.com/p/.+?)\2''',
-        r'(?s)<(?:iframe|script)[^>]+src=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:https?:)?//player\.theplatform\.com/p/.+?)\1'
+        r'(?s)<(?:iframe|script)[^>]+src=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:https?:)?//player\.theplatform\.com/p/.+?)\1',
     ]
 
     _TESTS = [{
@@ -225,17 +223,14 @@ class ThePlatformIE(ThePlatformBaseIE, AdobePassIE):
         flags = '10' if include_qs else '00'
         expiration_date = '%x' % (int(time.time()) + life)
 
-        def str_to_hex(str):
-            return binascii.b2a_hex(str.encode('ascii')).decode('ascii')
-
-        def hex_to_bytes(hex):
-            return binascii.a2b_hex(hex.encode('ascii'))
+        def str_to_hex(str_data):
+            return str_data.encode('ascii').hex()
 
         relative_path = re.match(r'https?://link\.theplatform\.com/s/([^?]+)', url).group(1)
-        clear_text = hex_to_bytes(flags + expiration_date + str_to_hex(relative_path))
+        clear_text = bytes.fromhex(flags + expiration_date + str_to_hex(relative_path))
         checksum = hmac.new(sig_key.encode('ascii'), clear_text, hashlib.sha1).hexdigest()
         sig = flags + expiration_date + checksum + str_to_hex(sig_secret)
-        return '%s&sig=%s' % (url, sig)
+        return f'{url}&sig={sig}'
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         url, smuggled_data = unsmuggle_url(url, {})
@@ -274,7 +269,7 @@ class ThePlatformIE(ThePlatformBaseIE, AdobePassIE):
                     break
             if feed_id is None:
                 raise ExtractorError('Unable to find feed id')
-            return self.url_result('http://feed.theplatform.com/f/%s/%s?byGuid=%s' % (
+            return self.url_result('http://feed.theplatform.com/f/{}/{}?byGuid={}'.format(
                 provider_id, feed_id, qs_dict['guid'][0]))
 
         if smuggled_data.get('force_smil_url', False):
@@ -298,13 +293,10 @@ class ThePlatformIE(ThePlatformBaseIE, AdobePassIE):
             config_url = config_url.replace('swf/', 'config/')
             config_url = config_url.replace('onsite/', 'onsite/config/')
             config = self._download_json(config_url, video_id, 'Downloading config')
-            if 'releaseUrl' in config:
-                release_url = config['releaseUrl']
-            else:
-                release_url = 'http://link.theplatform.com/s/%s?mbr=true' % path
+            release_url = config.get('releaseUrl') or f'http://link.theplatform.com/s/{path}?mbr=true'
             smil_url = release_url + '&formats=MPEG4&manifest=f4m'
         else:
-            smil_url = 'http://link.theplatform.com/s/%s?mbr=true' % path
+            smil_url = f'http://link.theplatform.com/s/{path}?mbr=true'
 
         sig = smuggled_data.get('sig')
         if sig:
@@ -387,7 +379,7 @@ class ThePlatformFeedIE(ThePlatformBaseIE):
                 if asset_type in asset_types_query:
                     query.update(asset_types_query[asset_type])
                 cur_formats, cur_subtitles = self._extract_theplatform_smil(update_url_query(
-                    main_smil_url or smil_url, query), video_id, 'Downloading SMIL data for %s' % asset_type)
+                    main_smil_url or smil_url, query), video_id, f'Downloading SMIL data for {asset_type}')
                 formats.extend(cur_formats)
                 subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subtitles, cur_subtitles)
 
@@ -400,7 +392,7 @@ class ThePlatformFeedIE(ThePlatformBaseIE):
         timestamp = int_or_none(entry.get('media$availableDate'), scale=1000)
         categories = [item['media$name'] for item in entry.get('media$categories', [])]
 
-        ret = self._extract_theplatform_metadata('%s/%s' % (provider_id, first_video_id), video_id)
+        ret = self._extract_theplatform_metadata(f'{provider_id}/{first_video_id}', video_id)
         subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subtitles, ret['subtitles'])
         ret.update({
             'id': video_id,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/thestar.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/thestar.py
index 293c34c06e..38aa695a5c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/thestar.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/thestar.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class TheStarIE(InfoExtractor):
         'params': {
             # m3u8 download
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }
     BRIGHTCOVE_URL_TEMPLATE = 'http://players.brightcove.net/794267642001/default_default/index.html?videoId=%s'
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/theweatherchannel.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/theweatherchannel.py
index d1921e4f9a..424f778a27 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/theweatherchannel.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/theweatherchannel.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class TheWeatherChannelIE(ThePlatformIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete
             'timestamp': 1689967343,
             'display_id': 'invest-95l-in-atlantic-has-a-medium-chance-of-development',
             'duration': 34.0,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://weather.com/en-CA/international/videos/video/unidentified-object-falls-from-sky-in-india',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class TheWeatherChannelIE(ThePlatformIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete
         asset_name, locale, display_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
         if not locale:
             locale = 'en-US'
-        video_data = list(self._download_json(
+        video_data = next(iter(self._download_json(
             'https://weather.com/api/v1/p/redux-dal', display_id, data=json.dumps([{
                 'name': 'getCMSAssetsUrlConfig',
                 'params': {
@@ -44,10 +44,10 @@ class TheWeatherChannelIE(ThePlatformIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete
                             '$in': asset_name,
                         },
                     },
-                }
+                },
             }]).encode(), headers={
                 'Content-Type': 'application/json',
-            })['dal']['getCMSAssetsUrlConfig'].values())[0]['data'][0]
+            })['dal']['getCMSAssetsUrlConfig'].values()))['data'][0]
         video_id = video_data['id']
         seo_meta = video_data.get('seometa', {})
         title = video_data.get('title') or seo_meta['title']
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/thisamericanlife.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/thisamericanlife.py
index 9a3d79840a..8b5d1e6160 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/thisamericanlife.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/thisamericanlife.py
@@ -22,11 +22,11 @@ class ThisAmericanLifeIE(InfoExtractor):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            'http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/%s' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/{video_id}', video_id)
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
-            'url': 'http://stream.thisamericanlife.org/{0}/stream/{0}_64k.m3u8'.format(video_id),
+            'url': f'http://stream.thisamericanlife.org/{video_id}/stream/{video_id}_64k.m3u8',
             'protocol': 'm3u8_native',
             'ext': 'm4a',
             'acodec': 'aac',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/thisvid.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/thisvid.py
index 04b0838116..2fd6ae83a7 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/thisvid.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/thisvid.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class ThisVidIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'jeanslevisjeans',
             'display_id': 'sitting-on-ball-tight-jeans',
             'age_limit': 18,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://thisvid.com/embed/3533241/',
         'md5': '839becb572995687e11a69dc4358a386',
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class ThisVidIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'jeanslevisjeans',
             'display_id': 'sitting-on-ball-tight-jeans',
             'age_limit': 18,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/threeqsdn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/threeqsdn.py
index f7a13d2c37..45fdef9078 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/threeqsdn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/threeqsdn.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class ThreeQSDNIE(InfoExtractor):
     IE_NAME = '3qsdn'
     IE_DESC = '3Q SDN'
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://playout\.3qsdn\.com/(?P<id>[\da-f]{8}-[\da-f]{4}-[\da-f]{4}-[\da-f]{4}-[\da-f]{12})'
-    _EMBED_REGEX = [r'<iframe[^>]+\b(?:data-)?src=(["\'])(?P<url>%s.*?)\1' % _VALID_URL]
+    _EMBED_REGEX = [rf'<iframe[^>]+\b(?:data-)?src=(["\'])(?P<url>{_VALID_URL}.*?)\1']
     _TESTS = [{
         # https://player.3qsdn.com/demo.html
         'url': 'https://playout.3qsdn.com/7201c779-6b3c-11e7-a40e-002590c750be',
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ class ThreeQSDNIE(InfoExtractor):
                     height = int_or_none(s.get('height'))
                     formats.append({
                         'ext': ext,
-                        'format_id': join_nonempty('http', ext, height and '%dp' % height),
+                        'format_id': join_nonempty('http', ext, height and f'{height}p'),
                         'height': height,
                         'source_preference': 0,
                         'url': src,
@@ -152,5 +152,5 @@ class ThreeQSDNIE(InfoExtractor):
             # It seems like this would be correctly handled by default
             # However, unless someone can confirm this, the old
             # behaviour is being kept as-is
-            '_format_sort_fields': ('res', 'source_preference')
+            '_format_sort_fields': ('res', 'source_preference'),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/threespeak.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/threespeak.py
index dbd5090878..32ea177864 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/threespeak.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/threespeak.py
@@ -24,32 +24,32 @@ class ThreeSpeakIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 2703.867833,
             'filesize': 1620054781,
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, id)
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
         json_str = self._html_search_regex(r'JSON\.parse\(\'([^\']+)\'\)', webpage, 'json')
         # The json string itself is escaped. Hence the double parsing
-        data_json = self._parse_json(self._parse_json(f'"{json_str}"', id), id)
-        video_json = self._parse_json(data_json['json_metadata'], id)
+        data_json = self._parse_json(self._parse_json(f'"{json_str}"', video_id), video_id)
+        video_json = self._parse_json(data_json['json_metadata'], video_id)
         formats, subtitles = [], {}
         og_m3u8 = self._html_search_regex(r'<meta\s?property=\"ogvideo\"\s?content=\"([^\"]+)\">', webpage, 'og m3u8', fatal=False)
         if og_m3u8:
-            https_frmts, https_subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(og_m3u8, id, fatal=False, m3u8_id='https')
+            https_frmts, https_subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(og_m3u8, video_id, fatal=False, m3u8_id='https')
             formats.extend(https_frmts)
             subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subtitles, https_subs)
         ipfs_m3u8 = try_get(video_json, lambda x: x['video']['info']['ipfs'])
         if ipfs_m3u8:
-            ipfs_frmts, ipfs_subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(f'https://ipfs.3speak.tv/ipfs/{ipfs_m3u8}',
-                                                                             id, fatal=False, m3u8_id='ipfs')
+            ipfs_frmts, ipfs_subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
+                f'https://ipfs.3speak.tv/ipfs/{ipfs_m3u8}', video_id, fatal=False, m3u8_id='ipfs')
             formats.extend(ipfs_frmts)
             subtitles = self._merge_subtitles(subtitles, ipfs_subs)
         mp4_file = try_get(video_json, lambda x: x['video']['info']['file'])
         if mp4_file:
             formats.append({
-                'url': f'https://threespeakvideo.b-cdn.net/{id}/{mp4_file}',
+                'url': f'https://threespeakvideo.b-cdn.net/{video_id}/{mp4_file}',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'format_id': 'https-mp4',
                 'duration': try_get(video_json, lambda x: x['video']['info']['duration']),
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class ThreeSpeakIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'format_note': 'Original file',
             })
         return {
-            'id': id,
+            'id': video_id,
             'title': data_json.get('title') or data_json.get('root_title'),
             'uploader': data_json.get('author'),
             'description': try_get(video_json, lambda x: x['video']['content']['description']),
@@ -82,12 +82,12 @@ class ThreeSpeakUserIE(InfoExtractor):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, id)
+        playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, playlist_id)
         entries = [
             self.url_result(
-                'https://3speak.tv/watch?v=%s' % video,
+                f'https://3speak.tv/watch?v={video}',
                 ie=ThreeSpeakIE.ie_key())
             for video in re.findall(r'data-payout\s?\=\s?\"([^\"]+)\"', webpage) if video
         ]
-        return self.playlist_result(entries, id)
+        return self.playlist_result(entries, playlist_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tiktok.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tiktok.py
index 7bcfdedbea..dc74d4a1f5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tiktok.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tiktok.py
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@ import random
 import re
 import string
 import time
+import urllib.parse
 import uuid
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_urlparse
 from ..networking import HEADRequest
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ class TikTokBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         if webpage_cookies.get('sid_tt'):
             self._set_cookie(self._API_HOSTNAME, 'sid_tt', webpage_cookies['sid_tt'].value)
         return self._download_json(
-            'https://%s/aweme/v1/%s/' % (self._API_HOSTNAME, ep), video_id=video_id,
+            f'https://{self._API_HOSTNAME}/aweme/v1/{ep}/', video_id=video_id,
             fatal=fatal, note=note, errnote=errnote, headers={
                 'User-Agent': self._APP_USER_AGENT,
                 'Accept': 'application/json',
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ class TikTokBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             'channel': 'googleplay',
             'aid': self._APP_INFO['aid'],
             'app_name': self._APP_INFO['app_name'],
-            'version_code': ''.join((f'{int(v):02d}' for v in self._APP_INFO['app_version'].split('.'))),
+            'version_code': ''.join(f'{int(v):02d}' for v in self._APP_INFO['app_version'].split('.')),
             'version_name': self._APP_INFO['app_version'],
             'manifest_version_code': self._APP_INFO['manifest_app_version'],
             'update_version_code': self._APP_INFO['manifest_app_version'],
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ class TikTokBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'ext': 'srt',
                 'data': '\n\n'.join(
                     f'{i + 1}\n{srt_subtitles_timecode(line["start_time"] / 1000)} --> {srt_subtitles_timecode(line["end_time"] / 1000)}\n{line["text"]}'
-                    for i, line in enumerate(caption_json['utterances']) if line.get('text'))
+                    for i, line in enumerate(caption_json['utterances']) if line.get('text')),
             })
         # feed endpoint subs
         if not subtitles:
@@ -382,7 +382,7 @@ class TikTokBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         auth_cookie = self._get_cookies(self._WEBPAGE_HOST).get('sid_tt')
         if auth_cookie:
             for f in formats:
-                self._set_cookie(compat_urllib_parse_urlparse(f['url']).hostname, 'sid_tt', auth_cookie.value)
+                self._set_cookie(urllib.parse.urlparse(f['url']).hostname, 'sid_tt', auth_cookie.value)
 
         thumbnails = []
         for cover_id in ('cover', 'ai_dynamic_cover', 'animated_cover', 'ai_dynamic_cover_bak',
@@ -402,7 +402,7 @@ class TikTokBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         contained_music_author = traverse_obj(
             music_info, ('matched_song', 'author'), ('matched_pgc_sound', 'author'), 'author', expected_type=str)
 
-        is_generic_og_trackname = music_info.get('is_original_sound') and music_info.get('title') == 'original sound - %s' % music_info.get('owner_handle')
+        is_generic_og_trackname = music_info.get('is_original_sound') and music_info.get('title') == 'original sound - {}'.format(music_info.get('owner_handle'))
         if is_generic_og_trackname:
             music_track, music_author = contained_music_track or 'original sound', contained_music_author
         else:
@@ -792,7 +792,7 @@ class TikTokIE(TikTokBaseIE):
         'expected_warnings': ['Unable to find video in feed'],
     }, {
         # 1080p format
-        'url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/@tatemcrae/video/7107337212743830830',  # FIXME
+        'url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/@tatemcrae/video/7107337212743830830',  # FIXME: Web can only get audio
         'md5': '982512017a8a917124d5a08c8ae79621',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '7107337212743830830',
@@ -846,7 +846,7 @@ class TikTokIE(TikTokBaseIE):
     }, {
         # Auto-captions available
         'url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/@hankgreen1/video/7047596209028074758',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -1059,17 +1059,17 @@ class TikTokSoundIE(TikTokBaseListIE):
         'url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/music/Build-a-Btch-6956990112127585029?lang=en',
         'playlist_mincount': 100,
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '6956990112127585029'
+            'id': '6956990112127585029',
         },
-        'expected_warnings': ['Retrying']
+        'expected_warnings': ['Retrying'],
     }, {
         # Actual entries are less than listed video count
         'url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/music/jiefei-soap-remix-7036843036118469381',
         'playlist_mincount': 2182,
         'info_dict': {
-            'id': '7036843036118469381'
+            'id': '7036843036118469381',
         },
-        'expected_warnings': ['Retrying']
+        'expected_warnings': ['Retrying'],
     }]
 
 
@@ -1085,11 +1085,11 @@ class TikTokEffectIE(TikTokBaseListIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '1258156',
         },
-        'expected_warnings': ['Retrying']
+        'expected_warnings': ['Retrying'],
     }, {
         # Different entries between mobile and web, depending on region
         'url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/sticker/Elf-Friend-479565',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
 
@@ -1106,16 +1106,16 @@ class TikTokTagIE(TikTokBaseListIE):
             'id': '46294678',
             'title': 'hello2018',
         },
-        'expected_warnings': ['Retrying']
+        'expected_warnings': ['Retrying'],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://tiktok.com/tag/fypシ?is_copy_url=0&is_from_webapp=v1',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, display_id, headers={
-            'User-Agent': 'facebookexternalhit/1.1 (+http://www.facebook.com/externalhit_uatext.php)'
+            'User-Agent': 'facebookexternalhit/1.1 (+http://www.facebook.com/externalhit_uatext.php)',
         })
         tag_id = self._html_search_regex(r'snssdk\d*://challenge/detail/(\d+)', webpage, 'tag ID')
         return self.playlist_result(self._entries(tag_id, display_id), tag_id, display_id)
@@ -1129,17 +1129,17 @@ class TikTokCollectionIE(TikTokBaseIE):
         'url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/@imanoreotwe/collection/count-test-7371330159376370462',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '7371330159376370462',
-            'title': 'imanoreotwe-count-test'
+            'title': 'imanoreotwe-count-test',
         },
-        'playlist_count': 9
+        'playlist_count': 9,
     }, {
         # tests returning multiple pages of a large collection
         'url': 'https://www.tiktok.com/@imanoreotwe/collection/%F0%9F%98%82-7111887189571160875',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '7111887189571160875',
-            'title': 'imanoreotwe-%F0%9F%98%82'
+            'title': 'imanoreotwe-%F0%9F%98%82',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 100
+        'playlist_mincount': 100,
     }]
     _API_BASE_URL = 'https://www.tiktok.com/api/collection/item_list/'
     _PAGE_COUNT = 30
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tmz.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tmz.py
index edd16bc5b2..c9f23a8678 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tmz.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tmz.py
@@ -174,8 +174,7 @@ class TMZIE(InfoExtractor):
             # see https://developers.google.com/youtube/iframe_api_reference#Video_Queueing_Functions
             match_obj = re.search(r'\.cueVideoById\(\s*(?P<quote>[\'"])(?P<id>.*?)(?P=quote)', webpage)
             if match_obj:
-                res = self.url_result(match_obj.group('id'))
-                return res
+                return self.url_result(match_obj.group('id'))
             # try to extract from twitter
             blockquote_el = get_element_by_attribute('class', 'twitter-tweet', webpage)
             if blockquote_el:
@@ -185,8 +184,7 @@ class TMZIE(InfoExtractor):
                 if matches:
                     for _, match in matches:
                         if '/status/' in match:
-                            res = self.url_result(match)
-                            return res
+                            return self.url_result(match)
             raise ExtractorError('No video found!')
         if id not in jsonld:
             jsonld['id'] = url
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tnaflix.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tnaflix.py
index 535e6c8f01..22832e068e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tnaflix.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tnaflix.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     fix_xml_ampersands,
     float_or_none,
@@ -64,7 +63,7 @@ class TNAFlixNetworkBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         height = int_or_none(xpath_text(timeline, './imageHeight', 'thumbnail height'))
 
         return [{
-            'url': self._proto_relative_url(pattern_el.text.replace('#', compat_str(i)), 'http:'),
+            'url': self._proto_relative_url(pattern_el.text.replace('#', str(i)), 'http:'),
             'width': width,
             'height': height,
         } for i in range(first, last + 1)]
@@ -138,7 +137,7 @@ class TNAFlixNetworkBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
             thumbnails = self._extract_thumbnails(cfg_xml) or []
             thumbnails.append({
-                'url': self._proto_relative_url(xpath_text(cfg_xml, './startThumb', 'thumbnail'), 'http:')
+                'url': self._proto_relative_url(xpath_text(cfg_xml, './startThumb', 'thumbnail'), 'http:'),
             })
 
         # check for EMPFlix-style JSON and extract
@@ -239,7 +238,7 @@ class TNAFlixIE(TNAEMPFlixBaseIE):
             'duration': 91,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'categories': list,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # non-anonymous uploader, categories
         'url': 'https://www.tnaflix.com/teen-porn/Educational-xxx-video/video6538',
@@ -255,7 +254,7 @@ class TNAFlixIE(TNAEMPFlixBaseIE):
             'age_limit': 18,
             'uploader': 'bobwhite39',
             'categories': list,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.tnaflix.com/amateur-porn/bunzHD-Ms.Donk/video358632',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -278,7 +277,7 @@ class EMPFlixIE(TNAEMPFlixBaseIE):
             'duration': 83,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'categories': list,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.empflix.com/videos/[AROMA][ARMD-718]-Aoi-Yoshino-Sawa-25826.html',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -313,7 +312,7 @@ class MovieFapIE(TNAFlixNetworkBaseIE):
             'comment_count': int,
             'average_rating': float,
             'categories': ['Amateur', 'Masturbation', 'Mature', 'Flashing'],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # quirky single-format case where the extension is given as fid, but the video is really an flv
         'url': 'http://www.moviefap.com/videos/e5da0d3edce5404418f5/jeune-couple-russe.html',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/toggle.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/toggle.py
index 70737337cf..de2e03f178 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/toggle.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/toggle.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class ToggleIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': 'm3u8 download',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'note': 'DRM-protected video',
         'url': 'http://www.mewatch.sg/en/movies/dug-s-special-mission/341413',
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class ToggleIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': 'DRM-protected wvm download',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # this also tests correct video id extraction
         'note': 'm3u8 links are geo-restricted, but Android/mp4 is okay',
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class ToggleIE(InfoExtractor):
         'params': {
             'skip_download': 'DRM-protected wvm download',
         },
-        'skip': 'm3u8 links are geo-restricted'
+        'skip': 'm3u8 links are geo-restricted',
     }, {
         'url': 'http://video.toggle.sg/en/clips/seraph-sun-aloysius-will-suddenly-sing-some-old-songs-in-high-pitch-on-set/343331',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -92,14 +92,14 @@ class ToggleIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'LocaleLanguage': '',
                     'LocaleCountry': '',
                     'LocaleDevice': '',
-                    'LocaleUserState': 0
+                    'LocaleUserState': 0,
                 },
                 'Platform': 0,
                 'SiteGuid': 0,
                 'DomainID': '0',
                 'UDID': '',
                 'ApiUser': self._API_USER,
-                'ApiPass': self._API_PASS
+                'ApiPass': self._API_PASS,
             },
             'MediaID': video_id,
             'mediaType': 0,
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ class ToggleIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         info = self._download_json(
             'http://tvpapi.as.tvinci.com/v2_9/gateways/jsonpostgw.aspx?m=GetMediaInfo',
-            video_id, 'Downloading video info json', data=json.dumps(params).encode('utf-8'))
+            video_id, 'Downloading video info json', data=json.dumps(params).encode())
 
         title = info['MediaName']
 
@@ -122,8 +122,8 @@ class ToggleIE(InfoExtractor):
             if ext == 'm3u8':
                 m3u8_formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
                     video_url, video_id, ext='mp4', m3u8_id=vid_format,
-                    note='Downloading %s m3u8 information' % vid_format,
-                    errnote='Failed to download %s m3u8 information' % vid_format,
+                    note=f'Downloading {vid_format} m3u8 information',
+                    errnote=f'Failed to download {vid_format} m3u8 information',
                     fatal=False)
                 for f in m3u8_formats:
                     # Apple FairPlay Streaming
@@ -133,14 +133,14 @@ class ToggleIE(InfoExtractor):
             elif ext == 'mpd':
                 formats.extend(self._extract_mpd_formats(
                     video_url, video_id, mpd_id=vid_format,
-                    note='Downloading %s MPD manifest' % vid_format,
-                    errnote='Failed to download %s MPD manifest' % vid_format,
+                    note=f'Downloading {vid_format} MPD manifest',
+                    errnote=f'Failed to download {vid_format} MPD manifest',
                     fatal=False))
             elif ext == 'ism':
                 formats.extend(self._extract_ism_formats(
                     video_url, video_id, ism_id=vid_format,
-                    note='Downloading %s ISM manifest' % vid_format,
-                    errnote='Failed to download %s ISM manifest' % vid_format,
+                    note=f'Downloading {vid_format} ISM manifest',
+                    errnote=f'Failed to download {vid_format} ISM manifest',
                     fatal=False))
             elif ext == 'mp4':
                 formats.append({
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tonline.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tonline.py
index 33b9a32e4e..cfbd36b2f0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tonline.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tonline.py
@@ -15,13 +15,13 @@ class TOnlineIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Drittes Remis! Zidane: "Es muss etwas passieren"',
             'description': 'Es läuft nicht rund bei Real Madrid. Das 1:1 gegen den SD Eibar war das dritte Unentschieden in Folge in der Liga.',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         video_data = self._download_json(
-            'http://www.t-online.de/tv/id_%s/tid_json_video' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'http://www.t-online.de/tv/id_{video_id}/tid_json_video', video_id)
         title = video_data['subtitle']
 
         formats = []
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/toongoggles.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/toongoggles.py
index 1b8fc3acdb..bfeb16a6e2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/toongoggles.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/toongoggles.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class ToonGogglesIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'Bernard decides to play football in order to be better than Lloyd and tries to beat him no matter how, he even cheats.',
             'upload_date': '20160718',
             'timestamp': 1468879330,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.toongoggles.com/shows/227759/om-nom-stories-around-the-world',
         'info_dict': {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/toutv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/toutv.py
index ced1224fad..cbd2c9c265 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/toutv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/toutv.py
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ class TouTvIE(RadioCanadaIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         path = self._match_id(url)
         metadata = self._download_json(
-            'https://services.radio-canada.ca/toutv/presentation/%s' % path, path, query={
+            f'https://services.radio-canada.ca/toutv/presentation/{path}', path, query={
                 'client_key': self._CLIENT_KEY,
                 'device': 'web',
                 'version': 4,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/toypics.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/toypics.py
index ccb2ef8166..5b625a3803 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/toypics.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/toypics.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class ToypicsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': "Chance-Bulge'd, 2",
             'age_limit': 18,
             'uploader': 'kidsune',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -70,10 +70,10 @@ class ToypicsUserIE(InfoExtractor):
         urls = []
         page_count = (video_count + PAGE_SIZE + 1) // PAGE_SIZE
         for n in range(1, page_count + 1):
-            lpage_url = url + '/public/%d' % n
+            lpage_url = url + f'/public/{n}'
             lpage = self._download_webpage(
                 lpage_url, username,
-                note='Downloading page %d/%d' % (n, page_count))
+                note=f'Downloading page {n}/{page_count}')
             urls.extend(
                 re.findall(
                     r'<div[^>]+class=["\']preview[^>]+>\s*<a[^>]+href="(https?://videos\.toypics\.net/view/[^"]+)"',
@@ -86,5 +86,5 @@ class ToypicsUserIE(InfoExtractor):
                 '_type': 'url',
                 'url': eurl,
                 'ie_key': 'Toypics',
-            } for eurl in urls]
+            } for eurl in urls],
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/traileraddict.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/traileraddict.py
index 5c4a138c47..81c9365585 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/traileraddict.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/traileraddict.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class TrailerAddictIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Prince Avalanche Trailer',
             'description': 'Trailer for Prince Avalanche.\n\nTwo highway road workers spend the summer of 1988 away from their city lives. The isolated landscape becomes a place of misadventure as the men find themselves at odds with each other and the women they left behind.',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class TrailerAddictIE(InfoExtractor):
         else:
             fvar = 'fvar'
 
-        info_url = 'http://www.traileraddict.com/%s.php?tid=%s' % (fvar, str(video_id))
+        info_url = f'http://www.traileraddict.com/{fvar}.php?tid={video_id!s}'
         info_webpage = self._download_webpage(info_url, video_id, 'Downloading the info webpage')
 
         final_url = self._search_regex(r'&fileurl=(.+)',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/trovo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/trovo.py
index 545a67275a..7d800ae340 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/trovo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/trovo.py
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class TrovoIE(TrovoBaseIE):
             'title': '💥IGRAMO IGRICE UPADAJTE💥2500/5000 2022-06-28 22:01',
             'live_status': 'is_live',
         },
-        'skip': 'May not be live'
+        'skip': 'May not be live',
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class TrovoIE(TrovoBaseIE):
             },
         })
         if live_info.get('isLive') == 0:
-            raise ExtractorError('%s is offline' % username, expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'{username} is offline', expected=True)
         program_info = live_info['programInfo']
         program_id = program_info['id']
         title = program_info['title']
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/trtcocuk.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/trtcocuk.py
index f27f5a1e36..0c899f1e76 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/trtcocuk.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/trtcocuk.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class TrtCocukVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Kaptan Pengu ve Arkadaşları 1 Bölüm İzle TRT Çocuk',
             'release_date': '20201209',
             'release_timestamp': 1607513774,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.trtcocuk.net.tr/video/sef-rokanin-lezzet-dunyasi-17',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class TrtCocukVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'series': '"Şef Roka\'nın Lezzet Dünyası"',
             'title': 'Şef Roka\'nın Lezzet Dünyası 17 Bölüm İzle TRT Çocuk',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -44,5 +44,5 @@ class TrtCocukVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'season_number': int_or_none(nuxtjs_data.get('season')),
             'release_timestamp': parse_iso8601(nuxtjs_data.get('publishedDate')),
             'series': traverse_obj(nuxtjs_data, ('show', 0, 'title')),
-            'title': self._html_extract_title(webpage)  # TODO: get better title
+            'title': self._html_extract_title(webpage),  # TODO: get better title
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/trtworld.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/trtworld.py
index dbb72a4fe7..d33b9aae0c 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/trtworld.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/trtworld.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class TrtWorldIE(InfoExtractor):
             'release_date': '20231202',
             'thumbnail': 'https://cdn-i.pr.trt.com.tr/trtworld/17647563_0-0-1920-1080.jpeg',
             'description': 'md5:0a975c04257fb529c8f99c7b76a2cf12',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.trtworld.com/video/one-offs/frames-from-anatolia-recreating-a-james-bond-scene-in-istanbuls-grand-bazaar-14541780',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class TrtWorldIE(InfoExtractor):
             'release_date': '20230819',
             'thumbnail': 'https://cdn-i.pr.trt.com.tr/trtworld/16939810_0-0-1920-1080.jpeg',
             'description': 'md5:4050e21570cc3c40b6c9badae800a94f',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.trtworld.com/video/the-newsmakers/can-sudan-find-peace-amidst-failed-transition-to-democracy-12904760',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ class TrtWorldIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Can Sudan find peace amidst failed transition to democracy?',
             'release_timestamp': 1681972747,
             'release_date': '20230420',
-            'thumbnail': 'http://cdni0.trtworld.com/w768/q70/154214_NMYOUTUBETEMPLATE1_1681833018736.jpg'
-        }
+            'thumbnail': 'http://cdni0.trtworld.com/w768/q70/154214_NMYOUTUBETEMPLATE1_1681833018736.jpg',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.trtworld.com/video/africa-matters/locals-learning-to-cope-with-rising-tides-of-kenyas-great-lakes-16059545',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ class TrtWorldIE(InfoExtractor):
             'tags': [],
             'live_status': 'not_live',
             'like_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/trueid.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/trueid.py
index efedac180c..183364b401 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/trueid.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/trueid.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class TrueIDIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20200916',
             'release_date': '20200630',
         },
-        'expected_warnings': ['Video is geo restricted.']
+        'expected_warnings': ['Video is geo restricted.'],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://trueid.id/series/zZOBVPb62EwR/qXY73rwyl7oj/one-piece-ep-1/',
         'md5': '1c6d976049bc3c89a8a25aed2c3fb081',
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class TrueIDIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20210112',
             'release_date': '20210131',
         },
-        'expected_warnings': ['Video is geo restricted.']
+        'expected_warnings': ['Video is geo restricted.'],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://vn.trueid.net/series/7DNPM7Bpa9wv/pwLgEQ4Xbda2/haikyu-vua-bong-chuyen-phan-1/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ class TrueIDIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20210818',
             'release_date': '20210818',
         },
-        'expected_warnings': ['Video is geo restricted.']
+        'expected_warnings': ['Video is geo restricted.'],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://trueid.ph/series/l8rvvAw7Jwv8/l8rvvAw7Jwv8/naruto-trailer/',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/trutv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/trutv.py
index ea0f2f40e0..cbfe67af25 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/trutv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/trutv.py
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class TruTVIE(TurnerBaseIE):
             display_id = clip_slug
 
         data = self._download_json(
-            'https://api.trutv.com/v2/web/%s/%s/%s' % (path, series_slug, display_id),
+            f'https://api.trutv.com/v2/web/{path}/{series_slug}/{display_id}',
             display_id)
         video_data = data['episode'] if video_id else data['info']
         media_id = video_data['mediaId']
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tube8.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tube8.py
index 5f15b4581e..7267bf2bd9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tube8.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tube8.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..aes import aes_decrypt_text
-from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_unquote
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
     format_field,
@@ -100,12 +100,12 @@ class Tube8IE(InfoExtractor):
             r'flashvars\.video_url\s*=\s*(["\'])(?P<url>http.+?)\1',
             webpage, 'video url', default=None, group='url')
         if video_url:
-            extract_format(compat_urllib_parse_unquote(video_url))
+            extract_format(urllib.parse.unquote(video_url))
 
         if not formats:
             if 'title="This video is no longer available"' in webpage:
                 self.raise_no_formats(
-                    'Video %s is no longer available' % video_id, expected=True)
+                    f'Video {video_id} is no longer available', expected=True)
 
         if not title:
             title = self._html_search_regex(
@@ -153,8 +153,8 @@ class Tube8IE(InfoExtractor):
         tags_str = self._search_regex(
             r'(?s)Tags:\s*</dt>\s*<dd>(.+?)</(?!a)',
             webpage, 'tags', fatal=False)
-        tags = [t for t in re.findall(
-            r'<a[^>]+href=[^>]+>([^<]+)', tags_str)] if tags_str else None
+        tags = list(re.findall(
+            r'<a[^>]+href=[^>]+>([^<]+)', tags_str)) if tags_str else None
 
         info.update({
             'description': description,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tubetugraz.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tubetugraz.py
index a351e4e550..e13375f0a1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tubetugraz.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tubetugraz.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class TubeTuGrazBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'lang': 'de',
                 '_eventId_proceed': '',
                 'j_username': username,
-                'j_password': password
+                'j_password': password,
             }))
         if not urlh or urlh.url == 'https://tube.tugraz.at/paella/ui/index.html':
             return
@@ -53,33 +53,33 @@ class TubeTuGrazBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         self.report_warning('unable to login: incorrect TFA code')
 
     def _extract_episode(self, episode_info):
-        id = episode_info.get('id')
+        video_id = episode_info.get('id')
         formats = list(self._extract_formats(
-            traverse_obj(episode_info, ('mediapackage', 'media', 'track')), id))
+            traverse_obj(episode_info, ('mediapackage', 'media', 'track')), video_id))
 
         title = traverse_obj(episode_info, ('mediapackage', 'title'), 'dcTitle')
         series_title = traverse_obj(episode_info, ('mediapackage', 'seriestitle'))
         creator = ', '.join(variadic(traverse_obj(
             episode_info, ('mediapackage', 'creators', 'creator'), 'dcCreator', default='')))
         return {
-            'id': id,
+            'id': video_id,
             'title': title,
             'creator': creator or None,
             'duration': traverse_obj(episode_info, ('mediapackage', 'duration'), 'dcExtent'),
             'series': series_title,
             'series_id': traverse_obj(episode_info, ('mediapackage', 'series'), 'dcIsPartOf'),
             'episode': series_title and title,
-            'formats': formats
+            'formats': formats,
         }
 
-    def _set_format_type(self, formats, type):
+    def _set_format_type(self, formats, fmt_type):
         for f in formats:
-            f['format_note'] = type
-            if not type.startswith(self._FORMAT_TYPES[0]):
+            f['format_note'] = fmt_type
+            if not fmt_type.startswith(self._FORMAT_TYPES[0]):
                 f['preference'] = -2
         return formats
 
-    def _extract_formats(self, format_list, id):
+    def _extract_formats(self, format_list, video_id):
         has_hls, has_dash = False, False
 
         for format_info in format_list or []:
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ class TubeTuGrazBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             if url is None:
                 continue
 
-            type = format_info.get('type') or 'unknown'
+            fmt_type = format_info.get('type') or 'unknown'
             transport = (format_info.get('transport') or 'https').lower()
 
             if transport == 'https':
@@ -100,10 +100,10 @@ class TubeTuGrazBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                 }]
             elif transport == 'hls':
                 has_hls, formats = True, self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                    url, id, 'mp4', fatal=False, note=f'downloading {type} HLS manifest')
+                    url, video_id, 'mp4', fatal=False, note=f'downloading {fmt_type} HLS manifest')
             elif transport == 'dash':
                 has_dash, formats = True, self._extract_mpd_formats(
-                    url, id, fatal=False, note=f'downloading {type} DASH manifest')
+                    url, video_id, fatal=False, note=f'downloading {fmt_type} DASH manifest')
             else:
                 # RTMP, HDS, SMOOTH, and unknown formats
                 # - RTMP url fails on every tested entry until now
@@ -111,21 +111,21 @@ class TubeTuGrazBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                 # - SMOOTH url 404's on every tested entry until now
                 continue
 
-            yield from self._set_format_type(formats, type)
+            yield from self._set_format_type(formats, fmt_type)
 
         # TODO: Add test for these
-        for type in self._FORMAT_TYPES:
+        for fmt_type in self._FORMAT_TYPES:
             if not has_hls:
                 hls_formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                    f'https://wowza.tugraz.at/matterhorn_engage/smil:engage-player_{id}_{type}.smil/playlist.m3u8',
-                    id, 'mp4', fatal=False, note=f'Downloading {type} HLS manifest', errnote=False) or []
-                yield from self._set_format_type(hls_formats, type)
+                    f'https://wowza.tugraz.at/matterhorn_engage/smil:engage-player_{video_id}_{fmt_type}.smil/playlist.m3u8',
+                    video_id, 'mp4', fatal=False, note=f'Downloading {fmt_type} HLS manifest', errnote=False) or []
+                yield from self._set_format_type(hls_formats, fmt_type)
 
             if not has_dash:
                 dash_formats = self._extract_mpd_formats(
-                    f'https://wowza.tugraz.at/matterhorn_engage/smil:engage-player_{id}_{type}.smil/manifest_mpm4sav_mvlist.mpd',
-                    id, fatal=False, note=f'Downloading {type} DASH manifest', errnote=False)
-                yield from self._set_format_type(dash_formats, type)
+                    f'https://wowza.tugraz.at/matterhorn_engage/smil:engage-player_{video_id}_{fmt_type}.smil/manifest_mpm4sav_mvlist.mpd',
+                    video_id, fatal=False, note=f'Downloading {fmt_type} DASH manifest', errnote=False)
+                yield from self._set_format_type(dash_formats, fmt_type)
 
 
 class TubeTuGrazIE(TubeTuGrazBaseIE):
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ class TubeTuGrazIE(TubeTuGrazBaseIE):
                 'creator': 'Safran C',
                 'duration': 3295818,
                 'series_id': 'b1192fff-2aa7-4bf0-a5cf-7b15c3bd3b34',
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             'url': 'https://tube.tugraz.at/paella/ui/watch.html?id=2df6d787-e56a-428d-8ef4-d57f07eef238',
             'md5': 'de0d854a56bf7318d2b693fe1adb89a5',
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ class TubeTuGrazIE(TubeTuGrazBaseIE):
                 'ext': 'mp4',
             },
             'expected_warnings': ['Extractor failed to obtain "title"'],
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ class TubeTuGrazSeriesIE(TubeTuGrazBaseIE):
                     'series': '[209351] Strassenwesen',
                     'creator': 'Neuhold R',
                     'duration': 6127024,
-                }
+                },
             },
             {
                 'info_dict': {
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ class TubeTuGrazSeriesIE(TubeTuGrazBaseIE):
                     'series': '[209351] Strassenwesen',
                     'creator': 'Neuhold R',
                     'duration': 5374422,
-                }
+                },
             },
             {
                 'info_dict': {
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ class TubeTuGrazSeriesIE(TubeTuGrazBaseIE):
                     'series': '[209351] Strassenwesen',
                     'creator': 'Neuhold R',
                     'duration': 5566404,
-                }
+                },
             },
             {
                 'info_dict': {
@@ -229,24 +229,25 @@ class TubeTuGrazSeriesIE(TubeTuGrazBaseIE):
                     'series': '[209351] Strassenwesen',
                     'creator': 'Neuhold R',
                     'duration': 5420200,
-                }
-            }
+                },
+            },
         ],
-        'min_playlist_count': 4
+        'min_playlist_count': 4,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        episodes_data = self._download_json(self._API_EPISODE, id, query={'sid': id}, note='Downloading episode list')
+        playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
+        episodes_data = self._download_json(
+            self._API_EPISODE, playlist_id, query={'sid': playlist_id}, note='Downloading episode list')
         series_data = self._download_json(
-            'https://tube.tugraz.at/series/series.json', id, fatal=False,
+            'https://tube.tugraz.at/series/series.json', playlist_id, fatal=False,
             note='downloading series metadata', errnote='failed to download series metadata',
             query={
-                'seriesId': id,
+                'seriesId': playlist_id,
                 'count': 1,
-                'sort': 'TITLE'
+                'sort': 'TITLE',
             })
 
         return self.playlist_result(
-            map(self._extract_episode, episodes_data['search-results']['result']), id,
+            map(self._extract_episode, episodes_data['search-results']['result']), playlist_id,
             traverse_obj(series_data, ('catalogs', 0, 'http://purl.org/dc/terms/', 'title', 0, 'value')))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tubitv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tubitv.py
index 78be86d588..9d9ddae720 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tubitv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tubitv.py
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class TubiTvIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'A stand up comedian is forced to look at the decisions in his life while on a one week trip to the west coast.',
             'uploader_id': 'bc168bee0d18dd1cb3b86c68706ab434',
         },
-        'skip': 'Content Unavailable'
+        'skip': 'Content Unavailable',
     }, {
         'url': 'http://tubitv.com/tv-shows/321886/s01_e01_on_nom_stories',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ class TubiTvIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': 'd8fed30d4f24fcb22ec294421b9defc2',
             'release_year': 1979,
         },
-        'skip': 'Content Unavailable'
+        'skip': 'Content Unavailable',
     }]
 
     # DRM formats are included only to raise appropriate error
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ class TubiTvShowIE(InfoExtractor):
         'playlist_mincount': 390,
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'the-joy-of-painting-with-bob-ross',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _entries(self, show_url, show_name):
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ class TubiTvShowIE(InfoExtractor):
             r'window\.__data\s*=\s*({[^<]+});\s*</script>',
             show_webpage, 'data'), show_name, transform_source=js_to_json)['video']
 
-        for episode_id in show_json['fullContentById'].keys():
+        for episode_id in show_json['fullContentById']:
             if traverse_obj(show_json, ('byId', episode_id, 'type')) == 's':
                 continue
             yield self.url_result(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tumblr.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tumblr.py
index f2d0c59011..7f851bf63b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tumblr.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tumblr.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class TumblrIE(InfoExtractor):
             'repost_count': int,
             'age_limit': 0,
             'tags': ['Orphan Black', 'Tatiana Maslany', 'Interview', 'Video', 'OB S1 DVD Extras'],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'note': 'multiple formats',
         'url': 'https://maskofthedragon.tumblr.com/post/626907179849564160/mona-talking-in-english',
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class TumblrIE(InfoExtractor):
             'repost_count': int,
             'age_limit': 0,
             'tags': [],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'note': 'dashboard only (original post)',
         'url': 'https://jujanon.tumblr.com/post/159704441298/my-baby-eating',
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ class TumblrIE(InfoExtractor):
             'repost_count': int,
             'age_limit': 0,
             'tags': ['crabs', 'my video', 'my pets'],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'note': 'dashboard only (reblog)',
         'url': 'https://bartlebyshop.tumblr.com/post/180294460076/duality-of-bird',
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ class TumblrIE(InfoExtractor):
             'repost_count': int,
             'age_limit': 0,
             'tags': [],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'note': 'dashboard only (external)',
         'url': 'https://afloweroutofstone.tumblr.com/post/675661759168823296/the-blues-remembers-everything-the-country-forgot',
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ class TumblrIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'naked-yogi',
         },
         # 'add_ie': ['Vidme'],
-        'skip': 'dead embedded video host'
+        'skip': 'dead embedded video host',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://prozdvoices.tumblr.com/post/673201091169681408/what-recording-voice-acting-sounds-like',
         'md5': 'a0063fc8110e6c9afe44065b4ea68177',
@@ -363,8 +363,8 @@ class TumblrIE(InfoExtractor):
         # if it's a reblog, og:description will be the reblogger's comment, not the uploader's.
         # content_json is always the op, so if it exists but has no text, there's no description
         if content_json:
-            description = '\n\n'.join((
-                item.get('text') for item in content_json if item.get('type') == 'text')) or None
+            description = '\n\n'.join(
+                item.get('text') for item in content_json if item.get('type') == 'text') or None
         else:
             description = self._og_search_description(webpage, default=None)
         uploader_id = traverse_obj(post_json, 'reblogged_root_name', 'blog_name')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tunein.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tunein.py
index fd2fe132c1..05bb2a9fab 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tunein.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tunein.py
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ class TuneInPodcastIE(TuneInBaseIE):
         'playlist_mincount': 200,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://tunein.com/embed/player/p191660/',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://tunein.com/podcasts/World-News/BBC-News-p14/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -230,5 +230,5 @@ class TuneInShortenerIE(InfoExtractor):
         if url_parsed.port == 443:
             url = url_parsed._replace(netloc=url_parsed.hostname).url
 
-        self.to_screen('Following redirect: %s' % url)
+        self.to_screen(f'Following redirect: {url}')
         return self.url_result(url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/turner.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/turner.py
index b27db87bf7..8b79a8ba9a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/turner.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/turner.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import re
 
 from .adobepass import AdobePassIE
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     determine_ext,
@@ -79,7 +78,7 @@ class TurnerBaseIE(AdobePassIE):
             ext = determine_ext(video_url)
             if video_url.startswith('/mp4:protected/'):
                 continue
-                # TODO Correct extraction for these files
+                # TODO: Correct extraction for these files
                 # protected_path_data = path_data.get('protected')
                 # if not protected_path_data or not rtmp_src:
                 #     continue
@@ -160,7 +159,7 @@ class TurnerBaseIE(AdobePassIE):
                         'height': int(mobj.group('height')),
                         'tbr': int_or_none(mobj.group('bitrate')),
                     })
-                elif isinstance(format_id, compat_str):
+                elif isinstance(format_id, str):
                     if format_id.isdigit():
                         f['tbr'] = int(format_id)
                     else:
@@ -187,7 +186,7 @@ class TurnerBaseIE(AdobePassIE):
                         'scc': 'scc',
                         'webvtt': 'vtt',
                         'smptett': 'tt',
-                    }.get(source.get('format'))
+                    }.get(source.get('format')),
                 })
 
         thumbnails.extend({
@@ -219,7 +218,7 @@ class TurnerBaseIE(AdobePassIE):
     def _extract_ngtv_info(self, media_id, tokenizer_query, ap_data=None):
         is_live = ap_data.get('is_live')
         streams_data = self._download_json(
-            'http://medium.ngtv.io/media/%s/tv' % media_id,
+            f'http://medium.ngtv.io/media/{media_id}/tv',
             media_id)['media']['tv']
         duration = None
         chapters = []
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tv2.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tv2.py
index 9b19e79954..601ecab78b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tv2.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tv2.py
@@ -52,10 +52,10 @@ class TV2IE(InfoExtractor):
         format_urls = []
         for protocol in self._PROTOCOLS:
             try:
-                data = self._download_json('https://api.sumo.tv2.no/play/%s?stream=%s' % (video_id, protocol),
+                data = self._download_json(f'https://api.sumo.tv2.no/play/{video_id}?stream={protocol}',
                                            video_id, 'Downloading playabck JSON',
                                            headers={'content-type': 'application/json'},
-                                           data='{"device":{"id":"1-1-1","name":"Nettleser (HTML)"}}'.encode())['playback']
+                                           data=b'{"device":{"id":"1-1-1","name":"Nettleser (HTML)"}}')['playback']
             except ExtractorError as e:
                 if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 401:
                     error = self._parse_json(e.cause.response.read().decode(), video_id)['error']
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ class TV2IE(InfoExtractor):
                 video_url = item.get('url')
                 if not video_url or video_url in format_urls:
                     continue
-                format_id = '%s-%s' % (protocol.lower(), item.get('type'))
+                format_id = '{}-{}'.format(protocol.lower(), item.get('type'))
                 if not self._is_valid_url(video_url, video_id, format_id):
                     continue
                 format_urls.append(video_url)
@@ -97,9 +97,9 @@ class TV2IE(InfoExtractor):
             self.report_drm(video_id)
 
         thumbnails = [{
-            'id': type,
+            'id': thumb_type,
             'url': thumb_url,
-        } for type, thumb_url in (asset.get('images') or {}).items()]
+        } for thumb_type, thumb_url in (asset.get('images') or {}).items()]
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ class TV2ArticleIE(InfoExtractor):
                     assets.append(asset)
 
         entries = [
-            self.url_result('http://www.tv2.no/v/%s' % asset_id, 'TV2')
+            self.url_result(f'http://www.tv2.no/v/{asset_id}', 'TV2')
             for asset_id in assets]
 
         title = remove_end(self._og_search_title(webpage), ' - TV2.no')
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ class KatsomoIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        api_base = 'http://%s/api/web/asset/%s' % (self._API_DOMAIN, video_id)
+        api_base = f'http://{self._API_DOMAIN}/api/web/asset/{video_id}'
 
         asset = self._download_json(
             api_base + '.json', video_id,
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ class KatsomoIE(InfoExtractor):
         for protocol in self._PROTOCOLS:
             try:
                 data = self._download_json(
-                    api_base + '/play.json?protocol=%s&videoFormat=SMIL+ISMUSP' % protocol,
+                    api_base + f'/play.json?protocol={protocol}&videoFormat=SMIL+ISMUSP',
                     video_id, 'Downloading play JSON')['playback']
             except ExtractorError as e:
                 if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 401:
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ class KatsomoIE(InfoExtractor):
                 video_url = item.get('url')
                 if not video_url or video_url in format_urls:
                     continue
-                format_id = '%s-%s' % (protocol.lower(), item.get('mediaFormat'))
+                format_id = '{}-{}'.format(protocol.lower(), item.get('mediaFormat'))
                 if not self._is_valid_url(video_url, video_id, format_id):
                     continue
                 format_urls.append(video_url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tv24ua.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tv24ua.py
index 89905acdb7..2787de4da0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tv24ua.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tv24ua.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class TV24UAVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'У Харкові ворожа ракета прилетіла в будинок, де слухали пісні про "офіцерів-росіян"',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpe?g',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://24tv.ua/news/showPlayer.do?videoUrl=2022/07/2074790&objectId=2074790&w=640&h=360',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class TV24UAVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'title': 'Росіяни руйнують Бородянку на Київщині та стріляють з літаків по мешканцях: шокуючі фото',
                 'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpe?g',
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://24tv.ua/vipalyuyut-nashi-mista-sela-dsns-pokazali-motoroshni-naslidki_n1883966',
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class TV24UAVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpe?g',
             },
             'params': {'allowed_extractors': ['Generic', '24tv.ua']},
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tv2dk.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tv2dk.py
index 35e92f10c4..9cd7606b0a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tv2dk.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tv2dk.py
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ class TV2DKIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         def add_entry(partner_id, kaltura_id):
             entries.append(self.url_result(
-                'kaltura:%s:%s' % (partner_id, kaltura_id), 'Kaltura',
+                f'kaltura:{partner_id}:{kaltura_id}', 'Kaltura',
                 video_id=kaltura_id))
 
         for video_el in re.findall(r'(?s)<[^>]+\bdata-entryid\s*=[^>]*>', webpage):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tv2hu.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tv2hu.py
index cd35ff5fbb..3fd41a3e94 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tv2hu.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tv2hu.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# encoding: utf-8
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from ..utils import (
     UnsupportedError,
@@ -44,14 +43,14 @@ class TV2HuIE(InfoExtractor):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        json_data = self._download_json(f'https://tv2play.hu/api/search/{id}', id)
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        json_data = self._download_json(f'https://tv2play.hu/api/search/{video_id}', video_id)
 
         if json_data['contentType'] == 'showpage':
             ribbon_ids = traverse_obj(json_data, ('pages', ..., 'tabs', ..., 'ribbonIds'), get_all=False, expected_type=list)
             entries = [self.url_result(f'https://tv2play.hu/szalag/{ribbon_id}',
                                        ie=TV2HuSeriesIE.ie_key(), video_id=ribbon_id) for ribbon_id in ribbon_ids]
-            return self.playlist_result(entries, playlist_id=id)
+            return self.playlist_result(entries, playlist_id=video_id)
         elif json_data['contentType'] != 'video':
             raise UnsupportedError(url)
 
@@ -88,17 +87,17 @@ class TV2HuSeriesIE(InfoExtractor):
         'playlist_mincount': 284,
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '59',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        json_data = self._download_json(f'https://tv2play.hu/api/ribbons/{id}/0?size=100000', id)
+        playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
+        json_data = self._download_json(f'https://tv2play.hu/api/ribbons/{playlist_id}/0?size=100000', playlist_id)
         entries = []
         for card in json_data.get('cards', []):
             video_id = card.get('slug')
             if video_id:
-                entries.append(self.url_result(f'https://tv2play.hu/{video_id}',
-                                               ie=TV2HuIE.ie_key(), video_id=video_id))
+                entries.append(self.url_result(
+                    f'https://tv2play.hu/{video_id}', TV2HuIE, video_id))
 
-        return self.playlist_result(entries, playlist_id=id)
+        return self.playlist_result(entries, playlist_id=playlist_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tv4.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tv4.py
index 10a2fe6e27..73a446e115 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tv4.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tv4.py
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class TV4IE(InfoExtractor):
         {
             'url': 'https://www.tv4play.se/program/nyheterna/avsnitt/13315940',
             'only_matching': True,
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _call_api(self, endpoint, video_id, headers=None, query={}):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tv5unis.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tv5unis.py
index 978255b177..88fd334822 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tv5unis.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tv5unis.py
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class TV5UnisBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
       }
     }
   }
-}''' % (self._GQL_QUERY_NAME, self._gql_args(groups)),
+}''' % (self._GQL_QUERY_NAME, self._gql_args(groups)),  # noqa: UP031
             })['data'][self._GQL_QUERY_NAME]
         media_id = product['videoElement']['mediaId']
 
@@ -61,13 +61,13 @@ class TV5UnisVideoIE(TV5UnisBaseIE):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Watatatow',
             'duration': 10.01,
-        }
+        },
     }
     _GQL_QUERY_NAME = 'productById'
 
     @staticmethod
     def _gql_args(groups):
-        return 'id: %s' % groups
+        return f'id: {groups}'
 
 
 class TV5UnisIE(TV5UnisBaseIE):
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class TV5UnisIE(TV5UnisBaseIE):
             'id': 'e5ee23a586c44612a56aad61accf16ef',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'Je ne peux pas lui résister',
-            'description': "Atys, le nouveau concierge de l'école, a réussi à ébranler la confiance de Mado en affirmant qu\'une médaille, ce n'est que du métal. Comme Mado essaie de lui prouver que ses valeurs sont solides, il veut la mettre à l'épreuve...",
+            'description': "Atys, le nouveau concierge de l'école, a réussi à ébranler la confiance de Mado en affirmant qu'une médaille, ce n'est que du métal. Comme Mado essaie de lui prouver que ses valeurs sont solides, il veut la mettre à l'épreuve...",
             'subtitles': {
                 'fr': 'count:1',
             },
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ class TV5UnisIE(TV5UnisBaseIE):
 
