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125
book/src/development/adding_lints.md
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@ -11,21 +11,24 @@ because that's clearly a non-descriptive name.
- [Setup](#setup) - [Setup](#setup)
- [Getting Started](#getting-started) - [Getting Started](#getting-started)
- [Testing](#testing) - [Testing](#testing)
- [Cargo lints](#cargo-lints)
- [Rustfix tests](#rustfix-tests) - [Rustfix tests](#rustfix-tests)
- [Edition 2018 tests](#edition-2018-tests) - [Edition 2018 tests](#edition-2018-tests)
- [Testing manually](#testing-manually) - [Testing manually](#testing-manually)
- [Lint declaration](#lint-declaration) - [Lint declaration](#lint-declaration)
- [Lint registration](#lint-registration)
- [Lint passes](#lint-passes) - [Lint passes](#lint-passes)
- [Emitting a lint](#emitting-a-lint) - [Emitting a lint](#emitting-a-lint)
- [Adding the lint logic](#adding-the-lint-logic) - [Adding the lint logic](#adding-the-lint-logic)
- [Specifying the lint's minimum supported Rust version (MSRV)](#specifying-the-lints-minimum-supported-rust-version-msrv) - [Specifying the lint's minimum supported Rust version (MSRV)](#specifying-the-lints-minimum-supported-rust-version-msrv)
- [Author lint](#author-lint) - [Author lint](#author-lint)
- [Print HIR lint](#print-hir-lint)
- [Documentation](#documentation) - [Documentation](#documentation)
- [Running rustfmt](#running-rustfmt) - [Running rustfmt](#running-rustfmt)
- [Debugging](#debugging) - [Debugging](#debugging)
- [PR Checklist](#pr-checklist) - [PR Checklist](#pr-checklist)
- [Adding configuration to a lint](#adding-configuration-to-a-lint) - [Adding configuration to a lint](#adding-configuration-to-a-lint)
- [Cheatsheet](#cheatsheet) - [Cheat Sheet](#cheat-sheet)
## Setup ## Setup
@ -42,9 +45,9 @@ take a look at our [lint naming guidelines][lint_naming]. To get started on this
lint you can run `cargo dev new_lint --name=foo_functions --pass=early lint you can run `cargo dev new_lint --name=foo_functions --pass=early
--category=pedantic` (category will default to nursery if not provided). This --category=pedantic` (category will default to nursery if not provided). This
command will create two files: `tests/ui/foo_functions.rs` and command will create two files: `tests/ui/foo_functions.rs` and
`clippy_lints/src/foo_functions.rs`, as well as run `cargo dev update_lints` to `clippy_lints/src/foo_functions.rs`, as well as
register the new lint. For cargo lints, two project hierarchies (fail/pass) will [registering the lint](#lint-registration). For cargo lints, two project
be created by default under `tests/ui-cargo`. hierarchies (fail/pass) will be created by default under `tests/ui-cargo`.
Next, we'll open up these files and add our lint! Next, we'll open up these files and add our lint!
@ -155,7 +158,7 @@ Manually testing against an example file can be useful if you have added some
your local modifications, run your local modifications, run
``` ```
env __CLIPPY_INTERNAL_TESTS=true cargo run --bin clippy-driver -- -L ./target/debug input.rs cargo dev lint input.rs
``` ```
from the working copy root. With tests in place, let's have a look at from the working copy root. With tests in place, let's have a look at
@ -179,17 +182,15 @@ the auto-generated lint declaration to have a real description, something like t
```rust ```rust
declare_clippy_lint! { declare_clippy_lint! {
/// **What it does:** /// ### What it does
/// ///
/// **Why is this bad?** /// ### Why is this bad?
///
/// **Known problems:** None.
///
/// **Example:**
/// ///
/// ### Example
/// ```rust /// ```rust
/// // example code /// // example code
/// ``` /// ```
#[clippy::version = "1.29.0"]
pub FOO_FUNCTIONS, pub FOO_FUNCTIONS,
pedantic, pedantic,
"function named `foo`, which is not a descriptive name" "function named `foo`, which is not a descriptive name"
@ -200,6 +201,10 @@ declare_clippy_lint! {
section. This is the default documentation style and will be displayed section. This is the default documentation style and will be displayed
[like this][example_lint_page]. To render and open this documentation locally [like this][example_lint_page]. To render and open this documentation locally
in a browser, run `cargo dev serve`. in a browser, run `cargo dev serve`.
