u-boot/doc/README.x86

#
# Copyright (C) 2014, Simon Glass <sjg@chromium.org>
# Copyright (C) 2014, Bin Meng <bmeng.cn@gmail.com>
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier:	GPL-2.0+
#

U-Boot on x86
=============

This document describes the information about U-Boot running on x86 targets,
including supported boards, build instructions, todo list, etc.

Status
------
U-Boot supports running as a coreboot [1] payload on x86. So far only Link
(Chromebook Pixel) and QEMU [2] x86 targets have been tested, but it should
work with minimal adjustments on other x86 boards since coreboot deals with
most of the low-level details.

U-Boot also supports booting directly from x86 reset vector without coreboot,
aka raw support or bare support. Currently Link, QEMU x86 targets and all
Intel boards support running U-Boot 'bare metal'.

As for loading an OS, U-Boot supports directly booting a 32-bit or 64-bit
Linux kernel as part of a FIT image. It also supports a compressed zImage.

Build Instructions
------------------
Building U-Boot as a coreboot payload is just like building U-Boot for targets
on other architectures, like below:

$ make coreboot-x86_defconfig
$ make all

Note this default configuration will build a U-Boot payload for the QEMU board.
To build a coreboot payload against another board, you can change the build
configuration during the 'make menuconfig' process.

x86 architecture  --->
	...
	(qemu-x86) Board configuration file
	(qemu-x86_i440fx) Board Device Tree Source (dts) file
	(0x01920000) Board specific Cache-As-RAM (CAR) address
	(0x4000) Board specific Cache-As-RAM (CAR) size

Change the 'Board configuration file' and 'Board Device Tree Source (dts) file'
to point to a new board. You can also change the Cache-As-RAM (CAR) related
settings here if the default values do not fit your new board.

Building a ROM version of U-Boot (hereafter referred to as u-boot.rom) is a
little bit tricky, as generally it requires several binary blobs which are not
shipped in the U-Boot source tree. Due to this reason, the u-boot.rom build is
not turned on by default in the U-Boot source tree. Firstly, you need turn it
on by enabling the ROM build:

$ export BUILD_ROM=y

This tells the Makefile to build u-boot.rom as a target.

Link-specific instructions:

First, you need the following binary blobs:

* descriptor.bin - Intel flash descriptor
* me.bin - Intel Management Engine
* mrc.bin - Memory Reference Code, which sets up SDRAM
* video ROM - sets up the display

You can get these binary blobs by:

$ git clone http://review.coreboot.org/p/blobs.git
$ cd blobs

Find the following files:

* ./mainboard/google/link/descriptor.bin
* ./mainboard/google/link/me.bin
* ./northbridge/intel/sandybridge/systemagent-r6.bin

The 3rd one should be renamed to mrc.bin.
As for the video ROM, you can get it here [3] and rename it to vga.bin.
Make sure all these binary blobs are put in the board directory.

Now you can build U-Boot and obtain u-boot.rom:

$ make chromebook_link_defconfig
$ make all

Intel Crown Bay specific instructions:

U-Boot support of Intel Crown Bay board [4] relies on a binary blob called
Firmware Support Package [5] to perform all the necessary initialization steps
as documented in the BIOS Writer Guide, including initialization of the CPU,
memory controller, chipset and certain bus interfaces.

Download the Intel FSP for Atom E6xx series and Platform Controller Hub EG20T,
install it on your host and locate the FSP binary blob. Note this platform
also requires a Chipset Micro Code (CMC) state machine binary to be present in
the SPI flash where u-boot.rom resides, and this CMC binary blob can be found
in this FSP package too.

* ./FSP/QUEENSBAY_FSP_GOLD_001_20-DECEMBER-2013.fd
* ./Microcode/C0_22211.BIN

Rename the first one to fsp.bin and second one to cmc.bin and put them in the
board directory.

Note the FSP release version 001 has a bug which could cause random endless
loop during the FspInit call. This bug was published by Intel although Intel
did not describe any details. We need manually apply the patch to the FSP
binary using any hex editor (eg: bvi). Go to the offset 0x1fcd8 of the FSP
binary, change the following five bytes values from orginally E8 42 FF FF FF
to B8 00 80 0B 00.