     @staticmethod
     def _gql_args(groups):
-        args = 'rootProductSlug: "%s"' % groups[0]
+        args = f'rootProductSlug: "{groups[0]}"'
         if groups[1]:
-            args += ', seasonNumber: %s, episodeNumber: %s' % groups[1:]
+            args += ', seasonNumber: {}, episodeNumber: {}'.format(*groups[1:])
         return args
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvanouvelles.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvanouvelles.py
index dbebda4f4e..855c771ec5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvanouvelles.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvanouvelles.py
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class TVANouvellesArticleIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if TVANouvellesIE.suitable(url) else super(TVANouvellesArticleIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if TVANouvellesIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class TVANouvellesArticleIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         entries = [
             self.url_result(
-                'http://www.tvanouvelles.ca/videos/%s' % mobj.group('id'),
+                'http://www.tvanouvelles.ca/videos/{}'.format(mobj.group('id')),
                 ie=TVANouvellesIE.ie_key(), video_id=mobj.group('id'))
             for mobj in re.finditer(
                 r'data-video-id=(["\'])?(?P<id>\d+)', webpage)]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvc.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvc.py
index caa76ab6f2..7c8c922a61 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvc.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvc.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class TVCIE(InfoExtractor):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         video = self._download_json(
-            'http://www.tvc.ru/video/json/id/%s' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'http://www.tvc.ru/video/json/id/{video_id}', video_id)
 
         formats = []
         for info in video.get('path', {}).get('quality', []):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tver.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tver.py
index 5f7896837d..8105db41cd 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tver.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tver.py
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ class TVerIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'platform_uid': self._PLATFORM_UID,
                 'platform_token': self._PLATFORM_TOKEN,
             }, headers={
-                'x-tver-platform-type': 'web'
+                'x-tver-platform-type': 'web',
             })
         episode_content = traverse_obj(
             episode_info, ('result', 'episode', 'content')) or {}
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvigle.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvigle.py
index 6c982193d5..6b87ecac74 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvigle.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvigle.py
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class TvigleIE(InfoExtractor):
         }, {
             'url': 'https://cloud.tvigle.ru/video/5267604/',
             'only_matching': True,
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class TvigleIE(InfoExtractor):
                 webpage, 'video id')
 
         video_data = self._download_json(
-            'http://cloud.tvigle.ru/api/play/video/%s/' % video_id, display_id)
+            f'http://cloud.tvigle.ru/api/play/video/{video_id}/', display_id)
 
         item = video_data['playlist']['items'][0]
 
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class TvigleIE(InfoExtractor):
                     msg=error_message, countries=self._GEO_COUNTRIES)
             else:
                 raise ExtractorError(
-                    '%s returned error: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, error_message),
+                    f'{self.IE_NAME} returned error: {error_message}',
                     expected=True)
 
         title = item['title']
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ class TvigleIE(InfoExtractor):
                         item, lambda x: x['video_files_size'][vcodec][format_id]))
                     formats.append({
                         'url': video_url,
-                        'format_id': '%s-%s' % (vcodec, format_id),
+                        'format_id': f'{vcodec}-{format_id}',
                         'vcodec': vcodec,
                         'height': int_or_none(height),
                         'filesize': filesize,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tviplayer.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tviplayer.py
index 7e9b04d55b..17f8535099 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tviplayer.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tviplayer.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class TVIPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://www.iol.pt/multimedia/oratvi/multimedia/imagem/id/61c8ee630cf2cc58e7d98d9f/',
             'season_number': 8,
             'season': 'Season 8',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://tviplayer.iol.pt/programa/isabel/62b471090cf26256cd2a8594/video/62be445f0cf2ea4f0a5218e5',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class TVIPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Isabel - Episódio 1',
             'thumbnail': 'https://www.iol.pt/multimedia/oratvi/multimedia/imagem/id/62beac200cf2f9a86eab856b/',
             'season_number': 1,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # no /programa/
         'url': 'https://tviplayer.iol.pt/video/62c4131c0cf2f9a86eac06bb',
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class TVIPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'season': 'Season 2',
             'duration': 148,
             'season_number': 2,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # episodio url
         'url': 'https://tviplayer.iol.pt/programa/para-sempre/61716c360cf2365a5ed894c4/episodio/t1e187',
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class TVIPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://www.iol.pt/multimedia/oratvi/multimedia/imagem/id/62eda30b0cf2ea367d48973b/',
             'duration': 1250,
             'season_number': 1,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_initialize(self):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvn24.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvn24.py
index ac480580a6..0dc43a9d47 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvn24.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvn24.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class TVN24IE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': '"Święta mają być wesołe, dlatego, ludziska, wszyscy pod jemiołę"',
             'description': 'Wyjątkowe orędzie Artura Andrusa, jednego z gości Szkła kontaktowego.',
             'thumbnail': 're:https?://.*[.]jpeg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # different layout
         'url': 'https://tvnmeteo.tvn24.pl/magazyny/maja-w-ogrodzie,13/odcinki-online,1,4,1,0/pnacza-ptaki-i-iglaki-odc-691-hgtv-odc-29,1771763.html',
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class TVN24IE(InfoExtractor):
         def extract_json(attr, name, default=NO_DEFAULT, fatal=True):
             return self._parse_json(
                 self._search_regex(
-                    r'\b%s=(["\'])(?P<json>(?!\1).+?)\1' % attr, webpage,
+                    rf'\b{attr}=(["\'])(?P<json>(?!\1).+?)\1', webpage,
                     name, group='json', default=default, fatal=fatal) or '{}',
                 display_id, transform_source=unescapeHTML, fatal=fatal)
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvnoe.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvnoe.py
index 917c46bd1d..24a82623f2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvnoe.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvnoe.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class TVNoeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'series': 'Noční univerzita',
             'title': 'prof. Tomáš Halík, Th.D. - Návrat náboženství a střet civilizací',
             'description': 'md5:f337bae384e1a531a52c55ebc50fff41',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class TVNoeIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'field-name-field-podnazev', webpage)),
             'description': clean_html(get_element_by_class(
                 'field-name-body', webpage)),
-            'series': clean_html(get_element_by_class('title', webpage))
+            'series': clean_html(get_element_by_class('title', webpage)),
         })
 
         return info_dict
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvp.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvp.py
index f1ebf027a0..da3082907e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvp.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvp.py
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ class TVPIE(InfoExtractor):
         'playlist_mincount': 1800,
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # ABC-specific video embeding
         # moved to https://bajkowakraina.tvp.pl/wideo/50981130,teleranek,51027049,zubr,51116450
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ class TVPIE(InfoExtractor):
         if website_data.get('items_total_count') > website_data.get('items_per_page'):
             for page in itertools.count(2):
                 page_website_data = self._parse_vue_website_data(
-                    self._download_webpage(url, page_id, note='Downloading page #%d' % page,
+                    self._download_webpage(url, page_id, note=f'Downloading page #{page}',
                                            query={'page': page}),
                     page_id)
                 if not page_website_data.get('videos') and not page_website_data.get('items'):
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ class TVPStreamIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         channel_id = self._match_id(url)
-        channel_url = self._proto_relative_url('//stream.tvp.pl/?channel_id=%s' % channel_id or 'default')
+        channel_url = self._proto_relative_url(f'//stream.tvp.pl/?channel_id={channel_id}' or 'default')
         webpage = self._download_webpage(channel_url, channel_id or 'default', 'Downloading channel webpage')
         channels = self._search_json(
             r'window\.__channels\s*=', webpage, 'channel list', channel_id,
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ class TVPStreamIE(InfoExtractor):
         return {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
             'id': channel_id or channel['id'],
-            'url': 'tvp:%s' % audition['video_id'],
+            'url': 'tvp:{}'.format(audition['video_id']),
             'title': audition.get('title'),
             'alt_title': channel.get('title'),
             'is_live': True,
@@ -379,8 +379,7 @@ class TVPEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
         ))
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            ('https://www.tvp.pl/sess/TVPlayer2/api.php?id=%s'
-             + '&@method=getTvpConfig&@callback=%s') % (video_id, callback), video_id)
+            f'https://www.tvp.pl/sess/TVPlayer2/api.php?id={video_id}&@method=getTvpConfig&@callback={callback}', video_id)
 
         # stripping JSONP padding
         datastr = webpage[15 + len(callback):-3]
@@ -470,7 +469,7 @@ class TVPEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
         # vod.tvp.pl
         if info.get('vortalName') == 'vod':
             info_dict.update({
-                'title': '%s, %s' % (info.get('title'), info.get('subtitle')),
+                'title': '{}, {}'.format(info.get('title'), info.get('subtitle')),
                 'series': info.get('title'),
                 'season': info.get('season'),
                 'episode_number': info.get('episode'),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvplay.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvplay.py
index 29185d34bc..b4a927a1d3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvplay.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvplay.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urlparse
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ class TVPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
         {
             'url': 'mtg:418113',
             'only_matching': True,
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -118,13 +118,13 @@ class TVPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
         if geo_country:
             self._initialize_geo_bypass({'countries': [geo_country.upper()]})
         video = self._download_json(
-            'http://playapi.mtgx.tv/v3/videos/%s' % video_id, video_id, 'Downloading video JSON')
+            f'http://playapi.mtgx.tv/v3/videos/{video_id}', video_id, 'Downloading video JSON')
 
         title = video['title']
 
         try:
             streams = self._download_json(
-                'http://playapi.mtgx.tv/v3/videos/stream/%s' % video_id,
+                f'http://playapi.mtgx.tv/v3/videos/stream/{video_id}',
                 video_id, 'Downloading streams JSON')
         except ExtractorError as e:
             if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 403:
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ class TVPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
                 formats.extend(self._extract_f4m_formats(
                     update_url_query(video_url, {
                         'hdcore': '3.5.0',
-                        'plugin': 'aasp-3.5.0.151.81'
+                        'plugin': 'aasp-3.5.0.151.81',
                     }), video_id, f4m_id='hds', fatal=False))
             elif ext == 'm3u8':
                 formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ class TVPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
         if sami_path:
             lang = self._search_regex(
                 r'_([a-z]{2})\.xml', sami_path, 'lang',
-                default=compat_urlparse.urlparse(url).netloc.rsplit('.', 1)[-1])
+                default=urllib.parse.urlparse(url).netloc.rsplit('.', 1)[-1])
             subtitles[lang] = [{
                 'url': sami_path,
             }]
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ class TVPlayHomeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:c6926e9710f1a126f028fbe121eddb79',
             'duration': 2440,
         },
-        'skip': '404'
+        'skip': '404',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://play.tv3.lt/lives/tv6-lt,live-2838694/optibet-a-lygos-rungtynes-marijampoles-suduva--vilniaus-riteriai,programme-3422014',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvplayer.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvplayer.py
index d43bdc2ff1..7c47bc78e3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tvplayer.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tvplayer.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -21,7 +20,7 @@ class TVPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
         'params': {
             # m3u8 download
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -48,7 +47,7 @@ class TVPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         validate = context['validate']
         platform = try_get(
-            context, lambda x: x['platform']['key'], compat_str) or 'firefox'
+            context, lambda x: x['platform']['key'], str) or 'firefox'
 
         try:
             response = self._download_json(
@@ -66,7 +65,7 @@ class TVPlayerIE(InfoExtractor):
                 response = self._parse_json(
                     e.cause.response.read().decode(), resource_id)['tvplayer']['response']
                 raise ExtractorError(
-                    '%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, response['error']), expected=True)
+                    '{} said: {}'.format(self.IE_NAME, response['error']), expected=True)
             raise
 
         formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(response['stream'], display_id, 'mp4')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/tweakers.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/tweakers.py
index 9249550c97..77a4136cc1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/tweakers.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/tweakers.py
@@ -19,13 +19,13 @@ class TweakersIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpe?g$',
             'duration': 386,
             'uploader_id': 's7JeEm',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         video_data = self._download_json(
-            'https://tweakers.net/video/s1playlist/%s/1920/1080/playlist.json' % video_id,
+            f'https://tweakers.net/video/s1playlist/{video_id}/1920/1080/playlist.json',
             video_id)['items'][0]
 
         title = video_data['title']
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/twentymin.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/twentymin.py
index 74f90b00bf..a08c591d9b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/twentymin.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/twentymin.py
@@ -47,14 +47,14 @@ class TwentyMinutenIE(InfoExtractor):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         video = self._download_json(
-            'http://api.20min.ch/video/%s/show' % video_id,
+            f'http://api.20min.ch/video/{video_id}/show',
             video_id)['content']
 
         title = video['title']
 
         formats = [{
             'format_id': format_id,
-            'url': 'http://podcast.20min-tv.ch/podcast/20min/%s%s.mp4' % (video_id, p),
+            'url': f'http://podcast.20min-tv.ch/podcast/20min/{video_id}{p}.mp4',
             'quality': quality,
         } for quality, (format_id, p) in enumerate([('sd', ''), ('hd', 'h')])]
 
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ class TwentyMinutenIE(InfoExtractor):
         def extract_count(kind):
             return try_get(
                 video,
-                lambda x: int_or_none(x['communityobject']['thumbs_%s' % kind]))
+                lambda x: int_or_none(x['communityobject'][f'thumbs_{kind}']))
 
         like_count = extract_count('up')
         dislike_count = extract_count('down')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/twentythreevideo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/twentythreevideo.py
index 290c3761e2..af7c006867 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/twentythreevideo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/twentythreevideo.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class TwentyThreeVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20171221',
             'uploader_id': '12258964',
             'uploader': 'Rasmus Bysted',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://bonnier-publications-danmark.23video.com/v.ihtml/player.html?token=f0dc46476e06e13afd5a1f84a29e31e8&source=embed&photo%5fid=36137620',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class TwentyThreeVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         domain, query, photo_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
-        base_url = 'https://%s' % domain
+        base_url = f'https://{domain}'
         photo_data = self._download_json(
             base_url + '/api/photo/list?' + query, photo_id, query={
                 'format': 'json',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/twitcasting.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/twitcasting.py
index 28ea16cc21..53b4084694 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/twitcasting.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/twitcasting.py
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ class TwitCastingIE(InfoExtractor):
             webpage, 'datetime', None))
 
         stream_server_data = self._download_json(
-            'https://twitcasting.tv/streamserver.php?target=%s&mode=client' % uploader_id, video_id,
+            f'https://twitcasting.tv/streamserver.php?target={uploader_id}&mode=client', video_id,
             'Downloading live info', fatal=False)
 
         is_live = any(f'data-{x}' in webpage for x in ['is-onlive="true"', 'live-type="live"', 'status="online"'])
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ class TwitCastingIE(InfoExtractor):
                 for mode, ws_url in streams.items():
                     formats.append({
                         'url': ws_url,
-                        'format_id': 'ws-%s' % mode,
+                        'format_id': f'ws-{mode}',
                         'ext': 'mp4',
                         'quality': qq(mode),
                         'source_preference': -10,
@@ -244,8 +244,8 @@ class TwitCastingLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         uploader_id = self._match_id(url)
         self.to_screen(
-            'Downloading live video of user {0}. '
-            'Pass "https://twitcasting.tv/{0}/show" to download the history'.format(uploader_id))
+            f'Downloading live video of user {uploader_id}. '
+            f'Pass "https://twitcasting.tv/{uploader_id}/show" to download the history')
 
         is_live = traverse_obj(self._download_json(
             f'https://frontendapi.twitcasting.tv/watch/user/{uploader_id}',
@@ -284,10 +284,10 @@ class TwitCastingUserIE(InfoExtractor):
     }]
 
     def _entries(self, uploader_id):
-        base_url = next_url = 'https://twitcasting.tv/%s/show' % uploader_id
+        base_url = next_url = f'https://twitcasting.tv/{uploader_id}/show'
         for page_num in itertools.count(1):
             webpage = self._download_webpage(
-                next_url, uploader_id, query={'filter': 'watchable'}, note='Downloading page %d' % page_num)
+                next_url, uploader_id, query={'filter': 'watchable'}, note=f'Downloading page {page_num}')
             matches = re.finditer(
                 r'(?s)<a\s+class="tw-movie-thumbnail2"\s+href="(?P<url>/[^/"]+/movie/\d+)"', webpage)
             for mobj in matches:
@@ -303,4 +303,4 @@ class TwitCastingUserIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         uploader_id = self._match_id(url)
         return self.playlist_result(
-            self._entries(uploader_id), uploader_id, '%s - Live History' % uploader_id)
+            self._entries(uploader_id), uploader_id, f'{uploader_id} - Live History')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/twitch.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/twitch.py
index 80cba09155..44b19ad135 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/twitch.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/twitch.py
@@ -3,13 +3,9 @@ import itertools
 import json
 import random
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_parse_qs,
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     UserNotLive,
@@ -64,7 +60,7 @@ class TwitchBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _perform_login(self, username, password):
         def fail(message):
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'Unable to login. Twitch said: %s' % message, expected=True)
+                f'Unable to login. Twitch said: {message}', expected=True)
 
         def login_step(page, urlh, note, data):
             form = self._hidden_inputs(page)
@@ -156,12 +152,12 @@ class TwitchBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'persistedQuery': {
                     'version': 1,
                     'sha256Hash': self._OPERATION_HASHES[op['operationName']],
-                }
+                },
             }
         return self._download_base_gql(video_id, ops, note)
 
     def _download_access_token(self, video_id, token_kind, param_name):
-        method = '%sPlaybackAccessToken' % token_kind
+        method = f'{token_kind}PlaybackAccessToken'
         ops = {
             'query': '''{
               %s(
@@ -176,11 +172,11 @@ class TwitchBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                 value
                 signature
               }
-            }''' % (method, param_name, video_id),
+            }''' % (method, param_name, video_id),  # noqa: UP031
         }
         return self._download_base_gql(
             video_id, ops,
-            'Downloading %s access token GraphQL' % token_kind)['data'][method]
+            f'Downloading {token_kind} access token GraphQL')['data'][method]
 
     def _get_thumbnails(self, thumbnail):
         return [{
@@ -242,8 +238,8 @@ class TwitchVodIE(TwitchBaseIE):
                 {
                     'start_time': 0,
                     'end_time': 17208,
-                    'title': 'League of Legends'
-                }
+                    'title': 'League of Legends',
+                },
             ],
             'live_status': 'was_live',
         },
@@ -301,25 +297,25 @@ class TwitchVodIE(TwitchBaseIE):
                 {
                     'start_time': 0,
                     'end_time': 573,
-                    'title': 'League of Legends'
+                    'title': 'League of Legends',
                 },
                 {
                     'start_time': 573,
                     'end_time': 3922,
-                    'title': 'Legends of Runeterra'
+                    'title': 'Legends of Runeterra',
                 },
                 {
                     'start_time': 3922,
                     'end_time': 11643,
-                    'title': 'Art'
-                }
+                    'title': 'Art',
+                },
             ],
             'live_status': 'was_live',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'view_count': int,
         },
         'params': {
-            'skip_download': True
+            'skip_download': True,
         },
     }, {
         'note': 'Storyboards',
@@ -338,18 +334,18 @@ class TwitchVodIE(TwitchBaseIE):
                 {
                     'start_time': 0,
                     'end_time': 573,
-                    'title': 'League of Legends'
+                    'title': 'League of Legends',
                 },
                 {
                     'start_time': 573,
                     'end_time': 3922,
-                    'title': 'Legends of Runeterra'
+                    'title': 'Legends of Runeterra',
                 },
                 {
                     'start_time': 3922,
                     'end_time': 11643,
-                    'title': 'Art'
-                }
+                    'title': 'Art',
+                },
             ],
             'live_status': 'was_live',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
@@ -359,8 +355,8 @@ class TwitchVodIE(TwitchBaseIE):
         },
         'params': {
             'format': 'mhtml',
-            'skip_download': True
-        }
+            'skip_download': True,
+        },
     }, {
         'note': 'VOD with single chapter',
         'url': 'https://www.twitch.tv/videos/1536751224',
@@ -377,17 +373,17 @@ class TwitchVodIE(TwitchBaseIE):
                 {
                     'start_time': 0,
                     'end_time': 8353,
-                    'title': 'League of Legends'
-                }
+                    'title': 'League of Legends',
+                },
             ],
             'live_status': 'was_live',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'view_count': int,
         },
         'params': {
-            'skip_download': True
+            'skip_download': True,
         },
-        'expected_warnings': ['Unable to download JSON metadata: HTTP Error 403: Forbidden']
+        'expected_warnings': ['Unable to download JSON metadata: HTTP Error 403: Forbidden'],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.twitch.tv/tangotek/schedule?vodID=1822395420',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -488,7 +484,7 @@ class TwitchVodIE(TwitchBaseIE):
         vod_id = info.get('id') or item_id
         # id backward compatibility for download archives
         if vod_id[0] != 'v':
-            vod_id = 'v%s' % vod_id
+            vod_id = f'v{vod_id}'
         thumbnail = url_or_none(info.get('previewThumbnailURL'))
         is_live = None
         if thumbnail:
@@ -503,8 +499,8 @@ class TwitchVodIE(TwitchBaseIE):
             'description': info.get('description'),
             'duration': int_or_none(info.get('lengthSeconds')),
             'thumbnails': self._get_thumbnails(thumbnail),
-            'uploader': try_get(info, lambda x: x['owner']['displayName'], compat_str),
-            'uploader_id': try_get(info, lambda x: x['owner']['login'], compat_str),
+            'uploader': try_get(info, lambda x: x['owner']['displayName'], str),
+            'uploader_id': try_get(info, lambda x: x['owner']['login'], str),
             'timestamp': unified_timestamp(info.get('publishedAt')),
             'view_count': int_or_none(info.get('viewCount')),
             'chapters': list(self._extract_chapters(info, item_id)),
@@ -559,8 +555,8 @@ class TwitchVodIE(TwitchBaseIE):
         self._prefer_source(formats)
         info['formats'] = formats
 
-        parsed_url = compat_urllib_parse_urlparse(url)
-        query = compat_parse_qs(parsed_url.query)
+        parsed_url = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)
+        query = urllib.parse.parse_qs(parsed_url.query)
         if 't' in query:
             info['start_time'] = parse_duration(query['t'][0])
 
@@ -568,7 +564,7 @@ class TwitchVodIE(TwitchBaseIE):
             info['subtitles'] = {
                 'rechat': [{
                     'url': update_url_query(
-                        'https://api.twitch.tv/v5/videos/%s/comments' % vod_id, {
+                        f'https://api.twitch.tv/v5/videos/{vod_id}/comments', {
                             'client_id': self._CLIENT_ID,
                         }),
                     'ext': 'json',
@@ -587,7 +583,7 @@ def _make_video_result(node):
         '_type': 'url_transparent',
         'ie_key': TwitchVodIE.ie_key(),
         'id': 'v' + video_id,
-        'url': 'https://www.twitch.tv/videos/%s' % video_id,
+        'url': f'https://www.twitch.tv/videos/{video_id}',
         'title': node.get('title'),
         'thumbnail': node.get('previewThumbnailURL'),
         'duration': float_or_none(node.get('lengthSeconds')),
@@ -638,7 +634,7 @@ class TwitchPlaylistBaseIE(TwitchBaseIE):
     def _entries(self, channel_name, *args):
         cursor = None
         variables_common = self._make_variables(channel_name, *args)
-        entries_key = '%ss' % self._ENTRY_KIND
+        entries_key = f'{self._ENTRY_KIND}s'
         for page_num in itertools.count(1):
             variables = variables_common.copy()
             variables['limit'] = self._PAGE_LIMIT
@@ -649,7 +645,7 @@ class TwitchPlaylistBaseIE(TwitchBaseIE):
                     'operationName': self._OPERATION_NAME,
                     'variables': variables,
                 }],
-                'Downloading %ss GraphQL page %s' % (self._NODE_KIND, page_num),
+                f'Downloading {self._NODE_KIND}s GraphQL page {page_num}',
                 fatal=False)
             if not page:
                 break
@@ -671,7 +667,7 @@ class TwitchPlaylistBaseIE(TwitchBaseIE):
                 if entry:
                     cursor = edge.get('cursor')
                     yield entry
-            if not cursor or not isinstance(cursor, compat_str):
+            if not cursor or not isinstance(cursor, str):
                 break
 
 
@@ -765,7 +761,7 @@ class TwitchVideosIE(TwitchPlaylistBaseIE):
                 if any(ie.suitable(url) for ie in (
                     TwitchVideosClipsIE,
                     TwitchVideosCollectionsIE))
-                else super(TwitchVideosIE, cls).suitable(url))
+                else super().suitable(url))
 
     @staticmethod
     def _make_variables(channel_name, broadcast_type, sort):
@@ -782,15 +778,15 @@ class TwitchVideosIE(TwitchPlaylistBaseIE):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         channel_name = self._match_id(url)
         qs = parse_qs(url)
-        filter = qs.get('filter', ['all'])[0]
+        video_filter = qs.get('filter', ['all'])[0]
         sort = qs.get('sort', ['time'])[0]
-        broadcast = self._BROADCASTS.get(filter, self._DEFAULT_BROADCAST)
+        broadcast = self._BROADCASTS.get(video_filter, self._DEFAULT_BROADCAST)
         return self.playlist_result(
             self._entries(channel_name, broadcast.type, sort),
             playlist_id=channel_name,
-            playlist_title='%s - %s sorted by %s'
-            % (channel_name, broadcast.label,
-               self._SORTED_BY.get(sort, self._DEFAULT_SORTED_BY)))
+            playlist_title=(
+                f'{channel_name} - {broadcast.label} '
+                f'sorted by {self._SORTED_BY.get(sort, self._DEFAULT_SORTED_BY)}'))
 
 
 class TwitchVideosClipsIE(TwitchPlaylistBaseIE):
@@ -828,11 +824,11 @@ class TwitchVideosClipsIE(TwitchPlaylistBaseIE):
     _NODE_KIND = 'Clip'
 
     @staticmethod
-    def _make_variables(channel_name, filter):
+    def _make_variables(channel_name, channel_filter):
         return {
             'login': channel_name,
             'criteria': {
-                'filter': filter,
+                'filter': channel_filter,
             },
         }
 
@@ -858,12 +854,12 @@ class TwitchVideosClipsIE(TwitchPlaylistBaseIE):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         channel_name = self._match_id(url)
         qs = parse_qs(url)
-        range = qs.get('range', ['7d'])[0]
-        clip = self._RANGE.get(range, self._DEFAULT_CLIP)
+        date_range = qs.get('range', ['7d'])[0]
+        clip = self._RANGE.get(date_range, self._DEFAULT_CLIP)
         return self.playlist_result(
             self._entries(channel_name, clip.filter),
             playlist_id=channel_name,
-            playlist_title='%s - Clips %s' % (channel_name, clip.label))
+            playlist_title=f'{channel_name} - Clips {clip.label}')
 
 
 class TwitchVideosCollectionsIE(TwitchPlaylistBaseIE):
@@ -907,7 +903,7 @@ class TwitchVideosCollectionsIE(TwitchPlaylistBaseIE):
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
             'ie_key': TwitchCollectionIE.ie_key(),
             'id': collection_id,
-            'url': 'https://www.twitch.tv/collections/%s' % collection_id,
+            'url': f'https://www.twitch.tv/collections/{collection_id}',
             'title': node.get('title'),
             'thumbnail': node.get('thumbnailURL'),
             'duration': float_or_none(node.get('lengthSeconds')),
@@ -919,7 +915,7 @@ class TwitchVideosCollectionsIE(TwitchPlaylistBaseIE):
         channel_name = self._match_id(url)
         return self.playlist_result(
             self._entries(channel_name), playlist_id=channel_name,
-            playlist_title='%s - Collections' % channel_name)
+            playlist_title=f'{channel_name} - Collections')
 
 
 class TwitchStreamIE(TwitchBaseIE):
@@ -996,7 +992,7 @@ class TwitchStreamIE(TwitchBaseIE):
                     TwitchVideosClipsIE,
                     TwitchVideosCollectionsIE,
                     TwitchClipsIE))
-                else super(TwitchStreamIE, cls).suitable(url))
+                else super().suitable(url))
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         channel_name = self._match_id(url).lower()
@@ -1025,7 +1021,7 @@ class TwitchStreamIE(TwitchBaseIE):
 
         if not user:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                '%s does not exist' % channel_name, expected=True)
+                f'{channel_name} does not exist', expected=True)
 
         stream = user['stream']
 
@@ -1046,16 +1042,16 @@ class TwitchStreamIE(TwitchBaseIE):
         sq_user = try_get(gql, lambda x: x[1]['data']['user'], dict) or {}
         uploader = sq_user.get('displayName')
         description = try_get(
-            sq_user, lambda x: x['broadcastSettings']['title'], compat_str)
+            sq_user, lambda x: x['broadcastSettings']['title'], str)
 
         thumbnail = url_or_none(try_get(
             gql, lambda x: x[2]['data']['user']['stream']['previewImageURL'],
-            compat_str))
+            str))
 
         title = uploader or channel_name
         stream_type = stream.get('type')
         if stream_type in ['rerun', 'live']:
-            title += ' (%s)' % stream_type
+            title += f' ({stream_type})'
 
         return {
             'id': stream_id,
@@ -1165,7 +1161,7 @@ class TwitchClipsIE(TwitchBaseIE):
     }
     viewCount
   }
-}''' % video_id}, 'Downloading clip GraphQL', fatal=False)
+}''' % video_id}, 'Downloading clip GraphQL', fatal=False)  # noqa: UP031
 
         if data:
             clip = try_get(data, lambda x: x['data']['clip'], dict) or clip
@@ -1213,7 +1209,7 @@ class TwitchClipsIE(TwitchBaseIE):
             'view_count': int_or_none(clip.get('viewCount')),
             'timestamp': unified_timestamp(clip.get('createdAt')),
             'thumbnails': thumbnails,
-            'creator': try_get(clip, lambda x: x['broadcaster']['displayName'], compat_str),
-            'uploader': try_get(clip, lambda x: x['curator']['displayName'], compat_str),
-            'uploader_id': try_get(clip, lambda x: x['curator']['id'], compat_str),
+            'creator': try_get(clip, lambda x: x['broadcaster']['displayName'], str),
+            'uploader': try_get(clip, lambda x: x['curator']['displayName'], str),
+            'uploader_id': try_get(clip, lambda x: x['curator']['id'], str),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/twitter.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/twitter.py
index 1a11162a0b..4ed48ec5ac 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/twitter.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/twitter.py
@@ -2,14 +2,10 @@ import functools
 import json
 import random
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .periscope import PeriscopeBaseIE, PeriscopeIE
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_parse_qs,
-    compat_urllib_parse_unquote,
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlparse,
-)
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -46,9 +42,9 @@ class TwitterBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             'flow_context': {
                 'debug_overrides': {},
                 'start_location': {
-                    'location': 'unknown'
-                }
-            }
+                    'location': 'unknown',
+                },
+            },
         },
         'subtask_versions': {
             'action_list': 2,
@@ -91,8 +87,8 @@ class TwitterBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             'user_recommendations_list': 4,
             'user_recommendations_urt': 1,
             'wait_spinner': 3,
-            'web_modal': 1
-        }
+            'web_modal': 1,
+        },
     }, separators=(',', ':')).encode()
 
     def _extract_variant_formats(self, variant, video_id):
@@ -111,7 +107,7 @@ class TwitterBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             tbr = int_or_none(dict_get(variant, ('bitrate', 'bit_rate')), 1000) or None
             f = {
                 'url': variant_url,
-                'format_id': 'http' + ('-%d' % tbr if tbr else ''),
+                'format_id': 'http' + (f'-{tbr}' if tbr else ''),
                 'tbr': tbr,
             }
             self._search_dimensions_in_video_url(f, variant_url)
@@ -126,7 +122,7 @@ class TwitterBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         subtitles = {}
         urls = []
         for video_variant in vmap_data.findall('.//{http://twitter.com/schema/videoVMapV2.xsd}videoVariant'):
-            video_variant.attrib['url'] = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(
+            video_variant.attrib['url'] = urllib.parse.unquote(
                 video_variant.attrib['url'])
             urls.append(video_variant.attrib['url'])
             fmts, subs = self._extract_variant_formats(
@@ -218,7 +214,7 @@ class TwitterBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         def build_login_json(*subtask_inputs):
             return json.dumps({
                 'flow_token': self._flow_token,
-                'subtask_inputs': subtask_inputs
+                'subtask_inputs': subtask_inputs,
             }, separators=(',', ':')).encode()
 
         def input_dict(subtask_id, text):
@@ -226,8 +222,8 @@ class TwitterBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'subtask_id': subtask_id,
                 'enter_text': {
                     'text': text,
-                    'link': 'next_link'
-                }
+                    'link': 'next_link',
+                },
             }
 
         next_subtask = self._call_login_api(
@@ -240,8 +236,8 @@ class TwitterBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                         'subtask_id': next_subtask,
                         'js_instrumentation': {
                             'response': '{}',
-                            'link': 'next_link'
-                        }
+                            'link': 'next_link',
+                        },
                     }))
 
             elif next_subtask == 'LoginEnterUserIdentifierSSO':
@@ -253,12 +249,12 @@ class TwitterBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                                 'key': 'user_identifier',
                                 'response_data': {
                                     'text_data': {
-                                        'result': username
-                                    }
-                                }
+                                        'result': username,
+                                    },
+                                },
                             }],
-                            'link': 'next_link'
-                        }
+                            'link': 'next_link',
+                        },
                     }))
 
             elif next_subtask == 'LoginEnterAlternateIdentifierSubtask':
@@ -273,8 +269,8 @@ class TwitterBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                         'subtask_id': next_subtask,
                         'enter_password': {
                             'password': password,
-                            'link': 'next_link'
-                        }
+                            'link': 'next_link',
+                        },
                     }))
 
             elif next_subtask == 'AccountDuplicationCheck':
@@ -282,8 +278,8 @@ class TwitterBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'Submitting account duplication check', headers, data=build_login_json({
                         'subtask_id': next_subtask,
                         'check_logged_in_account': {
-                            'link': 'AccountDuplicationCheck_false'
-                        }
+                            'link': 'AccountDuplicationCheck_false',
+                        },
                     }))
 
             elif next_subtask == 'LoginTwoFactorAuthChallenge':
@@ -317,7 +313,7 @@ class TwitterBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             'x-twitter-client-language': 'en',
             'x-twitter-active-user': 'yes',
         } if self.is_logged_in else {
-            'x-guest-token': self._fetch_guest_token(video_id)
+            'x-guest-token': self._fetch_guest_token(video_id),
         })
         allowed_status = {400, 401, 403, 404} if graphql else {403}
         result = self._download_json(
@@ -388,7 +384,7 @@ class TwitterCardIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'repost_count': int,
                 'tags': ['PlutoFlyby'],
             },
-            'params': {'format': '[protocol=https]'}
+            'params': {'format': '[protocol=https]'},
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://twitter.com/i/cards/tfw/v1/654001591733886977',
@@ -1221,7 +1217,7 @@ class TwitterIE(TwitterBaseIE):
             'thumbnail': r're:https://pbs\.twimg\.com/amplify_video_thumb/.+',
             'age_limit': 0,
             '_old_archive_ids': ['twitter 1790637656616943991'],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # onion route
         'url': 'https://twitter3e4tixl4xyajtrzo62zg5vztmjuricljdp2c5kshju4avyoid.onion/TwitterBlue/status/1484226494708662273',
@@ -1374,11 +1370,11 @@ class TwitterIE(TwitterBaseIE):
                 'responsive_web_media_download_video_enabled': False,
                 'responsive_web_graphql_skip_user_profile_image_extensions_enabled': False,
                 'responsive_web_graphql_timeline_navigation_enabled': True,
-                'responsive_web_enhance_cards_enabled': False
+                'responsive_web_enhance_cards_enabled': False,
             },
             'fieldToggles': {
-                'withArticleRichContentState': False
-            }
+                'withArticleRichContentState': False,
+            },
         }
 
     def _call_syndication_api(self, twid):
@@ -1644,9 +1640,9 @@ class TwitterAmplifyIE(TwitterBaseIE):
 
         def _find_dimension(target):
             w = int_or_none(self._html_search_meta(
-                'twitter:%s:width' % target, webpage, fatal=False))
+                f'twitter:{target}:width', webpage, fatal=False))
             h = int_or_none(self._html_search_meta(
-                'twitter:%s:height' % target, webpage, fatal=False))
+                f'twitter:{target}:height', webpage, fatal=False))
             return w, h
 
         if thumbnail:
@@ -1740,7 +1736,7 @@ class TwitterBroadcastIE(TwitterBaseIE, PeriscopeBaseIE):
         m3u8_url = source.get('noRedirectPlaybackUrl') or source['location']
         if '/live_video_stream/geoblocked/' in m3u8_url:
             self.raise_geo_restricted()
-        m3u8_id = compat_parse_qs(compat_urllib_parse_urlparse(
+        m3u8_id = urllib.parse.parse_qs(urllib.parse.urlparse(
             m3u8_url).query).get('type', [None])[0]
         state, width, height = self._extract_common_format_info(broadcast)
         info['formats'] = self._extract_pscp_m3u8_formats(
@@ -1895,12 +1891,12 @@ class TwitterShortenerIE(TwitterBaseIE):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
-        eid, id = mobj.group('eid', 'id')
+        eid, shortcode = mobj.group('eid', 'id')
         if eid:
-            id = eid
-            url = self._BASE_URL + id
-        new_url = self._request_webpage(url, id, headers={'User-Agent': 'curl'}).url
-        __UNSAFE_LINK = "https://twitter.com/safety/unsafe_link_warning?unsafe_link="
+            shortcode = eid
+            url = self._BASE_URL + shortcode
+        new_url = self._request_webpage(url, shortcode, headers={'User-Agent': 'curl'}).url
+        __UNSAFE_LINK = 'https://twitter.com/safety/unsafe_link_warning?unsafe_link='
         if new_url.startswith(__UNSAFE_LINK):
-            new_url = new_url.replace(__UNSAFE_LINK, "")
+            new_url = new_url.replace(__UNSAFE_LINK, '')
         return self.url_result(new_url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/txxx.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/txxx.py
index 77dabbc828..488c13b1ac 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/txxx.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/txxx.py
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ class TxxxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': 'https://tn.txxx.tube/contents/videos_sources/16574000/16574965/screenshots/1.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://txxx.tube/videos/16574965/digital-desire-malena-morgan/',
         'md5': 'c54e4ace54320aaf8e2a72df87859391',
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ class TxxxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': 'https://tn.txxx.tube/contents/videos_sources/16574000/16574965/screenshots/1.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://vxxx.com/video-68925/',
         'md5': '1fcff3748b0c5b41fe41d0afa22409e1',
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ class TxxxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': 'https://tn.vxxx.com/contents/videos_sources/68000/68925/screenshots/1.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://hclips.com/videos/6291073/malena-morgan-masturbates-her-sweet/',
         'md5': 'a5dd4f83363972ee043313cff85e7e26',
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ class TxxxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': 'https://hctn.nv7s.com/contents/videos_sources/6291000/6291073/screenshots/1.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://hdzog.com/videos/67063/gorgeous-malena-morgan-will-seduce-you-at-the-first-glance/',
         'md5': 'f8bdedafd45d1ec2875c43fe33a846d3',
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ class TxxxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': 'https://tn.hdzog.com/contents/videos_sources/67000/67063/screenshots/1.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://hdzog.tube/videos/67063/gorgeous-malena-morgan-will-seduce-you-at-the-first-glance/',
         'md5': 'f8bdedafd45d1ec2875c43fe33a846d3',
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ class TxxxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': 'https://tn.hdzog.com/contents/videos_sources/67000/67063/screenshots/1.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://hotmovs.com/videos/8789287/unbelievable-malena-morgan-performing-in-incredible-masturantion/',
         'md5': '71d32c51584876472db87e561171a386',
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ class TxxxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': 'https://tn.hotmovs.com/contents/videos_sources/8789000/8789287/screenshots/10.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://hotmovs.tube/videos/8789287/unbelievable-malena-morgan-performing-in-incredible-masturantion/',
         'md5': '71d32c51584876472db87e561171a386',
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ class TxxxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': 'https://tn.hotmovs.com/contents/videos_sources/8789000/8789287/screenshots/10.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://inporn.com/video/517897/malena-morgan-solo/',
         'md5': '344db467481edf78f193cdf5820a7cfb',
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ class TxxxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': 'https://iptn.m3pd.com/media/tn/sources/517897_1.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://privatehomeclips.com/videos/3630599/malena-morgan-cam-show/',
         'md5': 'ea657273e352493c5fb6357fbfa4f126',
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ class TxxxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': 'https://hctn.nv7s.com/contents/videos_sources/3630000/3630599/screenshots/15.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://tubepornclassic.com/videos/1015455/mimi-rogers-full-body-massage-nude-compilation/',
         'md5': '2e9a6cf610c9862e86e0ce24f08f4427',
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ class TxxxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': 'https://tn.tubepornclassic.com/contents/videos_sources/1015000/1015455/screenshots/6.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://upornia.com/videos/1498858/twistys-malena-morgan-starring-at-dr-morgan-baller/',
         'md5': '7ff7033340bc88a173198b7c22600e4f',
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ class TxxxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': 'https://tn.upornia.com/contents/videos_sources/1498000/1498858/screenshots/1.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://upornia.tube/videos/1498858/twistys-malena-morgan-starring-at-dr-morgan-baller/',
         'md5': '7ff7033340bc88a173198b7c22600e4f',
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ class TxxxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': 'https://tn.upornia.com/contents/videos_sources/1498000/1498858/screenshots/1.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://vjav.com/videos/11761/yui-hatano-in-if-yui-was-my-girlfriend2/',
         'md5': '6de5bc1f13bdfc3491a77f23edb1676f',
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ class TxxxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': 'https://tn.vjav.com/contents/videos_sources/11000/11761/screenshots/23.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://vjav.tube/videos/11761/yui-hatano-in-if-yui-was-my-girlfriend2/',
         'md5': '6de5bc1f13bdfc3491a77f23edb1676f',
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ class TxxxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': 'https://tn.vjav.com/contents/videos_sources/11000/11761/screenshots/23.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://voyeurhit.com/videos/332875/charlotte-stokely-elle-alexandra-malena-morgan-lingerie/',
         'md5': '12b4666e9c3e60dafe9182e5d12aae33',
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ class TxxxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': 'https://tn.voyeurhit.com/contents/videos_sources/332000/332875/screenshots/1.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://voyeurhit.tube/videos/332875/charlotte-stokely-elle-alexandra-malena-morgan-lingerie/',
         'md5': '12b4666e9c3e60dafe9182e5d12aae33',
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ class TxxxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': 'https://tn.voyeurhit.com/contents/videos_sources/332000/332875/screenshots/1.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }]
     _WEBPAGE_TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://pornzog.com/video/9125519/michelle-malone-dreamgirls-wild-wet-3/',
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ class TxxxIE(InfoExtractor):
             'dislike_count': int,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': 'https://hctn.nv7s.com/contents/videos_sources/5119000/5119660/screenshots/1.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _call_api(self, url, video_id, fatal=False, **kwargs):
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ class PornTopIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1609455029,
             'upload_date': '20201231',
             'thumbnail': 'https://tn.porntop.com/media/tn/sources/101569_1.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/udemy.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/udemy.py
index 5c296051af..2801aa8c45 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/udemy.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/udemy.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str, compat_urlparse
 from ..networking import Request
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
@@ -73,22 +73,21 @@ class UdemyIE(InfoExtractor):
         course_id = course.get('id') or self._search_regex(
             [
                 r'data-course-id=["\'](\d+)',
-                r'&quot;courseId&quot;\s*:\s*(\d+)'
+                r'&quot;courseId&quot;\s*:\s*(\d+)',
             ], webpage, 'course id')
         return course_id, course.get('title')
 
     def _enroll_course(self, base_url, webpage, course_id):
         def combine_url(base_url, url):
-            return compat_urlparse.urljoin(base_url, url) if not url.startswith('http') else url
+            return urllib.parse.urljoin(base_url, url) if not url.startswith('http') else url
 
         checkout_url = unescapeHTML(self._search_regex(
             r'href=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:https?://(?:www\.)?udemy\.com)?/(?:payment|cart)/checkout/.+?)\1',
             webpage, 'checkout url', group='url', default=None))
         if checkout_url:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'Course %s is not free. You have to pay for it before you can download. '
-                'Use this URL to confirm purchase: %s'
-                % (course_id, combine_url(base_url, checkout_url)),
+                f'Course {course_id} is not free. You have to pay for it before you can download. '
+                f'Use this URL to confirm purchase: {combine_url(base_url, checkout_url)}',
                 expected=True)
 
         enroll_url = unescapeHTML(self._search_regex(
@@ -100,12 +99,11 @@ class UdemyIE(InfoExtractor):
                 course_id, 'Enrolling in the course',
                 headers={'Referer': base_url})
             if '>You have enrolled in' in webpage:
-                self.to_screen('%s: Successfully enrolled in the course' % course_id)
+                self.to_screen(f'{course_id}: Successfully enrolled in the course')
 
     def _download_lecture(self, course_id, lecture_id):
         return self._download_json(
-            'https://www.udemy.com/api-2.0/users/me/subscribed-courses/%s/lectures/%s?'
-            % (course_id, lecture_id),
+            f'https://www.udemy.com/api-2.0/users/me/subscribed-courses/{course_id}/lectures/{lecture_id}?',
             lecture_id, 'Downloading lecture JSON', query={
                 'fields[lecture]': 'title,description,view_html,asset',
                 'fields[asset]': 'asset_type,stream_url,thumbnail_url,download_urls,stream_urls,captions,data,course_is_drmed',
@@ -116,17 +114,17 @@ class UdemyIE(InfoExtractor):
             return
         error = response.get('error')
         if error:
-            error_str = 'Udemy returned error #%s: %s' % (error.get('code'), error.get('message'))
+            error_str = 'Udemy returned error #{}: {}'.format(error.get('code'), error.get('message'))
             error_data = error.get('data')
             if error_data:
-                error_str += ' - %s' % error_data.get('formErrors')
+                error_str += ' - {}'.format(error_data.get('formErrors'))
             raise ExtractorError(error_str, expected=True)
 
     def _download_webpage_handle(self, *args, **kwargs):
         headers = kwargs.get('headers', {}).copy()
         headers['User-Agent'] = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/72.0.3626.109 Safari/537.36'
         kwargs['headers'] = headers
-        ret = super(UdemyIE, self)._download_webpage_handle(
+        ret = super()._download_webpage_handle(
             *args, **kwargs)
         if not ret:
             return ret
@@ -151,14 +149,14 @@ class UdemyIE(InfoExtractor):
                 headers['X-Udemy-Client-Id'] = cookie.value
             elif cookie.name == 'access_token':
                 headers['X-Udemy-Bearer-Token'] = cookie.value
-                headers['X-Udemy-Authorization'] = 'Bearer %s' % cookie.value
+                headers['X-Udemy-Authorization'] = f'Bearer {cookie.value}'
 
         if isinstance(url_or_request, Request):
             url_or_request.headers.update(headers)
         else:
             url_or_request = Request(url_or_request, headers=headers)
 
-        response = super(UdemyIE, self)._download_json(url_or_request, *args, **kwargs)
+        response = super()._download_json(url_or_request, *args, **kwargs)
         self._handle_error(response)
         return response
 
@@ -195,7 +193,7 @@ class UdemyIE(InfoExtractor):
                 r'(?s)<div[^>]+class="form-errors[^"]*">(.+?)</div>',
                 response, 'error message', default=None)
             if error:
-                raise ExtractorError('Unable to login: %s' % error, expected=True)
+                raise ExtractorError(f'Unable to login: {error}', expected=True)
             raise ExtractorError('Unable to log in')
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -226,7 +224,7 @@ class UdemyIE(InfoExtractor):
         asset_type = asset.get('asset_type') or asset.get('assetType')
         if asset_type != 'Video':
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'Lecture %s is not a video' % lecture_id, expected=True)
+                f'Lecture {lecture_id} is not a video', expected=True)
 
         stream_url = asset.get('stream_url') or asset.get('streamUrl')
         if stream_url:
@@ -235,7 +233,7 @@ class UdemyIE(InfoExtractor):
             if youtube_url:
                 return self.url_result(youtube_url, 'Youtube')
 
-        video_id = compat_str(asset['id'])
+        video_id = str(asset['id'])
         thumbnail = asset.get('thumbnail_url') or asset.get('thumbnailUrl')
         duration = float_or_none(asset.get('data', {}).get('duration'))
 
@@ -287,7 +285,7 @@ class UdemyIE(InfoExtractor):
                 format_id = source.get('label')
                 f = {
                     'url': video_url,
-                    'format_id': '%sp' % format_id,
+                    'format_id': f'{format_id}p',
                     'height': int_or_none(format_id),
                 }
                 if format_id:
@@ -316,7 +314,7 @@ class UdemyIE(InfoExtractor):
                 })
 
         for url_kind in ('download', 'stream'):
-            urls = asset.get('%s_urls' % url_kind)
+            urls = asset.get(f'{url_kind}_urls')
             if isinstance(urls, dict):
                 extract_formats(urls.get('Video'))
 
@@ -328,7 +326,7 @@ class UdemyIE(InfoExtractor):
                 cc_url = url_or_none(cc.get('url'))
                 if not cc_url:
                     continue
-                lang = try_get(cc, lambda x: x['locale']['locale'], compat_str)
+                lang = try_get(cc, lambda x: x['locale']['locale'], str)
                 sub_dict = (automatic_captions if cc.get('source') == 'auto'
                             else subtitles)
                 sub_dict.setdefault(lang or 'en', []).append({
@@ -363,7 +361,7 @@ class UdemyIE(InfoExtractor):
                 else:
                     formats.append(add_output_format_meta({
                         'url': src,
-                        'format_id': '%dp' % height if height else None,
+                        'format_id': f'{height}p' if height else None,
                         'height': height,
                     }, res))
 
@@ -423,7 +421,7 @@ class UdemyCourseIE(UdemyIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if UdemyIE.suitable(url) else super(UdemyCourseIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if UdemyIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         course_path = self._match_id(url)
@@ -435,7 +433,7 @@ class UdemyCourseIE(UdemyIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
         self._enroll_course(url, webpage, course_id)
 
         response = self._download_json(
-            'https://www.udemy.com/api-2.0/courses/%s/cached-subscriber-curriculum-items' % course_id,
+            f'https://www.udemy.com/api-2.0/courses/{course_id}/cached-subscriber-curriculum-items',
             course_id, 'Downloading course curriculum', query={
                 'fields[chapter]': 'title,object_index',
                 'fields[lecture]': 'title,asset',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/udn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/udn.py
index d5849d29bf..9970e4ff50 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/udn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/udn.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urlparse
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
     int_or_none,
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ class UDNEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
     IE_DESC = '聯合影音'
     _PROTOCOL_RELATIVE_VALID_URL = r'//video\.udn\.com/(?:embed|play)/news/(?P<id>\d+)'
     _VALID_URL = r'https?:' + _PROTOCOL_RELATIVE_VALID_URL
-    _EMBED_REGEX = [r'<iframe[^>]+src="(?:https?:)?(?P<url>%s)"' % _PROTOCOL_RELATIVE_VALID_URL]
+    _EMBED_REGEX = [rf'<iframe[^>]+src="(?:https?:)?(?P<url>{_PROTOCOL_RELATIVE_VALID_URL})"']
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'http://video.udn.com/embed/news/300040',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -66,8 +66,8 @@ class UDNEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
                 continue
 
             video_url = self._download_webpage(
-                compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, api_url), video_id,
-                note='retrieve url for %s video' % video_type)
+                urllib.parse.urljoin(url, api_url), video_id,
+                note=f'retrieve url for {video_type} video')
 
             ext = determine_ext(video_url)
             if ext == 'm3u8':
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/uktvplay.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/uktvplay.py
index ab22a8e2dd..9abe3436f2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/uktvplay.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/uktvplay.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class UKTVPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
             # m3u8 download
             'skip_download': True,
         },
-        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to download MPD manifest']
+        'expected_warnings': ['Failed to download MPD manifest'],
     }, {
         'url': 'https://uktvplay.uktv.co.uk/shows/africa/watch-online/5983349675001',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/umg.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/umg.py
index 1da4ecdf85..b509fda883 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/umg.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/umg.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class UMGDeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Jedes Wort ist Gold wert',
             'timestamp': 1513591800,
             'upload_date': '20171218',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class UMGDeIE(InfoExtractor):
       createdDate
     }
   }
-}''' % video_id})['data']['universalMusic']['video']
+}''' % video_id})['data']['universalMusic']['video']  # noqa: UP031
 
         title = video_data['headline']
         hls_url_template = 'http://mediadelivery.universal-music-services.de/vod/mp4:autofill/storage/' + '/'.join(list(video_id)) + '/content/%s/file/playlist.m3u8'
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/unistra.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/unistra.py
index 6e872cd14f..edc1f85544 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/unistra.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/unistra.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class UnistraIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'title': 'Prix Louise Weiss 2014',
                 'description': 'md5:cc3a8735f079f4fb6b0b570fc10c135a',
             },
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -43,9 +43,9 @@ class UnistraIE(InfoExtractor):
         for file_path in files:
             format_id = 'HD' if file_path.endswith('-HD.mp4') else 'SD'
             formats.append({
-                'url': 'http://vod-flash.u-strasbg.fr:8080%s' % file_path,
+                'url': f'http://vod-flash.u-strasbg.fr:8080{file_path}',
                 'format_id': format_id,
-                'quality': quality(format_id)
+                'quality': quality(format_id),
             })
 
         title = self._html_search_regex(
@@ -60,5 +60,5 @@ class UnistraIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': title,
             'description': description,
             'thumbnail': thumbnail,
-            'formats': formats
+            'formats': formats,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/unity.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/unity.py
index 6d8bc05939..7d6ffb0304 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/unity.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/unity.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class UnityIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'Unity',
             'uploader_id': 'Unity3D',
             'upload_date': '20140926',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://unity3d.com/learn/tutorials/projects/2d-ufo-tutorial/following-player-camera?playlist=25844',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/uol.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/uol.py
index 068c2b87db..5198e89e86 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/uol.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/uol.py
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlencode,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     clean_html,
     int_or_none,
@@ -26,7 +24,7 @@ class UOLIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:3f8c11a0c0556d66daf7e5b45ef823b2',
             'timestamp': 1470421860,
             'upload_date': '20160805',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://tvuol.uol.com.br/video/incendio-destroi-uma-das-maiores-casas-noturnas-de-londres-04024E9A3268D4C95326',
         'md5': '2850a0e8dfa0a7307e04a96c5bdc5bc2',
@@ -37,7 +35,7 @@ class UOLIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'Em Londres, um incêndio destruiu uma das maiores boates da cidade. Não há informações sobre vítimas.',
             'timestamp': 1470674520,
             'upload_date': '20160808',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://mais.uol.com.br/static/uolplayer/index.html?mediaId=15951931',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -68,12 +66,12 @@ class UOLIE(InfoExtractor):
             # https://api.mais.uol.com.br/apiuol/v4/player/data/[MEDIA_ID]
             'https://api.mais.uol.com.br/apiuol/v3/media/detail/' + video_id,
             video_id)['item']
-        media_id = compat_str(video_data['mediaId'])
+        media_id = str(video_data['mediaId'])
         title = video_data['title']
         ver = video_data.get('revision', 2)
 
         uol_formats = self._download_json(
-            'https://croupier.mais.uol.com.br/v3/formats/%s/jsonp' % media_id,
+            f'https://croupier.mais.uol.com.br/v3/formats/{media_id}/jsonp',
             media_id)
         quality = qualities(['mobile', 'WEBM', '360p', '720p', '1080p'])
         formats = []
@@ -96,7 +94,7 @@ class UOLIE(InfoExtractor):
                 m3u8_formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
                     f_url, media_id, 'mp4', 'm3u8_native',
                     m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False)
-                encoded_query = compat_urllib_parse_urlencode(query)
+                encoded_query = urllib.parse.urlencode(query)
                 for m3u8_f in m3u8_formats:
                     m3u8_f['extra_param_to_segment_url'] = encoded_query
                     m3u8_f['url'] = update_url_query(m3u8_f['url'], query)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/urort.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/urort.py
index f14d7cce6a..06931293ee 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/urort.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/urort.py
@@ -23,22 +23,22 @@ class UrortIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
         'params': {
             'matchtitle': '^The Bomb$',  # To test, we want just one video
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         playlist_id = self._match_id(url)
 