* The `#[clippy::version]` attribute will be rendered as part of the lint documentation.
The value should be set to the current Rust version that the lint is developed in,
it can be retrieved by running `rustc -vV` in the rust-clippy directory. The version
is listed under *release*. (Use the version without the `-nightly`) suffix.
* `FOO_FUNCTIONS` is the name of our lint. Be sure to follow the * `FOO_FUNCTIONS` is the name of our lint. Be sure to follow the
[lint naming guidelines][lint_naming] here when naming your lint. [lint naming guidelines][lint_naming] here when naming your lint.
In short, the name should state the thing that is being checked for and In short, the name should state the thing that is being checked for and
@ -222,32 +227,34 @@ declare_lint_pass!(FooFunctions => [FOO_FUNCTIONS]);
impl EarlyLintPass for FooFunctions {} impl EarlyLintPass for FooFunctions {}
``` ```
Normally after declaring the lint, we have to run `cargo dev update_lints`, [declare_clippy_lint]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/blob/557f6848bd5b7183f55c1e1522a326e9e1df6030/clippy_lints/src/lib.rs#L60
which updates some files, so Clippy knows about the new lint. Since we used [example_lint_page]: https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-clippy/master/index.html#redundant_closure
`cargo dev new_lint ...` to generate the lint declaration, this was done [lint_naming]: https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0344-conventions-galore.html#lints
automatically. While `update_lints` automates most of the things, it doesn't [category_level_mapping]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/blob/557f6848bd5b7183f55c1e1522a326e9e1df6030/clippy_lints/src/lib.rs#L110
automate everything. We will have to register our lint pass manually in the
`register_plugins` function in `clippy_lints/src/lib.rs`: ## Lint registration
When using `cargo dev new_lint`, the lint is automatically registered and
nothing more has to be done.
When declaring a new lint by hand and `cargo dev update_lints` is used, the lint
pass may have to be registered manually in the `register_plugins` function in
`clippy_lints/src/lib.rs`:
```rust ```rust
store.register_early_pass(|| box foo_functions::FooFunctions); store.register_early_pass(|| Box::new(foo_functions::FooFunctions));
``` ```
As one may expect, there is a corresponding `register_late_pass` method As one may expect, there is a corresponding `register_late_pass` method
available as well. Without a call to one of `register_early_pass` or available as well. Without a call to one of `register_early_pass` or
`register_late_pass`, the lint pass in question will not be run. `register_late_pass`, the lint pass in question will not be run.
One reason that `cargo dev` does not automate this step is that multiple lints One reason that `cargo dev update_lints` does not automate this step is that
can use the same lint pass, so registering the lint pass may already be done multiple lints can use the same lint pass, so registering the lint pass may
when adding a new lint. Another reason that this step is not automated is that already be done when adding a new lint. Another reason that this step is not
the order that the passes are registered determines the order the passes automated is that the order that the passes are registered determines the order
actually run, which in turn affects the order that any emitted lints are output the passes actually run, which in turn affects the order that any emitted lints
in. are output in.
[declare_clippy_lint]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/blob/557f6848bd5b7183f55c1e1522a326e9e1df6030/clippy_lints/src/lib.rs#L60
[example_lint_page]: https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-clippy/master/index.html#redundant_closure
[lint_naming]: https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0344-conventions-galore.html#lints
[category_level_mapping]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/blob/557f6848bd5b7183f55c1e1522a326e9e1df6030/clippy_lints/src/lib.rs#L110
## Lint passes ## Lint passes
@ -425,7 +432,7 @@ The project's MSRV can then be matched against the feature MSRV in the LintPass
using the `meets_msrv` utility function. using the `meets_msrv` utility function.
``` rust ``` rust
if !meets_msrv(self.msrv.as_ref(), &msrvs::STR_STRIP_PREFIX) { if !meets_msrv(self.msrv, msrvs::STR_STRIP_PREFIX) {
return; return;
} }
``` ```
@ -478,6 +485,19 @@ you are implementing your lint.