As for the video ROM, you need manually extract it from the Intel provided
BIOS for Crown Bay here [6], using the AMI MMTool [7]. Check PCI option ROM
ID 8086:4108, extract and save it as vga.bin in the board directory.

Now you can build U-Boot and obtain u-boot.rom

$ make crownbay_defconfig
$ make all

Intel Minnowboard Max instructions:

This uses as FSP as with Crown Bay, except it is for the Atom E3800 series.
Download this and get the .fd file (BAYTRAIL_FSP_GOLD_003_16-SEP-2014.fd at
the time of writing). Put it in the board directory:
board/intel/minnowmax/fsp.bin

Obtain the VGA RAM (Vga.dat at the time of writing) and put it into the same
directory: board/intel/minnowmax/vga.bin

You still need two more binary blobs. The first comes from the original
firmware image available from:

http://firmware.intel.com/sites/default/files/2014-WW42.4-MinnowBoardMax.73-64-bit.bin_Release.zip

Unzip it:

   $ unzip 2014-WW42.4-MinnowBoardMax.73-64-bit.bin_Release.zip

Use ifdtool in the U-Boot tools directory to extract the images from that
file, for example:

   $ ./tools/ifdtool -x MNW2MAX1.X64.0073.R02.1409160934.bin

This will provide the descriptor file - copy this into the correct place:

   $ cp flashregion_0_flashdescriptor.bin board/intel/minnowmax/descriptor.bin

Then do the same with the sample SPI image provided in the FSP (SPI.bin at
the time of writing) to obtain the last image. Note that this will also
produce a flash descriptor file, but it does not seem to work, probably
because it is not designed for the Minnowmax. That is why you need to get
the flash descriptor from the original firmware as above.

   $ ./tools/ifdtool -x BayleyBay/SPI.bin
   $ cp flashregion_2_intel_me.bin board/intel/minnowmax/me.bin

Now you can build U-Boot and obtain u-boot.rom

$ make minnowmax_defconfig
$ make all

Checksums are as follows (but note that newer versions will invalidate this):

$ md5sum -b board/intel/minnowmax/*.bin
ffda9a3b94df5b74323afb328d51e6b4  board/intel/minnowmax/descriptor.bin
69f65b9a580246291d20d08cbef9d7c5  board/intel/minnowmax/fsp.bin
894a97d371544ec21de9c3e8e1716c4b  board/intel/minnowmax/me.bin
a2588537da387da592a27219d56e9962  board/intel/minnowmax/vga.bin

The ROM image is broken up into these parts:

Offset   Description         Controlling config
------------------------------------------------------------
000000   descriptor.bin      Hard-coded to 0 in ifdtool
001000   me.bin              Set by the descriptor
500000   <spare>
700000   u-boot-dtb.bin      CONFIG_SYS_TEXT_BASE
790000   vga.bin             CONFIG_X86_OPTION_ROM_ADDR
7c0000   fsp.bin             CONFIG_FSP_ADDR
7f8000   <spare>             (depends on size of fsp.bin)
7fe000   Environment         CONFIG_ENV_OFFSET
7ff800   U-Boot 16-bit boot  CONFIG_SYS_X86_START16

Overall ROM image size is controlled by CONFIG_ROM_SIZE.


Intel Galileo instructions:

Only one binary blob is needed for Remote Management Unit (RMU) within Intel
Quark SoC. Not like FSP, U-Boot does not call into the binary. The binary is
needed by the Quark SoC itself.