-        fstr = urllib.parse.quote("InternalBandUrl eq '%s'" % playlist_id)
-        json_url = 'http://urort.p3.no/breeze/urort/TrackDTOViews?$filter=%s&$orderby=Released%%20desc&$expand=Tags%%2CFiles' % fstr
+        fstr = urllib.parse.quote(f"InternalBandUrl eq '{playlist_id}'")
+        json_url = f'http://urort.p3.no/breeze/urort/TrackDTOViews?$filter={fstr}&$orderby=Released%20desc&$expand=Tags%2CFiles'
         songs = self._download_json(json_url, playlist_id)
         entries = []
         for s in songs:
             formats = [{
                 'tbr': f.get('Quality'),
                 'ext': f['FileType'],
-                'format_id': '%s-%s' % (f['FileType'], f.get('Quality', '')),
-                'url': 'http://p3urort.blob.core.windows.net/tracks/%s' % f['FileRef'],
+                'format_id': '{}-{}'.format(f['FileType'], f.get('Quality', '')),
+                'url': 'http://p3urort.blob.core.windows.net/tracks/{}'.format(f['FileRef']),
                 'quality': 3 if f['FileType'] == 'mp3' else 2,
             } for f in s['Files']]
             e = {
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class UrortIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'title': s['Title'],
                 'uploader_id': playlist_id,
                 'uploader': s.get('BandName', playlist_id),
-                'thumbnail': 'http://urort.p3.no/cloud/images/%s' % s['Image'],
+                'thumbnail': 'http://urort.p3.no/cloud/images/{}'.format(s['Image']),
                 'upload_date': unified_strdate(s.get('Released')),
                 'formats': formats,
             }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/urplay.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/urplay.py
index 928e6e1c2d..79bb8a8055 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/urplay.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/urplay.py
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ class URPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
             file_http = v.get('location')
             if file_http:
                 formats.extend(self._extract_wowza_formats(
-                    'http://%s/%splaylist.m3u8' % (host, file_http),
+                    f'http://{host}/{file_http}playlist.m3u8',
                     video_id, skip_protocols=['f4m', 'rtmp', 'rtsp']))
 
         subtitles = {}
@@ -116,14 +116,14 @@ class URPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
             for k, v in stream.items():
                 if (k in ('sd', 'hd') or not isinstance(v, dict)):
                     continue
-                lang, sttl_url = (v.get(kk) for kk in ('language', 'location', ))
+                lang, sttl_url = (v.get(kk) for kk in ('language', 'location'))
                 if not sttl_url:
                     continue
                 lang = parse_lang_code(lang)
                 if not lang:
                     continue
                 sttl = subtitles.get(lang) or []
-                sttl.append({'ext': k, 'url': sttl_url, })
+                sttl.append({'ext': k, 'url': sttl_url})
                 subtitles[lang] = sttl
 
         image = urplayer_data.get('image') or {}
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ class URPlayIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         return {
             'id': video_id,
-            'title': '%s : %s' % (series_title, episode) if series_title else episode,
+            'title': f'{series_title} : {episode}' if series_title else episode,
             'description': urplayer_data.get('description'),
             'thumbnails': thumbnails,
             'timestamp': unified_timestamp(urplayer_data.get('publishedAt')),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/usatoday.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/usatoday.py
index 42a28c509e..6ad18ff9df 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/usatoday.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/usatoday.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     get_element_by_attribute,
@@ -23,7 +22,7 @@ class USATodayIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:7e50464fdf2126b0f533748d3c78d58f',
             'uploader_id': '29906170001',
             'upload_date': '20160313',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # ui-video-data[asset_metadata][items][brightcoveaccount] = 28911775001
         'url': 'https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/science/2018/08/21/yellowstone-supervolcano-eruption-stop-worrying-its-blow/973633002/',
@@ -35,7 +34,7 @@ class USATodayIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:3715e7927639a4f16b474e9391687c62',
             'uploader_id': '28911775001',
             'upload_date': '20180820',
-        }
+        },
     }]
     BRIGHTCOVE_URL_TEMPLATE = 'http://players.brightcove.net/%s/default_default/index.html?videoId=%s'
 
@@ -51,7 +50,7 @@ class USATodayIE(InfoExtractor):
         return {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
             'url': self.BRIGHTCOVE_URL_TEMPLATE % (item.get('brightcoveaccount', '29906170001'), item.get('brightcoveid') or video_data['brightcove_id']),
-            'id': compat_str(video_data['id']),
+            'id': str(video_data['id']),
             'title': video_data['title'],
             'thumbnail': video_data.get('thumbnail'),
             'description': video_data.get('description'),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ustream.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ustream.py
index 046e3d768c..33cf8f454d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ustream.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ustream.py
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
 import random
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     encode_data_uri,
@@ -82,14 +79,14 @@ class UstreamIE(InfoExtractor):
             extra_note = ''
 
         conn_info = self._download_json(
-            'http://r%d-1-%s-recorded-lp-live.ums.ustream.tv/1/ustream' % (rnd(1e8), video_id),
+            f'http://r{rnd(1e8)}-1-{video_id}-recorded-lp-live.ums.ustream.tv/1/ustream',
             video_id, note='Downloading connection info' + extra_note,
             query={
                 'type': 'viewer',
                 'appId': app_id_ver[0],
                 'appVersion': app_id_ver[1],
-                'rsid': '%s:%s' % (num_to_hex(rnd(1e8)), num_to_hex(rnd(1e8))),
-                'rpin': '_rpin.%d' % rnd(1e15),
+                'rsid': f'{num_to_hex(rnd(1e8))}:{num_to_hex(rnd(1e8))}',
+                'rpin': f'_rpin.{rnd(1e15)}',
                 'referrer': url,
                 'media': video_id,
                 'application': 'recorded',
@@ -98,7 +95,7 @@ class UstreamIE(InfoExtractor):
         connection_id = conn_info[0]['args'][0]['connectionId']
 
         return self._download_json(
-            'http://%s/1/ustream?connectionId=%s' % (host, connection_id),
+            f'http://{host}/1/ustream?connectionId={connection_id}',
             video_id, note='Downloading stream info' + extra_note)
 
     def _get_streams(self, url, video_id, app_id_ver):
@@ -106,14 +103,14 @@ class UstreamIE(InfoExtractor):
         for trial_count in range(3):
             stream_info = self._get_stream_info(
                 url, video_id, app_id_ver,
-                extra_note=' (try %d)' % (trial_count + 1) if trial_count > 0 else '')
+                extra_note=f' (try {trial_count + 1})' if trial_count > 0 else '')
             if 'stream' in stream_info[0]['args'][0]:
                 return stream_info[0]['args'][0]['stream']
         return []
 
     def _parse_segmented_mp4(self, dash_stream_info):
         def resolve_dash_template(template, idx, chunk_hash):
-            return template.replace('%', compat_str(idx), 1).replace('%', chunk_hash)
+            return template.replace('%', str(idx), 1).replace('%', chunk_hash)
 
         formats = []
         for stream in dash_stream_info['streams']:
@@ -121,13 +118,13 @@ class UstreamIE(InfoExtractor):
             provider = dash_stream_info['providers'][0]
             fragments = [{
                 'url': resolve_dash_template(
-                    provider['url'] + stream['initUrl'], 0, dash_stream_info['hashes']['0'])
+                    provider['url'] + stream['initUrl'], 0, dash_stream_info['hashes']['0']),
             }]
             for idx in range(dash_stream_info['videoLength'] // dash_stream_info['chunkTime']):
                 fragments.append({
                     'url': resolve_dash_template(
                         provider['url'] + stream['segmentUrl'], idx,
-                        dash_stream_info['hashes'][compat_str(idx // 10 * 10)])
+                        dash_stream_info['hashes'][str(idx // 10 * 10)]),
                 })
             content_type = stream['contentType']
             kind = content_type.split('/')[0]
@@ -173,16 +170,16 @@ class UstreamIE(InfoExtractor):
                 r'ustream\.vars\.offAirContentVideoIds=([^;]+);', webpage,
                 'content video IDs'), video_id)
             return self.playlist_result(
-                map(lambda u: self.url_result('http://www.ustream.tv/recorded/' + u, 'Ustream'), content_video_ids),
+                (self.url_result('http://www.ustream.tv/recorded/' + u, 'Ustream') for u in content_video_ids),
                 video_id)
 
         params = self._download_json(
-            'https://api.ustream.tv/videos/%s.json' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'https://api.ustream.tv/videos/{video_id}.json', video_id)
 
         error = params.get('error')
         if error:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                '%s returned error: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, error), expected=True)
+                f'{self.IE_NAME} returned error: {error}', expected=True)
 
         video = params['video']
 
@@ -255,12 +252,12 @@ class UstreamChannelIE(InfoExtractor):
         channel_id = self._html_search_meta('ustream:channel_id', webpage)
 
         BASE = 'http://www.ustream.tv'
-        next_url = '/ajax/socialstream/videos/%s/1.json' % channel_id
+        next_url = f'/ajax/socialstream/videos/{channel_id}/1.json'
         video_ids = []
         while next_url:
             reply = self._download_json(
-                compat_urlparse.urljoin(BASE, next_url), display_id,
-                note='Downloading video information (next: %d)' % (len(video_ids) + 1))
+                urllib.parse.urljoin(BASE, next_url), display_id,
+                note=f'Downloading video information (next: {len(video_ids) + 1})')
             video_ids.extend(re.findall(r'data-content-id="(\d.*)"', reply['data']))
             next_url = reply['nextUrl']
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ustudio.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ustudio.py
index f6ce5b3577..b5da88b26e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ustudio.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ustudio.py
@@ -21,14 +21,14 @@ class UstudioIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'upload_date': '20111107',
             'uploader': 'Tony Farley',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id, display_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
 
         config = self._download_xml(
-            'http://v1.ustudio.com/embed/%s/ustudio/config.xml' % video_id,
+            f'http://v1.ustudio.com/embed/{video_id}/ustudio/config.xml',
             display_id)
 
         def extract(kind):
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class UstudioIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'url': unescapeHTML(item.attrib['url']),
                 'width': int_or_none(item.get('width')),
                 'height': int_or_none(item.get('height')),
-            } for item in config.findall('./qualities/quality/%s' % kind) if item.get('url')]
+            } for item in config.findall(f'./qualities/quality/{kind}') if item.get('url')]
 
         formats = extract('video')
 
@@ -74,13 +74,13 @@ class UstudioEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': '5 Things IT Should Know About Video',
             'description': 'md5:93d32650884b500115e158c5677d25ad',
             'uploader_id': 'DeN7VdYRDKhP',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         uploader_id, video_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
         video_data = self._download_json(
-            'http://app.ustudio.com/embed/%s/%s/config.json' % (uploader_id, video_id),
+            f'http://app.ustudio.com/embed/{uploader_id}/{video_id}/config.json',
             video_id)['videos'][0]
         title = video_data['name']
 
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ class UstudioEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
                     continue
                 height = int_or_none(quality.get('height'))
                 formats.append({
-                    'format_id': '%s-%dp' % (ext, height) if height else ext,
+                    'format_id': f'{ext}-{height}p' if height else ext,
                     'url': quality_url,
                     'width': int_or_none(quality.get('width')),
                     'height': height,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/utreon.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/utreon.py
index 12a7e4984a..fc44df97b0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/utreon.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/utreon.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class UtreonIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.+\.jpg',
             'release_date': '20210723',
             'duration': 586,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://utreon.com/v/jerJw5EOOVU',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class UtreonIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.+\.jpg',
             'release_date': '20210723',
             'duration': 60,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://utreon.com/v/C4ZxXhYBBmE',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class UtreonIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.+\.jpg',
             'release_date': '20210723',
             'duration': 884,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://utreon.com/v/Y-stEH-FBm8',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ class UtreonIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.+\.jpg',
             'release_date': '20210718',
             'duration': 151,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://playeur.com/v/Wzqp-UrxSeu',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ class UtreonIE(InfoExtractor):
             'release_date': '20240208',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.+\.jpg',
             'duration': 262,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/veo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/veo.py
index 205f8ea63e..9d3c39f02d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/veo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/veo.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class VeoIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1603847208,
             'duration': 1916,
             'view_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://app.veo.co/matches/20220313-2022-03-13_u15m-plsjq-vs-csl/',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -32,10 +32,10 @@ class VeoIE(InfoExtractor):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         metadata = self._download_json(
-            'https://app.veo.co/api/app/matches/%s' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'https://app.veo.co/api/app/matches/{video_id}', video_id)
 
         video_data = self._download_json(
-            'https://app.veo.co/api/app/matches/%s/videos' % video_id, video_id, 'Downloading video data')
+            f'https://app.veo.co/api/app/matches/{video_id}/videos', video_id, 'Downloading video data')
 
         formats = []
         for fmt in video_data:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/veoh.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/veoh.py
index 92ff86521a..dc1bf96ec6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/veoh.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/veoh.py
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class VeohIE(InfoExtractor):
             'age_limit': 18,
             'categories': ['technology_and_gaming', 'gaming'],
             'tags': ['puzzle', 'of', 'flesh'],
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -138,17 +138,17 @@ class VeohUserIE(VeohIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             'url': 'https://www.veoh.com/users/valentinazoe',
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': 'valentinazoe',
-                'title': 'valentinazoe (Uploads)'
+                'title': 'valentinazoe (Uploads)',
             },
-            'playlist_mincount': 75
+            'playlist_mincount': 75,
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://www.veoh.com/users/PiensaLibre',
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': 'PiensaLibre',
-                'title': 'PiensaLibre (Uploads)'
+                'title': 'PiensaLibre (Uploads)',
             },
-            'playlist_mincount': 2
+            'playlist_mincount': 2,
         }]
 
     _PAGE_SIZE = 16
@@ -159,14 +159,14 @@ class VeohUserIE(VeohIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             note=f'Downloading videos page {page + 1}',
             headers={
                 'x-csrf-token': self._TOKEN,
-                'content-type': 'application/json;charset=UTF-8'
+                'content-type': 'application/json;charset=UTF-8',
             },
             data=json.dumps({
                 'username': uploader,
                 'maxResults': self._PAGE_SIZE,
                 'page': page + 1,
-                'requestName': 'userPage'
-            }).encode('utf-8'))
+                'requestName': 'userPage',
+            }).encode())
         if not response.get('success'):
             raise ExtractorError(response['message'])
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vesti.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vesti.py
index a2e90226af..844041a61a 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vesti.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vesti.py
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ class VestiIE(InfoExtractor):
                 # rtmp download
                 'skip_download': True,
             },
-            'skip': 'Translation has finished'
+            'skip': 'Translation has finished',
         },
     ]
 
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ class VestiIE(InfoExtractor):
             page)
         if mobj:
             video_id = mobj.group('id')
-            page = self._download_webpage('http://www.vesti.ru/only_video.html?vid=%s' % video_id, video_id,
+            page = self._download_webpage(f'http://www.vesti.ru/only_video.html?vid={video_id}', video_id,
                                           'Downloading video page')
 
         rutv_url = RUTVIE._extract_url(page)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vevo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vevo.py
index 7715d68392..8552a609c9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vevo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vevo.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import json
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -22,10 +21,10 @@ class VevoBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
 
 class VevoIE(VevoBaseIE):
-    '''
+    """
     Accepts urls from vevo.com or in the format 'vevo:{id}'
     (currently used by MTVIE and MySpaceIE)
-    '''
+    """
     _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
         (?:https?://(?:www\.)?vevo\.com/watch/(?!playlist|genre)(?:[^/]+/(?:[^/]+/)?)?|
            https?://cache\.vevo\.com/m/html/embed\.html\?video=|
@@ -166,14 +165,14 @@ class VevoIE(VevoBaseIE):
             data=json.dumps({
                 'client_id': 'SPupX1tvqFEopQ1YS6SS',
                 'grant_type': 'urn:vevo:params:oauth:grant-type:anonymous',
-            }).encode('utf-8'),
+            }).encode(),
             headers={
                 'Content-Type': 'application/json',
             })
 
         if re.search(r'(?i)THIS PAGE IS CURRENTLY UNAVAILABLE IN YOUR REGION', webpage):
             self.raise_geo_restricted(
-                '%s said: This page is currently unavailable in your region' % self.IE_NAME)
+                f'{self.IE_NAME} said: This page is currently unavailable in your region')
 
         auth_info = self._parse_json(webpage, video_id)
         self._api_url_template = self.http_scheme() + '//apiv2.vevo.com/%s?token=' + auth_info['legacy_token']
@@ -185,7 +184,7 @@ class VevoIE(VevoBaseIE):
             if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError):
                 errors = self._parse_json(e.cause.response.read().decode(), None)['errors']
                 error_message = ', '.join([error['message'] for error in errors])
-                raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, error_message), expected=True)
+                raise ExtractorError(f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {error_message}', expected=True)
             raise
         return data
 
@@ -195,11 +194,11 @@ class VevoIE(VevoBaseIE):
         self._initialize_api(video_id)
 
         video_info = self._call_api(
-            'video/%s' % video_id, video_id, 'Downloading api video info',
+            f'video/{video_id}', video_id, 'Downloading api video info',
             'Failed to download video info')
 
         video_versions = self._call_api(
-            'video/%s/streams' % video_id, video_id,
+            f'video/{video_id}/streams', video_id,
             'Downloading video versions info',
             'Failed to download video versions info',
             fatal=False)
@@ -215,7 +214,7 @@ class VevoIE(VevoBaseIE):
                 video_versions = [
                     value
                     for key, value in json_data['apollo']['data'].items()
-                    if key.startswith('%s.streams' % video_id)]
+                    if key.startswith(f'{video_id}.streams')]
 
         uploader = None
         artist = None
@@ -238,16 +237,16 @@ class VevoIE(VevoBaseIE):
                 continue
             elif '.mpd' in version_url:
                 formats.extend(self._extract_mpd_formats(
-                    version_url, video_id, mpd_id='dash-%s' % version,
-                    note='Downloading %s MPD information' % version,
-                    errnote='Failed to download %s MPD information' % version,
+                    version_url, video_id, mpd_id=f'dash-{version}',
+                    note=f'Downloading {version} MPD information',
+                    errnote=f'Failed to download {version} MPD information',
                     fatal=False))
             elif '.m3u8' in version_url:
                 formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
                     version_url, video_id, 'mp4', 'm3u8_native',
-                    m3u8_id='hls-%s' % version,
-                    note='Downloading %s m3u8 information' % version,
-                    errnote='Failed to download %s m3u8 information' % version,
+                    m3u8_id=f'hls-{version}',
+                    note=f'Downloading {version} m3u8 information',
+                    errnote=f'Failed to download {version} m3u8 information',
                     fatal=False))
             else:
                 m = re.search(r'''(?xi)
@@ -275,13 +274,13 @@ class VevoIE(VevoBaseIE):
 
         track = video_info['title']
         if featured_artist:
-            artist = '%s ft. %s' % (artist, featured_artist)
-        title = '%s - %s' % (artist, track) if artist else track
+            artist = f'{artist} ft. {featured_artist}'
+        title = f'{artist} - {track}' if artist else track
 
         genres = video_info.get('genres')
         genre = (
             genres[0] if genres and isinstance(genres, list)
-            and isinstance(genres[0], compat_str) else None)
+            and isinstance(genres[0], str) else None)
 
         is_explicit = video_info.get('isExplicit')
         if is_explicit is True:
@@ -337,15 +336,15 @@ class VevoPlaylistIE(VevoBaseIE):
                 r'<meta[^>]+content=(["\'])vevo://video/(?P<id>.+?)\1[^>]*>',
                 webpage, 'video id', default=None, group='id')
             if video_id:
-                return self.url_result('vevo:%s' % video_id, VevoIE.ie_key())
+                return self.url_result(f'vevo:{video_id}', VevoIE.ie_key())
 
-        playlists = self._extract_json(webpage, playlist_id)['default']['%ss' % playlist_kind]
+        playlists = self._extract_json(webpage, playlist_id)['default'][f'{playlist_kind}s']
 
-        playlist = (list(playlists.values())[0]
+        playlist = (next(iter(playlists.values()))
                     if playlist_kind == 'playlist' else playlists[playlist_id])
 
         entries = [
-            self.url_result('vevo:%s' % src, VevoIE.ie_key())
+            self.url_result(f'vevo:{src}', VevoIE.ie_key())
             for src in playlist['isrcs']]
 
         return self.playlist_result(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vgtv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vgtv.py
index db338fa106..1eb25530f8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vgtv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vgtv.py
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class VGTVIE(XstreamIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
     _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
                     (?:https?://(?:www\.)?
                     (?P<host>
-                        %s
+                        {}
                     )
                     /?
                     (?:
@@ -48,10 +48,10 @@ class VGTVIE(XstreamIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
                         a(?:rticles)?/
                     )|
                     (?P<appname>
-                        %s
+                        {}
                     ):)
                     (?P<id>\d+)
-                    ''' % ('|'.join(_HOST_TO_APPNAME.keys()), '|'.join(_APP_NAME_TO_VENDOR.keys()))
+                    '''.format('|'.join(_HOST_TO_APPNAME.keys()), '|'.join(_APP_NAME_TO_VENDOR.keys()))
 
     _TESTS = [
         {
@@ -174,13 +174,12 @@ class VGTVIE(XstreamIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
         vendor = self._APP_NAME_TO_VENDOR[appname]
 
         data = self._download_json(
-            'http://svp.vg.no/svp/api/v1/%s/assets/%s?appName=%s-website'
-            % (vendor, video_id, appname),
+            f'http://svp.vg.no/svp/api/v1/{vendor}/assets/{video_id}?appName={appname}-website',
             video_id, 'Downloading media JSON')
 
         if data.get('status') == 'inactive':
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'Video %s is no longer available' % video_id, expected=True)
+                f'Video {video_id} is no longer available', expected=True)
 
         info = {
             'formats': [],
@@ -203,7 +202,7 @@ class VGTVIE(XstreamIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
         if hds_url:
             hdcore_sign = 'hdcore=3.7.0'
             f4m_formats = self._extract_f4m_formats(
-                hds_url + '?%s' % hdcore_sign, video_id, f4m_id='hds', fatal=False)
+                hds_url + f'?{hdcore_sign}', video_id, f4m_id='hds', fatal=False)
             if f4m_formats:
                 for entry in f4m_formats:
                     # URLs without the extra param induce an 404 error
@@ -225,7 +224,7 @@ class VGTVIE(XstreamIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
                     'width': int(mobj.group(1)),
                     'height': int(mobj.group(2)),
                     'tbr': tbr,
-                    'format_id': 'mp4-%s' % tbr,
+                    'format_id': f'mp4-{tbr}',
                 })
             formats.append(format_info)
 
@@ -275,7 +274,7 @@ class BTArticleIE(InfoExtractor):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, self._match_id(url))
         video_id = self._search_regex(
             r'<video[^>]+data-id="(\d+)"', webpage, 'video id')
-        return self.url_result('bttv:%s' % video_id, 'VGTV')
+        return self.url_result(f'bttv:{video_id}', 'VGTV')
 
 
 class BTVestlendingenIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -308,4 +307,4 @@ class BTVestlendingenIE(InfoExtractor):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        return self.url_result('bttv:%s' % self._match_id(url), 'VGTV')
+        return self.url_result(f'bttv:{self._match_id(url)}', 'VGTV')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vh1.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vh1.py
index 41b8a46075..53d5a7108e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vh1.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vh1.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 from .mtv import MTVServicesInfoExtractor
 
-# TODO Remove - Reason: Outdated Site
+# TODO: Remove - Reason: Outdated Site
 
 
 class VH1IE(MTVServicesInfoExtractor):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vice.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vice.py
index b072d9d739..3739a37e4f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vice.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vice.py
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import time
 from .adobepass import AdobePassIE
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .youtube import YoutubeIE
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -28,7 +27,7 @@ class ViceBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
   %s(locale: "%s", %s: "%s"%s) {
     %s
   }
-}''' % (resource, locale, resource_key, resource_id, args, fields),
+}''' % (resource, locale, resource_key, resource_id, args, fields),  # noqa: UP031
             })['data'][resource]
 
 
@@ -127,7 +126,7 @@ class ViceIE(ViceBaseIE, AdobePassIE):
 
         query.update({
             'exp': exp,
-            'sign': hashlib.sha512(('%s:GET:%d' % (video_id, exp)).encode()).hexdigest(),
+            'sign': hashlib.sha512(f'{video_id}:GET:{exp}'.encode()).hexdigest(),
             'skipadstitching': 1,
             'platform': 'desktop',
             'rn': random.randint(10000, 100000),
@@ -135,14 +134,13 @@ class ViceIE(ViceBaseIE, AdobePassIE):
 
         try:
             preplay = self._download_json(
-                'https://vms.vice.com/%s/video/preplay/%s' % (locale, video_id),
+                f'https://vms.vice.com/{locale}/video/preplay/{video_id}',
                 video_id, query=query)
         except ExtractorError as e:
             if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status in (400, 401):
                 error = json.loads(e.cause.response.read().decode())
                 error_message = error.get('error_description') or error['details']
-                raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (
-                    self.IE_NAME, error_message), expected=True)
+                raise ExtractorError(f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {error_message}', expected=True)
             raise
 
         video_data = preplay['video']
@@ -157,7 +155,7 @@ class ViceIE(ViceBaseIE, AdobePassIE):
             cc_url = subtitle.get('url')
             if not cc_url:
                 continue
-            language_code = try_get(subtitle, lambda x: x['languages'][0]['language_code'], compat_str) or 'en'
+            language_code = try_get(subtitle, lambda x: x['languages'][0]['language_code'], str) or 'en'
             subtitles.setdefault(language_code, []).append({
                 'url': cc_url,
             })
@@ -171,7 +169,7 @@ class ViceIE(ViceBaseIE, AdobePassIE):
             'duration': int_or_none(video_data.get('video_duration')),
             'timestamp': int_or_none(video_data.get('created_at'), 1000),
             'age_limit': parse_age_limit(video_data.get('video_rating') or rating),
-            'series': try_get(video_data, lambda x: x['show']['base']['display_title'], compat_str),
+            'series': try_get(video_data, lambda x: x['show']['base']['display_title'], str),
             'episode_number': int_or_none(episode.get('episode_number')),
             'episode_id': str_or_none(episode.get('id') or video_data.get('episode_id')),
             'season_number': int_or_none(season.get('season_number')),
@@ -202,7 +200,7 @@ class ViceShowIE(ViceBaseIE):
     def _fetch_page(self, locale, show_id, page):
         videos = self._call_api('videos', 'show_id', show_id, locale, '''body
     id
-    url''', ', page: %d, per_page: %d' % (page + 1, self._PAGE_SIZE))
+    url''', f', page: {page + 1}, per_page: {self._PAGE_SIZE}')
         for video in videos:
             yield self.url_result(
                 video['url'], ViceIE.ie_key(), video.get('id'))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/viddler.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/viddler.py
index 40914774ab..60ebfbd122 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/viddler.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/viddler.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class ViddlerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'view_count': int,
             'comment_count': int,
             'categories': ['video content', 'high quality video', 'video made easy', 'how to produce video with limited resources', 'viddler'],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.viddler.com/v/4d03aad9/',
         'md5': 'f12c5a7fa839c47a79363bfdf69404fb',
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class ViddlerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1422285291,
             'view_count': int,
             'comment_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.viddler.com/player/221ebbbd/0/',
         'md5': '740511f61d3d1bb71dc14a0fe01a1c10',
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class ViddlerIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1411997190,
             'view_count': int,
             'comment_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # secret protected
         'url': 'http://www.viddler.com/v/890c0985?secret=34051570',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/videa.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/videa.py
index 634d2edea6..8dc7ebd15e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/videa.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/videa.py
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
+import base64
 import random
 import string
 import struct
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_b64decode, compat_ord
+from ..compat import compat_ord
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
@@ -118,7 +119,7 @@ class VideaIE(InfoExtractor):
         l = nonce[:32]
         s = nonce[32:]
         result = ''
-        for i in range(0, 32):
+        for i in range(32):
             result += s[i - (self._STATIC_SECRET.index(l[i]) - 31)]
 
         query = parse_qs(player_url)
@@ -133,7 +134,7 @@ class VideaIE(InfoExtractor):
         else:
             key = result[16:] + random_seed + handle.headers['x-videa-xs']
             info = self._parse_xml(self.rc4(
-                compat_b64decode(b64_info), key), video_id)
+                base64.b64decode(b64_info), key), video_id)
 
         video = xpath_element(info, './video', 'video')
         if video is None:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/videocampus_sachsen.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/videocampus_sachsen.py
index 37bc7d7181..6f98c685c9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/videocampus_sachsen.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/videocampus_sachsen.py
@@ -70,11 +70,11 @@ class VideocampusSachsenIE(InfoExtractor):
         'www.wenglor-media.com',
         'www2.univ-sba.dz',
     )
-    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)https?://(?P<host>%s)/(?:
+    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)https?://(?P<host>{})/(?:
         m/(?P<tmp_id>[0-9a-f]+)|
-        (?:category/)?video/(?P<display_id>[\w-]+)/(?P<id>[0-9a-f]{32})|
-        media/embed.*(?:\?|&)key=(?P<embed_id>[0-9a-f]{32}&?)
-    )''' % ('|'.join(map(re.escape, _INSTANCES)))
+        (?:category/)?video/(?P<display_id>[\w-]+)/(?P<id>[0-9a-f]{{32}})|
+        media/embed.*(?:\?|&)key=(?P<embed_id>[0-9a-f]{{32}}&?)
+    )'''.format('|'.join(map(re.escape, _INSTANCES)))
 
     _TESTS = [
         {
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ class VideocampusSachsenIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'thumbnail': 'https://www2.univ-sba.dz/cache/4d5d4a0b4189271a8cc6cb5328e14769.jpg',
                 'display_id': 'Presentation-de-la-Faculte-de-droit-et-des-sciences-politiques-Journee-portes-ouvertes-202122',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://vimp.weka-fachmedien.de/video/Preisverleihung-Produkte-des-Jahres-2022/c8816f1cc942c12b6cce57c835cffd7c',
@@ -187,10 +187,10 @@ class VideocampusSachsenIE(InfoExtractor):
 
 class ViMPPlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
     IE_NAME = 'ViMP:Playlist'
-    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)(?P<host>https?://(?:%s))/(?:
+    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)(?P<host>https?://(?:{}))/(?:
         album/view/aid/(?P<album_id>[0-9]+)|
         (?P<mode>category|channel)/(?P<name>[\w-]+)/(?P<id>[0-9]+)
-    )''' % '|'.join(map(re.escape, VideocampusSachsenIE._INSTANCES))
+    )'''.format('|'.join(map(re.escape, VideocampusSachsenIE._INSTANCES)))
 
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://vimp.oth-regensburg.de/channel/Designtheorie-1-SoSe-2020/3',
@@ -216,9 +216,9 @@ class ViMPPlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
     }]
     _PAGE_SIZE = 10
 
-    def _fetch_page(self, host, url_part, id, data, page):
+    def _fetch_page(self, host, url_part, playlist_id, data, page):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            f'{host}/media/ajax/component/boxList/{url_part}', id,
+            f'{host}/media/ajax/component/boxList/{url_part}', playlist_id,
             query={'page': page, 'page_only': 1}, data=urlencode_postdata(data))
         urls = re.findall(r'"([^"]+/video/[^"]+)"', webpage)
 
@@ -226,28 +226,28 @@ class ViMPPlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
             yield self.url_result(host + url, VideocampusSachsenIE)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        host, album_id, mode, name, id = self._match_valid_url(url).group(
+        host, album_id, mode, name, playlist_id = self._match_valid_url(url).group(
             'host', 'album_id', 'mode', 'name', 'id')
 
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, album_id or id, fatal=False) or ''
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, album_id or playlist_id, fatal=False) or ''
         title = (self._html_search_meta('title', webpage, fatal=False)
                  or self._html_extract_title(webpage))
 
         url_part = (f'aid/{album_id}' if album_id
-                    else f'category/{name}/category_id/{id}' if mode == 'category'
-                    else f'title/{name}/channel/{id}')
+                    else f'category/{name}/category_id/{playlist_id}' if mode == 'category'
+                    else f'title/{name}/channel/{playlist_id}')
 
         mode = mode or 'album'
         data = {
             'vars[mode]': mode,
-            f'vars[{mode}]': album_id or id,
+            f'vars[{mode}]': album_id or playlist_id,
             'vars[context]': '4' if album_id else '1' if mode == 'category' else '3',
-            'vars[context_id]': album_id or id,
+            'vars[context_id]': album_id or playlist_id,
             'vars[layout]': 'thumb',
             'vars[per_page][thumb]': str(self._PAGE_SIZE),
         }
 
         return self.playlist_result(
             OnDemandPagedList(functools.partial(
-                self._fetch_page, host, url_part, album_id or id, data), self._PAGE_SIZE),
-            playlist_title=title, id=f'{mode}-{album_id or id}')
+                self._fetch_page, host, url_part, album_id or playlist_id, data), self._PAGE_SIZE),
+            playlist_title=title, id=f'{mode}-{album_id or playlist_id}')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/videofyme.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/videofyme.py
index f1f88c499a..6cdda75b2f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/videofyme.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/videofyme.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class VideofyMeIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
-        config = self._download_json('http://vf-player-info-loader.herokuapp.com/%s.json' % video_id, video_id)['videoinfo']
+        config = self._download_json(f'http://vf-player-info-loader.herokuapp.com/{video_id}.json', video_id)['videoinfo']
 
         video = config.get('video')
         blog = config.get('blog', {})
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/videoken.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/videoken.py
index eaf0cc8ae9..dc1dcf12bd 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/videoken.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/videoken.py
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ class VideoKenTopicIE(VideoKenBaseIE):
         'playlist_mincount': 77,
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'gravitational_waves',
-            'title': 'gravitational waves'
+            'title': 'gravitational waves',
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://videos.cncf.io/topic/prometheus/',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/videomore.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/videomore.py
index ddc33f7d7d..c41d3d9845 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/videomore.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/videomore.py
@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     int_or_none,
     parse_qs,
@@ -253,7 +250,7 @@ class VideomoreVideoIE(VideomoreBaseIE):
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
         },
-        'skip': 'redirects to https://more.tv/'
+        'skip': 'redirects to https://more.tv/',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://videomore.ru/molodezhka/6_sezon/29_seriya?utm_so',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -264,7 +261,7 @@ class VideomoreVideoIE(VideomoreBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if VideomoreIE.suitable(url) else super(VideomoreVideoIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if VideomoreIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -292,14 +289,14 @@ class VideomoreSeasonIE(VideomoreBaseIE):
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
         return (False if (VideomoreIE.suitable(url) or VideomoreVideoIE.suitable(url))
-                else super(VideomoreSeasonIE, cls).suitable(url))
+                else super().suitable(url))
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
         season = self._download_page_data(display_id)
-        season_id = compat_str(season['id'])
+        season_id = str(season['id'])
         tracks = self._download_json(
-            self._API_BASE_URL + 'seasons/%s/tracks' % season_id,
+            self._API_BASE_URL + f'seasons/{season_id}/tracks',
             season_id)['data']
         entries = []
         for track in tracks:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/videopress.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/videopress.py
index 0734aee9c2..d3c9c8e22e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/videopress.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/videopress.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ from ..utils import (
 class VideoPressIE(InfoExtractor):
     _ID_REGEX = r'[\da-zA-Z]{8}'
     _PATH_REGEX = r'video(?:\.word)?press\.com/embed/'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://%s(?P<id>%s)' % (_PATH_REGEX, _ID_REGEX)
+    _VALID_URL = rf'https?://{_PATH_REGEX}(?P<id>{_ID_REGEX})'
     _EMBED_REGEX = [rf'<iframe[^>]+src=["\'](?P<url>(?:https?://)?{_PATH_REGEX}{_ID_REGEX})']
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://videopress.com/embed/kUJmAcSf',
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class VideoPressIE(InfoExtractor):
         query = random_birthday('birth_year', 'birth_month', 'birth_day')
         query['fields'] = 'description,duration,file_url_base,files,height,original,poster,rating,title,upload_date,width'
         video = self._download_json(
-            'https://public-api.wordpress.com/rest/v1.1/videos/%s' % video_id,
+            f'https://public-api.wordpress.com/rest/v1.1/videos/{video_id}',
             video_id, query=query)
 
         title = video['title']
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class VideoPressIE(InfoExtractor):
                 if ext in ('mp4', 'ogg'):
                     formats.append({
                         'url': urljoin(base_url, path),
-                        'format_id': '%s-%s' % (format_id, ext),
+                        'format_id': f'{format_id}-{ext}',
                         'ext': determine_ext(path, ext),
                         'quality': quality(format_id),
                     })
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vidio.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vidio.py
index 6322bb04b6..955a116472 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vidio.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vidio.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class VidioBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         login_page = self._download_webpage(
             self._LOGIN_URL, None, 'Downloading log in page')
 
-        login_form = self._form_hidden_inputs("login-form", login_page)
+        login_form = self._form_hidden_inputs('login-form', login_page)
         login_form.update({
             'user[login]': username,
             'user[password]': password,
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class VidioBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             elif reason:
                 subreason = get_element_by_class('onboarding-modal__description-text', login_post) or ''
                 raise ExtractorError(
-                    'Unable to log in: %s. %s' % (reason, clean_html(subreason)), expected=True)
+                    f'Unable to log in: {reason}. {clean_html(subreason)}', expected=True)
             raise ExtractorError('Unable to log in')
 
     def _initialize_pre_login(self):
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ class VidioIE(VidioBaseIE):
     }, {
         # Premier-exclusive video
         'url': 'https://www.vidio.com/watch/1550718-stand-by-me-doraemon',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         # embed url from https://enamplus.liputan6.com/read/5033648/video-fakta-temuan-suspek-cacar-monyet-di-jawa-tengah
         'url': 'https://www.vidio.com/embed/7115874-fakta-temuan-suspek-cacar-monyet-di-jawa-tengah',
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ class VidioIE(VidioBaseIE):
 
         if is_premium:
             sources = self._download_json(
-                'https://www.vidio.com/interactions_stream.json?video_id=%s&type=videos' % video_id,
+                f'https://www.vidio.com/interactions_stream.json?video_id={video_id}&type=videos',
                 display_id, note='Downloading premier API JSON')
             if not (sources.get('source') or sources.get('source_dash')):
                 self.raise_login_required('This video is only available for registered users with the appropriate subscription')
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ class VidioPremierIE(VidioBaseIE):
     def _playlist_entries(self, playlist_url, display_id):
         index = 1
         while playlist_url:
-            playlist_json = self._call_api(playlist_url, display_id, 'Downloading API JSON page %s' % index)
+            playlist_json = self._call_api(playlist_url, display_id, f'Downloading API JSON page {index}')
             for video_json in playlist_json.get('data', []):
                 link = video_json['links']['watchpage']
                 yield self.url_result(link, 'Vidio', video_json['id'])
@@ -217,14 +217,14 @@ class VidioPremierIE(VidioBaseIE):
                 self._playlist_entries(playlist_url, playlist_id),
                 playlist_id=playlist_id, playlist_title=idata.get('title'))
 
-        playlist_data = self._call_api('https://api.vidio.com/content_profiles/%s/playlists' % playlist_id, display_id)
+        playlist_data = self._call_api(f'https://api.vidio.com/content_profiles/{playlist_id}/playlists', display_id)
 
         return self.playlist_from_matches(
             playlist_data.get('data', []), playlist_id=playlist_id, ie=self.ie_key(),
             getter=lambda data: smuggle_url(url, {
                 'url': data['relationships']['videos']['links']['related'],
                 'id': data['id'],
-                'title': try_get(data, lambda x: x['attributes']['name'])
+                'title': try_get(data, lambda x: x['attributes']['name']),
             }))
 
 
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ class VidioLiveIE(VidioBaseIE):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id, display_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
         stream_data = self._call_api(
-            'https://www.vidio.com/api/livestreamings/%s/detail' % video_id, display_id)
+            f'https://www.vidio.com/api/livestreamings/{video_id}/detail', display_id)
         stream_meta = stream_data['livestreamings'][0]
         user = stream_data.get('users', [{}])[0]
 
@@ -265,14 +265,14 @@ class VidioLiveIE(VidioBaseIE):
                 self.report_drm(video_id)
         if stream_meta.get('is_premium'):
             sources = self._download_json(
-                'https://www.vidio.com/interactions_stream.json?video_id=%s&type=livestreamings' % video_id,
+                f'https://www.vidio.com/interactions_stream.json?video_id={video_id}&type=livestreamings',
                 display_id, note='Downloading premier API JSON')
             if not (sources.get('source') or sources.get('source_dash')):
                 self.raise_login_required('This video is only available for registered users with the appropriate subscription')
 
             if str_or_none(sources.get('source')):
                 token_json = self._download_json(
-                    'https://www.vidio.com/live/%s/tokens' % video_id,
+                    f'https://www.vidio.com/live/{video_id}/tokens',
                     display_id, note='Downloading HLS token JSON', data=b'')
                 formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
                     sources['source'] + '?' + token_json.get('token', ''), display_id, 'mp4', 'm3u8_native'))
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ class VidioLiveIE(VidioBaseIE):
         else:
             if stream_meta.get('stream_token_url'):
                 token_json = self._download_json(
-                    'https://www.vidio.com/live/%s/tokens' % video_id,
+                    f'https://www.vidio.com/live/{video_id}/tokens',
                     display_id, note='Downloading HLS token JSON', data=b'')
                 formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
                     stream_meta['stream_token_url'] + '?' + token_json.get('token', ''),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vidlii.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vidlii.py
index e1219a8a0d..d9e33ca9e5 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vidlii.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vidlii.py
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class VidLiiIE(InfoExtractor):
             'average_rating': float,
             'categories': ['News & Politics'],
             'tags': ['Vidlii', 'Jan', 'Videogames'],
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.vidlii.com/watch?v=zTAtaAgOLKt',
         'md5': '5778f7366aa4c569b77002f8bf6b614f',
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class VidLiiIE(InfoExtractor):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            'https://www.vidlii.com/watch?v=%s' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'https://www.vidlii.com/watch?v={video_id}', video_id)
         formats = []
 
         sources = [source[1] for source in re.findall(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vidly.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vidly.py
index 49a1960410..60698f0e1d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vidly.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vidly.py
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class VidlyIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'w8p5b0',
             'thumbnail': r're:https://\w+\.cloudfront\.net/',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/viewlift.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/viewlift.py
index c5d65cdd66..7ac094f2f0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/viewlift.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/viewlift.py
@@ -62,8 +62,8 @@ class ViewLiftBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
 class ViewLiftEmbedIE(ViewLiftBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'viewlift:embed'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:(?:www|embed)\.)?(?P<domain>%s)/embed/player\?.*\bfilmId=(?P<id>[\da-f]{8}-(?:[\da-f]{4}-){3}[\da-f]{12})' % ViewLiftBaseIE._DOMAINS_REGEX
-    _EMBED_REGEX = [r'<iframe[^>]+?src=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:https?:)?//(?:embed\.)?(?:%s)/embed/player.+?)\1' % ViewLiftBaseIE._DOMAINS_REGEX]
+    _VALID_URL = rf'https?://(?:(?:www|embed)\.)?(?P<domain>{ViewLiftBaseIE._DOMAINS_REGEX})/embed/player\?.*\bfilmId=(?P<id>[\da-f]{{8}}-(?:[\da-f]{{4}}-){{3}}[\da-f]{{12}})'
+    _EMBED_REGEX = [rf'<iframe[^>]+?src=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:https?:)?//(?:embed\.)?(?:{ViewLiftBaseIE._DOMAINS_REGEX})/embed/player.+?)\1']
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'http://embed.snagfilms.com/embed/player?filmId=74849a00-85a9-11e1-9660-123139220831&w=500',
         'md5': '2924e9215c6eff7a55ed35b72276bd93',
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ class ViewLiftEmbedIE(ViewLiftBaseIE):
             'description': 'md5:b542bef32a6f657dadd0df06e26fb0c8',
             'timestamp': 1334350096,
             'upload_date': '20120413',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # invalid labels, 360p is better that 480p
         'url': 'http://www.snagfilms.com/embed/player?filmId=17ca0950-a74a-11e0-a92a-0026bb61d036',
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ class ViewLiftEmbedIE(ViewLiftBaseIE):
 
         content_data = self._call_api(
             site, 'entitlement/video/status', film_id, url, {
-                'id': film_id
+                'id': film_id,
             })['video']
         gist = content_data['gist']
         title = gist['title']
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ class ViewLiftEmbedIE(ViewLiftBaseIE):
                 'height', default=None))
             formats.append({
                 'url': video_asset_url,
-                'format_id': 'http%s' % ('-%d' % bitrate if bitrate else ''),
+                'format_id': 'http{}'.format(f'-{bitrate}' if bitrate else ''),
                 'tbr': bitrate,
                 'height': height,
                 'vcodec': video_asset.get('codec'),
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ class ViewLiftEmbedIE(ViewLiftBaseIE):
 class ViewLiftIE(ViewLiftBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'viewlift'
     _API_BASE = 'https://prod-api-cached-2.viewlift.com/'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?(?P<domain>%s)(?P<path>(?:/(?:films/title|show|(?:news/)?videos?|watch))?/(?P<id>[^?#]+))' % ViewLiftBaseIE._DOMAINS_REGEX
+    _VALID_URL = rf'https?://(?:www\.)?(?P<domain>{ViewLiftBaseIE._DOMAINS_REGEX})(?P<path>(?:/(?:films/title|show|(?:news/)?videos?|watch))?/(?P<id>[^?#]+))'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'http://www.snagfilms.com/films/title/lost_for_life',
         'md5': '19844f897b35af219773fd63bdec2942',
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ class ViewLiftIE(ViewLiftBaseIE):
             'age_limit': 14,
             'upload_date': '20150421',
             'timestamp': 1429656820,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.snagfilms.com/show/the_world_cut_project/india',
         'md5': 'e6292e5b837642bbda82d7f8bf3fbdfd',
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ class ViewLiftIE(ViewLiftBaseIE):
             'duration': 979,
             'timestamp': 1399478279,
             'upload_date': '20140507',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://main.snagfilms.com/augie_alone/s_2_ep_12_love',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ class ViewLiftIE(ViewLiftBaseIE):
             'description': 'md5:ca30a682b4528d02a3eb6d0427dd0f87',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'upload_date': '20210830',
-            'series': 'Case Jaundice'
+            'series': 'Case Jaundice',
         },
         'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {  # Free video
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ class ViewLiftIE(ViewLiftBaseIE):
             'description': 'md5:9d21edc1827d32f8633eb67c2054fc31',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'upload_date': '20211006',
-            'series': 'Six (Hindi)'
+            'series': 'Six (Hindi)',
         },
         'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {  # Free episode
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ class ViewLiftIE(ViewLiftBaseIE):
             'description': 'md5:ef6ffae01a3d83438597367400f824ed',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'upload_date': '20211004',
-            'series': 'Asian Paints Moner Thikana'
+            'series': 'Asian Paints Moner Thikana',
         },
         'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {  # Free series
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ class ViewLiftIE(ViewLiftBaseIE):
         },
     }, {  # Premium movie
         'url': 'https://www.hoichoi.tv/movies/detective-2020',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {  # Chorki Premium series
         'url': 'https://www.chorki.com/bn/series/sinpaat',
         'playlist_mincount': 7,
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ class ViewLiftIE(ViewLiftBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if ViewLiftEmbedIE.suitable(url) else super(ViewLiftIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if ViewLiftEmbedIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _show_entries(self, domain, seasons):
         for season in seasons:
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ class ViewLiftIE(ViewLiftBaseIE):
         film_id = next(m['contentData'][0]['gist']['id'] for m in modules if m.get('moduleType') == 'VideoDetailModule')
         return {
             '_type': 'url_transparent',
-            'url': 'http://%s/embed/player?filmId=%s' % (domain, film_id),
+            'url': f'http://{domain}/embed/player?filmId={film_id}',
             'id': film_id,
             'display_id': display_id,
             'ie_key': 'ViewLiftEmbed',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/viidea.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/viidea.py
index 649ffe395b..2f04e880f4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/viidea.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/viidea.py
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -124,13 +121,13 @@ class ViideaIE(InfoExtractor):
              r'cfg\s*:\s*({[^}]+})'],
             webpage, 'cfg'), lecture_slug, js_to_json)
 