[author_example]: https://play.rust-lang.org/?version=nightly&mode=debug&edition=2018&gist=9a12cb60e5c6ad4e3003ac6d5e63cf55 [author_example]: https://play.rust-lang.org/?version=nightly&mode=debug&edition=2018&gist=9a12cb60e5c6ad4e3003ac6d5e63cf55
## Print HIR lint
To implement a lint, it's helpful to first understand the internal representation
that rustc uses. Clippy has the `#[clippy::dump]` attribute that prints the
[_High-Level Intermediate Representation (HIR)_] of the item, statement, or
expression that the attribute is attached to. To attach the attribute to expressions
you often need to enable `#![feature(stmt_expr_attributes)]`.
[Here][print_hir_example] you can find an example, just select _Tools_ and run _Clippy_.
[_High-Level Intermediate Representation (HIR)_]: https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/hir.html
[print_hir_example]: https://play.rust-lang.org/?version=nightly&mode=debug&edition=2021&gist=daf14db3a7f39ca467cd1b86c34b9afb
## Documentation ## Documentation
The final thing before submitting our PR is to add some documentation to our The final thing before submitting our PR is to add some documentation to our
@ -487,21 +507,23 @@ Please document your lint with a doc comment akin to the following:
```rust ```rust
declare_clippy_lint! { declare_clippy_lint! {
/// **What it does:** Checks for ... (describe what the lint matches). /// ### What it does
/// Checks for ... (describe what the lint matches).
/// ///
/// **Why is this bad?** Supply the reason for linting the code. /// ### Why is this bad?
/// Supply the reason for linting the code.
/// ///
/// **Known problems:** None. (Or describe where it could go wrong.) /// ### Example
///
/// **Example:**
/// ///
/// ```rust,ignore /// ```rust,ignore
/// // Bad /// // A short example of code that triggers the lint
/// Insert a short example of code that triggers the lint
///
/// // Good
/// Insert a short example of improved code that doesn't trigger the lint
/// ``` /// ```
///
/// Use instead:
/// ```rust,ignore
/// // A short example of improved code that doesn't trigger the lint
/// ```
#[clippy::version = "1.29.0"]
pub FOO_FUNCTIONS, pub FOO_FUNCTIONS,
pedantic, pedantic,
"function named `foo`, which is not a descriptive name" "function named `foo`, which is not a descriptive name"
@ -558,14 +580,16 @@ directory. Adding a configuration to a lint can be useful for thresholds or to c
behavior that can be seen as a false positive for some users. Adding a configuration is done behavior that can be seen as a false positive for some users. Adding a configuration is done
in the following steps: in the following steps:
1. Adding a new configuration entry to [clippy_utils::conf](/clippy_utils/src/conf.rs) 1. Adding a new configuration entry to [clippy_lints::utils::conf](/clippy_lints/src/utils/conf.rs)
like this: like this:
```rust ```rust
/// Lint: LINT_NAME. <The configuration field doc comment> /// Lint: LINT_NAME.
///
/// <The configuration field doc comment>
(configuration_ident: Type = DefaultValue), (configuration_ident: Type = DefaultValue),
``` ```
The configuration value and identifier should usually be the same. The doc comment will be The doc comment is automatically added to the documentation of the listed lints. The default
automatically added to the lint documentation. value will be formatted using the `Debug` implementation of the type.
2. Adding the configuration value to the lint impl struct: 2. Adding the configuration value to the lint impl struct:
1. This first requires the definition of a lint impl struct. Lint impl structs are usually 1. This first requires the definition of a lint impl struct. Lint impl structs are usually
generated with the `declare_lint_pass!` macro. This struct needs to be defined manually generated with the `declare_lint_pass!` macro. This struct needs to be defined manually
@ -626,14 +650,14 @@ in the following steps:
with the configuration value and a rust file that should be linted by Clippy. The test can with the configuration value and a rust file that should be linted by Clippy. The test can
otherwise be written as usual. otherwise be written as usual.