You can get the binary blob from Quark Board Support Package from Intel website:

* ./QuarkSocPkg/QuarkNorthCluster/Binary/QuarkMicrocode/RMU.bin

Rename the file and put it to the board directory by:

   $ cp RMU.bin board/intel/galileo/rmu.bin

Now you can build U-Boot and obtain u-boot.rom

$ make galileo_defconfig
$ make all

QEMU x86 target instructions:

To build u-boot.rom for QEMU x86 targets, just simply run

$ make qemu-x86_defconfig
$ make all

Note this default configuration will build a U-Boot for the QEMU x86 i440FX
board. To build a U-Boot against QEMU x86 Q35 board, you can change the build
configuration during the 'make menuconfig' process like below:

Device Tree Control  --->
	...
	(qemu-x86_q35) Default Device Tree for DT control

Test with coreboot
------------------
For testing U-Boot as the coreboot payload, there are things that need be paid
attention to. coreboot supports loading an ELF executable and a 32-bit plain
binary, as well as other supported payloads. With the default configuration,
U-Boot is set up to use a separate Device Tree Blob (dtb). As of today, the
generated u-boot-dtb.bin needs to be packaged by the cbfstool utility (a tool
provided by coreboot) manually as coreboot's 'make menuconfig' does not provide
this capability yet. The command is as follows:

# in the coreboot root directory
$ ./build/util/cbfstool/cbfstool build/coreboot.rom add-flat-binary \
  -f u-boot-dtb.bin -n fallback/payload -c lzma -l 0x1110000 -e 0x1110015

Make sure 0x1110000 matches CONFIG_SYS_TEXT_BASE and 0x1110015 matches the
symbol address of _start (in arch/x86/cpu/start.S).

If you want to use ELF as the coreboot payload, change U-Boot configuration to
use CONFIG_OF_EMBED instead of CONFIG_OF_SEPARATE.

To enable video you must enable these options in coreboot:

   - Set framebuffer graphics resolution (1280x1024 32k-color (1:5:5))
   - Keep VESA framebuffer

At present it seems that for Minnowboard Max, coreboot does not pass through
the video information correctly (it always says the resolution is 0x0). This
works correctly for link though.

Test with QEMU
--------------
QEMU is a fancy emulator that can enable us to test U-Boot without access to
a real x86 board. Please make sure your QEMU version is 2.3.0 or above test
U-Boot. To launch QEMU with u-boot.rom, call QEMU as follows:

$ qemu-system-i386 -nographic -bios path/to/u-boot.rom

This will instantiate an emulated x86 board with i440FX and PIIX chipset. QEMU
also supports emulating an x86 board with Q35 and ICH9 based chipset, which is
also supported by U-Boot. To instantiate such a machine, call QEMU with:

$ qemu-system-i386 -nographic -bios path/to/u-boot.rom -M q35

Note by default QEMU instantiated boards only have 128 MiB system memory. But
it is enough to have U-Boot boot and function correctly. You can increase the
system memory by pass '-m' parameter to QEMU if you want more memory:

$ qemu-system-i386 -nographic -bios path/to/u-boot.rom -m 1024

This creates a board with 1 GiB system memory. Currently U-Boot for QEMU only
supports 3 GiB maximum system memory and reserves the last 1 GiB address space
for PCI device memory-mapped I/O and other stuff, so the maximum value of '-m'
would be 3072.

QEMU emulates a graphic card which U-Boot supports. Removing '-nographic' will
show QEMU's VGA console window. Note this will disable QEMU's serial output.
If you want to check both consoles, use '-serial stdio'.

CPU Microcode
-------------
Modern CPUs usually require a special bit stream called microcode [8] to be
loaded on the processor after power up in order to function properly. U-Boot
has already integrated these as hex dumps in the source tree.

SMP Support
-----------
On a multicore system, U-Boot is executed on the bootstrap processor (BSP).
Additional application processors (AP) can be brought up by U-Boot. In order to
have an SMP kernel to discover all of the available processors, U-Boot needs to
prepare configuration tables which contain the multi-CPUs information before
loading the OS kernel. Currently U-Boot supports generating two types of tables
for SMP, called Simple Firmware Interface (SFI) [9] and Multi-Processor (MP)
[10] tables. The writing of these two tables are controlled by two Kconfig
options GENERATE_SFI_TABLE and GENERATE_MP_TABLE.

Driver Model
------------
x86 has been converted to use driver model for serial and GPIO.