-        lecture_id = compat_str(cfg['obj_id'])
+        lecture_id = str(cfg['obj_id'])
 
         base_url = self._proto_relative_url(cfg['livepipe'], 'http:')
 
         try:
             lecture_data = self._download_json(
-                '%s/site/api/lecture/%s?format=json' % (base_url, lecture_id),
+                f'{base_url}/site/api/lecture/{lecture_id}?format=json',
                 lecture_id)['lecture'][0]
         except ExtractorError as e:
             if isinstance(e.cause, HTTPError) and e.cause.status == 403:
@@ -150,18 +147,18 @@ class ViideaIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         playlist_entries = []
         lecture_type = lecture_data.get('type')
-        parts = [compat_str(video) for video in cfg.get('videos', [])]
+        parts = [str(video) for video in cfg.get('videos', [])]
         if parts:
             multipart = len(parts) > 1
 
             def extract_part(part_id):
-                smil_url = '%s/%s/video/%s/smil.xml' % (base_url, lecture_slug, part_id)
+                smil_url = f'{base_url}/{lecture_slug}/video/{part_id}/smil.xml'
                 smil = self._download_smil(smil_url, lecture_id)
                 info = self._parse_smil(smil, smil_url, lecture_id)
-                info['id'] = lecture_id if not multipart else '%s_part%s' % (lecture_id, part_id)
-                info['display_id'] = lecture_slug if not multipart else '%s_part%s' % (lecture_slug, part_id)
+                info['id'] = lecture_id if not multipart else f'{lecture_id}_part{part_id}'
+                info['display_id'] = lecture_slug if not multipart else f'{lecture_slug}_part{part_id}'
                 if multipart:
-                    info['title'] += ' (Part %s)' % part_id
+                    info['title'] += f' (Part {part_id})'
                 switch = smil.find('.//switch')
                 if switch is not None:
                     info['duration'] = parse_duration(switch.attrib.get('dur'))
@@ -187,9 +184,9 @@ class ViideaIE(InfoExtractor):
         # It's probably a playlist
         if not parts or lecture_type == 'evt':
             playlist_webpage = self._download_webpage(
-                '%s/site/ajax/drilldown/?id=%s' % (base_url, lecture_id), lecture_id)
+                f'{base_url}/site/ajax/drilldown/?id={lecture_id}', lecture_id)
             entries = [
-                self.url_result(compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, video_url), 'Viidea')
+                self.url_result(urllib.parse.urljoin(url, video_url), 'Viidea')
                 for _, video_url in re.findall(
                     r'<a[^>]+href=(["\'])(.+?)\1[^>]+id=["\']lec=\d+', playlist_webpage)]
             playlist_entries.extend(entries)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/viki.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/viki.py
index 3246dab526..75f9cdf2ff 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/viki.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/viki.py
@@ -43,14 +43,14 @@ class VikiBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             'X-Viki-as-id': '100005a-1625321982-3932',
             'timestamp': str(timestamp),
             'signature': str(sig),
-            'x-viki-app-ver': self._APP_VERSION
+            'x-viki-app-ver': self._APP_VERSION,
         }
 
     def _api_query(self, path, version=4, **kwargs):
         path += '?' if '?' not in path else '&'
         query = f'/v{version}/{path}app={self._APP}'
         if self._token:
-            query += '&token=%s' % self._token
+            query += f'&token={self._token}'
         return query + ''.join(f'&{name}={val}' for name, val in kwargs.items())
 
     def _sign_query(self, path):
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ class VikiBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             url = self._API_URL_TEMPLATE % self._api_query(path, version=4)
         resp = self._download_json(
             url, video_id, note, fatal=fatal, query=query,
-            data=json.dumps(data).encode('utf-8') if data else None,
+            data=json.dumps(data).encode() if data else None,
             headers=({'x-viki-app-ver': self._APP_VERSION} if data
                      else self._stream_headers(timestamp, sig) if query is None
                      else None), expected_status=400) or {}
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class VikiBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _raise_error(self, error, fatal=True):
         if error is None:
             return
-        msg = '%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, error)
+        msg = f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {error}'
         if fatal:
             raise ExtractorError(msg, expected=True)
         else:
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ class VikiBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
 class VikiIE(VikiBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'viki'
-    _VALID_URL = r'%s(?:videos|player)/(?P<id>[0-9]+v)' % VikiBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE
+    _VALID_URL = rf'{VikiBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE}(?:videos|player)/(?P<id>[0-9]+v)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'note': 'Free non-DRM video with storyboards in MPD',
         'url': 'https://www.viki.com/videos/1175236v-choosing-spouse-by-lottery-episode-1',
@@ -233,10 +233,10 @@ class VikiIE(VikiBaseIE):
         title = try_get(video, lambda x: x['titles']['en'], str)
         episode_number = int_or_none(video.get('number'))
         if not title:
-            title = 'Episode %d' % episode_number if video.get('type') == 'episode' else video.get('id') or video_id
+            title = f'Episode {episode_number}' if video.get('type') == 'episode' else video.get('id') or video_id
             container_titles = try_get(video, lambda x: x['container']['titles'], dict) or {}
             container_title = self.dict_selection(container_titles, 'en')
-            title = '%s - %s' % (container_title, title)
+            title = f'{container_title} - {title}'
 
         thumbnails = [{
             'id': thumbnail_id,
@@ -244,15 +244,15 @@ class VikiIE(VikiBaseIE):
         } for thumbnail_id, thumbnail in (video.get('images') or {}).items() if thumbnail.get('url')]
 
         resp = self._call_api(
-            'playback_streams/%s.json?drms=dt3&device_id=%s' % (video_id, self._DEVICE_ID),
+            f'playback_streams/{video_id}.json?drms=dt3&device_id={self._DEVICE_ID}',
             video_id, 'Downloading video streams JSON')['main'][0]
 
         stream_id = try_get(resp, lambda x: x['properties']['track']['stream_id'])
         subtitles = dict((lang, [{
             'ext': ext,
             'url': self._API_URL_TEMPLATE % self._api_query(
-                f'videos/{video_id}/auth_subtitles/{lang}.{ext}', stream_id=stream_id)
-        } for ext in ('srt', 'vtt')]) for lang in (video.get('subtitle_completions') or {}).keys())
+                f'videos/{video_id}/auth_subtitles/{lang}.{ext}', stream_id=stream_id),
+        } for ext in ('srt', 'vtt')]) for lang in (video.get('subtitle_completions') or {}))
 
         mpd_url = resp['url']
         # 720p is hidden in another MPD which can be found in the current manifest content
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ class VikiIE(VikiBaseIE):
 
 class VikiChannelIE(VikiBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'viki:channel'
-    _VALID_URL = r'%s(?:tv|news|movies|artists)/(?P<id>[0-9]+c)' % VikiBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE
+    _VALID_URL = rf'{VikiBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE}(?:tv|news|movies|artists)/(?P<id>[0-9]+c)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'http://www.viki.com/tv/50c-boys-over-flowers',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ class VikiChannelIE(VikiBaseIE):
     def _entries(self, channel_id):
         params = {
             'app': self._APP, 'token': self._token, 'only_ids': 'true',
-            'direction': 'asc', 'sort': 'number', 'per_page': 30
+            'direction': 'asc', 'sort': 'number', 'per_page': 30,
         }
         video_types = self._configuration_arg('video_types') or self._video_types
         for video_type in video_types:
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ class VikiChannelIE(VikiBaseIE):
                 params['page'] = page_num
                 res = self._call_api(
                     f'containers/{channel_id}/{video_type}.json', channel_id, query=params, fatal=False,
-                    note='Downloading %s JSON page %d' % (video_type.title(), page_num))
+                    note=f'Downloading {video_type.title()} JSON page {page_num}')
 
                 for video_id in res.get('response') or []:
                     yield self.url_result(f'https://www.viki.com/videos/{video_id}', VikiIE.ie_key(), video_id)
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ class VikiChannelIE(VikiBaseIE):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         channel_id = self._match_id(url)
-        channel = self._call_api('containers/%s.json' % channel_id, channel_id, 'Downloading channel JSON')
+        channel = self._call_api(f'containers/{channel_id}.json', channel_id, 'Downloading channel JSON')
         self._check_errors(channel)
         return self.playlist_result(
             self._entries(channel_id), channel_id,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vimeo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vimeo.py
index ac96ade186..7e79032f28 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vimeo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vimeo.py
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ import base64
 import functools
 import itertools
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str, compat_urlparse
 from ..networking import HEADRequest, Request
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ class VimeoBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
                 continue
             formats.append({
                 'url': video_url,
-                'format_id': 'http-%s' % f.get('quality'),
+                'format_id': 'http-{}'.format(f.get('quality')),
                 'source_preference': 10,
                 'width': int_or_none(f.get('width')),
                 'height': int_or_none(f.get('height')),
@@ -156,19 +156,19 @@ class VimeoBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
                 manifest_url = cdn_data.get('url')
                 if not manifest_url:
                     continue
-                format_id = '%s-%s' % (files_type, cdn_name)
+                format_id = f'{files_type}-{cdn_name}'
                 sep_manifest_urls = []
                 if re.search(sep_pattern, manifest_url):
                     for suffix, repl in (('', 'video'), ('_sep', 'sep/video')):
                         sep_manifest_urls.append((format_id + suffix, re.sub(
-                            sep_pattern, '/%s/' % repl, manifest_url)))
+                            sep_pattern, f'/{repl}/', manifest_url)))
                 else:
                     sep_manifest_urls = [(format_id, manifest_url)]
                 for f_id, m_url in sep_manifest_urls:
                     if files_type == 'hls':
                         fmts, subs = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
                             m_url, video_id, 'mp4', live=is_live, m3u8_id=f_id,
-                            note='Downloading %s m3u8 information' % cdn_name,
+                            note=f'Downloading {cdn_name} m3u8 information',
                             fatal=False)
                         formats.extend(fmts)
                         self._merge_subtitles(subs, target=subtitles)
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ class VimeoBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
                                 m_url = real_m_url
                         fmts, subs = self._extract_mpd_formats_and_subtitles(
                             m_url.replace('/master.json', '/master.mpd'), video_id, f_id,
-                            'Downloading %s MPD information' % cdn_name,
+                            f'Downloading {cdn_name} MPD information',
                             fatal=False)
                         formats.extend(fmts)
                         self._merge_subtitles(subs, target=subtitles)
@@ -256,10 +256,10 @@ class VimeoBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
         download_url = try_get(source_file, lambda x: x['download_url'])
         if download_url and not source_file.get('is_cold') and not source_file.get('is_defrosting'):
             source_name = source_file.get('public_name', 'Original')
-            if self._is_valid_url(download_url, video_id, '%s video' % source_name):
+            if self._is_valid_url(download_url, video_id, f'{source_name} video'):
                 ext = (try_get(
                     source_file, lambda x: x['extension'],
-                    compat_str) or determine_ext(
+                    str) or determine_ext(
                     download_url, None) or 'mp4').lower()
                 return {
                     'url': download_url,
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ class VimeoBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
             'https://vimeo.com/_rv/viewer', video_id, note='Downloading jwt token', fatal=False) or {}
         if not jwt_response.get('jwt'):
             return
-        headers = {'Authorization': 'jwt %s' % jwt_response['jwt'], 'Accept': 'application/json'}
+        headers = {'Authorization': 'jwt {}'.format(jwt_response['jwt']), 'Accept': 'application/json'}
         original_response = self._download_json(
             f'https://api.vimeo.com/videos/{video_id}', video_id,
             headers=headers, fatal=False, expected_status=(403, 404)) or {}
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ class VimeoIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
             'params': {
                 'format': 'best[protocol=https]',
             },
-            'skip': 'No longer available'
+            'skip': 'No longer available',
         },
         {
             'url': 'http://player.vimeo.com/video/54469442',
@@ -739,7 +739,7 @@ class VimeoIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
             'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
         })
         checked = self._download_json(
-            f'{compat_urlparse.urlsplit(url)._replace(query=None).geturl()}/check-password',
+            f'{urllib.parse.urlsplit(url)._replace(query=None).geturl()}/check-password',
             video_id, 'Verifying the password', data=data, headers=headers)
         if checked is False:
             raise ExtractorError('Wrong video password', expected=True)
@@ -748,7 +748,7 @@ class VimeoIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
     def _extract_from_api(self, video_id, unlisted_hash=None):
         token = self._download_json(
             'https://vimeo.com/_rv/jwt', video_id, headers={
-                'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest'
+                'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
             })['token']
         api_url = 'https://api.vimeo.com/videos/' + video_id
         if unlisted_hash:
@@ -802,7 +802,7 @@ class VimeoIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
             self._set_vimeo_cookie('vuid', viewer['vuid'])
             try:
                 self._download_json(
-                    'https://vimeo.com/showcase/%s/auth' % album_id,
+                    f'https://vimeo.com/showcase/{album_id}/auth',
                     album_id, 'Verifying the password', data=urlencode_postdata({
                         'password': password,
                         'token': viewer['xsrft'],
@@ -864,7 +864,7 @@ class VimeoIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
             seed_status = vimeo_config.get('seed_status') or {}
             if seed_status.get('state') == 'failed':
                 raise ExtractorError(
-                    '%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, seed_status['title']),
+                    '{} said: {}'.format(self.IE_NAME, seed_status['title']),
                     expected=True)
 
         cc_license = None
@@ -916,7 +916,7 @@ class VimeoIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
             feature_id = vod.get('feature_id')
             if feature_id and not data.get('force_feature_id', False):
                 return self.url_result(smuggle_url(
-                    'https://player.vimeo.com/player/%s' % feature_id,
+                    f'https://player.vimeo.com/player/{feature_id}',
                     {'force_feature_id': True}), 'Vimeo')
 
         if not video_description:
@@ -1051,7 +1051,7 @@ class VimeoChannelIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
     _BASE_URL_TEMPL = 'https://vimeo.com/channels/%s'
 
     def _page_url(self, base_url, pagenum):
-        return '%s/videos/page:%d/' % (base_url, pagenum)
+        return f'{base_url}/videos/page:{pagenum}/'
 
     def _extract_list_title(self, webpage):
         return self._TITLE or self._html_search_regex(
@@ -1062,7 +1062,7 @@ class VimeoChannelIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
             page_url = self._page_url(base_url, pagenum)
             webpage = self._download_webpage(
                 page_url, list_id,
-                'Downloading page %s' % pagenum)
+                f'Downloading page {pagenum}')
 
             if pagenum == 1:
                 yield self._extract_list_title(webpage)
@@ -1074,13 +1074,13 @@ class VimeoChannelIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
             if clips:
                 for video_id, video_url, video_title in clips:
                     yield self.url_result(
-                        compat_urlparse.urljoin(base_url, video_url),
+                        urllib.parse.urljoin(base_url, video_url),
                         VimeoIE.ie_key(), video_id=video_id, video_title=video_title)
             # More relaxed fallback
             else:
                 for video_id in re.findall(r'id=["\']clip_(\d+)', webpage):
                     yield self.url_result(
-                        'https://vimeo.com/%s' % video_id,
+                        f'https://vimeo.com/{video_id}',
                         VimeoIE.ie_key(), video_id=video_id)
 
             if re.search(self._MORE_PAGES_INDICATOR, webpage, re.DOTALL) is None:
@@ -1135,7 +1135,7 @@ class VimeoAlbumIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
         'playlist_count': 1,
         'params': {
             'videopassword': 'youtube-dl',
-        }
+        },
     }]
     _PAGE_SIZE = 100
 
@@ -1150,8 +1150,8 @@ class VimeoAlbumIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
             query['_hashed_pass'] = hashed_pass
         try:
             videos = self._download_json(
-                'https://api.vimeo.com/albums/%s/videos' % album_id,
-                album_id, 'Downloading page %d' % api_page, query=query, headers={
+                f'https://api.vimeo.com/albums/{album_id}/videos',
+                album_id, f'Downloading page {api_page}', query=query, headers={
                     'Authorization': 'jwt ' + authorization,
                     'Accept': 'application/json',
                 })['data']
@@ -1191,7 +1191,7 @@ class VimeoAlbumIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
             self._set_vimeo_cookie('vuid', viewer['vuid'])
             try:
                 hashed_pass = self._download_json(
-                    'https://vimeo.com/showcase/%s/auth' % album_id,
+                    f'https://vimeo.com/showcase/{album_id}/auth',
                     album_id, 'Verifying the password', data=urlencode_postdata({
                         'password': password,
                         'token': viewer['xsrft'],
@@ -1311,7 +1311,7 @@ class VimeoWatchLaterIE(VimeoChannelIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete I
     }]
 
     def _page_url(self, base_url, pagenum):
-        url = '%s/page:%d/' % (base_url, pagenum)
+        url = f'{base_url}/page:{pagenum}/'
         request = Request(url)
         # Set the header to get a partial html page with the ids,
         # the normal page doesn't contain them.
@@ -1339,11 +1339,11 @@ class VimeoLikesIE(VimeoChannelIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
     }]
 
     def _page_url(self, base_url, pagenum):
-        return '%s/page:%d/' % (base_url, pagenum)
+        return f'{base_url}/page:{pagenum}/'
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         user_id = self._match_id(url)
-        return self._extract_videos(user_id, 'https://vimeo.com/%s/likes' % user_id)
+        return self._extract_videos(user_id, f'https://vimeo.com/{user_id}/likes')
 
 
 class VHXEmbedIE(VimeoBaseInfoExtractor):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vine.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vine.py
index 1909980f20..eed4bfeeb9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vine.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vine.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     determine_ext,
     format_field,
@@ -62,11 +61,11 @@ class VineIE(InfoExtractor):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         data = self._download_json(
-            'https://archive.vine.co/posts/%s.json' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'https://archive.vine.co/posts/{video_id}.json', video_id)
 
         def video_url(kind):
             for url_suffix in ('Url', 'URL'):
-                format_url = data.get('video%s%s' % (kind, url_suffix))
+                format_url = data.get(f'video{kind}{url_suffix}')
                 if format_url:
                     return format_url
 
@@ -126,14 +125,14 @@ class VineUserIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if VineIE.suitable(url) else super(VineUserIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if VineIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
         user = mobj.group('user')
         u = mobj.group('u')
 
-        profile_url = '%sapi/users/profiles/%s%s' % (
+        profile_url = '{}api/users/profiles/{}{}'.format(
             self._VINE_BASE_URL, 'vanity/' if not u else '', user)
         profile_data = self._download_json(
             profile_url, user, note='Downloading user profile data')
@@ -141,11 +140,11 @@ class VineUserIE(InfoExtractor):
         data = profile_data['data']
         user_id = data.get('userId') or data['userIdStr']
         profile = self._download_json(
-            'https://archive.vine.co/profiles/%s.json' % user_id, user_id)
+            f'https://archive.vine.co/profiles/{user_id}.json', user_id)
         entries = [
             self.url_result(
-                'https://vine.co/v/%s' % post_id, ie='Vine', video_id=post_id)
+                f'https://vine.co/v/{post_id}', ie='Vine', video_id=post_id)
             for post_id in profile['posts']
-            if post_id and isinstance(post_id, compat_str)]
+            if post_id and isinstance(post_id, str)]
         return self.playlist_result(
             entries, user, profile.get('username'), profile.get('description'))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/viously.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/viously.py
index 9ec7ed35f5..3e8519c3ee 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/viously.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/viously.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class ViouslyIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1680037507,
             'duration': 3716,
             'categories': ['motors'],
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _extract_from_webpage(self, url, webpage):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/viqeo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/viqeo.py
index f0a7b5e443..433fdc7a3b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/viqeo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/viqeo.py
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class ViqeoIE(InfoExtractor):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(
-            'https://cdn.viqeo.tv/embed/?vid=%s' % video_id, video_id)
+            f'https://cdn.viqeo.tv/embed/?vid={video_id}', video_id)
 
         data = self._parse_json(
             self._search_regex(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/viu.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/viu.py
index 480f49b7b1..01e59352bf 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/viu.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/viu.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import urllib.parse
 import uuid
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
@@ -68,7 +67,7 @@ class ViuIE(ViuBaseIE):
             'clip/load', video_id, 'Downloading video data', query={
                 'appid': 'viu_desktop',
                 'fmt': 'json',
-                'id': video_id
+                'id': video_id,
             })['item'][0]
 
         title = video_data['title']
@@ -82,7 +81,7 @@ class ViuIE(ViuBaseIE):
         # hls_file = video_data.get('hlsfile')
         hls_file = video_data.get('jwhlsfile')
         if url_path and tdirforwhole and hls_file:
-            m3u8_url = '%s/%s/%s' % (url_path, tdirforwhole, hls_file)
+            m3u8_url = f'{url_path}/{tdirforwhole}/{hls_file}'
         else:
             # m3u8_url = re.sub(
             #     r'(/hlsc_)[a-z]+(\d+\.m3u8)',
@@ -96,7 +95,7 @@ class ViuIE(ViuBaseIE):
                 continue
             subtitles.setdefault(mobj.group('lang'), []).append({
                 'url': value,
-                'ext': mobj.group('ext')
+                'ext': mobj.group('ext'),
             })
 
         return {
@@ -132,7 +131,7 @@ class ViuPlaylistIE(ViuBaseIE):
             'Downloading playlist info', query={
                 'appid': 'viu_desktop',
                 'fmt': 'json',
-                'id': 'playlist-' + playlist_id
+                'id': 'playlist-' + playlist_id,
             })['container']
 
         entries = []
@@ -140,7 +139,7 @@ class ViuPlaylistIE(ViuBaseIE):
             item_id = item.get('id')
             if not item_id:
                 continue
-            item_id = compat_str(item_id)
+            item_id = str(item_id)
             entries.append(self.url_result(
                 'viu:' + item_id, 'Viu', item_id))
 
@@ -227,14 +226,14 @@ class ViuOTTIE(InfoExtractor):
                 return
             headers = {
                 'Authorization': f'Bearer {self._auth_codes[country_code]}',
-                'Content-Type': 'application/json'
+                'Content-Type': 'application/json',
             }
             data = self._download_json(
                 'https://api-gateway-global.viu.com/api/account/validate',
                 video_id, 'Validating email address', headers=headers,
                 data=json.dumps({
                     'principal': username,
-                    'provider': 'email'
+                    'provider': 'email',
                 }).encode())
             if not data.get('exists'):
                 raise ExtractorError('Invalid email address')
@@ -264,8 +263,8 @@ class ViuOTTIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'platformFlagLabel': 'web',
                 'language': 'en',
                 'uuid': str(uuid.uuid4()),
-                'carrierId': '0'
-            }).encode('utf-8'))['token']
+                'carrierId': '0',
+            }).encode())['token']
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         url, idata = unsmuggle_url(url, {})
@@ -319,7 +318,7 @@ class ViuOTTIE(InfoExtractor):
                 headers={
                     'Authorization': f'Bearer {self._auth_codes[country_code]}',
                     'Referer': url,
-                    'Origin': url
+                    'Origin': url,
                 })
             return self._detect_error(stream_data).get('stream')
 
@@ -365,7 +364,7 @@ class ViuOTTIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'url': stream_url,
                 'height': height,
                 'ext': 'mp4',
-                'filesize': try_get(stream_data, lambda x: x['size'][vid_format], int)
+                'filesize': try_get(stream_data, lambda x: x['size'][vid_format], int),
             })
 
         subtitles = {}
@@ -415,12 +414,12 @@ class ViuOTTIndonesiaBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     _HEADERS = {
         'x-session-id': _SESSION_ID,
-        'x-client': 'browser'
+        'x-client': 'browser',
     }
 
     _AGE_RATINGS_MAPPER = {
         'ADULTS': 18,
-        'teens': 13
+        'teens': 13,
     }
 
     def _real_initialize(self):
@@ -447,7 +446,7 @@ class ViuOTTIndonesiaIE(ViuOTTIndonesiaBaseIE):
             'thumbnail': 'https://vuclipi-a.akamaihd.net/p/cloudinary/h_171,w_304,dpr_1.5,f_auto,c_thumb,q_auto:low/1165863189/d-1',
             'upload_date': '20210101',
             'timestamp': 1609459200,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.viu.com/ott/id/id/all/video-korean-reality-tv_shows-entertainment_weekly_episode_1622-1118617054',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -461,8 +460,8 @@ class ViuOTTIndonesiaIE(ViuOTTIndonesiaBaseIE):
             'thumbnail': 'https://vuclipi-a.akamaihd.net/p/cloudinary/h_171,w_304,dpr_1.5,f_auto,c_thumb,q_auto:low/1120187848/d-1',
             'timestamp': 1420070400,
             'upload_date': '20150101',
-            'cast': ['Shin Hyun-joon', 'Lee Da-Hee']
-        }
+            'cast': ['Shin Hyun-joon', 'Lee Da-Hee'],
+        },
     }, {
         # age-limit test
         'url': 'https://www.viu.com/ott/id/id/all/video-japanese-trailer-tv_shows-trailer_jujutsu_kaisen_ver_01-1166044219?containerId=playlist-26273140',
@@ -477,7 +476,7 @@ class ViuOTTIndonesiaIE(ViuOTTIndonesiaBaseIE):
             'description': 'Trailer \'Jujutsu Kaisen\' Ver.01',
             'cast': ['Junya Enoki', ' Yûichi Nakamura', ' Yuma Uchida', 'Asami Seto'],
             'age_limit': 13,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # json ld metadata type equal to Movie instead of TVEpisodes
         'url': 'https://www.viu.com/ott/id/id/all/video-japanese-animation-movies-demon_slayer_kimetsu_no_yaiba_the_movie_mugen_train-1165892707?containerId=1675060691786',
@@ -492,7 +491,7 @@ class ViuOTTIndonesiaIE(ViuOTTIndonesiaBaseIE):
             'thumbnail': 'https://vuclipi-a.akamaihd.net/p/cloudinary/h_171,w_304,dpr_1.5,f_auto,c_thumb,q_auto:low/1165895279/d-1',
             'description': 'md5:1ce9c35a3aeab384085533f746c87469',
             'duration': 7021,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -538,5 +537,5 @@ class ViuOTTIndonesiaIE(ViuOTTIndonesiaBaseIE):
             'episode_number': (traverse_obj(initial_state, 'episode_no', 'episodeno', expected_type=int_or_none)
                                or int_or_none(episode.get('episodeNumber'))),
             'cast': traverse_obj(episode, ('actor', ..., 'name'), default=None),
-            'age_limit': self._AGE_RATINGS_MAPPER.get(initial_state.get('internal_age_rating'))
+            'age_limit': self._AGE_RATINGS_MAPPER.get(initial_state.get('internal_age_rating')),
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vk.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vk.py
index 9a3c75b627..6ccc701a2b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vk.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vk.py
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ class VKIE(VKBaseIE):
                 'comment_count': int,
                 'like_count': int,
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+(?:\.jpg|getVideoPreview.*)$',
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'note': 'Embedded video',
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ class VKIE(VKBaseIE):
                 'like_count': int,
                 'view_count': int,
                 'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+x1080$',
-                'tags': list
+                'tags': list,
             },
         },
         {
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ class VKIE(VKBaseIE):
             mv_data = opts.get('mvData') or {}
             player = opts.get('player') or {}
         else:
-            video_id = '%s_%s' % (mobj.group('oid'), mobj.group('id'))
+            video_id = '{}_{}'.format(mobj.group('oid'), mobj.group('id'))
 
             info_page = self._download_webpage(
                 'http://vk.com/video_ext.php?' + mobj.group('embed_query'), video_id)
@@ -530,7 +530,7 @@ class VKUserVideosIE(VKBaseIE):
         'url': 'https://vk.com/video/playlist/-174476437_2',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '-174476437_playlist_2',
-            'title': 'Анонсы'
+            'title': 'Анонсы',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 108,
     }]
@@ -580,7 +580,7 @@ class VKUserVideosIE(VKBaseIE):
             section = 'all'
 
         playlist_title = clean_html(get_element_by_class('VideoInfoPanel__title', webpage))
-        return self.playlist_result(self._entries(page_id, section), '%s_%s' % (page_id, section), playlist_title)
+        return self.playlist_result(self._entries(page_id, section), f'{page_id}_{section}', playlist_title)
 
 
 class VKWallPostIE(VKBaseIE):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vodplatform.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vodplatform.py
index 5ff05004b6..703854bc87 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vodplatform.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vodplatform.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ class VODPlatformIE(InfoExtractor):
             'id': 'RufMcytHDolTH1MuKHY9Fw',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'LBCi News_ النصرة في ضيافة الـ "سي.أن.أن"',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://embed.kwikmotion.com/embed/RufMcytHDolTH1MuKHY9Fw',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/voicy.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/voicy.py
index 9ab97688a2..f83c3f9411 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/voicy.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/voicy.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import itertools
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     smuggle_url,
@@ -14,14 +13,14 @@ from ..utils import (
 
 class VoicyBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _extract_from_playlist_data(self, value):
-        voice_id = compat_str(value.get('PlaylistId'))
+        voice_id = str(value.get('PlaylistId'))
         upload_date = unified_strdate(value.get('Published'), False)
         items = [self._extract_single_article(voice_data) for voice_data in value['VoiceData']]
         return {
             '_type': 'multi_video',
             'entries': items,
             'id': voice_id,
-            'title': compat_str(value.get('PlaylistName')),
+            'title': str(value.get('PlaylistName')),
             'uploader': value.get('SpeakerName'),
             'uploader_id': str_or_none(value.get('SpeakerId')),
             'channel': value.get('ChannelName'),
@@ -45,7 +44,7 @@ class VoicyBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             'vcodec': 'none',
         }]
         return {
-            'id': compat_str(entry.get('ArticleId')),
+            'id': str(entry.get('ArticleId')),
             'title': entry.get('ArticleTitle'),
             'description': entry.get('MediaName'),
             'formats': formats,
@@ -54,7 +53,7 @@ class VoicyBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _call_api(self, url, video_id, **kwargs):
         response = self._download_json(url, video_id, **kwargs)
         if response.get('Status') != 0:
-            message = traverse_obj(response, ('Value', 'Error', 'Message'), expected_type=compat_str)
+            message = traverse_obj(response, ('Value', 'Error', 'Message'), expected_type=str)
             if not message:
                 message = 'There was a error in the response: %d' % response.get('Status')
             raise ExtractorError(message, expected=False)
@@ -111,7 +110,7 @@ class VoicyChannelIE(VoicyBaseIE):
     def _entries(self, channel_id):
         pager = ''
         for count in itertools.count(1):
-            article_list = self._call_api(self.PROGRAM_LIST_API_URL % (channel_id, pager), channel_id, note='Paging #%d' % count)
+            article_list = self._call_api(self.PROGRAM_LIST_API_URL % (channel_id, pager), channel_id, note=f'Paging #{count}')
             playlist_data = article_list.get('PlaylistData')
             if not playlist_data:
                 break
@@ -124,12 +123,12 @@ class VoicyChannelIE(VoicyBaseIE):
         articles = self._entries(channel_id)
 
         first_article = next(articles, None)
-        title = traverse_obj(first_article, ('ChannelName', ), expected_type=compat_str)
-        speaker_name = traverse_obj(first_article, ('SpeakerName', ), expected_type=compat_str)
+        title = traverse_obj(first_article, ('ChannelName', ), expected_type=str)
+        speaker_name = traverse_obj(first_article, ('SpeakerName', ), expected_type=str)
         if not title and speaker_name:
-            title = 'Uploads from %s' % speaker_name
+            title = f'Uploads from {speaker_name}'
         if not title:
-            title = 'Uploads from channel ID %s' % channel_id
+            title = f'Uploads from channel ID {channel_id}'
 
         articles = itertools.chain([first_article], articles) if first_article else articles
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/volejtv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/volejtv.py
index 622d841f12..42ef9b1286 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/volejtv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/volejtv.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ class VolejTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'Zápas VK Královo Pole vs VK Prostějov 10.12.2022 v 19:00 na Volej.TV',
             'thumbnail': 'https://volej.tv/images/og/16/17186/og.png',
             'title': 'VK Královo Pole vs VK Prostějov',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://volej.tv/video/725605/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class VolejTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://volej.tv/images/og/15/17185/og.png',
             'title': 'VK Lvi Praha vs VK Euro Sitex Příbram',
             'description': 'Zápas VK Lvi Praha vs VK Euro Sitex Příbram 11.12.2022 v 19:00 na Volej.TV',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/voxmedia.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/voxmedia.py
index f36908754f..e9b0047a47 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/voxmedia.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/voxmedia.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
 from .common import InfoExtractor
 from .once import OnceIE
-from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_unquote
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ class VoxMediaVolumeIE(OnceIE):
             return info
 
         for provider_video_type in ('youtube', 'brightcove'):
-            provider_video_id = video_data.get('%s_id' % provider_video_type)
+            provider_video_id = video_data.get(f'{provider_video_type}_id')
             if not provider_video_id:
                 continue
             if provider_video_type == 'brightcove':
@@ -60,7 +61,7 @@ class VoxMediaVolumeIE(OnceIE):
             else:
                 info.update({
                     '_type': 'url_transparent',
-                    'url': provider_video_id if provider_video_type == 'youtube' else '%s:%s' % (provider_video_type, provider_video_id),
+                    'url': provider_video_id if provider_video_type == 'youtube' else f'{provider_video_type}:{provider_video_id}',
                     'ie_key': provider_video_type.capitalize(),
                 })
             return info
@@ -172,7 +173,7 @@ class VoxMediaIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(self._download_webpage(url, display_id))
+        webpage = urllib.parse.unquote(self._download_webpage(url, display_id))
 
         def create_entry(provider_video_id, provider_video_type, title=None, description=None):
             video_url = {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vrt.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vrt.py
index 3d26549a40..33ff574750 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vrt.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vrt.py
@@ -38,12 +38,12 @@ class VRTBaseIE(GigyaBaseIE):
         'device': 'undefined (undefined)',
         'os': {
             'name': 'Windows',
-            'version': 'x86_64'
+            'version': 'x86_64',
         },
         'player': {
             'name': 'VRT web player',
-            'version': '2.7.4-prod-2023-04-19T06:05:45'
-        }
+            'version': '2.7.4-prod-2023-04-19T06:05:45',
+        },
     }
     # From https://player.vrt.be/vrtnws/js/main.js & https://player.vrt.be/ketnet/js/main.8cdb11341bcb79e4cd44.js
     _JWT_KEY_ID = '0-0Fp51UZykfaiCJrfTE3+oMI8zvDteYfPtR+2n1R+z8w='
@@ -98,8 +98,8 @@ class VRTBaseIE(GigyaBaseIE):
             }, data=json.dumps({
                 'identityToken': id_token or {},
                 'playerInfo': jwt_encode_hs256(player_info, self._JWT_SIGNING_KEY, headers={
-                    'kid': self._JWT_KEY_ID
-                }).decode()
+                    'kid': self._JWT_KEY_ID,
+                }).decode(),
             }, separators=(',', ':')).encode())['vrtPlayerToken']
 
         return self._download_json(
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ class KetnetIE(VRTBaseIE):
     subtitleVideodetail
     titleVideodetail
   }
-}''' % display_id,
+}''' % display_id,  # noqa: UP031
             })['data']['video']
 
         video_id = urllib.parse.unquote(video['mediaReference'])
@@ -437,9 +437,9 @@ class Radio1BeIE(VRTBaseIE):
             'title': 'Komt N-VA volgend jaar op in Wallonië?',
             'display_id': 'de-ochtend/komt-n-va-volgend-jaar-op-in-wallonie',
             'description': 'md5:b374ea1c9302f38362df9dea1931468e',
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://cds\.vrt\.radio/[^/#\?&]+'
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://cds\.vrt\.radio/[^/#\?&]+',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 1
+        'playlist_mincount': 1,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://radio1.be/lees/europese-unie-wil-onmiddellijke-humanitaire-pauze-en-duurzaam-staakt-het-vuren-in-gaza?view=web',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -447,9 +447,9 @@ class Radio1BeIE(VRTBaseIE):
             'title': 'Europese Unie wil "onmiddellijke humanitaire pauze" en "duurzaam staakt-het-vuren" in Gaza',
             'description': 'md5:1aad1fae7d39edeffde5d3e67d276b64',
             'thumbnail': r're:https?://cds\.vrt\.radio/[^/#\?&]+',
-            'display_id': 'europese-unie-wil-onmiddellijke-humanitaire-pauze-en-duurzaam-staakt-het-vuren-in-gaza'
+            'display_id': 'europese-unie-wil-onmiddellijke-humanitaire-pauze-en-duurzaam-staakt-het-vuren-in-gaza',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 1
+        'playlist_mincount': 1,
     }]
 
     def _extract_video_entries(self, next_js_data, display_id):
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ class Radio1BeIE(VRTBaseIE):
                 'subtitles': subtitles,
                 **traverse_obj(data, {
                     'title': ('title', {str}),
-                    'description': ('body', {clean_html})
+                    'description': ('body', {clean_html}),
                 }),
             }
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vtm.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vtm.py
index 6db49c5b61..41b41ec171 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vtm.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vtm.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class VTMIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 74,
             # TODO: fix url _type result processing
             # 'series': 'Op Interventie',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class VTMIE(InfoExtractor):
       title
     }
   }
-}''' % uuid,
+}''' % uuid,  # noqa: UP031
             }, headers={
                 'x-api-key': 'da2-lz2cab4tfnah3mve6wiye4n77e',
             })['data']['getComponent']
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vuclip.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vuclip.py
index 0e562983d0..ad7eab351e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vuclip.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vuclip.py
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_urllib_parse_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     parse_duration,
@@ -21,7 +19,7 @@ class VuClipIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': '3gp',
             'title': 'Top 10 TV Convicts',
             'duration': 733,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -31,7 +29,7 @@ class VuClipIE(InfoExtractor):
         ad_m = re.search(
             r'''value="No.*?" onClick="location.href='([^"']+)'"''', webpage)
         if ad_m:
-            urlr = compat_urllib_parse_urlparse(url)
+            urlr = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)
             adfree_url = urlr.scheme + '://' + urlr.netloc + ad_m.group(1)
             webpage = self._download_webpage(
                 adfree_url, video_id, note='Download post-ad page')
@@ -41,7 +39,7 @@ class VuClipIE(InfoExtractor):
             default=None)
         if error_msg:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                '%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, error_msg), expected=True)
+                f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {error_msg}', expected=True)
 
         # These clowns alternate between two page types
         video_url = self._search_regex(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/vvvvid.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/vvvvid.py
index b961123604..4671bcd1f4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/vvvvid.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/vvvvid.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ from ..utils import (
 
 class VVVVIDIE(InfoExtractor):
     _VALID_URL_BASE = r'https?://(?:www\.)?vvvvid\.it/(?:#!)?(?:show|anime|film|series)/'
-    _VALID_URL = r'%s(?P<show_id>\d+)/[^/]+/(?P<season_id>\d+)/(?P<id>[0-9]+)' % _VALID_URL_BASE
+    _VALID_URL = rf'{_VALID_URL_BASE}(?P<show_id>\d+)/[^/]+/(?P<season_id>\d+)/(?P<id>[0-9]+)'
     _TESTS = [{
         # video_type == 'video/vvvvid'
         'url': 'https://www.vvvvid.it/show/498/the-power-of-computing/518/505692/playstation-vr-cambiera-il-nostro-modo-di-giocare',
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ class VVVVIDIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.vvvvid.it/show/434/perche-dovrei-guardarlo-di-dario-moccia/437/489048',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
     _conn_id = None
 
@@ -132,12 +132,12 @@ class VVVVIDIE(InfoExtractor):
         if query:
             q.update(query)
         response = self._download_json(
-            'https://www.vvvvid.it/vvvvid/ondemand/%s/%s' % (show_id, path),
+            f'https://www.vvvvid.it/vvvvid/ondemand/{show_id}/{path}',
             video_id, headers=self._headers, query=q, fatal=fatal)
         if not (response or fatal):
             return
         if response.get('result') == 'error':
-            raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (
+            raise ExtractorError('{} said: {}'.format(
                 self.IE_NAME, response['message']), expected=True)
         return response['data']
 
@@ -151,18 +151,18 @@ class VVVVIDIE(InfoExtractor):
         show_id, season_id, video_id = self._match_valid_url(url).groups()
 
         response = self._download_info(
-            show_id, 'season/%s' % season_id,
+            show_id, f'season/{season_id}',
             video_id, query={'video_id': video_id})
 
         vid = int(video_id)
-        video_data = list(filter(
-            lambda episode: episode.get('video_id') == vid, response))[0]
+        video_data = next(filter(
+            lambda episode: episode.get('video_id') == vid, response))
         title = video_data['title']
         formats = []
 
         # vvvvid embed_info decryption algorithm is reverse engineered from function $ds(h) at vvvvid.js
         def ds(h):
-            g = "MNOPIJKL89+/4567UVWXQRSTEFGHABCDcdefYZabstuvopqr0123wxyzklmnghij"
+            g = 'MNOPIJKL89+/4567UVWXQRSTEFGHABCDcdefYZabstuvopqr0123wxyzklmnghij'
 
             def f(m):
                 l = []
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ class VVVVIDIE(InfoExtractor):
                     embed_code, video_id, 'mp4', m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False))
             else:
                 formats.extend(self._extract_wowza_formats(
-                    'http://sb.top-ix.org/videomg/_definst_/mp4:%s/playlist.m3u8' % embed_code, video_id, skip_protocols=['f4m']))
+                    f'http://sb.top-ix.org/videomg/_definst_/mp4:{embed_code}/playlist.m3u8', video_id, skip_protocols=['f4m']))
             metadata_from_url(embed_code)
 
         if not is_youtube:
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ class VVVVIDIE(InfoExtractor):
 
 
 class VVVVIDShowIE(VVVVIDIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
-    _VALID_URL = r'(?P<base_url>%s(?P<id>\d+)(?:/(?P<show_title>[^/?&#]+))?)/?(?:[?#&]|$)' % VVVVIDIE._VALID_URL_BASE
+    _VALID_URL = rf'(?P<base_url>{VVVVIDIE._VALID_URL_BASE}(?P<id>\d+)(?:/(?P<show_title>[^/?&#]+))?)/?(?:[?#&]|$)'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://www.vvvvid.it/show/156/psyco-pass',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ class VVVVIDShowIE(VVVVIDIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             show_id, 'info/', show_title, fatal=False)
 
         if not show_title:
-            base_url += "/title"
+            base_url += '/title'
 
         entries = []
         for season in (seasons or []):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/walla.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/walla.py
index 3ac0f83874..442a9bcf9f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/walla.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/walla.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class WallaIE(InfoExtractor):
         'params': {
             # rtmp download
             'skip_download': True,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     _SUBTITLE_LANGS = {
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class WallaIE(InfoExtractor):
         display_id = mobj.group('display_id')
 
         video = self._download_xml(
-            'http://video2.walla.co.il/?w=null/null/%s/@@/video/flv_pl' % video_id,
+            f'http://video2.walla.co.il/?w=null/null/{video_id}/@@/video/flv_pl',
             display_id)
 
         item = video.find('./items/item')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/washingtonpost.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/washingtonpost.py
index 1cfed2da5e..36e1f30e5d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/washingtonpost.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/washingtonpost.py
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ class WashingtonPostArticleIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'upload_date': '20141230',
                 'timestamp': 1419972442,
                 'title': 'Why black boxes don’t transmit data in real time',
-            }
+            },
         }],
         'skip': 'Doesnt have a video anymore',
     }, {
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ class WashingtonPostArticleIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if WashingtonPostIE.suitable(url) else super(WashingtonPostArticleIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if WashingtonPostIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         page_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ class WashingtonPostArticleIE(InfoExtractor):
                 if content_element.get('type') == 'video':
                     uuids.append(content_element.get('_id'))
 
-        entries = [self.url_result('washingtonpost:%s' % uuid, 'WashingtonPost', uuid) for uuid in uuids]
+        entries = [self.url_result(f'washingtonpost:{uuid}', 'WashingtonPost', uuid) for uuid in uuids]
 
         return {
             '_type': 'playlist',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/wat.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/wat.py
index 9ea3fddd63..03bac66ac6 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/wat.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/wat.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
@@ -52,13 +51,13 @@ class WatIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'ext': 'mp4',
             },
             'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
-        }
+        },
     ]
     _GEO_BYPASS = False
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
-        video_id = video_id if video_id.isdigit() and len(video_id) > 6 else compat_str(int(video_id, 36))
+        video_id = video_id if video_id.isdigit() and len(video_id) > 6 else str(int(video_id, 36))
 
         # 'contentv4' is used in the website, but it also returns the related
         # videos, we don't need them
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/wdr.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/wdr.py
index 0b7ddd239b..1c1f0ed052 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/wdr.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/wdr.py
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import (
-    compat_str,
-    compat_urlparse,
-)
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     determine_ext,
@@ -39,7 +36,7 @@ class WDRIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _asset_url(self, wdr_id):
         id_len = max(len(wdr_id), 5)
-        return ''.join(('https:', self.__API_URL_TPL % (wdr_id[:id_len - 4], wdr_id, ), '.js'))
+        return ''.join(('https:', self.__API_URL_TPL % (wdr_id[:id_len - 4], wdr_id), '.js'))
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
@@ -94,7 +91,7 @@ class WDRIE(InfoExtractor):
                         medium_url, 'stream', fatal=False))
                 else:
                     a_format = {
-                        'url': medium_url
+                        'url': medium_url,
                     }
                     if ext == 'unknown_video':
                         urlh = self._request_webpage(
@@ -168,7 +165,7 @@ class WDRPageIE(WDRIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
                 'upload_date': '20160312',
                 'description': 'md5:e127d320bc2b1f149be697ce044a3dd7',
                 'is_live': False,
-                'subtitles': {}
+                'subtitles': {},
             },
             'skip': 'HTTP Error 404: Not Found',
         },
@@ -202,7 +199,7 @@ class WDRPageIE(WDRIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
                 'upload_date': 're:^[0-9]{8}$',
                 'title': 're:^Die Sendung (?:mit der Maus )?vom [0-9.]{10}$',
             },
-            'skip': 'The id changes from week to week because of the new episode'
+            'skip': 'The id changes from week to week because of the new episode',
         },
         {
             'url': 'http://www.wdrmaus.de/filme/sachgeschichten/achterbahn.php5',
@@ -228,7 +225,7 @@ class WDRPageIE(WDRIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             },
             'params': {
                 'skip_download': True,  # m3u8 download
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'http://www.sportschau.de/handballem2018/handball-nationalmannschaft-em-stolperstein-vorrunde-100.html',
@@ -260,7 +257,7 @@ class WDRPageIE(WDRIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
                 'alt_title': 'Rockpalast',
                 'upload_date': '20220725',
             },
-        }
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -289,14 +286,14 @@ class WDRPageIE(WDRIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
             if not media_link_obj:
                 continue
             jsonp_url = try_get(
-                media_link_obj, lambda x: x['mediaObj']['url'], compat_str)
+                media_link_obj, lambda x: x['mediaObj']['url'], str)
             if jsonp_url:
                 # metadata, or player JS with ['ref'] giving WDR id, or just media, perhaps
                 clip_id = media_link_obj['mediaObj'].get('ref')
                 if jsonp_url.endswith('.assetjsonp'):
                     asset = self._download_json(
                         jsonp_url, display_id, fatal=False, transform_source=strip_jsonp)
-                    clip_id = try_get(asset, lambda x: x['trackerData']['trackerClipId'], compat_str)
+                    clip_id = try_get(asset, lambda x: x['trackerData']['trackerClipId'], str)
                 if clip_id:
                     jsonp_url = self._asset_url(clip_id[4:])
                 entries.append(self.url_result(jsonp_url, ie=WDRIE.ie_key()))
@@ -305,7 +302,7 @@ class WDRPageIE(WDRIE):  # XXX: Do not subclass from concrete IE
         if not entries:
             entries = [
                 self.url_result(
-                    compat_urlparse.urljoin(url, mobj.group('href')),
+                    urllib.parse.urljoin(url, mobj.group('href')),
                     ie=WDRPageIE.ie_key())
                 for mobj in re.finditer(
                     r'<a[^>]+\bhref=(["\'])(?P<href>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1[^>]+\bdata-extension(?:-ard)?=',
@@ -324,7 +321,7 @@ class WDRElefantIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Wippe',
             'id': 'mdb-1198320',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'upload_date': '20071003'
+            'upload_date': '20071003',
         },
     }
 
@@ -348,7 +345,7 @@ class WDRElefantIE(InfoExtractor):
         zmdb_url_element = xml_metadata.find('./movie/zmdb_url')
         if zmdb_url_element is None:
             raise ExtractorError(
-                '%s is not a video' % display_id, expected=True)
+                f'{display_id} is not a video', expected=True)
         return self.url_result(zmdb_url_element.text, ie=WDRIE.ie_key())
 
 
@@ -368,7 +365,7 @@ class WDRMobileIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'age_limit': 0,
         },
-        'skip': 'Problems with loading data.'
+        'skip': 'Problems with loading data.',
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/webcamerapl.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/webcamerapl.py
index a02d9519c6..e0ee17c235 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/webcamerapl.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/webcamerapl.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class WebcameraplIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': r're:WIDOK NA PLAC ZAMKOWY W WARSZAWIE \d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2} \d{2}:\d{2}$',
             'live_status': 'is_live',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://gdansk-stare-miasto.webcamera.pl/',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class WebcameraplIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': r're:GDAŃSK - widok na Stare Miasto \d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2} \d{2}:\d{2}$',
             'live_status': 'is_live',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/webcaster.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/webcaster.py
index 43eeca0171..b0865e3e68 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/webcaster.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/webcaster.py
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class WebcasterIE(InfoExtractor):
         formats = []
         for format_id in (None, 'noise'):
             track_tag = join_nonempty('track', format_id, delim='_')
-            for track in video.findall('.//iphone/%s' % track_tag):
+            for track in video.findall(f'.//iphone/{track_tag}'):
                 track_url = track.text
                 if not track_url:
                     continue
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/webofstories.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/webofstories.py
index 65f48f3b19..24befe7cdb 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/webofstories.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/webofstories.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class WebOfStoriesIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'description': 'Hans Bethe talks about calculating the temperature of the sun',
             'duration': 238,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.webofstories.com/play/55908',
         'md5': '2985a698e1fe3211022422c4b5ed962c',
@@ -79,19 +79,15 @@ class WebOfStoriesIE(InfoExtractor):
             ms_prefix = 'mini_sites/'
 
         if is_great_life_series:
-            mp4_url = '{0:}lives/{1:}/{2:}.mp4'.format(
-                self._VIDEO_DOMAIN, speaker_id, story_filename)
+            mp4_url = f'{self._VIDEO_DOMAIN}lives/{speaker_id}/{story_filename}.mp4'
             rtmp_ext = 'flv'
             streamer = self._GREAT_LIFE_STREAMER
-            play_path = 'stories/{0:}/{1:}'.format(
-                speaker_id, story_filename)
+            play_path = f'stories/{speaker_id}/{story_filename}'
         else:
-            mp4_url = '{0:}{1:}{2:}/{3:}.mp4'.format(
-                self._VIDEO_DOMAIN, ms_prefix, speaker_id, story_filename)
+            mp4_url = f'{self._VIDEO_DOMAIN}{ms_prefix}{speaker_id}/{story_filename}.mp4'
             rtmp_ext = 'mp4'
             streamer = self._USER_STREAMER
-            play_path = 'mp4:{0:}{1:}/{2}.mp4'.format(
-                ms_prefix, speaker_id, story_filename)
+            play_path = f'mp4:{ms_prefix}{speaker_id}/{story_filename}.mp4'
 
         formats = [{
             'format_id': 'mp4_sd',
@@ -132,7 +128,7 @@ class WebOfStoriesPlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         entries = [
             self.url_result(
-                'http://www.webofstories.com/play/%s' % video_id,
+                f'http://www.webofstories.com/play/{video_id}',
                 'WebOfStories', video_id=video_id)
             for video_id in orderedSet(re.findall(r'\bid=["\']td_(\d+)', webpage))
         ]
@@ -145,7 +141,7 @@ class WebOfStoriesPlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
                 r'<span id="primaryField">([^<]+)</span>',
                 webpage, 'field', default=None)
             if field:
-                title += ' (%s)' % field
+                title += f' ({field})'
 
         if not title:
             title = self._search_regex(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/weibo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/weibo.py
index b6a6593850..3e82909825 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/weibo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/weibo.py
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class WeiboBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                     'browser': f'Chrome{chrome_ver},0,0,0',
                     'fonts': 'undefined',
                     'screenInfo': '1920*1080*24',
-                    'plugins': ''
+                    'plugins': '',
                 }, separators=(',', ':'))}))['data']
 
         self._download_webpage(
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ class WeiboBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                             'video_details', lambda _, v: v['label'].startswith(format_id), {
                                 'size': ('size', {int_or_none}),
                                 'tbr': ('bitrate', {int_or_none}),
-                            }
+                            },
                         ), get_all=False),
                     })
         return formats
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ class WeiboIE(WeiboBaseIE):
             'view_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
             'repost_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://weibo.com/0/4224132150961381',
         'note': 'no playback_list example',
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ class WeiboVideoIE(WeiboBaseIE):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'display_id': 'LEZDodaiW',
             'title': '呃，稍微了解了一下靡烟miya，感觉这东西也太二了',
-            'description': '呃，稍微了解了一下靡烟miya，感觉这东西也太二了 http://t.cn/A6aerGsM ​​​',
+            'description': '呃，稍微了解了一下靡烟miya，感觉这东西也太二了 http://t.cn/A6aerGsM \u200b\u200b\u200b',
             'duration': 76,
             'timestamp': 1659344278,
             'upload_date': '20220801',
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ class WeiboVideoIE(WeiboBaseIE):
             'view_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
             'repost_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/wevidi.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/wevidi.py
index 3b6d03238f..0db52af43f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/wevidi.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/wevidi.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class WeVidiIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:73a27d0a87d49fbcc5584566326ebeed',
             'uploader': 'eclecRC',
             'duration': 932.098,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://wevidi.net/watch/ievRuuQHbPS',
         'md5': 'ce8a94989a959bff9003fa27ee572935',
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class WeVidiIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:32cdfca272687390d9bd9b0c9c6153ee',
             'uploader': 'WeVidi',
             'duration': 36.1999,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://wevidi.net/watch/PcMzDWaQSWb',
         'md5': '55ee0d3434be5d9e5cc76b83f2bb57ec',
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class WeVidiIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:e2c9e2b54b8bb424cc64937c8fdc068f',
             'uploader': 'WeVidi',
             'duration': 41.972,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://wevidi.net/watch/wJnRqDHNe_u',
         'md5': 'c8f263dd47e66cc17546b3abf47b5a77',
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class WeVidiIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:e65036f0d4af80e0af191bd11af5195e',
             'uploader': 'GissyEva',
             'duration': 630.451,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://wevidi.net/watch/4m1c4yJR_yc',
         'md5': 'c63ce5ca6990dce86855fc02ca5bc1ed',
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class WeVidiIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:96af99dd63468b2dfab3020560e3e9b2',
             'uploader': 'eclecRC',
             'duration': 6.804,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _extract_formats(self, wvplayer_props):
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ class WeVidiIE(InfoExtractor):
             3: 360,
             4: 480,
             5: 720,
-            6: 1080
+            6: 1080,
         }
 
         src_path = f'{wvplayer_props["srcVID"]}/{wvplayer_props["srcUID"]}/{wvplayer_props["srcNAME"]}'
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/whowatch.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/whowatch.py
index 492891d782..9ca5c3b1a8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/whowatch.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/whowatch.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
@@ -21,8 +20,8 @@ class WhoWatchIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
         self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
-        metadata = self._download_json('https://api.whowatch.tv/lives/%s' % video_id, video_id)
-        live_data = self._download_json('https://api.whowatch.tv/lives/%s/play' % video_id, video_id)
+        metadata = self._download_json(f'https://api.whowatch.tv/lives/{video_id}', video_id)
+        live_data = self._download_json(f'https://api.whowatch.tv/lives/{video_id}/play', video_id)
 
         title = try_call(
             lambda: live_data['share_info']['live_title'][1:-1],
@@ -37,7 +36,7 @@ class WhoWatchIE(InfoExtractor):
         formats = []
 
         for i, fmt in enumerate(live_data.get('streams') or []):
-            name = fmt.get('quality') or fmt.get('name') or compat_str(i)
+            name = fmt.get('quality') or fmt.get('name') or str(i)
             hls_url = fmt.get('hls_url')
             rtmp_url = fmt.get('rtmp_url')
             audio_only = fmt.get('audio_only')
@@ -45,7 +44,7 @@ class WhoWatchIE(InfoExtractor):
 
             if hls_url:
                 hls_fmts = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                    hls_url, video_id, ext='mp4', m3u8_id='hls-%s' % name, quality=quality)
+                    hls_url, video_id, ext='mp4', m3u8_id=f'hls-{name}', quality=quality)
                 formats.extend(hls_fmts)
             else:
                 hls_fmts = []
@@ -54,7 +53,7 @@ class WhoWatchIE(InfoExtractor):
             if rtmp_url and not audio_only:
                 formats.append({
                     'url': rtmp_url,
-                    'format_id': 'rtmp-%s' % name,
+                    'format_id': f'rtmp-{name}',
                     'ext': 'mp4',
                     'protocol': 'rtmp_ffmpeg',  # ffmpeg can, while rtmpdump can't
                     'vcodec': 'h264',
@@ -71,12 +70,12 @@ class WhoWatchIE(InfoExtractor):
             hls_url, video_id, ext='mp4', m3u8_id='hls'))
         self._remove_duplicate_formats(formats)
 