## Cheatsheet ## Cheat Sheet
Here are some pointers to things you are likely going to need for every lint: Here are some pointers to things you are likely going to need for every lint:
* [Clippy utils][utils] - Various helper functions. Maybe the function you need * [Clippy utils][utils] - Various helper functions. Maybe the function you need
is already in here (`implements_trait`, `match_def_path`, `snippet`, etc) is already in here ([`is_type_diagnostic_item`], [`implements_trait`], [`snippet`], etc)
* [Clippy diagnostics][diagnostics] * [Clippy diagnostics][diagnostics]
* [The `if_chain` macro][if_chain] * [Let chains][let-chains]
* [`from_expansion`][from_expansion] and [`in_external_macro`][in_external_macro] * [`from_expansion`][from_expansion] and [`in_external_macro`][in_external_macro]
* [`Span`][span] * [`Span`][span]
* [`Applicability`][applicability] * [`Applicability`][applicability]
@ -657,8 +681,11 @@ documentation currently. This is unfortunate, but in most cases you can probably
get away with copying things from existing similar lints. If you are stuck, get away with copying things from existing similar lints. If you are stuck,
don't hesitate to ask on [Zulip] or in the issue/PR. don't hesitate to ask on [Zulip] or in the issue/PR.
[utils]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/blob/master/clippy_utils/src/lib.rs [utils]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/clippy_utils/index.html
[if_chain]: https://docs.rs/if_chain/*/if_chain/ [`is_type_diagnostic_item`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/clippy_utils/ty/fn.is_type_diagnostic_item.html
[`implements_trait`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/clippy_utils/ty/fn.implements_trait.html
[`snippet`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/clippy_utils/source/fn.snippet.html
[let-chains]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/94927
[from_expansion]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_span/struct.Span.html#method.from_expansion [from_expansion]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_span/struct.Span.html#method.from_expansion
[in_external_macro]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/lint/fn.in_external_macro.html [in_external_macro]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/lint/fn.in_external_macro.html
[span]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_span/struct.Span.html [span]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_span/struct.Span.html

12
book/src/development/basics.md
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@ -91,15 +91,18 @@ cargo dev fmt
cargo dev update_lints cargo dev update_lints
# create a new lint and register it # create a new lint and register it
cargo dev new_lint cargo dev new_lint
# automatically formatting all code before each commit
cargo dev setup git-hook
# (experimental) Setup Clippy to work with IntelliJ-Rust # (experimental) Setup Clippy to work with IntelliJ-Rust
cargo dev ide_setup cargo dev setup intellij
``` ```
More about intellij command usage and reasons [here](../CONTRIBUTING.md#intellij-rust)
## lintcheck ## lintcheck
`cargo lintcheck` will build and run clippy on a fixed set of crates and generate a log of the results. `cargo lintcheck` will build and run clippy on a fixed set of crates and generate a log of the results.
You can `git diff` the updated log against its previous version and You can `git diff` the updated log against its previous version and
see what impact your lint made on a small set of crates. see what impact your lint made on a small set of crates.
If you add a new lint, please audit the resulting warnings and make sure If you add a new lint, please audit the resulting warnings and make sure
there are no false positives and that the suggestions are valid. there are no false positives and that the suggestions are valid.
Refer to the tools [README] for more details. Refer to the tools [README] for more details.
@ -167,6 +170,5 @@ rustup component add clippy
> [proxies](https://rust-lang.github.io/rustup/concepts/proxies.html). That is, `~/.cargo/bin/cargo-clippy` and > [proxies](https://rust-lang.github.io/rustup/concepts/proxies.html). That is, `~/.cargo/bin/cargo-clippy` and
> `~/.cargo/bin/clippy-driver` should be hard or soft links to `~/.cargo/bin/rustup`. You can repair these by running > `~/.cargo/bin/clippy-driver` should be hard or soft links to `~/.cargo/bin/rustup`. You can repair these by running
> `rustup update`. > `rustup update`.
[glossary]: https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/appendix/glossary.html [glossary]: https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/appendix/glossary.html

221
book/src/development/common_tools_writing_lints.md
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@ -4,17 +4,19 @@ You may need following tooltips to catch up with common operations.