Device Tree
-----------
x86 uses device tree to configure the board thus requires CONFIG_OF_CONTROL to
be turned on. Not every device on the board is configured via device tree, but
more and more devices will be added as time goes by. Check out the directory
arch/x86/dts/ for these device tree source files.

Useful Commands
---------------
In keeping with the U-Boot philosophy of providing functions to check and
adjust internal settings, there are several x86-specific commands that may be
useful:

hob  - Display information about Firmware Support Package (FSP) Hand-off
	 Block. This is only available on platforms which use FSP, mostly
	 Atom.
iod  - Display I/O memory
iow  - Write I/O memory
mtrr - List and set the Memory Type Range Registers (MTRR). These are used to
	 tell the CPU whether memory is cacheable and if so the cache write
	 mode to use. U-Boot sets up some reasonable values but you can
	 adjust then with this command.

Development Flow
----------------
These notes are for those who want to port U-Boot to a new x86 platform.

Since x86 CPUs boot from SPI flash, a SPI flash emulator is a good investment.
The Dediprog em100 can be used on Linux. The em100 tool is available here:

   http://review.coreboot.org/p/em100.git

On Minnowboard Max the following command line can be used:

   sudo em100 -s -p LOW -d u-boot.rom -c W25Q64DW -r

A suitable clip for connecting over the SPI flash chip is here:

   http://www.dediprog.com/pd/programmer-accessories/EM-TC-8

This allows you to override the SPI flash contents for development purposes.
Typically you can write to the em100 in around 1200ms, considerably faster
than programming the real flash device each time. The only important
limitation of the em100 is that it only supports SPI bus speeds up to 20MHz.
This means that images must be set to boot with that speed. This is an
Intel-specific feature - e.g. tools/ifttool has an option to set the SPI
speed in the SPI descriptor region.

If your chip/board uses an Intel Firmware Support Package (FSP) it is fairly
easy to fit it in. You can follow the Minnowboard Max implementation, for
example. Hopefully you will just need to create new files similar to those
in arch/x86/cpu/baytrail which provide Bay Trail support.

If you are not using an FSP you have more freedom and more responsibility.
The ivybridge support works this way, although it still uses a ROM for
graphics and still has binary blobs containing Intel code. You should aim to
support all important peripherals on your platform including video and storage.
Use the device tree for configuration where possible.

For the microcode you can create a suitable device tree file using the
microcode tool:

  ./tools/microcode-tool -d microcode.dat create <model>

or if you only have header files and not the full Intel microcode.dat database:

  ./tools/microcode-tool -H BAY_TRAIL_FSP_KIT/Microcode/M0130673322.h \
	-H BAY_TRAIL_FSP_KIT/Microcode/M0130679901.h \
	create all

These are written to arch/x86/dts/microcode/ by default.

Note that it is possible to just add the micrcode for your CPU if you know its
model. U-Boot prints this information when it starts

   CPU: x86_64, vendor Intel, device 30673h

so here we can use the M0130673322 file.

If you platform can display POST codes on two little 7-segment displays on
the board, then you can use post_code() calls from C or assembler to monitor
boot progress. This can be good for debugging.

If not, you can try to get serial working as early as possible. The early
debug serial port may be useful here. See setup_early_uart() for an example.

TODO List
---------
- Audio
- Chrome OS verified boot
- SMI and ACPI support, to provide platform info and facilities to Linux

References
----------
[1] http://www.coreboot.org
[2] http://www.qemu.org
[3] http://www.coreboot.org/~stepan/pci8086,0166.rom
[4] http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/embedded/design-tools/evaluation-platforms/atom-e660-eg20t-development-kit.html
[5] http://www.intel.com/fsp
[6] http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/secure/intelligent-systems/privileged/e6xx-35-b1-cmc22211.html
[7] http://www.ami.com/products/bios-uefi-tools-and-utilities/bios-uefi-utilities/
[8] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcode
[9] http://simplefirmware.org
[10] http://www.intel.com/design/archives/processors/pro/docs/242016.htm