-        uploader_url = try_get(metadata, lambda x: x['live']['user']['user_path'], compat_str)
+        uploader_url = try_get(metadata, lambda x: x['live']['user']['user_path'], str)
         if uploader_url:
-            uploader_url = 'https://whowatch.tv/profile/%s' % uploader_url
-        uploader_id = compat_str(try_get(metadata, lambda x: x['live']['user']['id'], int))
-        uploader = try_get(metadata, lambda x: x['live']['user']['name'], compat_str)
-        thumbnail = try_get(metadata, lambda x: x['live']['latest_thumbnail_url'], compat_str)
+            uploader_url = f'https://whowatch.tv/profile/{uploader_url}'
+        uploader_id = str(try_get(metadata, lambda x: x['live']['user']['id'], int))
+        uploader = try_get(metadata, lambda x: x['live']['user']['name'], str)
+        thumbnail = try_get(metadata, lambda x: x['live']['latest_thumbnail_url'], str)
         timestamp = int_or_none(try_get(metadata, lambda x: x['live']['started_at'], int), scale=1000)
         view_count = try_get(metadata, lambda x: x['live']['total_view_count'], int)
         comment_count = try_get(metadata, lambda x: x['live']['comment_count'], int)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/wikimedia.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/wikimedia.py
index 11c801f0c4..6326930685 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/wikimedia.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/wikimedia.py
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ class WikimediaIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:7cd84f76e7081f1be033d0b155b4a460',
             'license': 'Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International',
             'uploader': 'ZDF/Terra X/Gruppe 5/Luise Wagner, Jonas Sichert, Andreas Hougardy',
-            'subtitles': 'count:4'
-        }
+            'subtitles': 'count:4',
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/wimtv.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/wimtv.py
index d7d77c0db0..000d1437f0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/wimtv.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/wimtv.py
@@ -10,14 +10,14 @@ from ..utils import (
 class WimTVIE(InfoExtractor):
     _player = None
     _UUID_RE = r'[\da-f]{8}-[\da-f]{4}-[\da-f]{4}-[\da-f]{4}-[\da-f]{12}'
-    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x:
+    _VALID_URL = rf'''(?x:
         https?://platform\.wim\.tv/
         (?:
             (?:embed/)?\?
             |\#/webtv/.+?/
         )
         (?P<type>vod|live|cast)[=/]
-        (?P<id>%s).*?)''' % _UUID_RE
+        (?P<id>{_UUID_RE}).*?)'''
     _EMBED_REGEX = [rf'<iframe[^>]+src=["\'](?P<url>{_VALID_URL})']
     _TESTS = [{
         # vod stream
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class WimTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'title': 'AMA SUPERCROSS 2020 - R2 ST. LOUIS',
             'duration': 6481,
-            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+?/thumbnail/.+?/720$'
+            'thumbnail': r're:https?://.+?/thumbnail/.+?/720$',
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ class WimTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             'vars': [{
                 'regex': r'appAuth = "(.+?)"',
                 'variable': 'app_auth',
-            }]
+            }],
         }, {
             'url': 'https://platform.wim.tv/common/config/endpointconfig.js',
             'vars': [{
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class WimTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             }, {
                 'regex': r'PRODUCTION_HOSTNAME_THUMB\s*\+\s*"(.+?)"',
                 'variable': 'thumb_server_path',
-            }]
+            }],
         }]
 
         for data in datas:
@@ -83,13 +83,13 @@ class WimTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             for var in data['vars']:
                 val = self._search_regex(var['regex'], temp, msg_id)
                 if not val:
-                    raise ExtractorError('%s not found' % var['variable'])
+                    raise ExtractorError('{} not found'.format(var['variable']))
                 self._player[var['variable']] = val
 
     def _generate_token(self):
         json = self._download_json(
             'https://platform.wim.tv/wimtv-server/oauth/token', 'Token generation',
-            headers={'Authorization': 'Basic %s' % self._player['app_auth']},
+            headers={'Authorization': 'Basic {}'.format(self._player['app_auth'])},
             data=urlencode_postdata({'grant_type': 'client_credentials'}))
         token = json.get('access_token')
         if not token:
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ class WimTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             return None
         if not self._player.get('thumb_server_path'):
             self._player['thumb_server_path'] = ''
-        return '%s%s/asset/thumbnail/%s/%s' % (
+        return '{}{}/asset/thumbnail/{}/{}'.format(
             self._player['thumb_server'],
             self._player['thumb_server_path'],
             thumb_id, width)
@@ -118,11 +118,11 @@ class WimTVIE(InfoExtractor):
             is_live = False
         token = self._generate_token()
         json = self._download_json(
-            'https://platform.wim.tv/wimtv-server/api/public/%s/%s/play' % (
-                stream_type, video_id), video_id,
-            headers={'Authorization': 'Bearer %s' % token,
-                     'Content-Type': 'application/json'},
-            data=bytes('{}', 'utf-8'))
+            f'https://platform.wim.tv/wimtv-server/api/public/{stream_type}/{video_id}/play',
+            video_id, headers={
+                'Authorization': f'Bearer {token}',
+                'Content-Type': 'application/json',
+            }, data=b'{}')
 
         formats = []
         for src in json.get('srcs') or []:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/wistia.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/wistia.py
index f2256fdc60..fb2a8648fd 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/wistia.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/wistia.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class WistiaBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     _EMBED_BASE_URL = 'http://fast.wistia.net/embed/'
 
     def _download_embed_config(self, config_type, config_id, referer):
-        base_url = self._EMBED_BASE_URL + '%s/%s' % (config_type, config_id)
+        base_url = self._EMBED_BASE_URL + f'{config_type}/{config_id}'
         embed_config = self._download_json(
             base_url + '.json', config_id, headers={
                 'Referer': referer if referer.startswith('http') else base_url,  # Some videos require this.
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ class WistiaBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
                 display_name = a.get('display_name')
                 format_id = atype
                 if atype and atype.endswith('_video') and display_name:
-                    format_id = '%s-%s' % (atype[:-6], display_name)
+                    format_id = f'{atype[:-6]}-{display_name}'
                 f = {
                     'format_id': format_id,
                     'url': aurl,
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ class WistiaBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
 
 class WistiaIE(WistiaBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'(?:wistia:|%s(?:iframe|medias)/)%s' % (WistiaBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE, WistiaBaseIE._VALID_ID_REGEX)
+    _VALID_URL = rf'(?:wistia:|{WistiaBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE}(?:iframe|medias)/){WistiaBaseIE._VALID_ID_REGEX}'
     _EMBED_REGEX = [
         r'''(?x)
             <(?:meta[^>]+?content|(?:iframe|script)[^>]+?src)=["\']
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ class WistiaIE(WistiaBaseIE):
             'duration': 966.0,
             'timestamp': 1616614369,
             'thumbnail': 'https://embed-ssl.wistia.com/deliveries/53dc60239348dc9b9fba3755173ea4c2.png',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'wistia:5vd7p4bct5',
         'md5': 'b9676d24bf30945d97060638fbfe77f0',
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ class WistiaIE(WistiaBaseIE):
             'description': 'md5:27abc99a758573560be72600ef95cece',
             'upload_date': '20210421',
             'thumbnail': 'https://embed-ssl.wistia.com/deliveries/6c551820ae950cdee2306d6cbe9ef742.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://study.com/academy/lesson/north-american-exploration-failed-colonies-of-spain-france-england.html#lesson',
         'md5': 'b9676d24bf30945d97060638fbfe77f0',
@@ -254,19 +254,19 @@ class WistiaIE(WistiaBaseIE):
         urls = list(super()._extract_embed_urls(url, webpage))
         for match in cls._extract_wistia_async_embed(webpage):
             if match.group('type') != 'wistia_channel':
-                urls.append('wistia:%s' % match.group('id'))
+                urls.append('wistia:{}'.format(match.group('id')))
         for match in re.finditer(r'(?:data-wistia-?id=["\']|Wistia\.embed\(["\']|id=["\']wistia_)(?P<id>[a-z0-9]{10})',
                                  webpage):
-            urls.append('wistia:%s' % match.group('id'))
+            urls.append('wistia:{}'.format(match.group('id')))
         if not WistiaChannelIE._extract_embed_urls(url, webpage):  # Fallback
             media_id = cls._extract_url_media_id(url)
             if media_id:
-                urls.append('wistia:%s' % match.group('id'))
+                urls.append('wistia:{}'.format(match.group('id')))
         return urls
 
 
 class WistiaPlaylistIE(WistiaBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'%splaylists/%s' % (WistiaBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE, WistiaBaseIE._VALID_ID_REGEX)
+    _VALID_URL = rf'{WistiaBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE}playlists/{WistiaBaseIE._VALID_ID_REGEX}'
 
     _TEST = {
         'url': 'https://fast.wistia.net/embed/playlists/aodt9etokc',
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ class WistiaPlaylistIE(WistiaBaseIE):
 
 
 class WistiaChannelIE(WistiaBaseIE):
-    _VALID_URL = r'(?:wistiachannel:|%schannel/)%s' % (WistiaBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE, WistiaBaseIE._VALID_ID_REGEX)
+    _VALID_URL = rf'(?:wistiachannel:|{WistiaBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE}channel/){WistiaBaseIE._VALID_ID_REGEX}'
 
     _TESTS = [{
         # JSON Embed API returns 403, should fall back to webpage
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ class WistiaChannelIE(WistiaBaseIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'yvyvu7wjbg',
             'title': 'Copysmith Tutorials and Education!',
-            'description': 'Learn all things Copysmith via short and informative videos!'
+            'description': 'Learn all things Copysmith via short and informative videos!',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 7,
         'expected_warnings': ['falling back to webpage'],
@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ class WistiaChannelIE(WistiaBaseIE):
             self.report_warning('Failed to download channel data from API, falling back to webpage.')
             webpage = self._download_webpage(f'https://fast.wistia.net/embed/channel/{channel_id}', channel_id)
             data = self._parse_json(
-                self._search_regex(r'wchanneljsonp-%s\'\]\s*=[^\"]*\"([A-Za-z0-9=/]*)' % channel_id, webpage, 'jsonp', channel_id),
+                self._search_regex(rf'wchanneljsonp-{channel_id}\'\]\s*=[^\"]*\"([A-Za-z0-9=/]*)', webpage, 'jsonp', channel_id),
                 channel_id, transform_source=lambda x: urllib.parse.unquote_plus(base64.b64decode(x).decode('utf-8')))
 
         # XXX: can there be more than one series?
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/wordpress.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/wordpress.py
index 378d99dbcc..a0a3194053 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/wordpress.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/wordpress.py
@@ -44,10 +44,10 @@ class WordpressPlaylistEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'duration': 49.0,
                 'artist': 'Nancy and Randall Faber',
                 'description': 'md5:a9f8e9aeabbd2912bc13cc0fab1a4ce8',
-            }
+            },
         }],
         'playlist_count': 6,
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }]
 
     def _extract_from_webpage(self, url, webpage):
@@ -94,11 +94,11 @@ class WordpressMiniAudioPlayerEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'id': 'over_the_horizon_2013',
                 'ext': 'mp3',
                 'title': 'Over the Horizon 2013',
-                'url': 'http://news.samsung.com/global/wp-content/uploads/ringtones/over_the_horizon_2013.mp3'
-            }
+                'url': 'http://news.samsung.com/global/wp-content/uploads/ringtones/over_the_horizon_2013.mp3',
+            },
         }],
         'playlist_count': 6,
-        'params': {'skip_download': True}
+        'params': {'skip_download': True},
     }, {
         # Version 1.9.3: https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/wp-miniaudioplayer/tags/1.9.3
         'url': 'https://www.booksontape.com/collections/audiobooks-with-teacher-guides/',
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ class WordpressMiniAudioPlayerEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'age_limit': 0,
             'thumbnail': 'https://www.booksontape.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/bot-logo-1200x630.jpg',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 12
+        'playlist_mincount': 12,
     }, {
         # Version 1.9.7: https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/wp-miniaudioplayer/tags/1.9.7
         # But has spaces around href filter
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ class WordpressMiniAudioPlayerEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://www.estudiords.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/LOGO-TEMAS.png',
             'description': 'md5:ab24d6a7ed0312ad2d466e721679f5a0',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 30
+        'playlist_mincount': 30,
     }]
 
     def _extract_from_webpage(self, url, webpage):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/worldstarhiphop.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/worldstarhiphop.py
index c6948a1eb0..3af4bd498e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/worldstarhiphop.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/worldstarhiphop.py
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ class WorldStarHipHopIE(InfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'wshh6a7q1ny0G34ZwuIO',
             'ext': 'mp4',
-            'title': 'KO Of The Week: MMA Fighter Gets Knocked Out By Swift Head Kick!'
-        }
+            'title': 'KO Of The Week: MMA Fighter Gets Knocked Out By Swift Head Kick!',
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://m.worldstarhiphop.com/android/video.php?v=wshh6a7q1ny0G34ZwuIO',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/wppilot.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/wppilot.py
index 0ef4e8e537..b4cc1abc59 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/wppilot.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/wppilot.py
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ class WPPilotIE(WPPilotBaseIE):
 
         is_authorized = next((c for c in self.cookiejar if c.name == 'netviapisessid'), None)
         # cookies starting with "g:" are assigned to guests
-        is_authorized = True if is_authorized is not None and not is_authorized.value.startswith('g:') else False
+        is_authorized = is_authorized is not None and not is_authorized.value.startswith('g:')
 
         video = self._download_json(
             (self._VIDEO_URL if is_authorized else self._VIDEO_GUEST_URL) % video_id,
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ class WPPilotIE(WPPilotBaseIE):
                 data=json.dumps({
                     'channelId': video_id,
                     't': stream_token,
-                }).encode('utf-8'))
+                }).encode())
             if try_get(close, lambda x: x['data']['status']) == 'ok':
                 return self.url_result(url, ie=WPPilotIE.ie_key())
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/wsj.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/wsj.py
index 35fe303627..7b3f6aa2ae 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/wsj.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/wsj.py
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class WSJIE(InfoExtractor):
             tbr = int_or_none(v.get('bitrate'))
             formats.append({
                 'url': mp4_url,
-                'format_id': 'http' + ('-%d' % tbr if tbr else ''),
+                'format_id': 'http' + (f'-{tbr}' if tbr else ''),
                 'tbr': tbr,
                 'width': int_or_none(v.get('width')),
                 'height': int_or_none(v.get('height')),
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ class WSJArticleIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20170221',
             'uploader_id': 'ralcaraz',
             'title': 'Bao Bao the Panda Leaves for China',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -117,4 +117,4 @@ class WSJArticleIE(InfoExtractor):
         video_id = self._search_regex(
             r'(?:id=["\']video|video-|iframe\.html\?guid=|data-src=["\'])([a-fA-F0-9-]{36})',
             webpage, 'video id')
-        return self.url_result('wsj:%s' % video_id, WSJIE.ie_key(), video_id)
+        return self.url_result(f'wsj:{video_id}', WSJIE.ie_key(), video_id)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/wwe.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/wwe.py
index 9bbd477c33..3b8197a0c1 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/wwe.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/wwe.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     try_get,
     unescapeHTML,
@@ -17,7 +16,7 @@ class WWEBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     }
 
     def _extract_entry(self, data, url, video_id=None):
-        video_id = compat_str(video_id or data['nid'])
+        video_id = str(video_id or data['nid'])
         title = data['title']
 
         formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
@@ -69,7 +68,7 @@ class WWEIE(WWEBaseIE):
             'title': 'Daniel Bryan vs. Andrade "Cien" Almas: SmackDown LIVE, Sept. 4, 2018',
             'description': 'md5:2d7424dbc6755c61a0e649d2a8677f67',
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://de.wwe.com/videos/gran-metalik-vs-tony-nese-wwe-205-live-sept-4-2018',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -111,7 +110,7 @@ class WWEPlaylistIE(WWEBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if WWEIE.suitable(url) else super(WWEPlaylistIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if WWEIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         display_id = self._match_id(url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/wykop.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/wykop.py
index 1d29cc89b4..2ae0a2a5ed 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/wykop.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/wykop.py
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ class WykopPostIE(WykopBaseExtractor):
         'playlist_mincount': 15,
         'params': {
             'flat_playlist': True,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     @classmethod
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/xanimu.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/xanimu.py
index e0b7bf9680..b489358779 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/xanimu.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/xanimu.py
@@ -16,11 +16,11 @@ class XanimuIE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': 'https://xanimu.com/storage/2020/09/the-princess-and-the-frog-hentai.jpg',
             'description': r're:^Enjoy The Princess \+ The Frog Hentai',
             'duration': 207.0,
-            'age_limit': 18
-        }
+            'age_limit': 18,
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://xanimu.com/huge-expansion/',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -28,14 +28,15 @@ class XanimuIE(InfoExtractor):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
 
         formats = []
-        for format in ['videoHigh', 'videoLow']:
-            format_url = self._search_json(r'var\s+%s\s*=' % re.escape(format), webpage, format,
-                                           video_id, default=None, contains_pattern=r'[\'"]([^\'"]+)[\'"]')
+        for format_id in ['videoHigh', 'videoLow']:
+            format_url = self._search_json(
+                rf'var\s+{re.escape(format_id)}\s*=', webpage, format_id,
+                video_id, default=None, contains_pattern=r'[\'"]([^\'"]+)[\'"]')
             if format_url:
                 formats.append({
                     'url': format_url,
-                    'format_id': format,
-                    'quality': -2 if format.endswith('Low') else None,
+                    'format_id': format_id,
+                    'quality': -2 if format_id.endswith('Low') else None,
                 })
 
         return {
@@ -47,5 +48,5 @@ class XanimuIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': self._html_search_meta('description', webpage, default=None),
             'duration': int_or_none(self._search_regex(r'duration:\s*[\'"]([^\'"]+?)[\'"]',
                                     webpage, 'duration', fatal=False)),
-            'age_limit': 18
+            'age_limit': 18,
         }
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/xboxclips.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/xboxclips.py
index 235b567d99..d726e62af2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/xboxclips.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/xboxclips.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class XboxClipsIE(InfoExtractor):
             'filesize_approx': 26800000,
             'upload_date': '20140807',
             'duration': 56,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://gameclips.io/iAbdulElah/074a69a9-5faf-46aa-b93b-9909c1720325',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class XboxClipsIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         if '/video.php' in url:
             qs = parse_qs(url)
-            url = 'https://gameclips.io/%s/%s' % (qs['gamertag'][0], qs['vid'][0])
+            url = 'https://gameclips.io/{}/{}'.format(qs['gamertag'][0], qs['vid'][0])
 
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
         info = self._parse_html5_media_entries(url, webpage, video_id)[0]
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/xhamster.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/xhamster.py
index 0b3a620ec2..c965c3042d 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/xhamster.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/xhamster.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import itertools
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     clean_html,
@@ -22,14 +21,14 @@ from ..utils import (
 
 class XHamsterIE(InfoExtractor):
     _DOMAINS = r'(?:xhamster\.(?:com|one|desi)|xhms\.pro|xhamster\d+\.com|xhday\.com|xhvid\.com)'
-    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)
+    _VALID_URL = rf'''(?x)
                     https?://
-                        (?:[^/?#]+\.)?%s/
+                        (?:[^/?#]+\.)?{_DOMAINS}/
                         (?:
                             movies/(?P<id>[\dA-Za-z]+)/(?P<display_id>[^/]*)\.html|
                             videos/(?P<display_id_2>[^/]*)-(?P<id_2>[\dA-Za-z]+)
                         )
-                    ''' % _DOMAINS
+                    '''
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://xhamster.com/videos/femaleagent-shy-beauty-takes-the-bait-1509445',
         'md5': '34e1ab926db5dc2750fed9e1f34304bb',
@@ -177,7 +176,7 @@ class XHamsterIE(InfoExtractor):
                         continue
                     format_urls.add(format_url)
                     formats.append({
-                        'format_id': '%s-%s' % (format_id, quality),
+                        'format_id': f'{format_id}-{quality}',
                         'url': format_url,
                         'ext': determine_ext(format_url, 'mp4'),
                         'height': get_height(quality),
@@ -228,7 +227,7 @@ class XHamsterIE(InfoExtractor):
                                            or str_or_none(standard_format.get('label'))
                                            or '')
                                 formats.append({
-                                    'format_id': '%s-%s' % (format_id, quality),
+                                    'format_id': f'{format_id}-{quality}',
                                     'url': standard_url,
                                     'ext': ext,
                                     'height': get_height(quality),
@@ -245,7 +244,7 @@ class XHamsterIE(InfoExtractor):
                     if not isinstance(c, dict):
                         continue
                     c_name = c.get('name')
-                    if isinstance(c_name, compat_str):
+                    if isinstance(c_name, str):
                         categories.append(c_name)
             else:
                 categories = None
@@ -258,7 +257,7 @@ class XHamsterIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'description': video.get('description'),
                 'timestamp': int_or_none(video.get('created')),
                 'uploader': try_get(
-                    video, lambda x: x['author']['name'], compat_str),
+                    video, lambda x: x['author']['name'], str),
                 'uploader_url': uploader_url,
                 'uploader_id': uploader_url.split('/')[-1] if uploader_url else None,
                 'thumbnail': video.get('thumbURL'),
@@ -372,7 +371,7 @@ class XHamsterIE(InfoExtractor):
 
 
 class XHamsterEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:[^/?#]+\.)?%s/xembed\.php\?video=(?P<id>\d+)' % XHamsterIE._DOMAINS
+    _VALID_URL = rf'https?://(?:[^/?#]+\.)?{XHamsterIE._DOMAINS}/xembed\.php\?video=(?P<id>\d+)'
     _EMBED_REGEX = [r'<iframe[^>]+?src=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:https?:)?//(?:www\.)?xhamster\.com/xembed\.php\?video=\d+)\1']
     _TEST = {
         'url': 'http://xhamster.com/xembed.php?video=3328539',
@@ -385,7 +384,7 @@ class XHamsterEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'ManyakisArt',
             'duration': 5,
             'age_limit': 18,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -394,14 +393,14 @@ class XHamsterEmbedIE(InfoExtractor):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
 
         video_url = self._search_regex(
-            r'href="(https?://xhamster\.com/(?:movies/{0}/[^"]*\.html|videos/[^/]*-{0})[^"]*)"'.format(video_id),
+            rf'href="(https?://xhamster\.com/(?:movies/{video_id}/[^"]*\.html|videos/[^/]*-{video_id})[^"]*)"',
             webpage, 'xhamster url', default=None)
 
         if not video_url:
-            vars = self._parse_json(
+            player_vars = self._parse_json(
                 self._search_regex(r'vars\s*:\s*({.+?})\s*,\s*\n', webpage, 'vars'),
                 video_id)
-            video_url = dict_get(vars, ('downloadLink', 'homepageLink', 'commentsLink', 'shareUrl'))
+            video_url = dict_get(player_vars, ('downloadLink', 'homepageLink', 'commentsLink', 'shareUrl'))
 
         return self.url_result(video_url, 'XHamster')
 
@@ -441,7 +440,7 @@ class XHamsterUserIE(InfoExtractor):
         next_page_url = f'https://xhamster.com/{prefix}/{user_id}/{suffix}/1'
         for pagenum in itertools.count(1):
             page = self._download_webpage(
-                next_page_url, user_id, 'Downloading page %s' % pagenum)
+                next_page_url, user_id, f'Downloading page {pagenum}')
             for video_tag in re.findall(
                     r'(<a[^>]+class=["\'].*?\bvideo-thumb__image-container[^>]+>)',
                     page):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/xiaohongshu.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/xiaohongshu.py
index faad9d9235..00c6ed7c57 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/xiaohongshu.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/xiaohongshu.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class XiaoHongShuIE(InfoExtractor):
             'tags': ['今日快乐今日发', '吃货薯看这里', '香妃蛋糕', '小五卷蛋糕', '新手蛋糕卷'],
             'duration': 101.726,
             'thumbnail': r're:https?://sns-webpic-qc\.xhscdn\.com/\d+/[a-z0-9]+/[\w]+',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class XiaoHongShuIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'tbr': ('avgBitrate', {int_or_none}),
                 'format': ('qualityType', {str}),
                 'filesize': ('size', {int_or_none}),
-                'duration': ('duration', {functools.partial(float_or_none, scale=1000)})
+                'duration': ('duration', {functools.partial(float_or_none, scale=1000)}),
             })
 
             formats.extend(traverse_obj(info, (('mediaUrl', ('backupUrls', ...)), {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/ximalaya.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/ximalaya.py
index c98c8a4fca..e900a4ad9f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/ximalaya.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/ximalaya.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class XimalayaIE(XimalayaBaseIE):
                 'uploader_id': '61425525',
                 'uploader_url': 'http://www.ximalaya.com/zhubo/61425525/',
                 'title': '261.唐诗三百首.卷八.送孟浩然之广陵.李白',
-                'description': "contains:《送孟浩然之广陵》\n作者：李白\n故人西辞黄鹤楼，烟花三月下扬州。\n孤帆远影碧空尽，惟见长江天际流。",
+                'description': 'contains:《送孟浩然之广陵》\n作者：李白\n故人西辞黄鹤楼，烟花三月下扬州。\n孤帆远影碧空尽，惟见长江天际流。',
                 'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg',
                 'thumbnails': [
                     {
@@ -33,14 +33,14 @@ class XimalayaIE(XimalayaBaseIE):
                         'name': 'cover_url_142',
                         'url': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg',
                         'width': 180,
-                        'height': 180
-                    }
+                        'height': 180,
+                    },
                 ],
                 'categories': ['其他'],
                 'duration': 93,
                 'view_count': int,
                 'like_count': int,
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'http://m.ximalaya.com/61425525/sound/47740352/',
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class XimalayaIE(XimalayaBaseIE):
                 'uploader_id': '61425525',
                 'uploader_url': 'http://www.ximalaya.com/zhubo/61425525/',
                 'title': '261.唐诗三百首.卷八.送孟浩然之广陵.李白',
-                'description': "contains:《送孟浩然之广陵》\n作者：李白\n故人西辞黄鹤楼，烟花三月下扬州。\n孤帆远影碧空尽，惟见长江天际流。",
+                'description': 'contains:《送孟浩然之广陵》\n作者：李白\n故人西辞黄鹤楼，烟花三月下扬州。\n孤帆远影碧空尽，惟见长江天际流。',
                 'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg',
                 'thumbnails': [
                     {
@@ -62,35 +62,35 @@ class XimalayaIE(XimalayaBaseIE):
                         'name': 'cover_url_142',
                         'url': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg',
                         'width': 180,
-                        'height': 180
-                    }
+                        'height': 180,
+                    },
                 ],
                 'categories': ['人文'],
                 'duration': 93,
                 'view_count': int,
                 'like_count': int,
-            }
-        }
+            },
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         scheme = 'https' if url.startswith('https') else 'http'
 
         audio_id = self._match_id(url)
-        audio_info_file = '%s://m.ximalaya.com/tracks/%s.json' % (scheme, audio_id)
-        audio_info = self._download_json(audio_info_file, audio_id,
-                                         'Downloading info json %s' % audio_info_file,
-                                         'Unable to download info file')
+        audio_info_file = f'{scheme}://m.ximalaya.com/tracks/{audio_id}.json'
+        audio_info = self._download_json(
+            audio_info_file, audio_id,
+            f'Downloading info json {audio_info_file}', 'Unable to download info file')
 
         formats = [{
             'format_id': f'{bps}k',
             'url': audio_info[k],
             'abr': bps,
-            'vcodec': 'none'
+            'vcodec': 'none',
         } for bps, k in ((24, 'play_path_32'), (64, 'play_path_64')) if audio_info.get(k)]
 
         thumbnails = []
-        for k in audio_info.keys():
+        for k in audio_info:
             # cover pics kyes like: cover_url', 'cover_url_142'
             if k.startswith('cover_url'):
                 thumbnail = {'name': k, 'url': audio_info[k]}
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/xinpianchang.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/xinpianchang.py
index bd67e8b292..10849916b8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/xinpianchang.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/xinpianchang.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class XinpianchangIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': '正时文创',
             'uploader_id': '10357277',
             'categories': ['宣传片', '国家城市', '广告', '其他'],
-            'tags': ['北京冬奥会', '冰墩墩', '再见', '告别', '冰墩墩哭了', '感动', '闭幕式', '熄火']
+            'tags': ['北京冬奥会', '冰墩墩', '再见', '告别', '冰墩墩哭了', '感动', '闭幕式', '熄火'],
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.xinpianchang.com/a11762904',
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class XinpianchangIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': '精品动画',
             'uploader_id': '10858927',
             'categories': ['动画', '三维CG'],
-            'tags': ['France Télévisions', '法国3台', '蠢萌', '冬奥会']
+            'tags': ['France Télévisions', '法国3台', '蠢萌', '冬奥会'],
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.xinpianchang.com/a11779743?from=IndexPick&part=%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E7%B2%BE%E9%80%89&index=2',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/xminus.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/xminus.py
index 37e31045c0..af9cf40abd 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/xminus.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/xminus.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class XMinusIE(InfoExtractor):
             'filesize_approx': 5900000,
             'view_count': int,
             'description': 'md5:03238c5b663810bc79cf42ef3c03e371',
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/xnxx.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/xnxx.py
index 74d4f04190..a1b7e75edc 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/xnxx.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/xnxx.py
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class XNXXIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         def get(meta, default=NO_DEFAULT, fatal=True):
             return self._search_regex(
-                r'set%s\s*\(\s*(["\'])(?P<value>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1' % meta,
+                rf'set{meta}\s*\(\s*(["\'])(?P<value>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1',
                 webpage, meta, default=default, fatal=fatal, group='value')
 
         title = self._og_search_title(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/xstream.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/xstream.py
index 322e86570f..f7b48322cd 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/xstream.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/xstream.py
@@ -41,8 +41,7 @@ class XstreamIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _extract_video_info(self, partner_id, video_id):
         data = self._download_xml(
-            'http://frontend.xstream.dk/%s/feed/video/?platform=web&id=%s'
-            % (partner_id, video_id),
+            f'http://frontend.xstream.dk/{partner_id}/feed/video/?platform=web&id={video_id}',
             video_id)
 
         NS_MAP = {
@@ -71,7 +70,7 @@ class XstreamIE(InfoExtractor):
             if mobj:
                 formats.append({
                     'url': mobj.group('url'),
-                    'play_path': 'mp4:%s' % mobj.group('playpath'),
+                    'play_path': 'mp4:{}'.format(mobj.group('playpath')),
                     'app': mobj.group('app'),
                     'ext': 'flv',
                     'tbr': tbr,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/xvideos.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/xvideos.py
index 6b16ac2915..e7d43ba9d9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/xvideos.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/xvideos.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import re
+import urllib.parse
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_urllib_parse_unquote
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     clean_html,
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class XVideosIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 1238,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': r're:^https://cdn\d+-pic.xvideos-cdn.com/.+\.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         # Broken HLS formats
         'url': 'https://www.xvideos.com/video65982001/what_s_her_name',
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class XVideosIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 120,
             'age_limit': 18,
             'thumbnail': r're:^https://cdn\d+-pic.xvideos-cdn.com/.+\.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://flashservice.xvideos.com/embedframe/4588838',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -56,40 +56,40 @@ class XVideosIE(InfoExtractor):
         'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'http://xvideos.com/video4588838/biker_takes_his_girl',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://xvideos.com/video4588838/biker_takes_his_girl',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://xvideos.es/video4588838/biker_takes_his_girl',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.xvideos.es/video4588838/biker_takes_his_girl',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'http://xvideos.es/video4588838/biker_takes_his_girl',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.xvideos.es/video4588838/biker_takes_his_girl',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'http://fr.xvideos.com/video4588838/biker_takes_his_girl',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://fr.xvideos.com/video4588838/biker_takes_his_girl',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'http://it.xvideos.com/video4588838/biker_takes_his_girl',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://it.xvideos.com/video4588838/biker_takes_his_girl',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'http://de.xvideos.com/video4588838/biker_takes_his_girl',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://de.xvideos.com/video4588838/biker_takes_his_girl',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://flashservice.xvideos.com/embedframe/ucuvbkfda4e',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ class XVideosIE(InfoExtractor):
         'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://xvideos.es/video.ucuvbkfda4e/a_beautiful_red-haired_stranger_was_refused_but_still_came_to_my_room_for_sex',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ class XVideosIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         mobj = re.search(r'<h1 class="inlineError">(.+?)</h1>', webpage)
         if mobj:
-            raise ExtractorError('%s said: %s' % (self.IE_NAME, clean_html(mobj.group(1))), expected=True)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'{self.IE_NAME} said: {clean_html(mobj.group(1))}', expected=True)
 
         title = self._html_search_regex(
             (r'<title>(?P<title>.+?)\s+-\s+XVID',
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ class XVideosIE(InfoExtractor):
         thumbnails = []
         for preference, thumbnail in enumerate(('', '169')):
             thumbnail_url = self._search_regex(
-                r'setThumbUrl%s\(\s*(["\'])(?P<thumbnail>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1' % thumbnail,
+                rf'setThumbUrl{thumbnail}\(\s*(["\'])(?P<thumbnail>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1',
                 webpage, 'thumbnail', default=None, group='thumbnail')
             if thumbnail_url:
                 thumbnails.append({
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ class XVideosIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         formats = []
 
-        video_url = compat_urllib_parse_unquote(self._search_regex(
+        video_url = urllib.parse.unquote(self._search_regex(
             r'flv_url=(.+?)&', webpage, 'video URL', default=''))
         if video_url:
             formats.append({
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ class XVideosIE(InfoExtractor):
             elif format_id in ('urllow', 'urlhigh'):
                 formats.append({
                     'url': format_url,
-                    'format_id': '%s-%s' % (determine_ext(format_url, 'mp4'), format_id[3:]),
+                    'format_id': '{}-{}'.format(determine_ext(format_url, 'mp4'), format_id[3:]),
                     'quality': -2 if format_id.endswith('low') else None,
                 })
 
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ class XVideosQuickiesIE(InfoExtractor):
             'age_limit': 18,
             'duration': 81,
             'thumbnail': r're:^https://cdn.*-pic.xvideos-cdn.com/.+\.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.xvideos.com/profiles/lili_love#quickies/a/ipphaob6fd1',
         'md5': '5340938aac6b46e19ebdd1d84535862e',
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ class XVideosQuickiesIE(InfoExtractor):
             'age_limit': 18,
             'duration': 56,
             'thumbnail': r're:^https://cdn.*-pic.xvideos-cdn.com/.+\.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.xvideos.com/amateur-channels/lili_love#quickies/a/hfmffmd7661',
         'md5': '92428518bbabcb4c513e55922e022491',
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ class XVideosQuickiesIE(InfoExtractor):
             'age_limit': 18,
             'duration': 9,
             'thumbnail': r're:^https://cdn.*-pic.xvideos-cdn.com/.+\.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.xvideos.com/amateur-channels/wifeluna#quickies/a/47258683',
         'md5': '16e322a93282667f1963915568f782c1',
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ class XVideosQuickiesIE(InfoExtractor):
             'age_limit': 18,
             'duration': 16,
             'thumbnail': r're:^https://cdn.*-pic.xvideos-cdn.com/.+\.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/xxxymovies.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/xxxymovies.py
index aa6c84d09e..003af1de95 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/xxxymovies.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/xxxymovies.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class XXXYMoviesIE(InfoExtractor):
             'like_count': int,
             'dislike_count': int,
             'age_limit': 18,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/yahoo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/yahoo.py
index 24148a0bd3..f0ba830380 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/yahoo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/yahoo.py
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ class YahooIE(InfoExtractor):
             'duration': 128,
             'timestamp': 1385722202,
             'upload_date': '20131129',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.yahoo.com/movies/v/true-story-trailer-173000497.html',
         'md5': '2a9752f74cb898af5d1083ea9f661b58',
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ class YahooIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _extract_yahoo_video(self, video_id, country):
         video = self._download_json(
-            'https://%s.yahoo.com/_td/api/resource/VideoService.videos;view=full;video_ids=["%s"]' % (country, video_id),
+            f'https://{country}.yahoo.com/_td/api/resource/VideoService.videos;view=full;video_ids=["{video_id}"]',
             video_id, 'Downloading video JSON metadata')[0]
         title = video['title']
 
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ class YahooIE(InfoExtractor):
         for fmt in fmts:
             media_obj = self._download_json(
                 'https://video-api.yql.yahoo.com/v1/video/sapi/streams/' + video_id,
-                video_id, 'Downloading %s JSON metadata' % fmt,
+                video_id, f'Downloading {fmt} JSON metadata',
                 headers=self.geo_verification_headers(), query={
                     'format': fmt,
                     'region': country.upper(),
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ class YahooIE(InfoExtractor):
                 tbr = int_or_none(s.get('bitrate'))
                 formats.append({
                     'url': s_url,
-                    'format_id': fmt + ('-%d' % tbr if tbr else ''),
+                    'format_id': fmt + (f'-{tbr}' if tbr else ''),
                     'width': int_or_none(s.get('width')),
                     'height': int_or_none(s.get('height')),
                     'tbr': tbr,
@@ -277,9 +277,9 @@ class YahooIE(InfoExtractor):
             country = country.split('-')[0]
 
         items = self._download_json(
-            'https://%s.yahoo.com/caas/content/article' % country, display_id,
+            f'https://{country}.yahoo.com/caas/content/article', display_id,
             'Downloading content JSON metadata', query={
-                'url': url
+                'url': url,
             })['items'][0]
 
         item = items['data']['partnerData']
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ class YahooSearchIE(SearchInfoExtractor):
 
     def _search_results(self, query):
         for pagenum in itertools.count(0):
-            result_url = 'http://video.search.yahoo.com/search/?p=%s&fr=screen&o=js&gs=0&b=%d' % (urllib.parse.quote_plus(query), pagenum * 30)
+            result_url = f'http://video.search.yahoo.com/search/?p={urllib.parse.quote_plus(query)}&fr=screen&o=js&gs=0&b={pagenum * 30}'
             info = self._download_json(result_url, query,
                                        note='Downloading results page ' + str(pagenum + 1))
             yield from (self.url_result(result['rurl']) for result in info['results'])
@@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ class YahooJapanNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://news.yahoo.co.jp/feature/1356',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
 
     def _extract_formats(self, json_data, content_id):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexdisk.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexdisk.py
index d5eecbd9c0..56aa792929 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexdisk.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexdisk.py
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ class YandexDiskIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'format_id': 'source',
                 'ext': determine_ext(title, meta.get('ext') or mimetype2ext(meta.get('mime_type')) or 'mp4'),
                 'quality': 1,
-                'filesize': int_or_none(meta.get('size'))
+                'filesize': int_or_none(meta.get('size')),
             })
 
         for video in (video_streams.get('videos') or []):
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ class YandexDiskIE(InfoExtractor):
                 height = int_or_none(size.get('height'))
                 format_id = 'hls'
                 if height:
-                    format_id += '-%dp' % height
+                    format_id += f'-{height}p'
                 formats.append({
                     'ext': 'mp4',
                     'format_id': format_id,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexmusic.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexmusic.py
index acfe69bf45..12cc5ca28e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexmusic.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexmusic.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import hashlib
 import itertools
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     float_or_none,
@@ -35,19 +34,19 @@ class YandexMusicBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             expected=True)
 
     def _download_webpage_handle(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        webpage = super(YandexMusicBaseIE, self)._download_webpage_handle(*args, **kwargs)
+        webpage = super()._download_webpage_handle(*args, **kwargs)
         if 'Нам очень жаль, но&nbsp;запросы, поступившие с&nbsp;вашего IP-адреса, похожи на&nbsp;автоматические.' in webpage:
             self._raise_captcha()
         return webpage
 
     def _download_json(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        response = super(YandexMusicBaseIE, self)._download_json(*args, **kwargs)
+        response = super()._download_json(*args, **kwargs)
         self._handle_error(response)
         return response
 
     def _call_api(self, ep, tld, url, item_id, note, query):
         return self._download_json(
-            'https://music.yandex.%s/handlers/%s.jsx' % (tld, ep),
+            f'https://music.yandex.{tld}/handlers/{ep}.jsx',
             item_id, note,
             fatal=False,
             headers={
@@ -61,7 +60,7 @@ class YandexMusicBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 class YandexMusicTrackIE(YandexMusicBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'yandexmusic:track'
     IE_DESC = 'Яндекс.Музыка - Трек'
-    _VALID_URL = r'%s/album/(?P<album_id>\d+)/track/(?P<id>\d+)' % YandexMusicBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE
+    _VALID_URL = rf'{YandexMusicBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE}/album/(?P<album_id>\d+)/track/(?P<id>\d+)'
 
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'http://music.yandex.ru/album/540508/track/4878838',
@@ -110,19 +109,19 @@ class YandexMusicTrackIE(YandexMusicBaseIE):
 
         track = self._call_api(
             'track', tld, url, track_id, 'Downloading track JSON',
-            {'track': '%s:%s' % (track_id, album_id)})['track']
+            {'track': f'{track_id}:{album_id}'})['track']
         track_title = track['title']
 
         download_data = self._download_json(
-            'https://music.yandex.ru/api/v2.1/handlers/track/%s:%s/web-album_track-track-track-main/download/m' % (track_id, album_id),
+            f'https://music.yandex.ru/api/v2.1/handlers/track/{track_id}:{album_id}/web-album_track-track-track-main/download/m',
             track_id, 'Downloading track location url JSON', query={'hq': 1}, headers={'X-Retpath-Y': url})
 
         fd_data = self._download_json(
             download_data['src'], track_id,
             'Downloading track location JSON',
             query={'format': 'json'})
-        key = hashlib.md5(('XGRlBW9FXlekgbPrRHuSiA' + fd_data['path'][1:] + fd_data['s']).encode('utf-8')).hexdigest()
-        f_url = 'http://%s/get-mp3/%s/%s?track-id=%s ' % (fd_data['host'], key, fd_data['ts'] + fd_data['path'], track['id'])
+        key = hashlib.md5(('XGRlBW9FXlekgbPrRHuSiA' + fd_data['path'][1:] + fd_data['s']).encode()).hexdigest()
+        f_url = 'http://{}/get-mp3/{}/{}?track-id={} '.format(fd_data['host'], key, fd_data['ts'] + fd_data['path'], track['id'])
 
         thumbnail = None
         cover_uri = track.get('albums', [{}])[0].get('coverUri')
@@ -151,7 +150,7 @@ class YandexMusicTrackIE(YandexMusicBaseIE):
             for element in decomposed:
                 if isinstance(element, dict) and element.get('name'):
                     parts.append(element['name'])
-                elif isinstance(element, compat_str):
+                elif isinstance(element, str):
                     parts.append(element)
             return ''.join(parts)
 
@@ -183,7 +182,7 @@ class YandexMusicTrackIE(YandexMusicBaseIE):
         if track_artist:
             track_info.update({
                 'artist': track_artist,
-                'title': '%s - %s' % (track_artist, track_title),
+                'title': f'{track_artist} - {track_title}',
             })
         else:
             track_info['title'] = track_title
@@ -194,14 +193,14 @@ class YandexMusicTrackIE(YandexMusicBaseIE):
 class YandexMusicPlaylistBaseIE(YandexMusicBaseIE):
     def _extract_tracks(self, source, item_id, url, tld):
         tracks = source['tracks']
-        track_ids = [compat_str(track_id) for track_id in source['trackIds']]
+        track_ids = [str(track_id) for track_id in source['trackIds']]
 
         # tracks dictionary shipped with playlist.jsx API is limited to 150 tracks,
         # missing tracks should be retrieved manually.
         if len(tracks) < len(track_ids):
-            present_track_ids = set([
-                compat_str(track['id'])
-                for track in tracks if track.get('id')])
+            present_track_ids = {
+                str(track['id'])
+                for track in tracks if track.get('id')}
             missing_track_ids = [
                 track_id for track_id in track_ids
                 if track_id not in present_track_ids]
@@ -215,10 +214,10 @@ class YandexMusicPlaylistBaseIE(YandexMusicBaseIE):
                 assert missing_track_ids_req
                 missing_tracks = self._call_api(
                     'track-entries', tld, url, item_id,
-                    'Downloading missing tracks JSON chunk %d' % (chunk_num + 1), {
+                    f'Downloading missing tracks JSON chunk {chunk_num + 1}', {
                         'entries': ','.join(missing_track_ids_req),
                         'lang': tld,
-                        'external-domain': 'music.yandex.%s' % tld,
+                        'external-domain': f'music.yandex.{tld}',
                         'overembed': 'false',
                         'strict': 'true',
                     })
@@ -245,7 +244,7 @@ class YandexMusicPlaylistBaseIE(YandexMusicBaseIE):
             if not album_id:
                 continue
             entries.append(self.url_result(
-                'http://music.yandex.ru/album/%s/track/%s' % (album_id, track_id),
+                f'http://music.yandex.ru/album/{album_id}/track/{track_id}',
                 ie=YandexMusicTrackIE.ie_key(), video_id=track_id))
         return entries
 
@@ -253,7 +252,7 @@ class YandexMusicPlaylistBaseIE(YandexMusicBaseIE):
 class YandexMusicAlbumIE(YandexMusicPlaylistBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'yandexmusic:album'
     IE_DESC = 'Яндекс.Музыка - Альбом'
-    _VALID_URL = r'%s/album/(?P<id>\d+)' % YandexMusicBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE
+    _VALID_URL = rf'{YandexMusicBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE}/album/(?P<id>\d+)'
 
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'http://music.yandex.ru/album/540508',
@@ -283,7 +282,7 @@ class YandexMusicAlbumIE(YandexMusicPlaylistBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if YandexMusicTrackIE.suitable(url) else super(YandexMusicAlbumIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if YandexMusicTrackIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         mobj = self._match_valid_url(url)
@@ -297,20 +296,20 @@ class YandexMusicAlbumIE(YandexMusicPlaylistBaseIE):
         entries = self._build_playlist([track for volume in album['volumes'] for track in volume])
 
         title = album['title']
-        artist = try_get(album, lambda x: x['artists'][0]['name'], compat_str)
+        artist = try_get(album, lambda x: x['artists'][0]['name'], str)
         if artist:
-            title = '%s - %s' % (artist, title)
+            title = f'{artist} - {title}'
         year = album.get('year')
         if year:
-            title += ' (%s)' % year
+            title += f' ({year})'
 
-        return self.playlist_result(entries, compat_str(album['id']), title)
+        return self.playlist_result(entries, str(album['id']), title)
 
 
 class YandexMusicPlaylistIE(YandexMusicPlaylistBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'yandexmusic:playlist'
     IE_DESC = 'Яндекс.Музыка - Плейлист'
-    _VALID_URL = r'%s/users/(?P<user>[^/]+)/playlists/(?P<id>\d+)' % YandexMusicBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE
+    _VALID_URL = rf'{YandexMusicBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE}/users/(?P<user>[^/]+)/playlists/(?P<id>\d+)'
 
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'http://music.yandex.ru/users/music.partners/playlists/1245',
@@ -348,7 +347,7 @@ class YandexMusicPlaylistIE(YandexMusicPlaylistBaseIE):
                 'kinds': playlist_id,
                 'light': 'true',
                 'lang': tld,
-                'external-domain': 'music.yandex.%s' % tld,
+                'external-domain': f'music.yandex.{tld}',
                 'overembed': 'false',
             })['playlist']
 
@@ -356,7 +355,7 @@ class YandexMusicPlaylistIE(YandexMusicPlaylistBaseIE):
 
         return self.playlist_result(
             self._build_playlist(tracks),
-            compat_str(playlist_id),
+            str(playlist_id),
             playlist.get('title'), playlist.get('description'))
 
 
@@ -364,14 +363,14 @@ class YandexMusicArtistBaseIE(YandexMusicPlaylistBaseIE):
     def _call_artist(self, tld, url, artist_id):
         return self._call_api(
             'artist', tld, url, artist_id,
-            'Downloading artist %s JSON' % self._ARTIST_WHAT, {
+            f'Downloading artist {self._ARTIST_WHAT} JSON', {
                 'artist': artist_id,
                 'what': self._ARTIST_WHAT,
                 'sort': self._ARTIST_SORT or '',
                 'dir': '',
                 'period': '',
                 'lang': tld,
-                'external-domain': 'music.yandex.%s' % tld,
+                'external-domain': f'music.yandex.{tld}',
                 'overembed': 'false',
             })
 
@@ -381,7 +380,7 @@ class YandexMusicArtistBaseIE(YandexMusicPlaylistBaseIE):
         artist_id = mobj.group('id')
         data = self._call_artist(tld, url, artist_id)
         tracks = self._extract_tracks(data, artist_id, url, tld)
-        title = try_get(data, lambda x: x['artist']['name'], compat_str)
+        title = try_get(data, lambda x: x['artist']['name'], str)
         return self.playlist_result(
             self._build_playlist(tracks), artist_id, title)
 
@@ -389,7 +388,7 @@ class YandexMusicArtistBaseIE(YandexMusicPlaylistBaseIE):
 class YandexMusicArtistTracksIE(YandexMusicArtistBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'yandexmusic:artist:tracks'
     IE_DESC = 'Яндекс.Музыка - Артист - Треки'
-    _VALID_URL = r'%s/artist/(?P<id>\d+)/tracks' % YandexMusicBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE
+    _VALID_URL = rf'{YandexMusicBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE}/artist/(?P<id>\d+)/tracks'
 
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://music.yandex.ru/artist/617526/tracks',
@@ -410,8 +409,8 @@ class YandexMusicArtistTracksIE(YandexMusicArtistBaseIE):
         artist_id = mobj.group('id')
         data = self._call_artist(tld, url, artist_id)
         tracks = self._extract_tracks(data, artist_id, url, tld)
-        artist = try_get(data, lambda x: x['artist']['name'], compat_str)
-        title = '%s - %s' % (artist or artist_id, 'Треки')
+        artist = try_get(data, lambda x: x['artist']['name'], str)
+        title = '{} - {}'.format(artist or artist_id, 'Треки')
         return self.playlist_result(
             self._build_playlist(tracks), artist_id, title)
 
@@ -419,7 +418,7 @@ class YandexMusicArtistTracksIE(YandexMusicArtistBaseIE):
 class YandexMusicArtistAlbumsIE(YandexMusicArtistBaseIE):
     IE_NAME = 'yandexmusic:artist:albums'
     IE_DESC = 'Яндекс.Музыка - Артист - Альбомы'
-    _VALID_URL = r'%s/artist/(?P<id>\d+)/albums' % YandexMusicBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE
+    _VALID_URL = rf'{YandexMusicBaseIE._VALID_URL_BASE}/artist/(?P<id>\d+)/albums'
 
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://music.yandex.ru/artist/617526/albums',
@@ -447,8 +446,8 @@ class YandexMusicArtistAlbumsIE(YandexMusicArtistBaseIE):
             if not album_id:
                 continue
             entries.append(self.url_result(
-                'http://music.yandex.ru/album/%s' % album_id,
+                f'http://music.yandex.ru/album/{album_id}',
                 ie=YandexMusicAlbumIE.ie_key(), video_id=album_id))
-        artist = try_get(data, lambda x: x['artist']['name'], compat_str)
-        title = '%s - %s' % (artist or artist_id, 'Альбомы')
+        artist = try_get(data, lambda x: x['artist']['name'], str)
+        title = '{} - {}'.format(artist or artist_id, 'Альбомы')
         return self.playlist_result(entries, artist_id, title)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexvideo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexvideo.py
index 95a9446e30..cdd32c5e4e 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexvideo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/yandexvideo.py
@@ -89,10 +89,10 @@ class YandexVideoIE(InfoExtractor):
     title
     views_count
   }
-}''' % video_id).encode(), fatal=False)), lambda x: x['player']['content'])
+}''' % video_id).encode(), fatal=False)), lambda x: x['player']['content'])  # noqa: UP031
         if not player or player.get('error'):
             player = self._download_json(
-                'https://frontend.vh.yandex.ru/v23/player/%s.json' % video_id,
+                f'https://frontend.vh.yandex.ru/v23/player/{video_id}.json',
                 video_id, query={
                     'stream_options': 'hires',
                     'disable_trackings': 1,
@@ -179,10 +179,10 @@ class YandexVideoPreviewIE(InfoExtractor):
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
-        id = self._match_id(url)
-        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, id)
+        video_id = self._match_id(url)
+        webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
         data_raw = self._search_regex(r'window.Ya.__inline_params__\s*=\s*JSON.parse\(\'([^"]+?\\u0022video\\u0022:[^"]+?})\'\);', webpage, 'data_raw')
-        data_json = self._parse_json(data_raw, id, transform_source=lowercase_escape)
+        data_json = self._parse_json(data_raw, video_id, transform_source=lowercase_escape)
         return self.url_result(data_json['video']['url'])
 
 
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ class ZenYandexIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'ВОТ ЭТО Focus. Деды Морозы на гидроциклах',
             'description': 'md5:8684912f6086f298f8078d4af0e8a600',
             'thumbnail': 're:^https://avatars.dzeninfra.ru/',
-            'uploader': 'AcademeG DailyStream'
+            'uploader': 'AcademeG DailyStream',
         },
         'params': {
             'skip_download': 'm3u8',
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/yapfiles.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/yapfiles.py
index d6024d912c..8d89d1d109 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/yapfiles.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/yapfiles.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ from ..utils import (
 class YapFilesIE(InfoExtractor):
     _WORKING = False
     _YAPFILES_URL = r'//(?:(?:www|api)\.)?yapfiles\.ru/get_player/*\?.*?\bv=(?P<id>\w+)'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?:%s' % _YAPFILES_URL
+    _VALID_URL = rf'https?:{_YAPFILES_URL}'
     _EMBED_REGEX = [rf'<iframe\b[^>]+\bsrc=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:https?:)?{_YAPFILES_URL}.*?)\1']
     _TESTS = [{
         # with hd
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class YapFilesIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'player url', default=None, group='url')
 
         if not player_url:
-            player_url = 'http://api.yapfiles.ru/load/%s/' % video_id
+            player_url = f'http://api.yapfiles.ru/load/{video_id}/'
             query = {
                 'md5': 'ded5f369be61b8ae5f88e2eeb2f3caff',
                 'type': 'json',
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class YapFilesIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         if title == 'Ролик удален' or 'deleted.jpg' in (thumbnail or ''):
             raise ExtractorError(
-                'Video %s has been removed' % video_id, expected=True)
+                f'Video {video_id} has been removed', expected=True)
 
         playlist = self._download_json(
             playlist_url, video_id)['player']['main']
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/yappy.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/yappy.py
index 5ce647eeea..171e0f1365 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/yappy.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/yappy.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class YappyIE(InfoExtractor):
             'categories': ['Образование и наука', 'Лайфхак', 'Технологии', 'Арт/искусство'],
             'repost_count': int,
             'uploader': 'YAPPY',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://yappy.media/video/3862451954ad4bd58ae2ccefddb0bd33',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class YappyIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': 'LENA SHTURMAN',
             'upload_date': '20230126',
             'thumbnail': 'https://cdn-st.ritm.media/static/pic/user_thumbnails/6e76bb4bbad640b6/9ec84c115b2b1967/1674716171.jpg',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -64,13 +64,13 @@ class YappyIE(InfoExtractor):
             'url': media_url,
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'format_note': 'Watermarked' if has_watermark else None,
-            'preference': -10 if has_watermark else None
+            'preference': -10 if has_watermark else None,
         }] if media_url else []
 
         if has_watermark:
             formats.append({
                 'url': media_url.replace('-wm.mp4', '.mp4'),
-                'ext': 'mp4'
+                'ext': 'mp4',
             })
 
         audio_link = traverse_obj(media_data, ('audio', 'link'))
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ class YappyIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'url': audio_link,
                 'ext': 'mp3',
                 'acodec': 'mp3',
-                'vcodec': 'none'
+                'vcodec': 'none',
             })
 
         return {
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ class YappyIE(InfoExtractor):
             'uploader': traverse_obj(media_data, ('creator', 'firstName')),
             'uploader_id': traverse_obj(media_data, ('creator', ('uuid', 'nickname')), get_all=False),
             'categories': traverse_obj(media_data, ('categories', ..., 'name')) or None,
-            'repost_count': int_or_none(media_data.get('sharingCount'))
+            'repost_count': int_or_none(media_data.get('sharingCount')),
         }
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/yle_areena.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/yle_areena.py
index dd0e59901d..796f7f3167 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/yle_areena.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/yle_areena.py
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ class YleAreenaIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'timestamp': 1543916210,
                 'subtitles': {'fin': [{'url': r're:^https?://', 'ext': 'srt'}]},
                 'age_limit': 7,
-                'webpage_url': 'https://areena.yle.fi/1-4371942'
-            }
+                'webpage_url': 'https://areena.yle.fi/1-4371942',
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://areena.yle.fi/1-2158940',
@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ class YleAreenaIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'timestamp': 1638448202,
                 'subtitles': {},
                 'age_limit': 0,
-                'webpage_url': 'https://areena.yle.fi/1-2158940'
-            }
+                'webpage_url': 'https://areena.yle.fi/1-2158940',
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://areena.yle.fi/1-64829589',
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ class YleAreenaIE(InfoExtractor):
             video_id, headers={
                 'origin': 'https://areena.yle.fi',
                 'referer': 'https://areena.yle.fi/',
-                'content-type': 'application/json'
+                'content-type': 'application/json',
             })
 
         # Example title: 'K1, J2: Pouchit | Modernit miehet'
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/youjizz.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/youjizz.py
index cd12be500b..f7ef222c27 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/youjizz.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youjizz.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class YouJizzIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': 'Zeichentrick 1',
             'age_limit': 18,
             'duration': 2874,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'http://www.youjizz.com/videos/-2189178.html',
         'only_matching': True,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/youku.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/youku.py
index 1f3f98a862..fa6b0539bb 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/youku.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youku.py
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ class YoukuIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     @staticmethod
     def get_ysuid():
-        return '%d%s' % (int(time.time()), ''.join(
+        return '{}{}'.format(int(time.time()), ''.join(
             random.choices(string.ascii_letters, k=3)))
 
     def get_format_name(self, fm):
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ class YoukuShowIE(InfoExtractor):
                 continue
             _, new_entries = self._extract_entries(
                 'http://list.youku.com/show/episode', show_id,
-                note='Downloading playlist data page %d' % (idx + 1),
+                note=f'Downloading playlist data page {idx + 1}',
                 query={
                     'id': page_config['showid'],
                     'stage': reload_id,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/younow.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/younow.py
index b67cb2e178..409ee758a8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/younow.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/younow.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import itertools
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     format_field,
@@ -11,7 +10,7 @@ from ..utils import (
 )
 
 CDN_API_BASE = 'https://cdn.younow.com/php/api'
-MOMENT_URL_FORMAT = '%s/moment/fetch/id=%%s' % CDN_API_BASE
+MOMENT_URL_FORMAT = f'{CDN_API_BASE}/moment/fetch/id=%s'
 
 
 class YouNowLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -38,21 +37,20 @@ class YouNowLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
     def suitable(cls, url):
         return (False
                 if YouNowChannelIE.suitable(url) or YouNowMomentIE.suitable(url)
-                else super(YouNowLiveIE, cls).suitable(url))
+                else super().suitable(url))
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         username = self._match_id(url)
 
         data = self._download_json(
-            'https://api.younow.com/php/api/broadcast/info/curId=0/user=%s'
-            % username, username)
+            f'https://api.younow.com/php/api/broadcast/info/curId=0/user={username}', username)
 
         if data.get('errorCode') != 0:
             raise ExtractorError(data['errorMsg'], expected=True)
 
         uploader = try_get(
             data, lambda x: x['user']['profileUrlString'],
-            compat_str) or username
+            str) or username
 
         return {
             'id': uploader,
@@ -63,13 +61,12 @@ class YouNowLiveIE(InfoExtractor):
             'categories': data.get('tags'),
             'uploader': uploader,
             'uploader_id': data.get('userId'),
-            'uploader_url': 'https://www.younow.com/%s' % username,
+            'uploader_url': f'https://www.younow.com/{username}',
             'creator': uploader,
             'view_count': int_or_none(data.get('viewers')),
             'like_count': int_or_none(data.get('likes')),
             'formats': [{
-                'url': '%s/broadcast/videoPath/hls=1/broadcastId=%s/channelId=%s'
-                       % (CDN_API_BASE, data['broadcastId'], data['userId']),
+                'url': '{}/broadcast/videoPath/hls=1/broadcastId={}/channelId={}'.format(CDN_API_BASE, data['broadcastId'], data['userId']),
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'protocol': 'm3u8',
             }],
@@ -83,18 +80,18 @@ def _extract_moment(item, fatal=True):
             return
         raise ExtractorError('Unable to extract moment id')
 
-    moment_id = compat_str(moment_id)
+    moment_id = str(moment_id)
 
     title = item.get('text')
     if not title:
         title = 'YouNow %s' % (
             item.get('momentType') or item.get('titleType') or 'moment')
 
-    uploader = try_get(item, lambda x: x['owner']['name'], compat_str)
+    uploader = try_get(item, lambda x: x['owner']['name'], str)
     uploader_id = try_get(item, lambda x: x['owner']['userId'])
     uploader_url = format_field(uploader, None, 'https://www.younow.com/%s')
 
-    entry = {
+    return {
         'extractor_key': 'YouNowMoment',
         'id': moment_id,
         'title': title,
@@ -106,15 +103,12 @@ def _extract_moment(item, fatal=True):
         'uploader_id': str_or_none(uploader_id),
         'uploader_url': uploader_url,
         'formats': [{
-            'url': 'https://hls.younow.com/momentsplaylists/live/%s/%s.m3u8'
-                   % (moment_id, moment_id),
+            'url': f'https://hls.younow.com/momentsplaylists/live/{moment_id}/{moment_id}.m3u8',
             'ext': 'mp4',
             'protocol': 'm3u8_native',
         }],
     }
 
-    return entry
-
 
 class YouNowChannelIE(InfoExtractor):
     _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?younow\.com/(?P<id>[^/]+)/channel'
@@ -122,7 +116,7 @@ class YouNowChannelIE(InfoExtractor):
         'url': 'https://www.younow.com/its_Kateee_/channel',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '14629760',
-            'title': 'its_Kateee_ moments'
+            'title': 'its_Kateee_ moments',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 8,
     }
@@ -133,9 +127,8 @@ class YouNowChannelIE(InfoExtractor):
             if created_before is None:
                 break
             info = self._download_json(
-                '%s/moment/profile/channelId=%s/createdBefore=%d/records=20'
-                % (CDN_API_BASE, channel_id, created_before), username,
-                note='Downloading moments page %d' % page_num)
+                f'{CDN_API_BASE}/moment/profile/channelId={channel_id}/createdBefore={created_before}/records=20',
+                username, note=f'Downloading moments page {page_num}')
             items = info.get('items')
             if not items or not isinstance(items, list):
                 break
@@ -153,7 +146,7 @@ class YouNowChannelIE(InfoExtractor):
                         for moment_id in moments:
                             m = self._download_json(
                                 MOMENT_URL_FORMAT % moment_id, username,
-                                note='Downloading %s moment JSON' % moment_id,
+                                note=f'Downloading {moment_id} moment JSON',
                                 fatal=False)
                             if m and isinstance(m, dict) and m.get('item'):
                                 entry = _extract_moment(m['item'])
@@ -163,12 +156,12 @@ class YouNowChannelIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         username = self._match_id(url)
-        channel_id = compat_str(self._download_json(
-            'https://api.younow.com/php/api/broadcast/info/curId=0/user=%s'
-            % username, username, note='Downloading user information')['userId'])
+        channel_id = str(self._download_json(
+            f'https://api.younow.com/php/api/broadcast/info/curId=0/user={username}',
+            username, note='Downloading user information')['userId'])
         return self.playlist_result(
             self._entries(username, channel_id), channel_id,
-            '%s moments' % username)
+            f'{username} moments')
 
 
 class YouNowMomentIE(InfoExtractor):
@@ -193,7 +186,7 @@ class YouNowMomentIE(InfoExtractor):
     def suitable(cls, url):
         return (False
                 if YouNowChannelIE.suitable(url)
-                else super(YouNowMomentIE, cls).suitable(url))
+                else super().suitable(url))
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         video_id = self._match_id(url)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/youporn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/youporn.py
index 0e047aa161..4a00dfe9c3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/youporn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youporn.py
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ class YouPornIE(InfoExtractor):
             'timestamp': 1606147564,
             'title': 'Tinder In Real Life',
             'view_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ class YouPornIE(InfoExtractor):
         for definition in get_format_data(definitions, 'mp4'):
             f = traverse_obj(definition, {
                 'url': 'videoUrl',
-                'filesize': ('videoSize', {int_or_none})
+                'filesize': ('videoSize', {int_or_none}),
             })
             height = int_or_none(definition.get('quality'))
             # Video URL's path looks like this:
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ class YouPornIE(InfoExtractor):
                     height = int(mobj.group('height'))
                 bitrate = int(mobj.group('bitrate'))
                 f.update({
-                    'format_id': '%dp-%dk' % (height, bitrate),
+                    'format_id': f'{height}p-{bitrate}k',
                     'tbr': bitrate,
                 })
             f['height'] = height
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube.py
index 54da4e3622..a227f24258 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/youtube.py
@@ -77,9 +77,9 @@ INNERTUBE_CLIENTS = {
             'client': {
                 'clientName': 'WEB',
                 'clientVersion': '2.20220801.00.00',
-            }
+            },
         },
-        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 1
+        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 1,
     },
     'web_embedded': {
         'INNERTUBE_API_KEY': 'AIzaSyAO_FJ2SlqU8Q4STEHLGCilw_Y9_11qcW8',
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ INNERTUBE_CLIENTS = {
                 'clientVersion': '1.20220731.00.00',
             },
         },
-        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 56
+        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 56,
     },
     'web_music': {
         'INNERTUBE_API_KEY': 'AIzaSyC9XL3ZjWddXya6X74dJoCTL-WEYFDNX30',
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ INNERTUBE_CLIENTS = {
             'client': {
                 'clientName': 'WEB_REMIX',
                 'clientVersion': '1.20220727.01.00',
-            }
+            },
         },
         'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 67,
     },
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ INNERTUBE_CLIENTS = {
             'client': {
                 'clientName': 'WEB_CREATOR',
                 'clientVersion': '1.20220726.00.00',
-            }
+            },
         },
         'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 62,
     },
@@ -119,11 +119,11 @@ INNERTUBE_CLIENTS = {
                 'clientName': 'ANDROID',
                 'clientVersion': '19.09.37',
                 'androidSdkVersion': 30,
-                'userAgent': 'com.google.android.youtube/19.09.37 (Linux; U; Android 11) gzip'
-            }
+                'userAgent': 'com.google.android.youtube/19.09.37 (Linux; U; Android 11) gzip',
+            },
         },
         'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 3,
-        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False
+        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False,
     },
     'android_embedded': {
         'INNERTUBE_API_KEY': 'AIzaSyCjc_pVEDi4qsv5MtC2dMXzpIaDoRFLsxw',
@@ -132,11 +132,11 @@ INNERTUBE_CLIENTS = {
                 'clientName': 'ANDROID_EMBEDDED_PLAYER',
                 'clientVersion': '19.09.37',
                 'androidSdkVersion': 30,
-                'userAgent': 'com.google.android.youtube/19.09.37 (Linux; U; Android 11) gzip'
+                'userAgent': 'com.google.android.youtube/19.09.37 (Linux; U; Android 11) gzip',
             },
         },
         'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 55,
-        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False
+        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False,
     },
     'android_music': {
         'INNERTUBE_API_KEY': 'AIzaSyAOghZGza2MQSZkY_zfZ370N-PUdXEo8AI',
@@ -145,11 +145,11 @@ INNERTUBE_CLIENTS = {
                 'clientName': 'ANDROID_MUSIC',
                 'clientVersion': '6.42.52',
                 'androidSdkVersion': 30,
-                'userAgent': 'com.google.android.apps.youtube.music/6.42.52 (Linux; U; Android 11) gzip'
-            }
+                'userAgent': 'com.google.android.apps.youtube.music/6.42.52 (Linux; U; Android 11) gzip',
+            },
         },
         'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 21,
-        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False
+        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False,
     },
     'android_creator': {
         'INNERTUBE_API_KEY': 'AIzaSyD_qjV8zaaUMehtLkrKFgVeSX_Iqbtyws8',
@@ -158,11 +158,11 @@ INNERTUBE_CLIENTS = {
                 'clientName': 'ANDROID_CREATOR',
                 'clientVersion': '22.30.100',
                 'androidSdkVersion': 30,
-                'userAgent': 'com.google.android.apps.youtube.creator/22.30.100 (Linux; U; Android 11) gzip'
+                'userAgent': 'com.google.android.apps.youtube.creator/22.30.100 (Linux; U; Android 11) gzip',
             },
         },
         'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 14,
-        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False
+        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False,
     },
     # iOS clients have HLS live streams. Setting device model to get 60fps formats.
     # See: https://github.com/TeamNewPipe/NewPipeExtractor/issues/680#issuecomment-1002724558
@@ -173,11 +173,11 @@ INNERTUBE_CLIENTS = {
                 'clientName': 'IOS',
                 'clientVersion': '19.09.3',
                 'deviceModel': 'iPhone14,3',
-                'userAgent': 'com.google.ios.youtube/19.09.3 (iPhone14,3; U; CPU iOS 15_6 like Mac OS X)'
-            }
+                'userAgent': 'com.google.ios.youtube/19.09.3 (iPhone14,3; U; CPU iOS 15_6 like Mac OS X)',
+            },
         },
         'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 5,
-        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False
+        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False,
     },
     'ios_embedded': {
         'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT': {
@@ -185,11 +185,11 @@ INNERTUBE_CLIENTS = {
                 'clientName': 'IOS_MESSAGES_EXTENSION',
                 'clientVersion': '19.09.3',
                 'deviceModel': 'iPhone14,3',
-                'userAgent': 'com.google.ios.youtube/19.09.3 (iPhone14,3; U; CPU iOS 15_6 like Mac OS X)'
+                'userAgent': 'com.google.ios.youtube/19.09.3 (iPhone14,3; U; CPU iOS 15_6 like Mac OS X)',
             },
         },
         'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 66,
-        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False
+        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False,
     },
     'ios_music': {
         'INNERTUBE_API_KEY': 'AIzaSyBAETezhkwP0ZWA02RsqT1zu78Fpt0bC_s',
@@ -198,11 +198,11 @@ INNERTUBE_CLIENTS = {
                 'clientName': 'IOS_MUSIC',
                 'clientVersion': '6.33.3',
                 'deviceModel': 'iPhone14,3',
-                'userAgent': 'com.google.ios.youtubemusic/6.33.3 (iPhone14,3; U; CPU iOS 15_6 like Mac OS X)'
+                'userAgent': 'com.google.ios.youtubemusic/6.33.3 (iPhone14,3; U; CPU iOS 15_6 like Mac OS X)',
             },
         },
         'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 26,
-        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False
+        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False,
     },
     'ios_creator': {
         'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT': {
@@ -210,11 +210,11 @@ INNERTUBE_CLIENTS = {
                 'clientName': 'IOS_CREATOR',
                 'clientVersion': '22.33.101',
                 'deviceModel': 'iPhone14,3',
-                'userAgent': 'com.google.ios.ytcreator/22.33.101 (iPhone14,3; U; CPU iOS 15_6 like Mac OS X)'
+                'userAgent': 'com.google.ios.ytcreator/22.33.101 (iPhone14,3; U; CPU iOS 15_6 like Mac OS X)',
             },
         },
         'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 15,
-        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False
+        'REQUIRE_JS_PLAYER': False,
     },
     # mweb has 'ultralow' formats
     # See: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/pull/557
@@ -224,9 +224,9 @@ INNERTUBE_CLIENTS = {
             'client': {
                 'clientName': 'MWEB',
                 'clientVersion': '2.20220801.00.00',
-            }
+            },
         },
-        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 2
+        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 2,
     },
     # This client can access age restricted videos (unless the uploader has disabled the 'allow embedding' option)
     # See: https://github.com/zerodytrash/YouTube-Internal-Clients
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ INNERTUBE_CLIENTS = {
                 'clientVersion': '2.0',
             },
         },
-        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 85
+        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 85,
     },
     # This client has pre-merged video+audio 720p/1080p streams
     'mediaconnect': {
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ INNERTUBE_CLIENTS = {
                 'clientVersion': '0.1',
             },
         },
-        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 95
+        'INNERTUBE_CONTEXT_CLIENT_NAME': 95,
     },
 }
 
@@ -465,7 +465,7 @@ class YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
         'lt', 'hu', 'nl', 'no', 'uz', 'pl', 'pt-PT', 'pt', 'ro', 'sq', 'sk', 'sl', 'sr-Latn', 'fi',
         'sv', 'vi', 'tr', 'be', 'bg', 'ky', 'kk', 'mk', 'mn', 'ru', 'sr', 'uk', 'el', 'hy', 'iw',
         'ur', 'ar', 'fa', 'ne', 'mr', 'hi', 'as', 'bn', 'pa', 'gu', 'or', 'ta', 'te', 'kn', 'ml',
-        'si', 'th', 'lo', 'my', 'ka', 'am', 'km', 'zh-CN', 'zh-TW', 'zh-HK', 'ja', 'ko'
+        'si', 'th', 'lo', 'my', 'ka', 'am', 'km', 'zh-CN', 'zh-TW', 'zh-HK', 'ja', 'ko',
     ]
 
     _IGNORED_WARNINGS = {'Unavailable videos will be hidden during playback'}
@@ -698,7 +698,7 @@ class YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
             'X-Youtube-Identity-Token': identity_token or self._extract_identity_token(ytcfg),
             'X-Goog-PageId': account_syncid or self._extract_account_syncid(ytcfg),
             'X-Goog-Visitor-Id': visitor_data or self._extract_visitor_data(ytcfg),
-            'User-Agent': self._ytcfg_get_safe(ytcfg, lambda x: x['INNERTUBE_CONTEXT']['client']['userAgent'], default_client=default_client)
+            'User-Agent': self._ytcfg_get_safe(ytcfg, lambda x: x['INNERTUBE_CONTEXT']['client']['userAgent'], default_client=default_client),
         }
         if session_index is None:
             session_index = self._extract_session_index(ytcfg)
@@ -715,7 +715,7 @@ class YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
         url = {
             'web': 'https://www.youtube.com',
             'web_music': 'https://music.youtube.com',
-            'web_embedded': f'https://www.youtube.com/embed/{video_id}?html5=1'
+            'web_embedded': f'https://www.youtube.com/embed/{video_id}?html5=1',
         }.get(client)
         if not url:
             return {}
@@ -726,7 +726,7 @@ class YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
     @staticmethod
     def _build_api_continuation_query(continuation, ctp=None):
         query = {
-            'continuation': continuation
+            'continuation': continuation,
         }
         # TODO: Inconsistency with clickTrackingParams.
         # Currently we have a fixed ctp contained within context (from ytcfg)
@@ -766,7 +766,7 @@ class YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
 
         return traverse_obj(renderer, (
             ('contents', 'items', 'rows'), ..., 'continuationItemRenderer',
-            ('continuationEndpoint', ('button', 'buttonRenderer', 'command'))
+            ('continuationEndpoint', ('button', 'buttonRenderer', 'command')),
         ), get_all=False, expected_type=cls._extract_continuation_ep_data)
 
     @classmethod
@@ -793,7 +793,7 @@ class YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
         for alert_type, alert_message in (warnings + errors[:-1]):
             self.report_warning(f'YouTube said: {alert_type} - {alert_message}', only_once=only_once)
         if errors:
-            raise ExtractorError('YouTube said: %s' % errors[-1][1], expected=expected)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'YouTube said: {errors[-1][1]}', expected=expected)
 
     def _extract_and_report_alerts(self, data, *args, **kwargs):
         return self._report_alerts(self._extract_alerts(data), *args, **kwargs)
@@ -927,7 +927,7 @@ class YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
             if start:
                 return datetime_from_str(start)
             try:
-                return datetime_from_str('now-%s%s' % (mobj.group('time'), mobj.group('unit')))
+                return datetime_from_str('now-{}{}'.format(mobj.group('time'), mobj.group('unit')))
             except ValueError:
                 return None
 
@@ -1114,13 +1114,13 @@ class YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
                     is_unlisted=self._has_badge(badges, BadgeType.AVAILABILITY_UNLISTED) or None),
             view_count_field: view_count,
             'live_status': live_status,
-            'channel_is_verified': True if self._has_badge(owner_badges, BadgeType.VERIFIED) else None
+            'channel_is_verified': True if self._has_badge(owner_badges, BadgeType.VERIFIED) else None,
         }
 
 
 class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
     IE_DESC = 'YouTube'
-    _VALID_URL = r"""(?x)^
+    _VALID_URL = r'''(?x)^
                      (
                          (?:https?://|//)                                    # http(s):// or protocol-independent URL
                          (?:(?:(?:(?:\w+\.)?[yY][oO][uU][tT][uU][bB][eE](?:-nocookie|kids)?\.com|
@@ -1129,7 +1129,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                             (?:www\.)?hooktube\.com|
                             (?:www\.)?yourepeat\.com|
                             tube\.majestyc\.net|
-                            %(invidious)s|
+                            {invidious}|
                             youtube\.googleapis\.com)/                        # the various hostnames, with wildcard subdomains
                          (?:.*?\#/)?                                          # handle anchor (#/) redirect urls
                          (?:                                                  # the various things that can precede the ID:
@@ -1145,16 +1145,16 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                             youtu\.be|                                        # just youtu.be/xxxx
                             vid\.plus|                                        # or vid.plus/xxxx
                             zwearz\.com/watch|                                # or zwearz.com/watch/xxxx
-                            %(invidious)s
+                            {invidious}
                          )/
                          |(?:www\.)?cleanvideosearch\.com/media/action/yt/watch\?videoId=
                          )
                      )?                                                       # all until now is optional -> you can pass the naked ID
-                     (?P<id>[0-9A-Za-z_-]{11})                                # here is it! the YouTube video ID
+                     (?P<id>[0-9A-Za-z_-]{{11}})                              # here is it! the YouTube video ID
                      (?(1).+)?                                                # if we found the ID, everything can follow
-                     (?:\#|$)""" % {
-        'invidious': '|'.join(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor._INVIDIOUS_SITES),
-    }
+                     (?:\#|$)'''.format(
+        invidious='|'.join(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor._INVIDIOUS_SITES),
+    )
     _EMBED_REGEX = [
         r'''(?x)
             (?:
@@ -1326,7 +1326,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'uploader_id': '@PhilippHagemeister',
                 'heatmap': 'count:100',
                 'timestamp': 1349198244,
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': '//www.YouTube.com/watch?v=yZIXLfi8CZQ',
@@ -1383,7 +1383,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'ext': 'm4a',
                 'upload_date': '20121002',
                 'description': '',
-                'title': 'UHDTV TEST 8K VIDEO.mp4'
+                'title': 'UHDTV TEST 8K VIDEO.mp4',
             },
             'params': {
                 'youtube_include_dash_manifest': True,
@@ -1591,7 +1591,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
             },
             'expected_warnings': [
                 'DASH manifest missing',
-            ]
+            ],
         },
         # Olympics (https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/4431)
         {
@@ -1626,7 +1626,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
             },
             'params': {
                 'skip_download': 'requires avconv',
-            }
+            },
         },
         # Non-square pixels
         {
@@ -1850,7 +1850,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'playable_in_embed': True,
                 'like_count': int,
                 'age_limit': 0,
-                'channel_follower_count': int
+                'channel_follower_count': int,
             },
             'params': {
                 'skip_download': True,
@@ -2111,7 +2111,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'channel_id': 'UC-pWHpBjdGG69N9mM2auIAA',
                 'tags': 'count:11',
                 'live_status': 'not_live',
-                'channel_follower_count': int
+                'channel_follower_count': int,
             },
             'params': {
                 'skip_download': True,
@@ -2288,7 +2288,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'comment_count': int,
                 'channel_is_verified': True,
                 'timestamp': 1405513526,
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             # restricted location, https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/28685
@@ -2323,11 +2323,11 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
         }, {
             # Has multiple audio streams
             'url': 'WaOKSUlf4TM',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         }, {
             # Requires Premium: has format 141 when requested using YTM url
             'url': 'https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=XclachpHxis',
-            'only_matching': True
+            'only_matching': True,
         }, {
             # multiple subtitles with same lang_code
             'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wsQiKKfKxug',
@@ -2412,7 +2412,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'channel_is_verified': True,
                 'heatmap': 'count:100',
                 'timestamp': 1395685455,
-            }, 'params': {'format': 'mhtml', 'skip_download': True}
+            }, 'params': {'format': 'mhtml', 'skip_download': True},
         }, {
             # Ensure video upload_date is in UTC timezone (video was uploaded 1641170939)
             'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2NUZ8W2llS4',
@@ -2442,7 +2442,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'uploader_id': '@LeonNguyen',
                 'heatmap': 'count:100',
                 'timestamp': 1641170939,
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             # date text is premiered video, ensure upload date in UTC (published 1641172509)
             'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mzZzzBU6lrM',
@@ -2475,7 +2475,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'channel_is_verified': True,
                 'heatmap': 'count:100',
                 'timestamp': 1641172509,
-            }
+            },
         },
         {   # continuous livestream.
             # Upload date was 2022-07-12T05:12:29-07:00, while stream start is 2022-07-12T15:59:30+00:00
@@ -2535,7 +2535,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'uploader': 'Lesmiscore',
                 'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@lesmiscore',
                 'timestamp': 1648005313,
-            }
+            },
         }, {
             # Prefer primary title+description language metadata by default
             # Do not prefer translated description if primary is empty
@@ -2564,7 +2564,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'uploader': 'cole-dlp-test-acc',
                 'timestamp': 1662677394,
             },
-            'params': {'skip_download': True}
+            'params': {'skip_download': True},
         }, {
             # Extractor argument: prefer translated title+description
             'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gHKT4uU8Zng',
@@ -2765,7 +2765,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
             },
             'params': {
                 'skip_download': True,
-            }
+            },
         },
     ]
 
@@ -2922,7 +2922,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                     if not should_continue:
                         known_idx = idx - 1
                         raise ExtractorError('breaking out of outer loop')
-                    last_segment_url = urljoin(fragment_base_url, 'sq/%d' % idx)
+                    last_segment_url = urljoin(fragment_base_url, f'sq/{idx}')
                     yield {
                         'url': last_segment_url,
                         'fragment_count': last_seq,
@@ -2971,7 +2971,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
             if id_m:
                 break
         else:
-            raise ExtractorError('Cannot identify player %r' % player_url)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'Cannot identify player {player_url!r}')
         return id_m.group('id')
 
     def _load_player(self, video_id, player_url, fatal=True):
@@ -2980,7 +2980,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
             code = self._download_webpage(
                 player_url, video_id, fatal=fatal,
                 note='Downloading player ' + player_id,
-                errnote='Download of %s failed' % player_url)
+                errnote=f'Download of {player_url} failed')
             if code:
                 self._code_cache[player_id] = code
         return self._code_cache.get(player_id)
@@ -3041,10 +3041,9 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
         cache_res = func(test_string)
         cache_spec = [ord(c) for c in cache_res]
         expr_code = ' + '.join(gen_sig_code(cache_spec))
-        signature_id_tuple = '(%s)' % (
-            ', '.join(str(len(p)) for p in example_sig.split('.')))
-        code = ('if tuple(len(p) for p in s.split(\'.\')) == %s:\n'
-                '    return %s\n') % (signature_id_tuple, expr_code)
+        signature_id_tuple = '({})'.format(', '.join(str(len(p)) for p in example_sig.split('.')))
+        code = (f'if tuple(len(p) for p in s.split(\'.\')) == {signature_id_tuple}:\n'
+                f'    return {expr_code}\n')
         self.to_screen('Extracted signature function:\n' + code)
 
     def _parse_sig_js(self, jscode):
@@ -3150,9 +3149,9 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
 
         # For redundancy
         func_code = self._search_regex(
-            r'''(?xs)%s\s*=\s*function\s*\((?P<var>[\w$]+)\)\s*
+            rf'''(?xs){func_name}\s*=\s*function\s*\((?P<var>[\w$]+)\)\s*
                      # NB: The end of the regex is intentionally kept strict
-                     {(?P<code>.+?}\s*return\ [\w$]+.join\(""\))};''' % func_name,
+                     {{(?P<code>.+?}}\s*return\ [\w$]+.join\(""\))}};''',
             jscode, 'nsig function', group=('var', 'code'), default=None)
         if func_code:
             func_code = ([func_code[0]], func_code[1])
@@ -3218,7 +3217,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
             # cpn generation algorithm is reverse engineered from base.js.
             # In fact it works even with dummy cpn.
             CPN_ALPHABET = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789-_'
-            cpn = ''.join(CPN_ALPHABET[random.randint(0, 256) & 63] for _ in range(0, 16))
+            cpn = ''.join(CPN_ALPHABET[random.randint(0, 256) & 63] for _ in range(16))
 
             # # more consistent results setting it to right before the end
             video_length = [str(float((qs.get('len') or ['1.5'])[0]) - 1)]
@@ -3255,7 +3254,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
             webpage)
         if mobj:
             yield cls.url_result(mobj.group('url'), cls)
-            raise cls.StopExtraction()
+            raise cls.StopExtraction
 
         yield from super()._extract_from_webpage(url, webpage)
 
@@ -3280,7 +3279,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
         chapter_list = traverse_obj(
             data, (
                 'playerOverlays', 'playerOverlayRenderer', 'decoratedPlayerBarRenderer',
-                'decoratedPlayerBarRenderer', 'playerBar', 'chapteredPlayerBarRenderer', 'chapters'
+                'decoratedPlayerBarRenderer', 'playerBar', 'chapteredPlayerBarRenderer', 'chapters',
             ), expected_type=list)
 
         return self._extract_chapters_helper(
@@ -3334,7 +3333,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'author_is_uploader': ('author', 'isCreator', {bool}),
                 'author_is_verified': ('author', 'isVerified', {bool}),
                 'author_url': ('author', 'channelCommand', 'innertubeCommand', (
-                    ('browseEndpoint', 'canonicalBaseUrl'), ('commandMetadata', 'webCommandMetadata', 'url')
+                    ('browseEndpoint', 'canonicalBaseUrl'), ('commandMetadata', 'webCommandMetadata', 'url'),
                 ), {lambda x: urljoin('https://www.youtube.com', x)}),
             }, get_all=False),
             'is_favorited': (None if toolbar_entity_payload is None else
@@ -3420,7 +3419,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 sort_text = str_or_none(sort_menu_item.get('title'))
                 if not sort_text:
                     sort_text = 'top comments' if comment_sort_index == 0 else 'newest first'
-                self.to_screen('Sorting comments by %s' % sort_text.lower())
+                self.to_screen(f'Sorting comments by {sort_text.lower()}')
                 break
             return _continuation
 
@@ -3491,15 +3490,15 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
 
         # Keeps track of counts across recursive calls
         if not tracker:
-            tracker = dict(
-                running_total=0,
-                est_total=None,
-                current_page_thread=0,
-                total_parent_comments=0,
-                total_reply_comments=0,
-                seen_comment_ids=set(),
-                pinned_comment_ids=set()
-            )
+            tracker = {
+                'running_total': 0,
+                'est_total': None,
+                'current_page_thread': 0,
+                'total_parent_comments': 0,
+                'total_reply_comments': 0,
+                'seen_comment_ids': set(),
+                'pinned_comment_ids': set(),
+            }
 
         # TODO: Deprecated
         # YouTube comments have a max depth of 2
@@ -3510,8 +3509,8 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
         if max_depth == 1 and parent:
             return
 
-        max_comments, max_parents, max_replies, max_replies_per_thread, *_ = map(
-            lambda p: int_or_none(p, default=sys.maxsize), self._configuration_arg('max_comments', ) + [''] * 4)
+        max_comments, max_parents, max_replies, max_replies_per_thread, *_ = (
+            int_or_none(p, default=sys.maxsize) for p in self._configuration_arg('max_comments') + [''] * 4)
 
         continuation = self._extract_continuation(root_continuation_data)
 
@@ -3540,7 +3539,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                     note_prefix = '    Downloading comment API JSON reply thread %d %s' % (
                         tracker['current_page_thread'], comment_prog_str)
             else:
-                note_prefix = '%sDownloading comment%s API JSON page %d %s' % (
+                note_prefix = '{}Downloading comment{} API JSON page {} {}'.format(
                     '       ' if parent else '', ' replies' if parent else '',
                     page_num, comment_prog_str)
 
@@ -3627,9 +3626,9 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
             context['signatureTimestamp'] = sts
         return {
             'playbackContext': {
-                'contentPlaybackContext': context
+                'contentPlaybackContext': context,
             },
-            **cls._get_checkok_params()
+            **cls._get_checkok_params(),
         }
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -3669,7 +3668,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
             item_id=video_id, ep='player', query=yt_query,
             ytcfg=player_ytcfg, headers=headers, fatal=True,
             default_client=client,
-            note='Downloading %s player API JSON' % client.replace('_', ' ').strip()
+            note='Downloading {} player API JSON'.format(client.replace('_', ' ').strip()),
         ) or None
 
     def _get_requested_clients(self, url, smuggled_data):
@@ -3677,7 +3676,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
         android_clients = []
         default = ['ios', 'web']
         allowed_clients = sorted(
-            (client for client in INNERTUBE_CLIENTS.keys() if client[:1] != '_'),
+            (client for client in INNERTUBE_CLIENTS if client[:1] != '_'),
             key=lambda client: INNERTUBE_CLIENTS[client]['priority'], reverse=True)
         for client in self._configuration_arg('player_client'):
             if client == 'default':
@@ -3805,7 +3804,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
             # audio-only formats with unknown quality may get tagged as tiny
             'tiny',
             'audio_quality_ultralow', 'audio_quality_low', 'audio_quality_medium', 'audio_quality_high',  # Audio only formats
-            'small', 'medium', 'large', 'hd720', 'hd1080', 'hd1440', 'hd2160', 'hd2880', 'highres'
+            'small', 'medium', 'large', 'hd720', 'hd1080', 'hd1440', 'hd2160', 'hd2880', 'highres',
         ])
         streaming_formats = traverse_obj(streaming_data, (..., ('formats', 'adaptiveFormats'), ...))
         format_types = self._configuration_arg('formats')
@@ -3818,8 +3817,8 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
         def build_fragments(f):
             return LazyList({
                 'url': update_url_query(f['url'], {
-                    'range': f'{range_start}-{min(range_start + CHUNK_SIZE - 1, f["filesize"])}'
-                })
+                    'range': f'{range_start}-{min(range_start + CHUNK_SIZE - 1, f["filesize"])}',
+                }),
             } for range_start in range(0, f['filesize'], CHUNK_SIZE))
 
         for fmt in streaming_formats:
@@ -3860,9 +3859,9 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 if not all((sc, fmt_url, player_url, encrypted_sig)):
                     continue
                 try:
-                    fmt_url += '&%s=%s' % (
+                    fmt_url += '&{}={}'.format(
                         traverse_obj(sc, ('sp', -1)) or 'signature',
-                        self._decrypt_signature(encrypted_sig, video_id, player_url)
+                        self._decrypt_signature(encrypted_sig, video_id, player_url),
                     )
                 except ExtractorError as e:
                     self.report_warning('Signature extraction failed: Some formats may be missing',
@@ -3876,7 +3875,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 try:
                     decrypt_nsig = self._cached(self._decrypt_nsig, 'nsig', query['n'][0])
                     fmt_url = update_url_query(fmt_url, {
-                        'n': decrypt_nsig(query['n'][0], video_id, player_url)
+                        'n': decrypt_nsig(query['n'][0], video_id, player_url),
                     })
                 except ExtractorError as e:
                     phantomjs_hint = ''
@@ -4182,7 +4181,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
             expected_type=str)
         if multifeed_metadata_list and not smuggled_data.get('force_singlefeed'):
             if self.get_param('noplaylist'):
-                self.to_screen('Downloading just video %s because of --no-playlist' % video_id)
+                self.to_screen(f'Downloading just video {video_id} because of --no-playlist')
             else:
                 entries = []
                 feed_ids = []
@@ -4203,19 +4202,19 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                     feed_title = feed_entry('title')
                     title = video_title
                     if feed_title:
-                        title += ' (%s)' % feed_title
+                        title += f' ({feed_title})'
                     entries.append({
                         '_type': 'url_transparent',
                         'ie_key': 'Youtube',
                         'url': smuggle_url(
-                            '%swatch?v=%s' % (base_url, feed_data['id'][0]),
+                            '{}watch?v={}'.format(base_url, feed_data['id'][0]),
                             {'force_singlefeed': True}),
                         'title': title,
                     })
                     feed_ids.append(feed_id)
                 self.to_screen(
-                    'Downloading multifeed video (%s) - add --no-playlist to just download video %s'
-                    % (', '.join(feed_ids), video_id))
+                    'Downloading multifeed video ({}) - add --no-playlist to just download video {}'.format(
+                        ', '.join(feed_ids), video_id))
                 return self.playlist_result(
                     entries, video_id, video_title, video_description)
 
@@ -4279,7 +4278,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
             # While the *1,*2,*3 thumbnails are just below their corresponding "*default" variants
             # in resolution, these are not the custom thumbnail. So de-prioritize them
             'maxresdefault', 'hq720', 'sddefault', 'hqdefault', '0', 'mqdefault', 'default',
-            'sd1', 'sd2', 'sd3', 'hq1', 'hq2', 'hq3', 'mq1', 'mq2', 'mq3', '1', '2', '3'
+            'sd1', 'sd2', 'sd3', 'hq1', 'hq2', 'hq3', 'mq1', 'mq2', 'mq3', '1', '2', '3',
         ]
         n_thumbnail_names = len(thumbnail_names)
         thumbnails.extend({
@@ -4353,7 +4352,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
             'live_status': live_status,
             'release_timestamp': live_start_time,
             '_format_sort_fields': (  # source_preference is lower for throttled/potentially damaged formats
-                'quality', 'res', 'fps', 'hdr:12', 'source', 'vcodec:vp9.2', 'channels', 'acodec', 'lang', 'proto')
+                'quality', 'res', 'fps', 'hdr:12', 'source', 'vcodec:vp9.2', 'channels', 'acodec', 'lang', 'proto'),
         }
 
         subtitles = {}
@@ -4431,7 +4430,7 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 for d_k, s_ks in [('start', ('start', 't')), ('end', ('end',))]:
                     d_k += '_time'
                     if d_k not in info and k in s_ks:
-                        info[d_k] = parse_duration(query[k][0])
+                        info[d_k] = parse_duration(v[0])
 
         # Youtube Music Auto-generated description
         if (video_description or '').strip().endswith('\nAuto-generated by YouTube.'):
@@ -4483,10 +4482,10 @@ class YoutubeIE(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
 
         info['comment_count'] = traverse_obj(initial_data, (
             'contents', 'twoColumnWatchNextResults', 'results', 'results', 'contents', ..., 'itemSectionRenderer',
-            'contents', ..., 'commentsEntryPointHeaderRenderer', 'commentCount'
+            'contents', ..., 'commentsEntryPointHeaderRenderer', 'commentCount',
         ), (
             'engagementPanels', lambda _, v: v['engagementPanelSectionListRenderer']['panelIdentifier'] == 'comment-item-section',
-            'engagementPanelSectionListRenderer', 'header', 'engagementPanelTitleHeaderRenderer', 'contextualInfo'
+            'engagementPanelSectionListRenderer', 'header', 'engagementPanelTitleHeaderRenderer', 'contextualInfo',
         ), expected_type=self._get_count, get_all=False)
 
         try:  # This will error if there is no livechat
@@ -4716,7 +4715,7 @@ class YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
     def _extract_basic_item_renderer(item):
         # Modified from _extract_grid_item_renderer
         known_basic_renderers = (
-            'playlistRenderer', 'videoRenderer', 'channelRenderer', 'showRenderer', 'reelItemRenderer'
+            'playlistRenderer', 'videoRenderer', 'channelRenderer', 'showRenderer', 'reelItemRenderer',
         )
         for key, renderer in item.items():
             if not isinstance(renderer, dict):
@@ -4777,7 +4776,7 @@ class YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
             playlist_id = renderer.get('playlistId')
             if playlist_id:
                 yield self.url_result(
-                    'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=%s' % playlist_id,
+                    f'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list={playlist_id}',
                     ie=YoutubeTabIE.ie_key(), video_id=playlist_id,
                     video_title=title)
                 continue
@@ -4835,7 +4834,7 @@ class YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
             yield from self._grid_entries(renderer)
         renderer = content.get('horizontalListRenderer')
         if renderer:
-            # TODO
+            # TODO: handle case
             pass
 
     def _shelf_entries(self, shelf_renderer, skip_channels=False):
@@ -4912,7 +4911,7 @@ class YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
             post_renderer, lambda x: x['backstageAttachment']['playlistRenderer']['playlistId'], str)
         if playlist_id:
             yield self.url_result(
-                'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=%s' % playlist_id,
+                f'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list={playlist_id}',
                 ie=YoutubeTabIE.ie_key(), video_id=playlist_id)
         # inline video links
         runs = try_get(post_renderer, lambda x: x['contentText']['runs'], list) or []
@@ -5065,12 +5064,12 @@ class YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
 
             continuation_items = traverse_obj(response, (
                 ('onResponseReceivedActions', 'onResponseReceivedEndpoints'), ...,
-                'appendContinuationItemsAction', 'continuationItems'
+                'appendContinuationItemsAction', 'continuationItems',
             ), 'continuationContents', get_all=False)
             continuation_item = traverse_obj(continuation_items, 0, None, expected_type=dict, default={})
 
             video_items_renderer = None
-            for key in continuation_item.keys():
+            for key in continuation_item:
                 if key not in known_renderers:
                     continue
                 func, parent_key = known_renderers[key]
@@ -5137,7 +5136,7 @@ class YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 avatar_thumbnails.append({
                     'url': uncropped_avatar,
                     'id': 'avatar_uncropped',
-                    'preference': 1
+                    'preference': 1,
                 })
 
         channel_banners = self._extract_thumbnails(
@@ -5151,7 +5150,7 @@ class YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 channel_banners.append({
                     'url': uncropped_banner,
                     'id': 'banner_uncropped',
-                    'preference': -5
+                    'preference': -5,
                 })
 
         # Deprecated - remove primary_sidebar_renderer when layout discontinued
@@ -5221,7 +5220,7 @@ class YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
             info.update({
                 'channel': self._search_regex(r'^by (.+) and \d+ others?$', owner_text, 'uploader', default=owner_text),
                 'channel_id': self.ucid_or_none(browse_ep.get('browseId')),
-                'uploader_id': self.handle_from_url(urljoin('https://www.youtube.com', browse_ep.get('canonicalBaseUrl')))
+                'uploader_id': self.handle_from_url(urljoin('https://www.youtube.com', browse_ep.get('canonicalBaseUrl'))),
             })
 
         info.update({
@@ -5253,12 +5252,12 @@ class YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'playlistId': playlist_id,
                 'videoId': watch_endpoint.get('videoId') or last_id,
                 'index': watch_endpoint.get('index') or len(videos),
-                'params': watch_endpoint.get('params') or 'OAE%3D'
+                'params': watch_endpoint.get('params') or 'OAE%3D',
             }
             response = self._extract_response(
-                item_id='%s page %d' % (playlist_id, page_num),
+                item_id=f'{playlist_id} page {page_num}',
                 query=query, ep='next', headers=headers, ytcfg=ytcfg,
-                check_get_keys='contents'
+                check_get_keys='contents',
             )
             playlist = try_get(
                 response, lambda x: x['contents']['twoColumnWatchNextResults']['playlist']['playlist'], dict)
@@ -5349,7 +5348,7 @@ class YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor):
             visitor_data=self._extract_visitor_data(data, ytcfg))
         query = {
             'params': 'wgYCCAA=',
-            'browseId': f'VL{item_id}'
+            'browseId': f'VL{item_id}',
         }
         return self._extract_response(
             item_id=item_id, headers=headers, query=query,
@@ -5481,7 +5480,7 @@ class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
             (?!consent\.)(?:\w+\.)?
             (?:
                 youtube(?:kids)?\.com|
-                %(invidious)s
+                {invidious}
             )/
             (?:
                 (?P<channel_type>channel|c|user|browse)/|
@@ -5489,13 +5488,13 @@ class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
                     feed/|hashtag/|
                     (?:playlist|watch)\?.*?\blist=
                 )|
-                (?!(?:%(reserved_names)s)\b)  # Direct URLs
+                (?!(?:{reserved_names})\b)  # Direct URLs
             )
             (?P<id>[^/?\#&]+)
-    )''' % {
-        'reserved_names': YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor._RESERVED_NAMES,
-        'invidious': '|'.join(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor._INVIDIOUS_SITES),
-    }
+    )'''.format(
+        reserved_names=YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor._RESERVED_NAMES,
+        invidious='|'.join(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor._INVIDIOUS_SITES),
+    )
     IE_NAME = 'youtube:tab'
 
     _TESTS = [{
@@ -5513,7 +5512,7 @@ class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
             'channel_id': 'UCqj7Cz7revf5maW9g5pgNcg',
             'tags': ['критическое мышление', 'наука просто', 'математика', 'анализ данных'],
             'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqj7Cz7revf5maW9g5pgNcg',
-            'channel_follower_count': int
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
         },
     }, {
         'note': 'playlists, multipage, different order',
@@ -5530,7 +5529,7 @@ class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
             'channel_id': 'UCqj7Cz7revf5maW9g5pgNcg',
             'channel': 'Igor Kleiner Ph.D.',
             'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqj7Cz7revf5maW9g5pgNcg',
-            'channel_follower_count': int
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
         },
     }, {
         'note': 'playlists, series',
@@ -5565,8 +5564,8 @@ class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
             'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAEtajcuhQ6an9WEzY9LEMQ',
             'tags': 'count:12',
             'channel': 'ThirstForScience',
-            'channel_follower_count': int
-        }
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/c/ChristophLaimer/playlists',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -5621,7 +5620,7 @@ class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
             'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@lexwill718',
             'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
             'channel_id': 'UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
-            'channel_follower_count': int
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 2,
     }, {
@@ -5638,7 +5637,7 @@ class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
             'channel_id': 'UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
             'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@lexwill718',
             'channel': 'lex will',
-            'channel_follower_count': int
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 975,
     }, {
@@ -5655,7 +5654,7 @@ class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
             'channel': 'lex will',
             'tags': ['bible', 'history', 'prophesy'],
             'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
-            'channel_follower_count': int
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 199,
     }, {
@@ -5672,7 +5671,7 @@ class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
             'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
             'channel_id': 'UCKfVa3S1e4PHvxWcwyMMg8w',
             'tags': ['bible', 'history', 'prophesy'],
-            'channel_follower_count': int
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 17,
     }, {
@@ -5995,11 +5994,11 @@ class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
     }, {
         'note': 'Requires Premium: should request additional YTM-info webpage (and have format 141) for videos in playlist',
         'url': 'https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLRBp0Fe2GpgmgoscNFLxNyBVSFVdYmFkq',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'note': '/browse/ should redirect to /channel/',
         'url': 'https://music.youtube.com/browse/UC1a8OFewdjuLq6KlF8M_8Ng',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'note': 'VLPL, should redirect to playlist?list=PL...',
         'url': 'https://music.youtube.com/browse/VLPLRBp0Fe2GpgmgoscNFLxNyBVSFVdYmFkq',
@@ -6096,7 +6095,7 @@ class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'uploader_id': '@PhilippHagemeister',
                 'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@PhilippHagemeister',
                 'uploader': 'Philipp Hagemeister',
-            }
+            },
         }],
         'playlist_count': 1,
         'params': {'extract_flat': True},
@@ -6111,7 +6110,7 @@ class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
         'playlist_mincount': 50,
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-            'extractor_args': {'youtubetab': {'skip': ['webpage']}}
+            'extractor_args': {'youtubetab': {'skip': ['webpage']}},
         },
     }, {
         'note': 'API Fallback: /videos tab, sorted by oldest first',
@@ -6124,12 +6123,12 @@ class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
             'channel_id': 'UCu6mSoMNzHQiBIOCkHUa2Aw',
             'tags': [],
             'channel_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu6mSoMNzHQiBIOCkHUa2Aw',
-            'channel_follower_count': int
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 650,
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-            'extractor_args': {'youtubetab': {'skip': ['webpage']}}
+            'extractor_args': {'youtubetab': {'skip': ['webpage']}},
         },
         'skip': 'Query for sorting no longer works',
     }, {
@@ -6151,13 +6150,13 @@ class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
         'playlist_mincount': 101,
         'params': {
             'skip_download': True,
-            'extractor_args': {'youtubetab': {'skip': ['webpage']}}
+            'extractor_args': {'youtubetab': {'skip': ['webpage']}},
         },
         'expected_warnings': ['YouTube Music is not directly supported', r'[Uu]navailable videos (are|will be) hidden'],
     }, {
         'note': 'non-standard redirect to regional channel',
         'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCwVVpHQ2Cs9iGJfpdFngePQ',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'note': 'collaborative playlist (uploader name in the form "by <uploader> and x other(s)")',
         'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLx-_-Kk4c89oOHEDQAojOXzEzemXxoqx6',
@@ -6176,7 +6175,7 @@ class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
             'uploader_id': '@pukkandan',
             'uploader': 'pukkandan',
         },
-        'playlist_mincount': 2
+        'playlist_mincount': 2,
     }, {
         'note': 'translated tab name',
         'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA/playlists',
@@ -6317,7 +6316,7 @@ class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
         # No uploads and no UCID given. Should fail with no uploads error
         # See test_youtube_lists
         'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/news',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         # No videos tab but has a shorts tab
         'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/c/TKFShorts',
@@ -6379,7 +6378,7 @@ class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'title': 'SHORT short',
                 'view_count': int,
                 'thumbnails': list,
-            }
+            },
         }],
         'params': {'extract_flat': True},
     }, {
@@ -6387,8 +6386,8 @@ class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
         'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQvWX73GQygcwXOTSf_VDVg/live',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'UCQvWX73GQygcwXOTSf_VDVg',
-            'title': 'UCQvWX73GQygcwXOTSf_VDVg - Live',  # TODO, should be Minecraft - Live or Minecraft - Topic - Live
-            'tags': []
+            'title': 'UCQvWX73GQygcwXOTSf_VDVg - Live',  # TODO: should be Minecraft - Live or Minecraft - Topic - Live
+            'tags': [],
         },
         'playlist': [{
             'info_dict': {
@@ -6406,10 +6405,10 @@ class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'uploader_url': str,
                 'uploader_id': str,
                 'channel_is_verified': bool,  # this will keep changing
-            }
+            },
         }],
         'params': {'extract_flat': True, 'playlist_items': '1'},
-        'playlist_mincount': 1
+        'playlist_mincount': 1,
     }, {
         # Channel renderer metadata. Contains number of videos on the channel
         'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiu-3thuViMebBjw_5nWYrA/channels',
@@ -6442,7 +6441,7 @@ class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'uploader_url': 'https://www.youtube.com/@PewDiePie',
                 'uploader_id': '@PewDiePie',
                 'channel_is_verified': True,
-            }
+            },
         }],
         'params': {'extract_flat': True},
     }, {
@@ -6614,7 +6613,7 @@ class YoutubeTabIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
 
         # Handle both video/playlist URLs
         qs = parse_qs(url)
-        video_id, playlist_id = [traverse_obj(qs, (key, 0)) for key in ('v', 'list')]
+        video_id, playlist_id = (traverse_obj(qs, (key, 0)) for key in ('v', 'list'))
         if not video_id and mobj['not_channel'].startswith('watch'):
             if not playlist_id:
                 # If there is neither video or playlist ids, youtube redirects to home page, which is undesirable
@@ -6746,15 +6745,15 @@ class YoutubePlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
                         (?:
                             (?:
                                 youtube(?:kids)?\.com|
-                                %(invidious)s
+                                {invidious}
                             )
                             /.*?\?.*?\blist=
                         )?
-                        (?P<id>%(playlist_id)s)
-                     )''' % {
-        'playlist_id': YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor._PLAYLIST_ID_RE,
-        'invidious': '|'.join(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor._INVIDIOUS_SITES),
-    }
+                        (?P<id>{playlist_id})
+                     )'''.format(
+        playlist_id=YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor._PLAYLIST_ID_RE,
+        invidious='|'.join(YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor._INVIDIOUS_SITES),
+    )
     IE_NAME = 'youtube:playlist'
     _TESTS = [{
         'note': 'issue #673',
@@ -6854,7 +6853,7 @@ class YoutubePlaylistIE(InfoExtractor):
 
 class YoutubeYtBeIE(InfoExtractor):
     IE_DESC = 'youtu.be'
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?://youtu\.be/(?P<id>[0-9A-Za-z_-]{11})/*?.*?\blist=(?P<playlist_id>%(playlist_id)s)' % {'playlist_id': YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor._PLAYLIST_ID_RE}
+    _VALID_URL = rf'https?://youtu\.be/(?P<id>[0-9A-Za-z_-]{{11}})/*?.*?\blist=(?P<playlist_id>{YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor._PLAYLIST_ID_RE})'
     _TESTS = [{
         'url': 'https://youtu.be/yeWKywCrFtk?list=PL2qgrgXsNUG5ig9cat4ohreBjYLAPC0J5',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -6880,7 +6879,7 @@ class YoutubeYtBeIE(InfoExtractor):
             'availability': 'public',
             'duration': 59,
             'comment_count': int,
-            'channel_follower_count': int
+            'channel_follower_count': int,
         },
         'params': {
             'noplaylist': True,
@@ -7054,7 +7053,7 @@ class YoutubeSearchIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor, SearchInfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'youtube-dl test video',
             'title': 'youtube-dl test video',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'note': 'Suicide/self-harm search warning',
         'url': 'ytsearch1:i hate myself and i wanna die',
@@ -7062,7 +7061,7 @@ class YoutubeSearchIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor, SearchInfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'i hate myself and i wanna die',
             'title': 'i hate myself and i wanna die',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
 
@@ -7077,7 +7076,7 @@ class YoutubeSearchDateIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor, SearchInfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'youtube-dl test video',
             'title': 'youtube-dl test video',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
 
@@ -7091,14 +7090,14 @@ class YoutubeSearchURLIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'youtube-dl test video',
             'title': 'youtube-dl test video',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=python&sp=EgIQAg%253D%253D',
         'playlist_mincount': 5,
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'python',
             'title': 'python',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=%23cats',
         'playlist_mincount': 1,
@@ -7137,7 +7136,7 @@ class YoutubeSearchURLIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
                 'uploader': 'Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshell',
                 'channel_is_verified': True,
                 'channel_follower_count': int,
-            }
+            },
         }],
         'params': {'extract_flat': True, 'playlist_items': '1'},
         'playlist_mincount': 1,
@@ -7162,7 +7161,7 @@ class YoutubeMusicSearchURLIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'royalty free music',
             'title': 'royalty free music',
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://music.youtube.com/search?q=royalty+free+music&sp=EgWKAQIIAWoKEAoQAxAEEAkQBQ%3D%3D',
         'playlist_mincount': 30,
@@ -7170,7 +7169,7 @@ class YoutubeMusicSearchURLIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
             'id': 'royalty free music - songs',
             'title': 'royalty free music - songs',
         },
-        'params': {'extract_flat': 'in_playlist'}
+        'params': {'extract_flat': 'in_playlist'},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://music.youtube.com/search?q=royalty+free+music#community+playlists',
         'playlist_mincount': 30,
@@ -7178,7 +7177,7 @@ class YoutubeMusicSearchURLIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
             'id': 'royalty free music - community playlists',
             'title': 'royalty free music - community playlists',
         },
-        'params': {'extract_flat': 'in_playlist'}
+        'params': {'extract_flat': 'in_playlist'},
     }]
 
     _SECTIONS = {
@@ -7197,7 +7196,7 @@ class YoutubeMusicSearchURLIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
         if params:
             section = next((k for k, v in self._SECTIONS.items() if v == params), params)
         else:
-            section = urllib.parse.unquote_plus((url.split('#') + [''])[1]).lower()
+            section = urllib.parse.unquote_plus(([*url.split('#'), ''])[1]).lower()
             params = self._SECTIONS.get(section)
             if not params:
                 section = None
@@ -7217,8 +7216,8 @@ class YoutubeFeedsInfoExtractor(InfoExtractor):
         YoutubeBaseInfoExtractor._check_login_required(self)
 
     @classproperty
-    def IE_NAME(self):
-        return f'youtube:{self._FEED_NAME}'
+    def IE_NAME(cls):
+        return f'youtube:{cls._FEED_NAME}'
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
         return self.url_result(
@@ -7386,7 +7385,7 @@ class YoutubeClipIE(YoutubeTabBaseInfoExtractor):
             'chapters': 'count:20',
             'comment_count': int,
             'heatmap': 'count:100',
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/zaiko.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/zaiko.py
index 2b6221da21..c8c4ec0b87 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/zaiko.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/zaiko.py
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ class ZaikoIE(ZaikoBaseIE):
             **traverse_obj(player_meta, ('initial_event_info', {
                 'alt_title': ('title', {str}),
             })),
-            'thumbnails': [{'url': url, 'id': url_basename(url)} for url in thumbnail_urls if url_or_none(url)]
+            'thumbnails': [{'url': url, 'id': url_basename(url)} for url in thumbnail_urls if url_or_none(url)],
         }
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/zapiks.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/zapiks.py
index 2a12aa5095..2916367c82 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/zapiks.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/zapiks.py
@@ -55,11 +55,11 @@ class ZapiksIE(InfoExtractor):
                 r'data-media-id="(\d+)"', webpage, 'video id')
 
         playlist = self._download_xml(
-            'http://www.zapiks.fr/view/index.php?action=playlist&media_id=%s&lang=en' % video_id,
+            f'http://www.zapiks.fr/view/index.php?action=playlist&media_id={video_id}&lang=en',
             display_id)
 
         NS_MAP = {
-            'jwplayer': 'http://rss.jwpcdn.com/'
+            'jwplayer': 'http://rss.jwpcdn.com/',
         }
 
         def ns(path):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/zattoo.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/zattoo.py
index 5cc9c5f7a1..161804b604 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/zattoo.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/zattoo.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import re
 import uuid
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..networking.exceptions import HTTPError
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
@@ -27,13 +26,13 @@ class ZattooPlatformBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _perform_login(self, username, password):
         try:
             data = self._download_json(
-                '%s/zapi/v2/account/login' % self._host_url(), None, 'Logging in',
+                f'{self._host_url()}/zapi/v2/account/login', None, 'Logging in',
                 data=urlencode_postdata({
                     'login': username,
                     'password': password,
                     'remember': 'true',
                 }), headers={
-                    'Referer': '%s/login' % self._host_url(),
+                    'Referer': f'{self._host_url()}/login',
                     'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8',
                 })
         except ExtractorError as e:
@@ -51,9 +50,9 @@ class ZattooPlatformBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         # Will setup appropriate cookies
         self._request_webpage(
-            '%s/zapi/v3/session/hello' % self._host_url(), None,
+            f'{self._host_url()}/zapi/v3/session/hello', None,
             'Opening session', data=urlencode_postdata({
-                'uuid': compat_str(uuid.uuid4()),
+                'uuid': str(uuid.uuid4()),
                 'lang': 'en',
                 'app_version': '1.8.2',
                 'format': 'json',
@@ -72,8 +71,7 @@ class ZattooPlatformBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _extract_cid(self, video_id, channel_name):
         channel_groups = self._download_json(
-            '%s/zapi/v2/cached/channels/%s' % (self._host_url(),
-                                               self._power_guide_hash),
+            f'{self._host_url()}/zapi/v2/cached/channels/{self._power_guide_hash}',
             video_id, 'Downloading channel list',
             query={'details': False})['channel_groups']
         channel_list = []
@@ -90,8 +88,7 @@ class ZattooPlatformBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
     def _extract_cid_and_video_info(self, video_id):
         data = self._download_json(
-            '%s/zapi/v2/cached/program/power_details/%s' % (
-                self._host_url(), self._power_guide_hash),
+            f'{self._host_url()}/zapi/v2/cached/program/power_details/{self._power_guide_hash}',
             video_id,
             'Downloading video information',
             query={
@@ -113,7 +110,7 @@ class ZattooPlatformBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             'season_number': int_or_none(p.get('s_no')),
             'release_year': int_or_none(p.get('year')),
             'categories': try_get(p, lambda x: x['c'], list),
-            'tags': try_get(p, lambda x: x['g'], list)
+            'tags': try_get(p, lambda x: x['g'], list),
         }
 
         return cid, info_dict
@@ -123,7 +120,7 @@ class ZattooPlatformBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
         @returns    (ondemand_token, ondemand_type, info_dict)
         """
         data = self._download_json(
-            '%s/zapi/vod/movies/%s' % (self._host_url(), ondemand_id),
+            f'{self._host_url()}/zapi/vod/movies/{ondemand_id}',
             ondemand_id, 'Downloading ondemand information')
         info_dict = {
             'id': ondemand_id,
@@ -144,18 +141,18 @@ class ZattooPlatformBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         if is_live:
             postdata_common.update({'timeshift': 10800})
-            url = '%s/zapi/watch/live/%s' % (self._host_url(), cid)
+            url = f'{self._host_url()}/zapi/watch/live/{cid}'
         elif record_id:
-            url = '%s/zapi/watch/recording/%s' % (self._host_url(), record_id)
+            url = f'{self._host_url()}/zapi/watch/recording/{record_id}'
         elif ondemand_id:
             postdata_common.update({
                 'teasable_id': ondemand_id,
                 'term_token': ondemand_termtoken,
-                'teasable_type': ondemand_type
+                'teasable_type': ondemand_type,
             })
-            url = '%s/zapi/watch/vod/video' % self._host_url()
+            url = f'{self._host_url()}/zapi/watch/vod/video'
         else:
-            url = '%s/zapi/v3/watch/replay/%s/%s' % (self._host_url(), cid, video_id)
+            url = f'{self._host_url()}/zapi/v3/watch/replay/{cid}/{video_id}'
         formats = []
         subtitles = {}
         for stream_type in ('dash', 'hls7'):
@@ -163,7 +160,7 @@ class ZattooPlatformBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             postdata['stream_type'] = stream_type
 
             data = self._download_json(
-                url, video_id, 'Downloading %s formats' % stream_type.upper(),
+                url, video_id, f'Downloading {stream_type.upper()} formats',
                 data=urlencode_postdata(postdata), fatal=False)
             if not data:
                 continue
@@ -218,7 +215,7 @@ class ZattooPlatformBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             'title': channel_name,
             'is_live': True,
             'formats': formats,
-            'subtitles': subtitles
+            'subtitles': subtitles,
         }
 
     def _extract_record(self, record_id):
@@ -267,9 +264,9 @@ class ZattooIE(ZattooBaseIE):
             'release_year': 2022,
             'episode': 'Folge 1655',
             'categories': 'count:1',
-            'tags': 'count:2'
+            'tags': 'count:2',
         },
-        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'}
+        'params': {'skip_download': 'm3u8'},
     }, {
         'url': 'https://zattoo.com/program/daserste/210177916',
         'only_matching': True,
@@ -322,7 +319,7 @@ class ZattooRecordingsIE(ZattooBaseIE):
 class NetPlusTVBaseIE(ZattooPlatformBaseIE):
     _NETRC_MACHINE = 'netplus'
     _HOST = 'netplus.tv'
-    _API_HOST = 'www.%s' % _HOST
+    _API_HOST = f'www.{_HOST}'
 
 
 class NetPlusTVIE(NetPlusTVBaseIE):
@@ -458,7 +455,7 @@ class WalyTVRecordingsIE(WalyTVBaseIE):
 class BBVTVBaseIE(ZattooPlatformBaseIE):
     _NETRC_MACHINE = 'bbvtv'
     _HOST = 'bbv-tv.net'
-    _API_HOST = 'www.%s' % _HOST
+    _API_HOST = f'www.{_HOST}'
 
 
 class BBVTVIE(BBVTVBaseIE):
@@ -504,7 +501,7 @@ class BBVTVRecordingsIE(BBVTVBaseIE):
 class VTXTVBaseIE(ZattooPlatformBaseIE):
     _NETRC_MACHINE = 'vtxtv'
     _HOST = 'vtxtv.ch'
-    _API_HOST = 'www.%s' % _HOST
+    _API_HOST = f'www.{_HOST}'
 
 
 class VTXTVIE(VTXTVBaseIE):
@@ -595,7 +592,7 @@ class GlattvisionTVRecordingsIE(GlattvisionTVBaseIE):
 class SAKTVBaseIE(ZattooPlatformBaseIE):
     _NETRC_MACHINE = 'saktv'
     _HOST = 'saktv.ch'
-    _API_HOST = 'www.%s' % _HOST
+    _API_HOST = f'www.{_HOST}'
 
 
 class SAKTVIE(SAKTVBaseIE):
@@ -686,7 +683,7 @@ class EWETVRecordingsIE(EWETVBaseIE):
 class QuantumTVBaseIE(ZattooPlatformBaseIE):
     _NETRC_MACHINE = 'quantumtv'
     _HOST = 'quantum-tv.com'
-    _API_HOST = 'www.%s' % _HOST
+    _API_HOST = f'www.{_HOST}'
 
 
 class QuantumTVIE(QuantumTVBaseIE):
@@ -777,7 +774,7 @@ class OsnatelTVRecordingsIE(OsnatelTVBaseIE):
 class EinsUndEinsTVBaseIE(ZattooPlatformBaseIE):
     _NETRC_MACHINE = '1und1tv'
     _HOST = '1und1.tv'
-    _API_HOST = 'www.%s' % _HOST
+    _API_HOST = f'www.{_HOST}'
 
 
 class EinsUndEinsTVIE(EinsUndEinsTVBaseIE):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/zdf.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/zdf.py
index c04d51b7ea..a862e25d07 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/zdf.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/zdf.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import re
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     NO_DEFAULT,
     ExtractorError,
@@ -29,11 +28,11 @@ class ZDFBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
     def _call_api(self, url, video_id, item, api_token=None, referrer=None):
         headers = {}
         if api_token:
-            headers['Api-Auth'] = 'Bearer %s' % api_token
+            headers['Api-Auth'] = f'Bearer {api_token}'
         if referrer:
             headers['Referer'] = referrer
         return self._download_json(
-            url, video_id, 'Downloading JSON %s' % item, headers=headers)
+            url, video_id, f'Downloading JSON {item}', headers=headers)
 
     @staticmethod
     def _extract_subtitles(src):
@@ -73,7 +72,7 @@ class ZDFBaseIE(InfoExtractor):
             f.update({
                 'url': format_url,
                 'format_id': join_nonempty('http', meta.get('type'), meta.get('quality')),
-                'tbr': int_or_none(self._search_regex(r'_(\d+)k_', format_url, 'tbr', default=None))
+                'tbr': int_or_none(self._search_regex(r'_(\d+)k_', format_url, 'tbr', default=None)),
             })
             new_formats = [f]
         formats.extend(merge_dicts(f, {
@@ -236,7 +235,7 @@ class ZDFIE(ZDFBaseIE):
             'timestamp': 1641355200,
             'upload_date': '20220105',
         },
-        'skip': 'No longer available "Diese Seite wurde leider nicht gefunden"'
+        'skip': 'No longer available "Diese Seite wurde leider nicht gefunden"',
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.zdf.de/serien/soko-stuttgart/das-geld-anderer-leute-100.html',
         'info_dict': {
@@ -270,7 +269,7 @@ class ZDFIE(ZDFBaseIE):
         t = content['mainVideoContent']['http://zdf.de/rels/target']
         ptmd_path = traverse_obj(t, (
             (('streams', 'default'), None),
-            ('http://zdf.de/rels/streams/ptmd', 'http://zdf.de/rels/streams/ptmd-template')
+            ('http://zdf.de/rels/streams/ptmd', 'http://zdf.de/rels/streams/ptmd-template'),
         ), get_all=False)
         if not ptmd_path:
             raise ExtractorError('Could not extract ptmd_path')
@@ -303,7 +302,7 @@ class ZDFIE(ZDFBaseIE):
         chapters = [{
             'start_time': chap.get('anchorOffset'),
             'end_time': next_chap.get('anchorOffset'),
-            'title': chap.get('anchorLabel')
+            'title': chap.get('anchorLabel'),
         } for chap, next_chap in zip(chapter_marks, chapter_marks[1:])]
 
         return merge_dicts(info, {
@@ -312,7 +311,7 @@ class ZDFIE(ZDFBaseIE):
             'duration': int_or_none(t.get('duration')),
             'timestamp': unified_timestamp(content.get('editorialDate')),
             'thumbnails': thumbnails,
-            'chapters': chapters or None
+            'chapters': chapters or None,
         })
 
     def _extract_regular(self, url, player, video_id):
@@ -322,7 +321,7 @@ class ZDFIE(ZDFBaseIE):
 
     def _extract_mobile(self, video_id):
         video = self._download_json(
-            'https://zdf-cdn.live.cellular.de/mediathekV2/document/%s' % video_id,
+            f'https://zdf-cdn.live.cellular.de/mediathekV2/document/{video_id}',
             video_id)
 
         formats = []
@@ -341,7 +340,7 @@ class ZDFIE(ZDFBaseIE):
         if isinstance(teaser_bild, dict):
             for thumbnail_key, thumbnail in teaser_bild.items():
                 thumbnail_url = try_get(
-                    thumbnail, lambda x: x['url'], compat_str)
+                    thumbnail, lambda x: x['url'], str)
                 if thumbnail_url:
                     thumbnails.append({
                         'url': thumbnail_url,
@@ -356,7 +355,7 @@ class ZDFIE(ZDFBaseIE):
             'description': document.get('beschreibung'),
             'duration': int_or_none(document.get('length')),
             'timestamp': unified_timestamp(document.get('date')) or unified_timestamp(
-                try_get(video, lambda x: x['meta']['editorialDate'], compat_str)),
+                try_get(video, lambda x: x['meta']['editorialDate'], str)),
             'thumbnails': thumbnails,
             'subtitles': self._extract_subtitles(document),
             'formats': formats,
@@ -405,10 +404,10 @@ class ZDFChannelIE(ZDFBaseIE):
 
     @classmethod
     def suitable(cls, url):
-        return False if ZDFIE.suitable(url) else super(ZDFChannelIE, cls).suitable(url)
+        return False if ZDFIE.suitable(url) else super().suitable(url)
 
     def _og_search_title(self, webpage, fatal=False):
-        title = super(ZDFChannelIE, self)._og_search_title(webpage, fatal=fatal)
+        title = super()._og_search_title(webpage, fatal=fatal)
         return re.split(r'\s+[-|]\s+ZDF(?:mediathek)?$', title or '')[0] or None
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -417,7 +416,7 @@ class ZDFChannelIE(ZDFBaseIE):
         webpage = self._download_webpage(url, channel_id)
 
         matches = re.finditer(
-            r'''<div\b[^>]*?\sdata-plusbar-id\s*=\s*(["'])(?P<p_id>[\w-]+)\1[^>]*?\sdata-plusbar-url=\1(?P<url>%s)\1''' % ZDFIE._VALID_URL,
+            rf'''<div\b[^>]*?\sdata-plusbar-id\s*=\s*(["'])(?P<p_id>[\w-]+)\1[^>]*?\sdata-plusbar-url=\1(?P<url>{ZDFIE._VALID_URL})\1''',
             webpage)
 
         if self._downloader.params.get('noplaylist', False):
@@ -428,11 +427,11 @@ class ZDFChannelIE(ZDFBaseIE):
             if entry:
                 return entry
         else:
-            self.to_screen('Downloading playlist %s - add --no-playlist to download just the main video' % (channel_id, ))
+            self.to_screen(f'Downloading playlist {channel_id} - add --no-playlist to download just the main video')
 
         def check_video(m):
             v_ref = self._search_regex(
-                r'''(<a\b[^>]*?\shref\s*=[^>]+?\sdata-target-id\s*=\s*(["'])%s\2[^>]*>)''' % (m.group('p_id'), ),
+                r'''(<a\b[^>]*?\shref\s*=[^>]+?\sdata-target-id\s*=\s*(["']){}\2[^>]*>)'''.format(m.group('p_id')),
                 webpage, 'check id', default='')
             v_ref = extract_attributes(v_ref)
             return v_ref.get('data-target-video-type') != 'novideo'
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/zee5.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/zee5.py
index ca79cf0a71..fb523de03b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/zee5.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/zee5.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import time
 import uuid
 
 from .common import InfoExtractor
-from ..compat import compat_str
 from ..utils import (
     ExtractorError,
     int_or_none,
@@ -38,7 +37,7 @@ class Zee5IE(InfoExtractor):
             'display_id': 'adavari-matalaku-ardhale-verule',
             'title': 'Adavari Matalaku Ardhale Verule',
             'duration': 9360,
-            'description': compat_str,
+            'description': str,
             'alt_title': 'Adavari Matalaku Ardhale Verule',
             'uploader': 'Zee Entertainment Enterprises Ltd',
             'release_date': '20070427',
@@ -47,7 +46,7 @@ class Zee5IE(InfoExtractor):
             'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
             'episode_number': 0,
             'episode': 'Episode 0',
-            'tags': list
+            'tags': list,
         },
         'params': {
             'format': 'bv',
@@ -60,7 +59,7 @@ class Zee5IE(InfoExtractor):
             'display_id': 'yoga-se-hoga-bandbudh-aur-budbak',
             'title': 'Yoga Se Hoga-Bandbudh aur Budbak',
             'duration': 659,
-            'description': compat_str,
+            'description': str,
             'alt_title': 'Yoga Se Hoga-Bandbudh aur Budbak',
             'uploader': 'Zee Entertainment Enterprises Ltd',
             'release_date': '20150101',
@@ -79,22 +78,22 @@ class Zee5IE(InfoExtractor):
         },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.zee5.com/hi/tv-shows/details/kundali-bhagya/0-6-366/kundali-bhagya-march-08-2021/0-1-manual_7g9jv1os7730?country=IN',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.zee5.com/global/hi/tv-shows/details/kundali-bhagya/0-6-366/kundali-bhagya-march-08-2021/0-1-manual_7g9jv1os7730',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.zee5.com/web-series/details/mithya/0-6-4z587408/maine-dekhi-hai-uski-mrityu/0-1-6z587412',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.zee5.com/kids/kids-movies/maya-bommalu/0-0-movie_1040370005',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.zee5.com/news/details/jana-sena-chief-pawan-kalyan-shows-slippers-to-ysrcp-leaders/0-0-newsauto_6ettj4242oo0',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://www.zee5.com/music-videos/details/adhento-gaani-vunnapaatuga-jersey-nani-shraddha-srinath/0-0-56973',
-        'only_matching': True
+        'only_matching': True,
     }]
     _DEVICE_ID = str(uuid.uuid4())
     _USER_TOKEN = None
@@ -136,10 +135,10 @@ class Zee5IE(InfoExtractor):
             'https://launchapi.zee5.com/launch?platform_name=web_app',
             video_id, note='Downloading access token')['platform_token']
         data = {
-            'x-access-token': access_token_request['token']
+            'x-access-token': access_token_request['token'],
         }
         if self._USER_TOKEN:
-            data['Authorization'] = 'bearer %s' % self._USER_TOKEN
+            data['Authorization'] = f'bearer {self._USER_TOKEN}'
         else:
             data['X-Z5-Guest-Token'] = self._DEVICE_ID
 
@@ -150,7 +149,7 @@ class Zee5IE(InfoExtractor):
                 'platform_name': 'desktop_web',
                 'country': self._USER_COUNTRY or self.get_param('geo_bypass_country') or 'IN',
                 'check_parental_control': False,
-            }, headers={'content-type': 'application/json'}, data=json.dumps(data).encode('utf-8'))
+            }, headers={'content-type': 'application/json'}, data=json.dumps(data).encode())
         asset_data = json_data['assetDetails']
         show_data = json_data.get('showDetails', {})
         if 'premium' in asset_data['business_type']:
@@ -186,7 +185,7 @@ class Zee5IE(InfoExtractor):
             'season': try_get(show_data, lambda x: x['seasons']['title'], str),
             'season_number': int_or_none(try_get(show_data, lambda x: x['seasons'][0]['orderid'])),
             'episode_number': int_or_none(try_get(asset_data, lambda x: x['orderid'])),
-            'tags': try_get(asset_data, lambda x: x['tags'], list)
+            'tags': try_get(asset_data, lambda x: x['tags'], list),
         }
 
 
@@ -251,17 +250,17 @@ class Zee5SeriesIE(InfoExtractor):
         page_num = 0
         show_json = self._download_json(show_url, video_id=show_id, headers=headers)
         for season in show_json.get('seasons') or []:
-            season_id = try_get(season, lambda x: x['id'], compat_str)
+            season_id = try_get(season, lambda x: x['id'], str)
             next_url = f'https://gwapi.zee5.com/content/tvshow/?season_id={season_id}&type=episode&translation=en&country=IN&on_air=false&asset_subtype=tvshow&page=1&limit=100'
             while next_url:
                 page_num += 1
                 episodes_json = self._download_json(
                     next_url, video_id=show_id, headers=headers,
-                    note='Downloading JSON metadata page %d' % page_num)
+                    note=f'Downloading JSON metadata page {page_num}')
                 for episode in try_get(episodes_json, lambda x: x['episode'], list) or []:
                     video_id = episode.get('id')
                     yield self.url_result(
-                        'zee5:%s' % video_id,
+                        f'zee5:{video_id}',
                         ie=Zee5IE.ie_key(), video_id=video_id)
                 next_url = url_or_none(episodes_json.get('next_episode_api'))
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/zeenews.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/zeenews.py
index e2cb1e7d68..cbe0031ccf 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/zeenews.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/zeenews.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class ZeeNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'view_count': int,
                 'duration': 97,
                 'description': 'ग्रेटर नोएडा जारचा थाना क्षेत्र के प्याबली में दिनदहाड़े दुकान में घुसकर अज्ञात हमलावरों ने हमला कर',
-            }
+            },
         },
         {
             'url': 'https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/video/videsh-superfast-queen-elizabeth-iis-funeral-today/1357710',
@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ class ZeeNewsIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'view_count': int,
                 'duration': 133,
                 'description': 'सेगमेंट विदेश सुपराफास्ट में देखिए देश और दुनिया की सभी बड़ी खबरें, वो भी हर खबर फटाफट अंदाज में.',
-            }
-        }
+            },
+        },
     ]
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/zenporn.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/zenporn.py
index 8faa0e3f4e..084c1fc4f3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/zenporn.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/zenporn.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class ZenPornIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20230925',
             'uploader': 'md5:9fae59847f1f58d1da8f2772016c12f3',
             'age_limit': 18,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://zenporn.com/video/15570701',
         'md5': 'acba0d080d692664fcc8c4e5502b1a67',
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class ZenPornIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20230921',
             'uploader': 'Lois Clarke',
             'age_limit': 18,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://zenporn.com/video/8531117/amateur-students-having-a-fuck-fest-at-club/',
         'md5': '67411256aa9451449e4d29f3be525541',
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class ZenPornIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20191005',
             'uploader': 'Jackopenass',
             'age_limit': 18,
-        }
+        },
     }, {
         'url': 'https://zenporn.com/video/15872038/glad-you-came/',
         'md5': '296ccab437f5bac6099433768449d8e1',
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class ZenPornIE(InfoExtractor):
             'upload_date': '20231024',
             'uploader': 'Martin Rudenko',
             'age_limit': 18,
-        }
+        },
     }]
 
     def _gen_info_url(self, ext_domain, extr_id, lifetime=86400):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/zetland.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/zetland.py
index 055a643b3c..2b9df0018b 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/zetland.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/zetland.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class ZetlandDKArticleIE(InfoExtractor):
             'description': 'md5:9619d426772c133f5abb26db27f26a01',
             'timestamp': 1705377592,
             'series_id': '62d54630-e87b-4ab1-a255-8de58dbe1b14',
-        }
+        },
 
     }]
 
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class ZetlandDKArticleIE(InfoExtractor):
         return merge_dicts({
             'id': display_id,
             'formats': formats,
-            'uploader_id': uploader_id
+            'uploader_id': uploader_id,
         }, traverse_obj(story_data, {
             'title': ((('story_content', 'content', 'title'), 'title'), {str}),
             'uploader': ('sharer', 'name'),
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/zhihu.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/zhihu.py
index 18b22a5c7d..c1a5bf6f41 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/zhihu.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/zhihu.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class ZhihuIE(InfoExtractor):
             'view_count': int,
             'like_count': int,
             'comment_count': int,
-        }
+        },
     }
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/zingmp3.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/zingmp3.py
index 909a7a3ae6..1685edb92f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/zingmp3.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/zingmp3.py
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ class ZingMp3IE(ZingMp3BaseIE):
             'subtitles': {
                 'origin': [{
                     'ext': 'lrc',
-                }]
+                }],
             },
             'duration': 255,
             'track': 'Xa Mãi Xa',
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ class ZingMp3ChartMusicVideoIE(ZingMp3BaseIE):
             'id': song_id,
             'type': 'genre',
             'page': page,
-            'count': self._PER_PAGE
+            'count': self._PER_PAGE,
         })
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -446,7 +446,7 @@ class ZingMp3UserIE(ZingMp3BaseIE):
             'id': user_id,
             'type': 'artist',
             'page': page,
-            'count': self._PER_PAGE
+            'count': self._PER_PAGE,
         })
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
@@ -569,14 +569,14 @@ class ZingMp3PodcastEpisodeIE(ZingMp3BaseIE):
         'info_dict': {
             'id': '68Z9W66B',
             'title': 'Nhạc Mới Mỗi Ngày',
-            'description': 'md5:2875dfa951f8e5356742f1610cf20691'
+            'description': 'md5:2875dfa951f8e5356742f1610cf20691',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 20,
     }, {
         'url': 'https://zingmp3.vn/cgr/Am-nhac/IWZ980AO.html',
         'info_dict': {
             'id': 'IWZ980AO',
-            'title': 'Âm nhạc'
+            'title': 'Âm nhạc',
         },
         'playlist_mincount': 2,
     }]
@@ -585,7 +585,7 @@ class ZingMp3PodcastEpisodeIE(ZingMp3BaseIE):
         return self._call_api(url_type, {
             'id': eps_id,
             'page': page,
-            'count': self._PER_PAGE
+            'count': self._PER_PAGE,
         })
 
     def _real_extract(self, url):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/zoom.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/zoom.py
index e2bf817294..fe2db846ad 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/zoom.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/zoom.py
@@ -109,9 +109,9 @@ class ZoomIE(InfoExtractor):
 
         subtitles = {}
         for _type in ('transcript', 'cc', 'chapter'):
-            if data.get('%sUrl' % _type):
+            if data.get(f'{_type}Url'):
                 subtitles[_type] = [{
-                    'url': urljoin(base_url, data['%sUrl' % _type]),
+                    'url': urljoin(base_url, data[f'{_type}Url']),
                     'ext': 'vtt',
                 }]
 
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ class ZoomIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'format_id': 'view',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'filesize_approx': parse_filesize(str_or_none(traverse_obj(data, ('recording', 'fileSizeInMB')))),
-                'preference': 0
+                'preference': 0,
             })
 
         if data.get('shareMp4Url'):
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ class ZoomIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'height': int_or_none(traverse_obj(data, ('shareResolvtions', 1))),
                 'format_id': 'share',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
-                'preference': -1
+                'preference': -1,
             })
 
         view_with_share_url = data.get('viewMp4WithshareUrl')
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ class ZoomIE(InfoExtractor):
                 'url': view_with_share_url,
                 'format_id': 'view_with_share',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
-                'preference': 1
+                'preference': 1,
             })
 
         return {
diff --git a/yt_dlp/extractor/zype.py b/yt_dlp/extractor/zype.py
index 8d3156d644..bfa3fc4c51 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/extractor/zype.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/extractor/zype.py
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ from ..utils import (
 class ZypeIE(InfoExtractor):
     _ID_RE = r'[\da-fA-F]+'
     _COMMON_RE = r'//player\.zype\.com/embed/%s\.(?:js|json|html)\?.*?(?:access_token|(?:ap[ip]|player)_key)='
-    _VALID_URL = r'https?:%s[^&]+' % (_COMMON_RE % ('(?P<id>%s)' % _ID_RE))
+    _VALID_URL = r'https?:%s[^&]+' % (_COMMON_RE % (f'(?P<id>{_ID_RE})'))
     _EMBED_REGEX = [fr'<script[^>]+\bsrc=(["\'])(?P<url>(?:https?:)?{_COMMON_RE % _ID_RE}.+?)\1']
     _TEST = {
         'url': 'https://player.zype.com/embed/5b400b834b32992a310622b9.js?api_key=jZ9GUhRmxcPvX7M3SlfejB6Hle9jyHTdk2jVxG7wOHPLODgncEKVdPYBhuz9iWXQ&autoplay=false&controls=true&da=false',
@@ -84,11 +84,11 @@ class ZypeIE(InfoExtractor):
 
                 def get_attr(key):
                     return self._search_regex(
-                        r'\b%s\s*:\s*([\'"])(?P<val>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1' % key,
+                        rf'\b{key}\s*:\s*([\'"])(?P<val>(?:(?!\1).)+)\1',
                         source, key, group='val')
 
                 if get_attr('integration') == 'verizon-media':
-                    m3u8_url = 'https://content.uplynk.com/%s.m3u8' % get_attr('id')
+                    m3u8_url = 'https://content.uplynk.com/{}.m3u8'.format(get_attr('id'))
             formats, subtitles = self._extract_m3u8_formats_and_subtitles(
                 m3u8_url, video_id, 'mp4', 'm3u8_native', m3u8_id='hls')
             text_tracks = self._search_regex(
diff --git a/yt_dlp/jsinterp.py b/yt_dlp/jsinterp.py
index bda3fb4599..5c82de19ea 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/jsinterp.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/jsinterp.py
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ class Debugger:
                     cls.write('=> Raises:', e, '<-|', stmt, level=allow_recursion)
                 raise
             if cls.ENABLED and stmt.strip():
-                if should_ret or not repr(ret) == stmt:
+                if should_ret or repr(ret) != stmt:
                     cls.write(['->', '=>'][should_ret], repr(ret), '<-|', stmt, level=allow_recursion)
             return ret, should_ret
         return interpret_statement
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ class JSInterpreter:
         self.code, self._functions = code, {}
         self._objects = {} if objects is None else objects
 
-    class Exception(ExtractorError):
+    class Exception(ExtractorError):  # noqa: A001
         def __init__(self, msg, expr=None, *args, **kwargs):
             if expr is not None:
                 msg = f'{msg.rstrip()} in: {truncate_string(expr, 50, 50)}'
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ class JSInterpreter:
         flags = 0
         if not expr:
             return flags, expr
-        for idx, ch in enumerate(expr):
+        for idx, ch in enumerate(expr):  # noqa: B007
             if ch not in cls._RE_FLAGS:
                 break
             flags |= cls._RE_FLAGS[ch]
@@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ class JSInterpreter:
             if remaining.startswith('{'):
                 body, expr = self._separate_at_paren(remaining)
             else:
-                switch_m = re.match(r'switch\s*\(', remaining)  # FIXME
+                switch_m = re.match(r'switch\s*\(', remaining)  # FIXME: ?
                 if switch_m:
                     switch_val, remaining = self._separate_at_paren(remaining[switch_m.end() - 1:])
                     body, expr = self._separate_at_paren(remaining, '}')
@@ -585,9 +585,9 @@ class JSInterpreter:
             return int(expr), should_return
 
         elif expr == 'break':
-            raise JS_Break()
+            raise JS_Break
         elif expr == 'continue':
-            raise JS_Continue()
+            raise JS_Continue
         elif expr == 'undefined':
             return JS_Undefined, should_return
         elif expr == 'NaN':
@@ -697,12 +697,12 @@ class JSInterpreter:
                 elif member == 'splice':
                     assertion(isinstance(obj, list), 'must be applied on a list')
                     assertion(argvals, 'takes one or more arguments')
-                    index, howMany = map(int, (argvals + [len(obj)])[:2])
+                    index, how_many = map(int, ([*argvals, len(obj)])[:2])
                     if index < 0:
                         index += len(obj)
                     add_items = argvals[2:]
                     res = []
-                    for i in range(index, min(index + howMany, len(obj))):
+                    for _ in range(index, min(index + how_many, len(obj))):
                         res.append(obj.pop(index))
                     for i, item in enumerate(add_items):
                         obj.insert(index + i, item)
@@ -726,12 +726,12 @@ class JSInterpreter:
                 elif member == 'forEach':
                     assertion(argvals, 'takes one or more arguments')
                     assertion(len(argvals) <= 2, 'takes at-most 2 arguments')
-                    f, this = (argvals + [''])[:2]
+                    f, this = ([*argvals, ''])[:2]
                     return [f((item, idx, obj), {'this': this}, allow_recursion) for idx, item in enumerate(obj)]
                 elif member == 'indexOf':
                     assertion(argvals, 'takes one or more arguments')
                     assertion(len(argvals) <= 2, 'takes at-most 2 arguments')
-                    idx, start = (argvals + [0])[:2]
+                    idx, start = ([*argvals, 0])[:2]
                     try:
                         return obj.index(idx, start)
                     except ValueError:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/networking/__init__.py b/yt_dlp/networking/__init__.py
index 356712c761..1eaa0ee5fd 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/networking/__init__.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/networking/__init__.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ except Exception as e:
     warnings.warn(f'Failed to import "websockets" request handler: {e}' + bug_reports_message())
 
 try:
-    from . import _curlcffi  # noqa: F401
+    from . import _curlcffi
 except ImportError:
     pass
 except Exception as e:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/networking/_curlcffi.py b/yt_dlp/networking/_curlcffi.py
index f2df399e34..b1f0fb82e8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/networking/_curlcffi.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/networking/_curlcffi.py
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ class CurlCFFIRH(ImpersonateRequestHandler, InstanceStoreMixin):
                 impersonate=self._SUPPORTED_IMPERSONATE_TARGET_MAP.get(
                     self._get_request_target(request)),
                 interface=self.source_address,
-                stream=True
+                stream=True,
             )
         except curl_cffi.requests.errors.RequestsError as e:
             if e.code == CurlECode.PEER_FAILED_VERIFICATION:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/networking/_helper.py b/yt_dlp/networking/_helper.py
index 8e678b26ab..fe3354ea29 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/networking/_helper.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/networking/_helper.py
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ def create_socks_proxy_socket(dest_addr, proxy_args, proxy_ip_addr, timeout, sou
         connect_proxy_args = proxy_args.copy()
         connect_proxy_args.update({'addr': sa[0], 'port': sa[1]})
         sock.setproxy(**connect_proxy_args)
-        if timeout is not socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:  # noqa: E721
+        if timeout is not socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
             sock.settimeout(timeout)
         if source_address:
             sock.bind(source_address)
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ def create_connection(
     timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
     source_address=None,
     *,
-    _create_socket_func=_socket_connect
+    _create_socket_func=_socket_connect,
 ):
     # Work around socket.create_connection() which tries all addresses from getaddrinfo() including IPv6.
     # This filters the addresses based on the given source_address.
diff --git a/yt_dlp/networking/_requests.py b/yt_dlp/networking/_requests.py
index bf6fa634dd..c69c54b3a0 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/networking/_requests.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/networking/_requests.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import contextlib
 import functools
 import http.client
@@ -58,13 +60,13 @@ from .exceptions import (
 from ..socks import ProxyError as SocksProxyError
 
 SUPPORTED_ENCODINGS = [
-    'gzip', 'deflate'
+    'gzip', 'deflate',
 ]
 
 if brotli is not None:
     SUPPORTED_ENCODINGS.append('br')
 
-"""
+'''
 Override urllib3's behavior to not convert lower-case percent-encoded characters
 to upper-case during url normalization process.
 
@@ -79,7 +81,7 @@ is best to avoid it in requests too for compatability reasons.
 
 1: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-2.1
 2: https://github.com/streamlink/streamlink/pull/4003
-"""
+'''
 
 
 class Urllib3PercentREOverride:
@@ -96,7 +98,7 @@ class Urllib3PercentREOverride:
 
 # urllib3 >= 1.25.8 uses subn:
 # https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/commit/a2697e7c6b275f05879b60f593c5854a816489f0
-import urllib3.util.url  # noqa: E305
+import urllib3.util.url
 
 if hasattr(urllib3.util.url, 'PERCENT_RE'):
     urllib3.util.url.PERCENT_RE = Urllib3PercentREOverride(urllib3.util.url.PERCENT_RE)
@@ -105,7 +107,7 @@ elif hasattr(urllib3.util.url, '_PERCENT_RE'):  # urllib3 >= 2.0.0
 else:
     warnings.warn('Failed to patch PERCENT_RE in urllib3 (does the attribute exist?)' + bug_reports_message())
 
-"""
+'''
 Workaround for issue in urllib.util.ssl_.py: ssl_wrap_context does not pass
 server_hostname to SSLContext.wrap_socket if server_hostname is an IP,
 however this is an issue because we set check_hostname to True in our SSLContext.
@@ -114,7 +116,7 @@ Monkey-patching IS_SECURETRANSPORT forces ssl_wrap_context to pass server_hostna
 
 This has been fixed in urllib3 2.0+.
 See: https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/517
-"""
+'''
 
 if urllib3_version < (2, 0, 0):
     with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
@@ -135,7 +137,7 @@ class RequestsResponseAdapter(Response):
 
         self._requests_response = res
 
-    def read(self, amt: int = None):
+    def read(self, amt: int | None = None):
         try:
             # Interact with urllib3 response directly.
             return self.fp.read(amt, decode_content=True)
@@ -329,7 +331,7 @@ class RequestsRH(RequestHandler, InstanceStoreMixin):
                 timeout=self._calculate_timeout(request),
                 proxies=self._get_proxies(request),
                 allow_redirects=True,
-                stream=True
+                stream=True,
             )
 
         except requests.exceptions.TooManyRedirects as e:
@@ -411,7 +413,7 @@ class SocksProxyManager(urllib3.PoolManager):
         super().__init__(num_pools, headers, **connection_pool_kw)
         self.pool_classes_by_scheme = {
             'http': SocksHTTPConnectionPool,
-            'https': SocksHTTPSConnectionPool
+            'https': SocksHTTPSConnectionPool,
         }
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/networking/_urllib.py b/yt_dlp/networking/_urllib.py
index ff110dc29b..62995823bf 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/networking/_urllib.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/networking/_urllib.py
@@ -246,8 +246,8 @@ class ProxyHandler(urllib.request.BaseHandler):
     def __init__(self, proxies=None):
         self.proxies = proxies
         # Set default handlers
-        for type in ('http', 'https', 'ftp'):
-            setattr(self, '%s_open' % type, lambda r, meth=self.proxy_open: meth(r))
+        for scheme in ('http', 'https', 'ftp'):
+            setattr(self, f'{scheme}_open', lambda r, meth=self.proxy_open: meth(r))
 
     def proxy_open(self, req):
         proxy = select_proxy(req.get_full_url(), self.proxies)
@@ -385,12 +385,12 @@ class UrllibRH(RequestHandler, InstanceStoreMixin):
             url=request.url,
             data=request.data,
             headers=dict(headers),
-            method=request.method
+            method=request.method,
         )
 
         opener = self._get_instance(
             proxies=self._get_proxies(request),
-            cookiejar=self._get_cookiejar(request)
+            cookiejar=self._get_cookiejar(request),
         )
         try:
             res = opener.open(urllib_req, timeout=self._calculate_timeout(request))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/networking/_websockets.py b/yt_dlp/networking/_websockets.py
index 6e235b0c62..2153080a34 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/networking/_websockets.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/networking/_websockets.py
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ class WebsocketsRH(WebSocketRequestHandler):
         wsuri = parse_uri(request.url)
         create_conn_kwargs = {
             'source_address': (self.source_address, 0) if self.source_address else None,
-            'timeout': timeout
+            'timeout': timeout,
         }
         proxy = select_proxy(request.url, self._get_proxies(request))
         try:
@@ -147,12 +147,12 @@ class WebsocketsRH(WebSocketRequestHandler):
                     address=(socks_proxy_options['addr'], socks_proxy_options['port']),
                     _create_socket_func=functools.partial(
                         create_socks_proxy_socket, (wsuri.host, wsuri.port), socks_proxy_options),
-                    **create_conn_kwargs
+                    **create_conn_kwargs,
                 )
             else:
                 sock = create_connection(
                     address=(wsuri.host, wsuri.port),
-                    **create_conn_kwargs
+                    **create_conn_kwargs,
                 )
             conn = websockets.sync.client.connect(
                 sock=sock,
diff --git a/yt_dlp/networking/common.py b/yt_dlp/networking/common.py
index d473e16c5a..a6db167158 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/networking/common.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/networking/common.py
@@ -83,8 +83,8 @@ class RequestDirector:
             rh: sum(pref(rh, request) for pref in self.preferences)
             for rh in self.handlers.values()
         }
-        self._print_verbose('Handler preferences for this request: %s' % ', '.join(
-            f'{rh.RH_NAME}={pref}' for rh, pref in preferences.items()))
+        self._print_verbose('Handler preferences for this request: {}'.format(', '.join(
+            f'{rh.RH_NAME}={pref}' for rh, pref in preferences.items())))
         return sorted(self.handlers.values(), key=preferences.get, reverse=True)
 
     def _print_verbose(self, msg):
@@ -224,11 +224,11 @@ class RequestHandler(abc.ABC):
         headers: HTTPHeaderDict = None,
         cookiejar: YoutubeDLCookieJar = None,
         timeout: float | int | None = None,
-        proxies: dict = None,
-        source_address: str = None,
+        proxies: dict | None = None,
+        source_address: str | None = None,
         verbose: bool = False,
         prefer_system_certs: bool = False,
-        client_cert: dict[str, str | None] = None,
+        client_cert: dict[str, str | None] | None = None,
         verify: bool = True,
         legacy_ssl_support: bool = False,
         **_,
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ class RequestHandler(abc.ABC):
         """Handle a request from start to finish. Redefine in subclasses."""
         pass
 
-    def close(self):
+    def close(self):  # noqa: B027
         pass
 
     @classproperty
@@ -378,11 +378,11 @@ class Request:
             self,
             url: str,
             data: RequestData = None,
-            headers: typing.Mapping = None,
-            proxies: dict = None,
-            query: dict = None,
-            method: str = None,
-            extensions: dict = None
+            headers: typing.Mapping | None = None,
+            proxies: dict | None = None,
+            query: dict | None = None,
+            method: str | None = None,
+            extensions: dict | None = None,
     ):
 
         self._headers = HTTPHeaderDict()
@@ -508,8 +508,8 @@ class Response(io.IOBase):
             url: str,
             headers: Mapping[str, str],
             status: int = 200,
-            reason: str = None,
-            extensions: dict = None
+            reason: str | None = None,
+            extensions: dict | None = None,
     ):
 
         self.fp = fp
@@ -527,7 +527,7 @@ class Response(io.IOBase):
     def readable(self):
         return self.fp.readable()
 
-    def read(self, amt: int = None) -> bytes:
+    def read(self, amt: int | None = None) -> bytes:
         # Expected errors raised here should be of type RequestError or subclasses.
         # Subclasses should redefine this method with more precise error handling.
         try:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/networking/exceptions.py b/yt_dlp/networking/exceptions.py
index 9037f18e2a..daa9fb541f 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/networking/exceptions.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/networking/exceptions.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ class RequestError(YoutubeDLError):
         self,
         msg: str | None = None,
         cause: Exception | str | None = None,
-        handler: RequestHandler = None
+        handler: RequestHandler = None,
     ):
         self.handler = handler
         self.cause = cause
diff --git a/yt_dlp/networking/impersonate.py b/yt_dlp/networking/impersonate.py
index ca66180c70..0626b3b491 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/networking/impersonate.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/networking/impersonate.py
@@ -112,8 +112,8 @@ class ImpersonateRequestHandler(RequestHandler, ABC):
                 return supported_target
 
     @classproperty
-    def supported_targets(self) -> tuple[ImpersonateTarget, ...]:
-        return tuple(self._SUPPORTED_IMPERSONATE_TARGET_MAP.keys())
+    def supported_targets(cls) -> tuple[ImpersonateTarget, ...]:
+        return tuple(cls._SUPPORTED_IMPERSONATE_TARGET_MAP.keys())
 
     def is_supported_target(self, target: ImpersonateTarget):
         assert isinstance(target, ImpersonateTarget)
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ class ImpersonateRequestHandler(RequestHandler, ABC):
         headers = self._merge_headers(request.headers)
         if self._get_request_target(request) is not None:
             # remove all headers present in std_headers
-            # todo: change this to not depend on std_headers
+            # TODO: change this to not depend on std_headers
             for k, v in std_headers.items():
                 if headers.get(k) == v:
                     headers.pop(k)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/options.py b/yt_dlp/options.py
index 9615bfbaa4..3d4c076610 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/options.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/options.py
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ from .utils import (
 from .version import CHANNEL, __version__
 
 
-def parseOpts(overrideArguments=None, ignore_config_files='if_override'):
+def parseOpts(overrideArguments=None, ignore_config_files='if_override'):  # noqa: N803
     PACKAGE_NAME = 'yt-dlp'
 
     root = Config(create_parser())
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ def create_parser():
         except Exception as err:
             raise optparse.OptionValueError(f'wrong {opt_str} formatting; {err}')
         for key in keys:
-            out_dict[key] = out_dict.get(key, []) + [val] if append else val
+            out_dict[key] = [*out_dict.get(key, []), val] if append else val
         setattr(parser.values, option.dest, out_dict)
 
     def when_prefix(default):
@@ -474,14 +474,14 @@ def create_parser():
                 'no-attach-info-json', 'embed-thumbnail-atomicparsley', 'no-external-downloader-progress',
                 'embed-metadata', 'seperate-video-versions', 'no-clean-infojson', 'no-keep-subs', 'no-certifi',
                 'no-youtube-channel-redirect', 'no-youtube-unavailable-videos', 'no-youtube-prefer-utc-upload-date',
-                'prefer-legacy-http-handler', 'manifest-filesize-approx'
+                'prefer-legacy-http-handler', 'manifest-filesize-approx',
             }, 'aliases': {
                 'youtube-dl': ['all', '-multistreams', '-playlist-match-filter', '-manifest-filesize-approx'],
                 'youtube-dlc': ['all', '-no-youtube-channel-redirect', '-no-live-chat', '-playlist-match-filter', '-manifest-filesize-approx'],
                 '2021': ['2022', 'no-certifi', 'filename-sanitization'],
                 '2022': ['2023', 'no-external-downloader-progress', 'playlist-match-filter', 'prefer-legacy-http-handler', 'manifest-filesize-approx'],
                 '2023': [],
-            }
+            },
         }, help=(
             'Options that can help keep compatibility with youtube-dl or youtube-dlc '
             'configurations by reverting some of the changes made in yt-dlp. '
@@ -541,7 +541,7 @@ def create_parser():
     network.add_option(
         '--enable-file-urls', action='store_true',
         dest='enable_file_urls', default=False,
-        help='Enable file:// URLs. This is disabled by default for security reasons.'
+        help='Enable file:// URLs. This is disabled by default for security reasons.',
     )
 
     geo = optparse.OptionGroup(parser, 'Geo-restriction')
@@ -682,7 +682,7 @@ def create_parser():
         help='Download only videos not listed in the archive file. Record the IDs of all downloaded videos in it')
     selection.add_option(
         '--no-download-archive',
-        dest='download_archive', action="store_const", const=None,
+        dest='download_archive', action='store_const', const=None,
         help='Do not use archive file (default)')
     selection.add_option(
         '--max-downloads',
@@ -1046,7 +1046,7 @@ def create_parser():
         callback_kwargs={
             'allowed_keys': 'http|ftp|m3u8|dash|rtsp|rtmp|mms',
             'default_key': 'default',
-            'process': str.strip
+            'process': str.strip,
         }, help=(
             'Name or path of the external downloader to use (optionally) prefixed by '
             'the protocols (http, ftp, m3u8, dash, rstp, rtmp, mms) to use it for. '
@@ -1060,9 +1060,9 @@ def create_parser():
         metavar='NAME:ARGS', dest='external_downloader_args', default={}, type='str',
         action='callback', callback=_dict_from_options_callback,
         callback_kwargs={
-            'allowed_keys': r'ffmpeg_[io]\d*|%s' % '|'.join(map(re.escape, list_external_downloaders())),
+            'allowed_keys': r'ffmpeg_[io]\d*|{}'.format('|'.join(map(re.escape, list_external_downloaders()))),
             'default_key': 'default',
-            'process': shlex.split
+            'process': shlex.split,
         }, help=(
             'Give these arguments to the external downloader. '
             'Specify the downloader name and the arguments separated by a colon ":". '
@@ -1251,7 +1251,7 @@ def create_parser():
         action='callback', callback=_dict_from_options_callback,
         callback_kwargs={
             'allowed_keys': '(download|postprocess)(-title)?',
-            'default_key': 'download'
+            'default_key': 'download',
         }, help=(
             'Template for progress outputs, optionally prefixed with one of "download:" (default), '
             '"download-title:" (the console title), "postprocess:",  or "postprocess-title:". '
@@ -1317,8 +1317,8 @@ def create_parser():
         metavar='[TYPES:]PATH', dest='paths', default={}, type='str',
         action='callback', callback=_dict_from_options_callback,
         callback_kwargs={
-            'allowed_keys': 'home|temp|%s' % '|'.join(map(re.escape, OUTTMPL_TYPES.keys())),
-            'default_key': 'home'
+            'allowed_keys': 'home|temp|{}'.format('|'.join(map(re.escape, OUTTMPL_TYPES.keys()))),
+            'default_key': 'home',
         }, help=(
             'The paths where the files should be downloaded. '
             'Specify the type of file and the path separated by a colon ":". '
@@ -1333,7 +1333,7 @@ def create_parser():
         action='callback', callback=_dict_from_options_callback,
         callback_kwargs={
             'allowed_keys': '|'.join(map(re.escape, OUTTMPL_TYPES.keys())),
-            'default_key': 'default'
+            'default_key': 'default',
         }, help='Output filename template; see "OUTPUT TEMPLATE" for details')
     filesystem.add_option(
         '--output-na-placeholder',
@@ -1575,7 +1575,7 @@ def create_parser():
             'allowed_keys': r'\w+(?:\+\w+)?',
             'default_key': 'default-compat',
             'process': shlex.split,
-            'multiple_keys': False
+            'multiple_keys': False,
         }, help=(
             'Give these arguments to the postprocessors. '
             'Specify the postprocessor/executable name and the arguments separated by a colon ":" '
@@ -1724,8 +1724,8 @@ def create_parser():
         '--convert-subs', '--convert-sub', '--convert-subtitles',
         metavar='FORMAT', dest='convertsubtitles', default=None,
         help=(
-            'Convert the subtitles to another format (currently supported: %s) '
-            '(Alias: --convert-subtitles)' % ', '.join(sorted(FFmpegSubtitlesConvertorPP.SUPPORTED_EXTS))))
+            'Convert the subtitles to another format (currently supported: {}) '
+            '(Alias: --convert-subtitles)'.format(', '.join(sorted(FFmpegSubtitlesConvertorPP.SUPPORTED_EXTS)))))
     postproc.add_option(
         '--convert-thumbnails',
         metavar='FORMAT', dest='convertthumbnails', default=None,
@@ -1772,7 +1772,7 @@ def create_parser():
         action='callback', callback=_list_from_options_callback,
         callback_kwargs={
             'delim': None,
-            'process': lambda val: dict(_postprocessor_opts_parser(*val.split(':', 1)))
+            'process': lambda val: dict(_postprocessor_opts_parser(*val.split(':', 1))),
         }, help=(
             'The (case sensitive) name of plugin postprocessors to be enabled, '
             'and (optionally) arguments to be passed to it, separated by a colon ":". '
@@ -1794,7 +1794,7 @@ def create_parser():
         dest='sponsorblock_mark', default=set(), action='callback', type='str',
         callback=_set_from_options_callback, callback_kwargs={
             'allowed_values': SponsorBlockPP.CATEGORIES.keys(),
-            'aliases': {'default': ['all']}
+            'aliases': {'default': ['all']},
         }, help=(
             'SponsorBlock categories to create chapters for, separated by commas. '
             f'Available categories are {", ".join(SponsorBlockPP.CATEGORIES.keys())}, all and default (=all). '
@@ -1808,7 +1808,7 @@ def create_parser():
             # Note: From https://wiki.sponsor.ajay.app/w/Types:
             # The filler category is very aggressive.
             # It is strongly recommended to not use this in a client by default.
-            'aliases': {'default': ['all', '-filler']}
+            'aliases': {'default': ['all', '-filler']},
         }, help=(
             'SponsorBlock categories to be removed from the video file, separated by commas. '
             'If a category is present in both mark and remove, remove takes precedence. '
@@ -1879,7 +1879,7 @@ def create_parser():
     extractor.add_option(
         '--hls-split-discontinuity',
         dest='hls_split_discontinuity', action='store_true', default=False,
-        help='Split HLS playlists to different formats at discontinuities such as ad breaks'
+        help='Split HLS playlists to different formats at discontinuities such as ad breaks',
     )
     extractor.add_option(
         '--no-hls-split-discontinuity',
@@ -1894,7 +1894,7 @@ def create_parser():
         callback_kwargs={
             'multiple_keys': False,
             'process': lambda val: dict(
-                _extractor_arg_parser(*arg.split('=', 1)) for arg in val.split(';'))
+                _extractor_arg_parser(*arg.split('=', 1)) for arg in val.split(';')),
         }, help=(
             'Pass ARGS arguments to the IE_KEY extractor. See "EXTRACTOR ARGUMENTS" for details. '
             'You can use this option multiple times to give arguments for different extractors'))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/__init__.py b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/__init__.py
index bfe9df733b..164540b5db 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/__init__.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/__init__.py
@@ -43,5 +43,5 @@ def get_postprocessor(key):
 
 
 globals().update(_PLUGIN_CLASSES)
-__all__ = [name for name in globals().keys() if name.endswith('PP')]
+__all__ = [name for name in globals() if name.endswith('PP')]
 __all__.extend(('PostProcessor', 'FFmpegPostProcessor'))
diff --git a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/common.py b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/common.py
index 8cef86c43a..eeeece82c2 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/common.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/common.py
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class PostProcessor(metaclass=PostProcessorMetaClass):
 
     def to_screen(self, text, prefix=True, *args, **kwargs):
         if self._downloader:
-            tag = '[%s] ' % self.PP_NAME if prefix else ''
+            tag = f'[{self.PP_NAME}] ' if prefix else ''
             return self._downloader.to_screen(f'{tag}{text}', *args, **kwargs)
 
     def report_warning(self, text, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ class PostProcessor(metaclass=PostProcessorMetaClass):
                 if allowed[format_type]:
                     return func(self, info)
                 else:
-                    self.to_screen('Skipping %s' % format_type)
+                    self.to_screen(f'Skipping {format_type}')
                     return [], info
             return wrapper
         return decorator
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ class PostProcessor(metaclass=PostProcessorMetaClass):
         self._progress_hooks.append(ph)
 
     def report_progress(self, s):
-        s['_default_template'] = '%(postprocessor)s %(status)s' % s
+        s['_default_template'] = '%(postprocessor)s %(status)s' % s  # noqa: UP031
         if not self._downloader:
             return
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/embedthumbnail.py b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/embedthumbnail.py
index 9c5372956c..673a924685 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/embedthumbnail.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/embedthumbnail.py
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ from ..utils import (
     check_executable,
     encodeArgument,
     encodeFilename,
-    error_to_compat_str,
     prepend_extension,
     shell_quote,
 )
@@ -48,7 +47,7 @@ class EmbedThumbnailPP(FFmpegPostProcessor):
             if mobj is None:
                 return guess()
         except PostProcessingError as err:
-            self.report_warning('unable to find the thumbnail resolution; %s' % error_to_compat_str(err))
+            self.report_warning(f'unable to find the thumbnail resolution; {err}')
             return guess()
         return int(mobj.group('w')), int(mobj.group('h'))
 
@@ -104,12 +103,12 @@ class EmbedThumbnailPP(FFmpegPostProcessor):
             old_stream, new_stream = self.get_stream_number(
                 filename, ('tags', 'mimetype'), mimetype)
             if old_stream is not None:
-                options.extend(['-map', '-0:%d' % old_stream])
+                options.extend(['-map', f'-0:{old_stream}'])
                 new_stream -= 1
             options.extend([
                 '-attach', self._ffmpeg_filename_argument(thumbnail_filename),
-                '-metadata:s:%d' % new_stream, 'mimetype=%s' % mimetype,
-                '-metadata:s:%d' % new_stream, 'filename=cover.%s' % thumbnail_ext])
+                f'-metadata:s:{new_stream}', f'mimetype={mimetype}',
+                f'-metadata:s:{new_stream}', f'filename=cover.{thumbnail_ext}'])
 
             self._report_run('ffmpeg', filename)
             self.run_ffmpeg(filename, temp_filename, options)
@@ -132,7 +131,7 @@ class EmbedThumbnailPP(FFmpegPostProcessor):
                     meta.save()
                     temp_filename = filename
                 except Exception as err:
-                    self.report_warning('unable to embed using mutagen; %s' % error_to_compat_str(err))
+                    self.report_warning(f'unable to embed using mutagen; {err}')
                     success = False
 
             # Method 2: Use AtomicParsley
@@ -157,7 +156,7 @@ class EmbedThumbnailPP(FFmpegPostProcessor):
                     cmd += [encodeArgument(o) for o in self._configuration_args('AtomicParsley')]
 
                     self._report_run('atomicparsley', filename)
-                    self.write_debug('AtomicParsley command line: %s' % shell_quote(cmd))
+                    self.write_debug(f'AtomicParsley command line: {shell_quote(cmd)}')
                     stdout, stderr, returncode = Popen.run(cmd, text=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
                     if returncode:
                         self.report_warning(f'Unable to embed thumbnails using AtomicParsley; {stderr.strip()}')
@@ -178,9 +177,9 @@ class EmbedThumbnailPP(FFmpegPostProcessor):
                     old_stream, new_stream = self.get_stream_number(
                         filename, ('disposition', 'attached_pic'), 1)
                     if old_stream is not None:
-                        options.extend(['-map', '-0:%d' % old_stream])
+                        options.extend(['-map', f'-0:{old_stream}'])
                         new_stream -= 1
-                    options.extend(['-disposition:%s' % new_stream, 'attached_pic'])
+                    options.extend([f'-disposition:{new_stream}', 'attached_pic'])
 
                     self._report_run('ffmpeg', filename)
                     self.run_ffmpeg_multiple_files([filename, thumbnail_filename], temp_filename, options)
@@ -196,7 +195,7 @@ class EmbedThumbnailPP(FFmpegPostProcessor):
             f = {'opus': OggOpus, 'flac': FLAC, 'ogg': OggVorbis}[info['ext']](filename)
 
             pic = Picture()
-            pic.mime = 'image/%s' % imghdr.what(thumbnail_filename)
+            pic.mime = f'image/{imghdr.what(thumbnail_filename)}'
             with open(thumbnail_filename, 'rb') as thumbfile:
                 pic.data = thumbfile.read()
             pic.type = 3  # front cover
diff --git a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/exec.py b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/exec.py
index c2e73fbabd..1f0a0015ec 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/exec.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/exec.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from .common import PostProcessor
-from ..compat import compat_shlex_quote
-from ..utils import Popen, PostProcessingError, variadic
+from ..utils import Popen, PostProcessingError, shell_quote, variadic
 
 
 class ExecPP(PostProcessor):
@@ -19,7 +18,7 @@ class ExecPP(PostProcessor):
         if filepath:
             if '{}' not in cmd:
                 cmd += ' {}'
-            cmd = cmd.replace('{}', compat_shlex_quote(filepath))
+            cmd = cmd.replace('{}', shell_quote(filepath))
         return cmd
 
     def run(self, info):
diff --git a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/ffmpeg.py b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/ffmpeg.py
index 7d7f3f0eb2..1ed37af518 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/ffmpeg.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/ffmpeg.py
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ ACODECS = {
 
 
 def create_mapping_re(supported):
-    return re.compile(r'{0}(?:/{0})*$'.format(r'(?:\s*\w+\s*>)?\s*(?:%s)\s*' % '|'.join(supported)))
+    return re.compile(r'{0}(?:/{0})*$'.format(r'(?:\s*\w+\s*>)?\s*(?:{})\s*'.format('|'.join(supported))))
 
 
 def resolve_mapping(source, mapping):
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ class FFmpegPostProcessor(PostProcessor):
             filename = os.path.basename(location)
             basename = next((p for p in programs if p in filename), 'ffmpeg')
             dirname = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(location))
-            if basename in self._ffmpeg_to_avconv.keys():
+            if basename in self._ffmpeg_to_avconv:
                 self._prefer_ffmpeg = True
 
         paths = {p: os.path.join(dirname, p) for p in programs}
@@ -169,12 +169,12 @@ class FFmpegPostProcessor(PostProcessor):
 
     @functools.cached_property
     def basename(self):
-        self._version  # run property
+        _ = self._version  # run property
         return self.basename
 
     @functools.cached_property
     def probe_basename(self):
-        self._probe_version  # run property
+        _ = self._probe_version  # run property
         return self.probe_basename
 
     def _get_version(self, kind):
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ class FFmpegPostProcessor(PostProcessor):
             cmd += [encodeArgument('-loglevel'), encodeArgument('repeat+info')]
 
         def make_args(file, args, name, number):
-            keys = ['_%s%d' % (name, number), '_%s' % name]
+            keys = [f'_{name}{number}', f'_{name}']
             if name == 'o':
                 args += ['-movflags', '+faststart']
                 if number == 1:
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ class FFmpegPostProcessor(PostProcessor):
                 make_args(path, list(opts), arg_type, i + 1)
                 for i, (path, opts) in enumerate(path_opts) if path)
 
-        self.write_debug('ffmpeg command line: %s' % shell_quote(cmd))
+        self.write_debug(f'ffmpeg command line: {shell_quote(cmd)}')
         _, stderr, returncode = Popen.run(
             cmd, text=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
         if returncode not in variadic(expected_retcodes):
@@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ class FFmpegPostProcessor(PostProcessor):
 
 
 class FFmpegExtractAudioPP(FFmpegPostProcessor):
-    COMMON_AUDIO_EXTS = MEDIA_EXTENSIONS.common_audio + ('wma', )
+    COMMON_AUDIO_EXTS = (*MEDIA_EXTENSIONS.common_audio, 'wma')
     SUPPORTED_EXTS = tuple(ACODECS.keys())
     FORMAT_RE = create_mapping_re(('best', *SUPPORTED_EXTS))
 
@@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ class FFmpegExtractAudioPP(FFmpegPostProcessor):
             acodec_opts = []
         else:
             acodec_opts = ['-acodec', codec]
-        opts = ['-vn'] + acodec_opts + more_opts
+        opts = ['-vn', *acodec_opts, *more_opts]
         try:
             FFmpegPostProcessor.run_ffmpeg(self, path, out_path, opts)
         except FFmpegPostProcessorError as err:
@@ -523,7 +523,7 @@ class FFmpegExtractAudioPP(FFmpegPostProcessor):
             temp_path = prepend_extension(path, 'temp')
         if (self._nopostoverwrites and os.path.exists(encodeFilename(new_path))
                 and os.path.exists(encodeFilename(orig_path))):
-            self.to_screen('Post-process file %s exists, skipping' % new_path)
+            self.to_screen(f'Post-process file {new_path} exists, skipping')
             return [], information
 
         self.to_screen(f'Destination: {new_path}')
@@ -641,7 +641,7 @@ class FFmpegEmbedSubtitlePP(FFmpegPostProcessor):
         if not sub_langs:
             return [], info
 
-        input_files = [filename] + sub_filenames
+        input_files = [filename, *sub_filenames]
 
         opts = [
             *self.stream_copy_opts(ext=info['ext']),
@@ -650,15 +650,15 @@ class FFmpegEmbedSubtitlePP(FFmpegPostProcessor):
             '-map', '-0:s',
         ]
         for i, (lang, name) in enumerate(zip(sub_langs, sub_names)):
-            opts.extend(['-map', '%d:0' % (i + 1)])
+            opts.extend(['-map', f'{i + 1}:0'])
             lang_code = ISO639Utils.short2long(lang) or lang
-            opts.extend(['-metadata:s:s:%d' % i, 'language=%s' % lang_code])
+            opts.extend([f'-metadata:s:s:{i}', f'language={lang_code}'])
             if name:
-                opts.extend(['-metadata:s:s:%d' % i, 'handler_name=%s' % name,
-                             '-metadata:s:s:%d' % i, 'title=%s' % name])
+                opts.extend([f'-metadata:s:s:{i}', f'handler_name={name}',
+                             f'-metadata:s:s:{i}', f'title={name}'])
 
         temp_filename = prepend_extension(filename, 'temp')
-        self.to_screen('Embedding subtitles in "%s"' % filename)
+        self.to_screen(f'Embedding subtitles in "{filename}"')
         self.run_ffmpeg_multiple_files(input_files, temp_filename, opts)
         os.replace(temp_filename, filename)
 
@@ -707,7 +707,7 @@ class FFmpegMetadataPP(FFmpegPostProcessor):
             return [], info
 
         temp_filename = prepend_extension(filename, 'temp')
-        self.to_screen('Adding metadata to "%s"' % filename)
+        self.to_screen(f'Adding metadata to "{filename}"')
         self.run_ffmpeg_multiple_files(
             (filename, metadata_filename), temp_filename,
             itertools.chain(self._options(info['ext']), *options))
@@ -728,7 +728,7 @@ class FFmpegMetadataPP(FFmpegPostProcessor):
                 metadata_file_content += 'END=%d\n' % (chapter['end_time'] * 1000)
                 chapter_title = chapter.get('title')
                 if chapter_title:
-                    metadata_file_content += 'title=%s\n' % ffmpeg_escape(chapter_title)
+                    metadata_file_content += f'title={ffmpeg_escape(chapter_title)}\n'
             f.write(metadata_file_content)
         yield ('-map_metadata', '1')
 
@@ -738,7 +738,7 @@ class FFmpegMetadataPP(FFmpegPostProcessor):
 
         def add(meta_list, info_list=None):
             value = next((
-                info[key] for key in [f'{meta_prefix}_'] + list(variadic(info_list or meta_list))
+                info[key] for key in [f'{meta_prefix}_', *variadic(info_list or meta_list)]
                 if info.get(key) is not None), None)
             if value not in ('', None):
                 value = ', '.join(map(str, variadic(value)))
@@ -807,7 +807,7 @@ class FFmpegMetadataPP(FFmpegPostProcessor):
 
         old_stream, new_stream = self.get_stream_number(info['filepath'], ('tags', 'mimetype'), 'application/json')
         if old_stream is not None:
-            yield ('-map', '-0:%d' % old_stream)
+            yield ('-map', f'-0:{old_stream}')
             new_stream -= 1
 
         yield (
@@ -834,8 +834,8 @@ class FFmpegMergerPP(FFmpegPostProcessor):
                     args.extend([f'-bsf:a:{audio_streams}', 'aac_adtstoasc'])
                 audio_streams += 1
             if fmt.get('vcodec') != 'none':
-                args.extend(['-map', '%u:v:0' % (i)])
-        self.to_screen('Merging formats into "%s"' % filename)
+                args.extend(['-map', f'{i}:v:0'])
+        self.to_screen(f'Merging formats into "{filename}"')
         self.run_ffmpeg_multiple_files(info['__files_to_merge'], temp_filename, args)
         os.rename(encodeFilename(temp_filename), encodeFilename(filename))
         return info['__files_to_merge'], info
@@ -848,10 +848,9 @@ class FFmpegMergerPP(FFmpegPostProcessor):
         required_version = '10-0'
         if is_outdated_version(
                 self._versions[self.basename], required_version):
-            warning = ('Your copy of %s is outdated and unable to properly mux separate video and audio files, '
+            warning = (f'Your copy of {self.basename} is outdated and unable to properly mux separate video and audio files, '
                        'yt-dlp will download single file media. '
-                       'Update %s to version %s or newer to fix this.') % (
-                           self.basename, self.basename, required_version)
+                       f'Update {self.basename} to version {required_version} or newer to fix this.')
             self.report_warning(warning)
             return False
         return True
@@ -873,7 +872,7 @@ class FFmpegFixupStretchedPP(FFmpegFixupPostProcessor):
         stretched_ratio = info.get('stretched_ratio')
         if stretched_ratio not in (None, 1):
             self._fixup('Fixing aspect ratio', info['filepath'], [
-                *self.stream_copy_opts(), '-aspect', '%f' % stretched_ratio])
+                *self.stream_copy_opts(), '-aspect', f'{stretched_ratio:f}'])
         return [], info
 
 
@@ -925,7 +924,7 @@ class FFmpegFixupTimestampPP(FFmpegFixupPostProcessor):
             opts = ['-vf', 'setpts=PTS-STARTPTS']
         else:
             opts = ['-c', 'copy', '-bsf', 'setts=ts=TS-STARTPTS']
-        self._fixup('Fixing frame timestamp', info['filepath'], opts + [*self.stream_copy_opts(False), '-ss', self.trim])
+        self._fixup('Fixing frame timestamp', info['filepath'], [*opts, *self.stream_copy_opts(False), '-ss', self.trim])
         return [], info
 
 
@@ -970,7 +969,7 @@ class FFmpegSubtitlesConvertorPP(FFmpegPostProcessor):
                 continue
             ext = sub['ext']
             if ext == new_ext:
-                self.to_screen('Subtitle file for %s is already in the requested format' % new_ext)
+                self.to_screen(f'Subtitle file for {new_ext} is already in the requested format')
                 continue
             elif ext == 'json':
                 self.to_screen(
@@ -1060,7 +1059,7 @@ class FFmpegSplitChaptersPP(FFmpegPostProcessor):
         in_file = info['filepath']
         if self._force_keyframes and len(chapters) > 1:
             in_file = self.force_keyframes(in_file, (c['start_time'] for c in chapters))
-        self.to_screen('Splitting video by chapters; %d chapters found' % len(chapters))
+        self.to_screen(f'Splitting video by chapters; {len(chapters)} chapters found')
         for idx, chapter in enumerate(chapters):
             destination, opts = self._ffmpeg_args_for_chapter(idx + 1, chapter, info)
             self.real_run_ffmpeg([(in_file, opts)], [(destination, self.stream_copy_opts())])
@@ -1087,7 +1086,7 @@ class FFmpegThumbnailsConvertorPP(FFmpegPostProcessor):
         _, thumbnail_ext = os.path.splitext(thumbnail_filename)
         if thumbnail_ext:
             if thumbnail_ext.lower() != '.webp' and imghdr.what(thumbnail_filename) == 'webp':
-                self.to_screen('Correcting thumbnail "%s" extension to webp' % thumbnail_filename)
+                self.to_screen(f'Correcting thumbnail "{thumbnail_filename}" extension to webp')
                 webp_filename = replace_extension(thumbnail_filename, 'webp')
                 os.replace(thumbnail_filename, webp_filename)
                 info['thumbnails'][idx]['filepath'] = webp_filename
diff --git a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/modify_chapters.py b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/modify_chapters.py
index f5219868c8..d82685ed85 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/modify_chapters.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/modify_chapters.py
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class ModifyChaptersPP(FFmpegPostProcessor):
                 self.write_debug('Expected and actual durations mismatch')
 
         concat_opts = self._make_concat_opts(cuts, real_duration)
-        self.write_debug('Concat spec = %s' % ', '.join(f'{c.get("inpoint", 0.0)}-{c.get("outpoint", "inf")}' for c in concat_opts))
+        self.write_debug('Concat spec = {}'.format(', '.join(f'{c.get("inpoint", 0.0)}-{c.get("outpoint", "inf")}' for c in concat_opts)))
 
         def remove_chapters(file, is_sub):
             return file, self.remove_chapters(file, cuts, concat_opts, self._force_keyframes and not is_sub)
diff --git a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/movefilesafterdownload.py b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/movefilesafterdownload.py
index 23b09248c2..35e87051b4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/movefilesafterdownload.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/movefilesafterdownload.py
@@ -34,16 +34,15 @@ class MoveFilesAfterDownloadPP(PostProcessor):
             if os.path.abspath(encodeFilename(oldfile)) == os.path.abspath(encodeFilename(newfile)):
                 continue
             if not os.path.exists(encodeFilename(oldfile)):
-                self.report_warning('File "%s" cannot be found' % oldfile)
+                self.report_warning(f'File "{oldfile}" cannot be found')
                 continue
             if os.path.exists(encodeFilename(newfile)):
                 if self.get_param('overwrites', True):
-                    self.report_warning('Replacing existing file "%s"' % newfile)
+                    self.report_warning(f'Replacing existing file "{newfile}"')
                     os.remove(encodeFilename(newfile))
                 else:
                     self.report_warning(
-                        'Cannot move file "%s" out of temporary directory since "%s" already exists. '
-                        % (oldfile, newfile))
+                        f'Cannot move file "{oldfile}" out of temporary directory since "{newfile}" already exists. ')
                     continue
             make_dir(newfile, PostProcessingError)
             self.to_screen(f'Moving file "{oldfile}" to "{newfile}"')
diff --git a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/sponskrub.py b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/sponskrub.py
index ff50d5b4fd..525b6392a4 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/sponskrub.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/sponskrub.py
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class SponSkrubPP(PostProcessor):
 
         if not ignoreerror and self.path is None:
             if path:
-                raise PostProcessingError('sponskrub not found in "%s"' % path)
+                raise PostProcessingError(f'sponskrub not found in "{path}"')
             else:
                 raise PostProcessingError('sponskrub not found. Please install or provide the path using --sponskrub-path')
 
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ class SponSkrubPP(PostProcessor):
         cmd += ['--', information['id'], filename, temp_filename]
         cmd = [encodeArgument(i) for i in cmd]
 
-        self.write_debug('sponskrub command line: %s' % shell_quote(cmd))
+        self.write_debug(f'sponskrub command line: {shell_quote(cmd)}')
         stdout, _, returncode = Popen.run(cmd, text=True, stdout=None if self.get_param('verbose') else subprocess.PIPE)
 
         if not returncode:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/sponsorblock.py b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/sponsorblock.py
index 6ba87cd672..6cf9ab62ea 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/postprocessor/sponsorblock.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/postprocessor/sponsorblock.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class SponsorBlockPP(FFmpegPostProcessor):
         'filler': 'Filler Tangent',
         'interaction': 'Interaction Reminder',
         'music_offtopic': 'Non-Music Section',
-        **NON_SKIPPABLE_CATEGORIES
+        **NON_SKIPPABLE_CATEGORIES,
     }
 
     def __init__(self, downloader, categories=None, api='https://sponsor.ajay.app'):
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class SponsorBlockPP(FFmpegPostProcessor):
             if start_end[0] <= 1:
                 start_end[0] = 0
             # Make POI chapters 1 sec so that we can properly mark them
-            if s['category'] in self.POI_CATEGORIES.keys():
+            if s['category'] in self.POI_CATEGORIES:
                 start_end[1] += 1
             # Ignore milliseconds difference at the end.
             # Never allow the segment to exceed the video.
@@ -91,12 +91,12 @@ class SponsorBlockPP(FFmpegPostProcessor):
         return sponsor_chapters
 
     def _get_sponsor_segments(self, video_id, service):
-        hash = hashlib.sha256(video_id.encode('ascii')).hexdigest()
+        video_hash = hashlib.sha256(video_id.encode('ascii')).hexdigest()
         # SponsorBlock API recommends using first 4 hash characters.
-        url = f'{self._API_URL}/api/skipSegments/{hash[:4]}?' + urllib.parse.urlencode({
+        url = f'{self._API_URL}/api/skipSegments/{video_hash[:4]}?' + urllib.parse.urlencode({
             'service': service,
             'categories': json.dumps(self._categories),
-            'actionTypes': json.dumps(['skip', 'poi', 'chapter'])
+            'actionTypes': json.dumps(['skip', 'poi', 'chapter']),
         })
         for d in self._download_json(url) or []:
             if d['videoID'] == video_id:
diff --git a/yt_dlp/socks.py b/yt_dlp/socks.py
index b4957ac2ed..e553a5f1f3 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/socks.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/socks.py
@@ -60,8 +60,8 @@ class ProxyError(OSError):
 
 class InvalidVersionError(ProxyError):
     def __init__(self, expected_version, got_version):
-        msg = ('Invalid response version from server. Expected {:02x} got '
-               '{:02x}'.format(expected_version, got_version))
+        msg = (f'Invalid response version from server. Expected {expected_version:02x} got '
+               f'{got_version:02x}')
         super().__init__(0, msg)
 
 
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ class Socks4Error(ProxyError):
     CODES = {
         91: 'request rejected or failed',
         92: 'request rejected because SOCKS server cannot connect to identd on the client',
-        93: 'request rejected because the client program and identd report different user-ids'
+        93: 'request rejected because the client program and identd report different user-ids',
     }
 
 
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class Socks5Error(ProxyError):
         0x07: 'Command not supported',
         0x08: 'Address type not supported',
         0xFE: 'unknown username or invalid password',
-        0xFF: 'all offered authentication methods were rejected'
+        0xFF: 'all offered authentication methods were rejected',
     }
 
 
diff --git a/yt_dlp/update.py b/yt_dlp/update.py
index ca70f69a7e..8c6790d610 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/update.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/update.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ from dataclasses import dataclass
 from zipimport import zipimporter
 
 from .compat import functools  # isort: split
-from .compat import compat_realpath, compat_shlex_quote
+from .compat import compat_realpath
 from .networking import Request
 from .networking.exceptions import HTTPError, network_exceptions
 from .utils import (
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ class UpdateInfo:
     requested_version: str | None = None
     commit: str | None = None
 
-    binary_name: str | None = _get_binary_name()
+    binary_name: str | None = _get_binary_name()  # noqa: RUF009: Always returns the same value
     checksum: str | None = None
 
     _has_update = True
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ class Updater:
             has_update = False
 
         resolved_tag = requested_version if self.requested_tag == 'latest' else self.requested_tag
-        current_label = _make_label(self._origin, self._channel.partition("@")[2] or self.current_version, self.current_version)
+        current_label = _make_label(self._origin, self._channel.partition('@')[2] or self.current_version, self.current_version)
         requested_label = _make_label(self.requested_repo, resolved_tag, requested_version)
         latest_or_requested = f'{"Latest" if self.requested_tag == "latest" else "Requested"} version: {requested_label}'
         if not has_update:
@@ -515,7 +515,7 @@ class Updater:
                 os.chmod(self.filename, mask)
             except OSError:
                 return self._report_error(
-                    f'Unable to set permissions. Run: sudo chmod a+rx {compat_shlex_quote(self.filename)}')
+                    f'Unable to set permissions. Run: sudo chmod a+rx {shell_quote(self.filename)}')
 
         self.ydl.to_screen(f'Updated yt-dlp to {update_label}')
         return True
@@ -559,7 +559,7 @@ class Updater:
             tag = self.requested_tag
         self._report_error(
             f'Unable to {action}{delim} visit  https://github.com/{self.requested_repo}/releases/'
-            + tag if tag == "latest" else f"tag/{tag}", True)
+            + tag if tag == 'latest' else f'tag/{tag}', True)
 
     # XXX: Everything below this line in this class is deprecated / for compat only
     @property
diff --git a/yt_dlp/utils/_legacy.py b/yt_dlp/utils/_legacy.py
index a23248bbed..356e580226 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/utils/_legacy.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/utils/_legacy.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ from ..networking._urllib import HTTPHandler
 
 # isort: split
 from .networking import escape_rfc3986  # noqa: F401
-from .networking import normalize_url as escape_url  # noqa: F401
+from .networking import normalize_url as escape_url
 from .networking import random_user_agent, std_headers  # noqa: F401
 from ..cookies import YoutubeDLCookieJar  # noqa: F401
 from ..networking._urllib import PUTRequest  # noqa: F401
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ def decode_png(png_data):
         chunks.append({
             'type': chunk_type,
             'length': length,
-            'data': chunk_data
+            'data': chunk_data,
         })
 
     ihdr = chunks[0]['data']
@@ -195,15 +195,15 @@ def decode_png(png_data):
         return pixels[y][x]
 
     for y in range(height):
-        basePos = y * (1 + stride)
-        filter_type = decompressed_data[basePos]
+        base_pos = y * (1 + stride)
+        filter_type = decompressed_data[base_pos]
 
         current_row = []
 
         pixels.append(current_row)
 
         for x in range(stride):
-            color = decompressed_data[1 + basePos + x]
+            color = decompressed_data[1 + base_pos + x]
             basex = y * stride + x
             left = 0
             up = 0
diff --git a/yt_dlp/utils/_utils.py b/yt_dlp/utils/_utils.py
index 42803bb6df..664675a099 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/utils/_utils.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/utils/_utils.py
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ from ..compat import (
 )
 from ..dependencies import xattr
 
-__name__ = __name__.rsplit('.', 1)[0]  # Pretend to be the parent module
+__name__ = __name__.rsplit('.', 1)[0]  # noqa: A001: Pretend to be the parent module
 
 # This is not clearly defined otherwise
 compiled_regex_type = type(re.compile(''))
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ TIMEZONE_NAMES = {
     'EST': -5, 'EDT': -4,  # Eastern
     'CST': -6, 'CDT': -5,  # Central
     'MST': -7, 'MDT': -6,  # Mountain
-    'PST': -8, 'PDT': -7   # Pacific
+    'PST': -8, 'PDT': -7,   # Pacific
 }
 
 # needed for sanitizing filenames in restricted mode
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ def write_json_file(obj, fn):
 def find_xpath_attr(node, xpath, key, val=None):
     """ Find the xpath xpath[@key=val] """
     assert re.match(r'^[a-zA-Z_-]+$', key)
-    expr = xpath + ('[@%s]' % key if val is None else f"[@{key}='{val}']")
+    expr = xpath + (f'[@{key}]' if val is None else f"[@{key}='{val}']")
     return node.find(expr)
 
 # On python2.6 the xml.etree.ElementTree.Element methods don't support
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ def xpath_with_ns(path, ns_map):
             replaced.append(c[0])
         else:
             ns, tag = c
-            replaced.append('{%s}%s' % (ns_map[ns], tag))
+            replaced.append(f'{{{ns_map[ns]}}}{tag}')
     return '/'.join(replaced)
 
 
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ def xpath_element(node, xpath, name=None, fatal=False, default=NO_DEFAULT):
             return default
         elif fatal:
             name = xpath if name is None else name
-            raise ExtractorError('Could not find XML element %s' % name)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'Could not find XML element {name}')
         else:
             return None
     return n
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ def xpath_text(node, xpath, name=None, fatal=False, default=NO_DEFAULT):
             return default
         elif fatal:
             name = xpath if name is None else name
-            raise ExtractorError('Could not find XML element\'s text %s' % name)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'Could not find XML element\'s text {name}')
         else:
             return None
     return n.text
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ def xpath_attr(node, xpath, key, name=None, fatal=False, default=NO_DEFAULT):
             return default
         elif fatal:
             name = f'{xpath}[@{key}]' if name is None else name
-            raise ExtractorError('Could not find XML attribute %s' % name)
+            raise ExtractorError(f'Could not find XML attribute {name}')
         else:
             return None
     return n.attrib[key]
@@ -320,14 +320,14 @@ def get_element_html_by_attribute(attribute, value, html, **kargs):
 def get_elements_by_class(class_name, html, **kargs):
     """Return the content of all tags with the specified class in the passed HTML document as a list"""
     return get_elements_by_attribute(
-        'class', r'[^\'"]*(?<=[\'"\s])%s(?=[\'"\s])[^\'"]*' % re.escape(class_name),
+        'class', rf'[^\'"]*(?<=[\'"\s]){re.escape(class_name)}(?=[\'"\s])[^\'"]*',
         html, escape_value=False)
 
 
 def get_elements_html_by_class(class_name, html):
     """Return the html of all tags with the specified class in the passed HTML document as a list"""
     return get_elements_html_by_attribute(
-        'class', r'[^\'"]*(?<=[\'"\s])%s(?=[\'"\s])[^\'"]*' % re.escape(class_name),
+        'class', rf'[^\'"]*(?<=[\'"\s]){re.escape(class_name)}(?=[\'"\s])[^\'"]*',
         html, escape_value=False)
 
 
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ def get_elements_text_and_html_by_attribute(attribute, value, html, *, tag=r'[\w
 
         yield (
             unescapeHTML(re.sub(r'^(?P<q>["\'])(?P<content>.*)(?P=q)$', r'\g<content>', content, flags=re.DOTALL)),
-            whole
+            whole,
         )
 
 
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ class HTMLBreakOnClosingTagParser(html.parser.HTMLParser):
         else:
             raise compat_HTMLParseError(f'matching opening tag for closing {tag} tag not found')
         if not self.tagstack:
-            raise self.HTMLBreakOnClosingTagException()
+            raise self.HTMLBreakOnClosingTagException
 
 
 # XXX: This should be far less strict
@@ -587,7 +587,7 @@ def sanitize_open(filename, open_mode):
                     # FIXME: An exclusive lock also locks the file from being read.
                     # Since windows locks are mandatory, don't lock the file on windows (for now).
                     # Ref: https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/3124
-                    raise LockingUnsupportedError()
+                    raise LockingUnsupportedError
                 stream = locked_file(filename, open_mode, block=False).__enter__()
             except OSError:
                 stream = open(filename, open_mode)
@@ -717,9 +717,9 @@ def extract_basic_auth(url):
         return url, None
     url = urllib.parse.urlunsplit(parts._replace(netloc=(
         parts.hostname if parts.port is None
-        else '%s:%d' % (parts.hostname, parts.port))))
+        else f'{parts.hostname}:{parts.port}')))
     auth_payload = base64.b64encode(
-        ('%s:%s' % (parts.username, parts.password or '')).encode())
+        ('{}:{}'.format(parts.username, parts.password or '')).encode())
     return url, f'Basic {auth_payload.decode()}'
 
 
@@ -758,7 +758,7 @@ def _htmlentity_transform(entity_with_semicolon):
         numstr = mobj.group(1)
         if numstr.startswith('x'):
             base = 16
-            numstr = '0%s' % numstr
+            numstr = f'0{numstr}'
         else:
             base = 10
         # See https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/7518
@@ -766,7 +766,7 @@ def _htmlentity_transform(entity_with_semicolon):
             return chr(int(numstr, base))
 
     # Unknown entity in name, return its literal representation
-    return '&%s;' % entity
+    return f'&{entity};'
 
 
 def unescapeHTML(s):
@@ -970,7 +970,7 @@ class ExtractorError(YoutubeDLError):
 class UnsupportedError(ExtractorError):
     def __init__(self, url):
         super().__init__(
-            'Unsupported URL: %s' % url, expected=True)
+            f'Unsupported URL: {url}', expected=True)
         self.url = url
 
 
@@ -1367,7 +1367,7 @@ class DateRange:
         else:
             self.end = dt.datetime.max.date()
         if self.start > self.end:
-            raise ValueError('Date range: "%s" , the start date must be before the end date' % self)
+            raise ValueError(f'Date range: "{self}" , the start date must be before the end date')
 
     @classmethod
     def day(cls, day):
@@ -1400,7 +1400,7 @@ def system_identifier():
     with contextlib.suppress(OSError):  # We may not have access to the executable
         libc_ver = platform.libc_ver()
 
-    return 'Python %s (%s %s %s) - %s (%s%s)' % (
+    return 'Python {} ({} {} {}) - {} ({}{})'.format(
         platform.python_version(),
         python_implementation,
         platform.machine(),
@@ -1413,7 +1413,7 @@ def system_identifier():
 
 @functools.cache
 def get_windows_version():
-    ''' Get Windows version. returns () if it's not running on Windows '''
+    """ Get Windows version. returns () if it's not running on Windows """
     if compat_os_name == 'nt':
         return version_tuple(platform.win32_ver()[1])
     else:
@@ -1505,7 +1505,7 @@ if sys.platform == 'win32':
         ctypes.wintypes.DWORD,      # dwReserved
         ctypes.wintypes.DWORD,      # nNumberOfBytesToLockLow
         ctypes.wintypes.DWORD,      # nNumberOfBytesToLockHigh
-        ctypes.POINTER(OVERLAPPED)  # Overlapped
+        ctypes.POINTER(OVERLAPPED),  # Overlapped
     ]
     LockFileEx.restype = ctypes.wintypes.BOOL
     UnlockFileEx = kernel32.UnlockFileEx
@@ -1514,7 +1514,7 @@ if sys.platform == 'win32':
         ctypes.wintypes.DWORD,      # dwReserved
         ctypes.wintypes.DWORD,      # nNumberOfBytesToLockLow
         ctypes.wintypes.DWORD,      # nNumberOfBytesToLockHigh
-        ctypes.POINTER(OVERLAPPED)  # Overlapped
+        ctypes.POINTER(OVERLAPPED),  # Overlapped
     ]
     UnlockFileEx.restype = ctypes.wintypes.BOOL
     whole_low = 0xffffffff
@@ -1537,7 +1537,7 @@ if sys.platform == 'win32':
         assert f._lock_file_overlapped_p
         handle = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(f.fileno())
         if not UnlockFileEx(handle, 0, whole_low, whole_high, f._lock_file_overlapped_p):
-            raise OSError('Unlocking file failed: %r' % ctypes.FormatError())
+            raise OSError(f'Unlocking file failed: {ctypes.FormatError()!r}')
 
 else:
     try:
@@ -1564,10 +1564,10 @@ else:
     except ImportError:
 
         def _lock_file(f, exclusive, block):
-            raise LockingUnsupportedError()
+            raise LockingUnsupportedError
 
         def _unlock_file(f):
-            raise LockingUnsupportedError()
+            raise LockingUnsupportedError
 
 
 class locked_file:
@@ -1926,7 +1926,7 @@ def remove_end(s, end):
 def remove_quotes(s):
     if s is None or len(s) < 2:
         return s
-    for quote in ('"', "'", ):
+    for quote in ('"', "'"):
         if s[0] == quote and s[-1] == quote:
             return s[1:-1]
     return s
@@ -2095,16 +2095,14 @@ def prepend_extension(filename, ext, expected_real_ext=None):
 
 def replace_extension(filename, ext, expected_real_ext=None):
     name, real_ext = os.path.splitext(filename)
-    return '{}.{}'.format(
-        name if not expected_real_ext or real_ext[1:] == expected_real_ext else filename,
-        ext)
+    return f'{name if not expected_real_ext or real_ext[1:] == expected_real_ext else filename}.{ext}'
 
 
 def check_executable(exe, args=[]):
     """ Checks if the given binary is installed somewhere in PATH, and returns its name.
     args can be a list of arguments for a short output (like -version) """
     try:
-        Popen.run([exe] + args, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+        Popen.run([exe, *args], stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
     except OSError:
         return False
     return exe
@@ -2115,7 +2113,7 @@ def _get_exe_version_output(exe, args):
         # STDIN should be redirected too. On UNIX-like systems, ffmpeg triggers
         # SIGTTOU if yt-dlp is run in the background.
         # See https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/955#issuecomment-209789656
-        stdout, _, ret = Popen.run([encodeArgument(exe)] + args, text=True,
+        stdout, _, ret = Popen.run([encodeArgument(exe), *args], text=True,
                                    stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
         if ret:
             return None
@@ -2161,7 +2159,7 @@ class LazyList(collections.abc.Sequence):
     """Lazy immutable list from an iterable
     Note that slices of a LazyList are lists and not LazyList"""
 
-    class IndexError(IndexError):
+    class IndexError(IndexError):  # noqa: A001
         pass
 
     def __init__(self, iterable, *, reverse=False, _cache=None):
@@ -2248,7 +2246,7 @@ class LazyList(collections.abc.Sequence):
 
 class PagedList:
 
-    class IndexError(IndexError):
+    class IndexError(IndexError):  # noqa: A001
         pass
 
     def __len__(self):
@@ -2282,7 +2280,7 @@ class PagedList:
             raise TypeError('indices must be non-negative integers')
         entries = self.getslice(idx, idx + 1)
         if not entries:
-            raise self.IndexError()
+            raise self.IndexError
         return entries[0]
 
     def __bool__(self):
@@ -2443,7 +2441,7 @@ class PlaylistEntries:
                 except IndexError:
                     entry = self.MissingEntry
                     if not self.is_incomplete:
-                        raise self.IndexError()
+                        raise self.IndexError
                 if entry is self.MissingEntry:
                     raise EntryNotInPlaylist(f'Entry {i + 1} cannot be found')
                 return entry
@@ -2452,7 +2450,7 @@ class PlaylistEntries:
                 try:
                     return type(self.ydl)._handle_extraction_exceptions(lambda _, i: self._entries[i])(self.ydl, i)
                 except (LazyList.IndexError, PagedList.IndexError):
-                    raise self.IndexError()
+                    raise self.IndexError
         return get_entry
 
     def __getitem__(self, idx):
@@ -2488,7 +2486,7 @@ class PlaylistEntries:
     def __len__(self):
         return len(tuple(self[:]))
 
-    class IndexError(IndexError):
+    class IndexError(IndexError):  # noqa: A001
         pass
 
 
@@ -2550,7 +2548,7 @@ def update_url(url, *, query_update=None, **kwargs):
         assert 'query' not in kwargs, 'query_update and query cannot be specified at the same time'
         kwargs['query'] = urllib.parse.urlencode({
             **urllib.parse.parse_qs(url.query),
-            **query_update
+            **query_update,
         }, True)
     return urllib.parse.urlunparse(url._replace(**kwargs))
 
@@ -2560,7 +2558,7 @@ def update_url_query(url, query):
 
 
 def _multipart_encode_impl(data, boundary):
-    content_type = 'multipart/form-data; boundary=%s' % boundary
+    content_type = f'multipart/form-data; boundary={boundary}'
 
     out = b''
     for k, v in data.items():
@@ -2582,7 +2580,7 @@ def _multipart_encode_impl(data, boundary):
 
 
 def multipart_encode(data, boundary=None):
-    '''
+    """
     Encode a dict to RFC 7578-compliant form-data
 
     data:
@@ -2593,7 +2591,7 @@ def multipart_encode(data, boundary=None):
         a random boundary is generated.
 
     Reference: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7578
-    '''
+    """
     has_specified_boundary = boundary is not None
 
     while True:
@@ -2688,7 +2686,7 @@ def parse_age_limit(s):
     s = s.upper()
     if s in US_RATINGS:
         return US_RATINGS[s]
-    m = re.match(r'^TV[_-]?(%s)$' % '|'.join(k[3:] for k in TV_PARENTAL_GUIDELINES), s)
+    m = re.match(r'^TV[_-]?({})$'.format('|'.join(k[3:] for k in TV_PARENTAL_GUIDELINES)), s)
     if m:
         return TV_PARENTAL_GUIDELINES['TV-' + m.group(1)]
     return None
@@ -2736,7 +2734,7 @@ def js_to_json(code, vars={}, *, strict=False):
             return v
         elif v in ('undefined', 'void 0'):
             return 'null'
-        elif v.startswith('/*') or v.startswith('//') or v.startswith('!') or v == ',':
+        elif v.startswith(('/*', '//', '!')) or v == ',':
             return ''
 
         if v[0] in STRING_QUOTES:
@@ -3079,7 +3077,7 @@ def urlhandle_detect_ext(url_handle, default=NO_DEFAULT):
 
 
 def encode_data_uri(data, mime_type):
-    return 'data:%s;base64,%s' % (mime_type, base64.b64encode(data).decode('ascii'))
+    return 'data:{};base64,{}'.format(mime_type, base64.b64encode(data).decode('ascii'))
 
 
 def age_restricted(content_limit, age_limit):
@@ -3144,18 +3142,18 @@ def render_table(header_row, data, delim=False, extra_gap=0, hide_empty=False):
     def get_max_lens(table):
         return [max(width(str(v)) for v in col) for col in zip(*table)]
 
-    def filter_using_list(row, filterArray):
-        return [col for take, col in itertools.zip_longest(filterArray, row, fillvalue=True) if take]
+    def filter_using_list(row, filter_array):
+        return [col for take, col in itertools.zip_longest(filter_array, row, fillvalue=True) if take]
 
     max_lens = get_max_lens(data) if hide_empty else []
     header_row = filter_using_list(header_row, max_lens)
     data = [filter_using_list(row, max_lens) for row in data]
 
-    table = [header_row] + data
+    table = [header_row, *data]
     max_lens = get_max_lens(table)
     extra_gap += 1
     if delim:
-        table = [header_row, [delim * (ml + extra_gap) for ml in max_lens]] + data
+        table = [header_row, [delim * (ml + extra_gap) for ml in max_lens], *data]
         table[1][-1] = table[1][-1][:-extra_gap * len(delim)]  # Remove extra_gap from end of delimiter
     for row in table:
         for pos, text in enumerate(map(str, row)):
@@ -3163,8 +3161,7 @@ def render_table(header_row, data, delim=False, extra_gap=0, hide_empty=False):
                 row[pos] = text.replace('\t', ' ' * (max_lens[pos] - width(text))) + ' ' * extra_gap
             else:
                 row[pos] = text + ' ' * (max_lens[pos] - width(text) + extra_gap)
-    ret = '\n'.join(''.join(row).rstrip() for row in table)
-    return ret
+    return '\n'.join(''.join(row).rstrip() for row in table)
 
 
 def _match_one(filter_part, dct, incomplete):
@@ -3191,12 +3188,12 @@ def _match_one(filter_part, dct, incomplete):
 
     operator_rex = re.compile(r'''(?x)
         (?P<key>[a-z_]+)
-        \s*(?P<negation>!\s*)?(?P<op>%s)(?P<none_inclusive>\s*\?)?\s*
+        \s*(?P<negation>!\s*)?(?P<op>{})(?P<none_inclusive>\s*\?)?\s*
         (?:
             (?P<quote>["\'])(?P<quotedstrval>.+?)(?P=quote)|
             (?P<strval>.+?)
         )
-        ''' % '|'.join(map(re.escape, COMPARISON_OPERATORS.keys())))
+        '''.format('|'.join(map(re.escape, COMPARISON_OPERATORS.keys()))))
     m = operator_rex.fullmatch(filter_part.strip())
     if m:
         m = m.groupdict()
@@ -3207,7 +3204,7 @@ def _match_one(filter_part, dct, incomplete):
             op = unnegated_op
         comparison_value = m['quotedstrval'] or m['strval'] or m['intval']
         if m['quote']:
-            comparison_value = comparison_value.replace(r'\%s' % m['quote'], m['quote'])
+            comparison_value = comparison_value.replace(r'\{}'.format(m['quote']), m['quote'])
         actual_value = dct.get(m['key'])
         numeric_comparison = None
         if isinstance(actual_value, (int, float)):
@@ -3224,7 +3221,7 @@ def _match_one(filter_part, dct, incomplete):
                 if numeric_comparison is None:
                     numeric_comparison = parse_duration(comparison_value)
         if numeric_comparison is not None and m['op'] in STRING_OPERATORS:
-            raise ValueError('Operator %s only supports string values!' % m['op'])
+            raise ValueError('Operator {} only supports string values!'.format(m['op']))
         if actual_value is None:
             return is_incomplete(m['key']) or m['none_inclusive']
         return op(actual_value, comparison_value if numeric_comparison is None else numeric_comparison)
@@ -3234,8 +3231,8 @@ def _match_one(filter_part, dct, incomplete):
         '!': lambda v: (v is False) if isinstance(v, bool) else (v is None),
     }
     operator_rex = re.compile(r'''(?x)
-        (?P<op>%s)\s*(?P<key>[a-z_]+)
-        ''' % '|'.join(map(re.escape, UNARY_OPERATORS.keys())))
+        (?P<op>{})\s*(?P<key>[a-z_]+)
+        '''.format('|'.join(map(re.escape, UNARY_OPERATORS.keys()))))
     m = operator_rex.fullmatch(filter_part.strip())
     if m:
         op = UNARY_OPERATORS[m.group('op')]
@@ -3244,7 +3241,7 @@ def _match_one(filter_part, dct, incomplete):
             return True
         return op(actual_value)
 
-    raise ValueError('Invalid filter part %r' % filter_part)
+    raise ValueError(f'Invalid filter part {filter_part!r}')
 
 
 def match_str(filter_str, dct, incomplete=False):
@@ -3351,10 +3348,10 @@ def ass_subtitles_timecode(seconds):
 
 
 def dfxp2srt(dfxp_data):
-    '''
+    """
     @param dfxp_data A bytes-like object containing DFXP data
     @returns A unicode object containing converted SRT data
-    '''
+    """
     LEGACY_NAMESPACES = (
         (b'http://www.w3.org/ns/ttml', [
             b'http://www.w3.org/2004/11/ttaf1',
@@ -3372,7 +3369,7 @@ def dfxp2srt(dfxp_data):
         'fontSize',
         'fontStyle',
         'fontWeight',
-        'textDecoration'
+        'textDecoration',
     ]
 
     _x = functools.partial(xpath_with_ns, ns_map={
@@ -3410,11 +3407,11 @@ def dfxp2srt(dfxp_data):
                         if self._applied_styles and self._applied_styles[-1].get(k) == v:
                             continue
                         if k == 'color':
-                            font += ' color="%s"' % v
+                            font += f' color="{v}"'
                         elif k == 'fontSize':
-                            font += ' size="%s"' % v
+                            font += f' size="{v}"'
                         elif k == 'fontFamily':
-                            font += ' face="%s"' % v
+                            font += f' face="{v}"'
                         elif k == 'fontWeight' and v == 'bold':
                             self._out += '<b>'
                             unclosed_elements.append('b')
@@ -3438,7 +3435,7 @@ def dfxp2srt(dfxp_data):
             if tag not in (_x('ttml:br'), 'br'):
                 unclosed_elements = self._unclosed_elements.pop()
                 for element in reversed(unclosed_elements):
-                    self._out += '</%s>' % element
+                    self._out += f'</{element}>'
                 if unclosed_elements and self._applied_styles:
                     self._applied_styles.pop()
 
@@ -4349,7 +4346,7 @@ def bytes_to_long(s):
 
 
 def ohdave_rsa_encrypt(data, exponent, modulus):
-    '''
+    """
     Implement OHDave's RSA algorithm. See http://www.ohdave.com/rsa/
 
     Input:
@@ -4358,11 +4355,11 @@ def ohdave_rsa_encrypt(data, exponent, modulus):
     Output: hex string of encrypted data
 
     Limitation: supports one block encryption only
-    '''
+    """
 
     payload = int(binascii.hexlify(data[::-1]), 16)
     encrypted = pow(payload, exponent, modulus)
-    return '%x' % encrypted
+    return f'{encrypted:x}'
 
 
 def pkcs1pad(data, length):
@@ -4377,7 +4374,7 @@ def pkcs1pad(data, length):
         raise ValueError('Input data too long for PKCS#1 padding')
 
     pseudo_random = [random.randint(0, 254) for _ in range(length - len(data) - 3)]
-    return [0, 2] + pseudo_random + [0] + data
+    return [0, 2, *pseudo_random, 0, *data]
 
 
 def _base_n_table(n, table):
@@ -4710,16 +4707,14 @@ def jwt_encode_hs256(payload_data, key, headers={}):
     payload_b64 = base64.b64encode(json.dumps(payload_data).encode())
     h = hmac.new(key.encode(), header_b64 + b'.' + payload_b64, hashlib.sha256)
     signature_b64 = base64.b64encode(h.digest())
-    token = header_b64 + b'.' + payload_b64 + b'.' + signature_b64
-    return token
+    return header_b64 + b'.' + payload_b64 + b'.' + signature_b64
 
 
 # can be extended in future to verify the signature and parse header and return the algorithm used if it's not HS256
 def jwt_decode_hs256(jwt):
     header_b64, payload_b64, signature_b64 = jwt.split('.')
     # add trailing ='s that may have been stripped, superfluous ='s are ignored
-    payload_data = json.loads(base64.urlsafe_b64decode(f'{payload_b64}==='))
-    return payload_data
+    return json.loads(base64.urlsafe_b64decode(f'{payload_b64}==='))
 
 
 WINDOWS_VT_MODE = False if compat_os_name == 'nt' else None
@@ -4797,7 +4792,7 @@ def scale_thumbnails_to_max_format_width(formats, thumbnails, url_width_re):
     """
     _keys = ('width', 'height')
     max_dimensions = max(
-        (tuple(format.get(k) or 0 for k in _keys) for format in formats),
+        (tuple(fmt.get(k) or 0 for k in _keys) for fmt in formats),
         default=(0, 0))
     if not max_dimensions[0]:
         return thumbnails
@@ -5193,7 +5188,7 @@ class FormatSorter:
                  'function': lambda it: next(filter(None, it), None)},
         'ext': {'type': 'combined', 'field': ('vext', 'aext')},
         'res': {'type': 'multiple', 'field': ('height', 'width'),
-                'function': lambda it: (lambda l: min(l) if l else 0)(tuple(filter(None, it)))},
+                'function': lambda it: min(filter(None, it), default=0)},
 
         # Actual field names
         'format_id': {'type': 'alias', 'field': 'id'},
@@ -5241,21 +5236,21 @@ class FormatSorter:
             self.ydl.deprecated_feature(f'Using arbitrary fields ({field}) for format sorting is '
                                         'deprecated and may be removed in a future version')
             self.settings[field] = {}
-        propObj = self.settings[field]
-        if key not in propObj:
-            type = propObj.get('type')
+        prop_obj = self.settings[field]
+        if key not in prop_obj:
+            type_ = prop_obj.get('type')
             if key == 'field':
-                default = 'preference' if type == 'extractor' else (field,) if type in ('combined', 'multiple') else field
+                default = 'preference' if type_ == 'extractor' else (field,) if type_ in ('combined', 'multiple') else field
             elif key == 'convert':
-                default = 'order' if type == 'ordered' else 'float_string' if field else 'ignore'
+                default = 'order' if type_ == 'ordered' else 'float_string' if field else 'ignore'
             else:
-                default = {'type': 'field', 'visible': True, 'order': [], 'not_in_list': (None,)}.get(key, None)
-            propObj[key] = default
-        return propObj[key]
+                default = {'type': 'field', 'visible': True, 'order': [], 'not_in_list': (None,)}.get(key)
+            prop_obj[key] = default
+        return prop_obj[key]
 
-    def _resolve_field_value(self, field, value, convertNone=False):
+    def _resolve_field_value(self, field, value, convert_none=False):
         if value is None:
-            if not convertNone:
+            if not convert_none:
                 return None
         else:
             value = value.lower()
@@ -5317,7 +5312,7 @@ class FormatSorter:
         for item in sort_list:
             match = re.match(self.regex, item)
             if match is None:
-                raise ExtractorError('Invalid format sort string "%s" given by extractor' % item)
+                raise ExtractorError(f'Invalid format sort string "{item}" given by extractor')
             field = match.group('field')
             if field is None:
                 continue
@@ -5345,31 +5340,31 @@ class FormatSorter:
 
     def print_verbose_info(self, write_debug):
         if self._sort_user:
-            write_debug('Sort order given by user: %s' % ', '.join(self._sort_user))
+            write_debug('Sort order given by user: {}'.format(', '.join(self._sort_user)))
         if self._sort_extractor:
-            write_debug('Sort order given by extractor: %s' % ', '.join(self._sort_extractor))
-        write_debug('Formats sorted by: %s' % ', '.join(['%s%s%s' % (
+            write_debug('Sort order given by extractor: {}'.format(', '.join(self._sort_extractor)))
+        write_debug('Formats sorted by: {}'.format(', '.join(['{}{}{}'.format(
             '+' if self._get_field_setting(field, 'reverse') else '', field,
-            '%s%s(%s)' % ('~' if self._get_field_setting(field, 'closest') else ':',
-                          self._get_field_setting(field, 'limit_text'),
-                          self._get_field_setting(field, 'limit'))
+            '{}{}({})'.format('~' if self._get_field_setting(field, 'closest') else ':',
+                              self._get_field_setting(field, 'limit_text'),
+                              self._get_field_setting(field, 'limit'))
             if self._get_field_setting(field, 'limit_text') is not None else '')
-            for field in self._order if self._get_field_setting(field, 'visible')]))
+            for field in self._order if self._get_field_setting(field, 'visible')])))
 
-    def _calculate_field_preference_from_value(self, format, field, type, value):
+    def _calculate_field_preference_from_value(self, format_, field, type_, value):
         reverse = self._get_field_setting(field, 'reverse')
         closest = self._get_field_setting(field, 'closest')
         limit = self._get_field_setting(field, 'limit')
 
-        if type == 'extractor':
+        if type_ == 'extractor':
             maximum = self._get_field_setting(field, 'max')
             if value is None or (maximum is not None and value >= maximum):
                 value = -1
-        elif type == 'boolean':
+        elif type_ == 'boolean':
             in_list = self._get_field_setting(field, 'in_list')
             not_in_list = self._get_field_setting(field, 'not_in_list')
             value = 0 if ((in_list is None or value in in_list) and (not_in_list is None or value not in not_in_list)) else -1
-        elif type == 'ordered':
+        elif type_ == 'ordered':
             value = self._resolve_field_value(field, value, True)
 
         # try to convert to number
@@ -5385,17 +5380,17 @@ class FormatSorter:
                 else (0, -value, 0) if limit is None or (reverse and value == limit) or value > limit
                 else (-1, value, 0))
 
-    def _calculate_field_preference(self, format, field):
-        type = self._get_field_setting(field, 'type')  # extractor, boolean, ordered, field, multiple
-        get_value = lambda f: format.get(self._get_field_setting(f, 'field'))
-        if type == 'multiple':
-            type = 'field'  # Only 'field' is allowed in multiple for now
+    def _calculate_field_preference(self, format_, field):
+        type_ = self._get_field_setting(field, 'type')  # extractor, boolean, ordered, field, multiple
+        get_value = lambda f: format_.get(self._get_field_setting(f, 'field'))
+        if type_ == 'multiple':
+            type_ = 'field'  # Only 'field' is allowed in multiple for now
             actual_fields = self._get_field_setting(field, 'field')
 
             value = self._get_field_setting(field, 'function')(get_value(f) for f in actual_fields)
         else:
             value = get_value(field)
-        return self._calculate_field_preference_from_value(format, field, type, value)
+        return self._calculate_field_preference_from_value(format_, field, type_, value)
 
     def calculate_preference(self, format):
         # Determine missing protocol
diff --git a/yt_dlp/utils/networking.py b/yt_dlp/utils/networking.py
index 4b73252cbd..933b164be9 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/utils/networking.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/utils/networking.py
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ def clean_proxies(proxies: dict, headers: HTTPHeaderDict):
 
             replace_scheme = {
                 'socks5': 'socks5h',  # compat: socks5 was treated as socks5h
-                'socks': 'socks4'  # compat: non-standard
+                'socks': 'socks4',  # compat: non-standard
             }
             if proxy_scheme in replace_scheme:
                 proxies[proxy_key] = urllib.parse.urlunparse(
@@ -160,5 +160,5 @@ def normalize_url(url):
         path=escape_rfc3986(remove_dot_segments(url_parsed.path)),
         params=escape_rfc3986(url_parsed.params),
         query=escape_rfc3986(url_parsed.query),
-        fragment=escape_rfc3986(url_parsed.fragment)
+        fragment=escape_rfc3986(url_parsed.fragment),
     ).geturl()
diff --git a/yt_dlp/webvtt.py b/yt_dlp/webvtt.py
index 7683bfb0f3..9f1a5086b8 100644
--- a/yt_dlp/webvtt.py
+++ b/yt_dlp/webvtt.py
@@ -77,9 +77,8 @@ class _MatchChildParser(_MatchParser):
 
 class ParseError(Exception):
     def __init__(self, parser):
-        super().__init__("Parse error at position %u (near %r)" % (
-            parser._pos, parser._data[parser._pos:parser._pos + 100]
-        ))
+        data = parser._data[parser._pos:parser._pos + 100]
+        super().__init__(f'Parse error at position {parser._pos} (near {data!r})')
 
 
 # While the specification <https://www.w3.org/TR/webvtt1/#webvtt-timestamp>
@@ -149,7 +148,7 @@ class Magic(HeaderBlock):
 
     # XXX: The X-TIMESTAMP-MAP extension is described in RFC 8216 §3.5
     # <https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8216#section-3.5>, but the RFC
-    # doesn’t specify the exact grammar nor where in the WebVTT
+    # doesn't specify the exact grammar nor where in the WebVTT
     # syntax it should be placed; the below has been devised based
     # on usage in the wild
     #
@@ -273,10 +272,10 @@ class CueBlock(Block):
     def parse(cls, parser):
         parser = parser.child()
 
-        id = None
+        id_ = None
         m = parser.consume(cls._REGEX_ID)
         if m:
-            id = m.group(1)
+            id_ = m.group(1)
 
         m0 = parser.consume(_REGEX_TS)
         if not m0:
@@ -304,9 +303,9 @@ class CueBlock(Block):
 
         parser.commit()
         return cls(
-            id=id,
+            id=id_,
             start=start, end=end, settings=settings,
-            text=text.getvalue()
+            text=text.getvalue(),
         )
 
     def write_into(self, stream):
@@ -343,7 +342,7 @@ class CueBlock(Block):
             start=json['start'],
             end=json['end'],
             text=json['text'],
-            settings=json['settings']
+            settings=json['settings'],
         )
 
     def hinges(self, other):