- [Common tools for writing lints](#common-tools-for-writing-lints) - [Common tools for writing lints](#common-tools-for-writing-lints)
- [Retrieving the type of an expression](#retrieving-the-type-of-an-expression) - [Retrieving the type of an expression](#retrieving-the-type-of-an-expression)
- [Checking if an expression is calling a specific method](#checking-if-an-expr-is-calling-a-specific-method) - [Checking if an expr is calling a specific method](#checking-if-an-expr-is-calling-a-specific-method)
- [Checking for a specific type](#checking-for-a-specific-type)
- [Checking if a type implements a specific trait](#checking-if-a-type-implements-a-specific-trait) - [Checking if a type implements a specific trait](#checking-if-a-type-implements-a-specific-trait)
- [Checking if a type defines a specific method](#checking-if-a-type-defines-a-specific-method) - [Checking if a type defines a specific method](#checking-if-a-type-defines-a-specific-method)
- [Dealing with macros](#dealing-with-macros) - [Dealing with macros](#dealing-with-macros-and-expansions)
Useful Rustc dev guide links: Useful Rustc dev guide links:
- [Stages of compilation](https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/compiler-src.html#the-main-stages-of-compilation) - [Stages of compilation](https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/compiler-src.html#the-main-stages-of-compilation)
- [Diagnostic items](https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/diagnostics/diagnostic-items.html)
- [Type checking](https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/type-checking.html) - [Type checking](https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/type-checking.html)
- [Ty module](https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/ty.html) - [Ty module](https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/ty.html)
# Retrieving the type of an expression ## Retrieving the type of an expression
Sometimes you may want to retrieve the type `Ty` of an expression `Expr`, for example to answer following questions: Sometimes you may want to retrieve the type `Ty` of an expression `Expr`, for example to answer following questions:
@ -24,7 +26,7 @@ Sometimes you may want to retrieve the type `Ty` of an expression `Expr`, for ex
- does it implement a trait? - does it implement a trait?
This operation is performed using the [`expr_ty()`][expr_ty] method from the [`TypeckResults`][TypeckResults] struct, This operation is performed using the [`expr_ty()`][expr_ty] method from the [`TypeckResults`][TypeckResults] struct,
that gives you access to the underlying structure [`TyS`][TyS]. that gives you access to the underlying structure [`Ty`][Ty].
Example of use: Example of use:
```rust ```rust
@ -53,42 +55,81 @@ Two noticeable items here:
created by type checking step, it includes useful information such as types created by type checking step, it includes useful information such as types
of expressions, ways to resolve methods and so on. of expressions, ways to resolve methods and so on.
# Checking if an expr is calling a specific method ## Checking if an expr is calling a specific method
Starting with an `expr`, you can check whether it is calling a specific method `some_method`: Starting with an `expr`, you can check whether it is calling a specific method `some_method`:
```rust ```rust
impl LateLintPass<'_> for MyStructLint { impl<'tcx> LateLintPass<'tcx> for MyStructLint {
fn check_expr(&mut self, cx: &LateContext<'tcx>, expr: &'tcx hir::Expr<'_>) { fn check_expr(&mut self, cx: &LateContext<'tcx>, expr: &'tcx hir::Expr<'_>) {
if_chain! { // Check our expr is calling a method
// Check our expr is calling a method if let hir::ExprKind::MethodCall(path, _, [_self_arg, ..]) = &expr.kind
if let hir::ExprKind::MethodCall(path, _, _args, _) = &expr.kind;
// Check the name of this method is `some_method` // Check the name of this method is `some_method`
if path.ident.name == sym!(some_method); && path.ident.name == sym!(some_method)
then { // Optionally, check the type of the self argument.
// - See "Checking for a specific type"
{
// ... // ...
}
} }
} }
} }
``` ```
# Checking if a type implements a specific trait ## Checking for a specific type
There are two ways to do this, depending if the target trait is part of lang items. There are three ways to check if an expression type is a specific type we want to check for.
All of these methods only check for the base type, generic arguments have to be checked separately.
```rust ```rust
use clippy_utils::{implements_trait, match_trait_method, paths}; use clippy_utils::ty::{is_type_diagnostic_item, is_type_lang_item};
use clippy_utils::{paths, match_def_path};
use rustc_span::symbol::sym;
use rustc_hir::LangItem;
impl LateLintPass<'_> for MyStructLint { impl LateLintPass<'_> for MyStructLint {
fn check_expr(&mut self, cx: &LateContext<'_>, expr: &Expr<'_>) { fn check_expr(&mut self, cx: &LateContext<'_>, expr: &Expr<'_>) {
// 1. Using expression and Clippy's convenient method // Getting the expression type
// we use `match_trait_method` function from Clippy's toolbox let ty = cx.typeck_results().expr_ty(expr);
if match_trait_method(cx, expr, &paths::INTO) {
// `expr` implements `Into` trait // 1. Using diagnostic items
// The last argument is the diagnostic item to check for
if is_type_diagnostic_item(cx, ty, sym::Option) {
// The type is an `Option`
} }
// 2. Using type context `TyCtxt` // 2. Using lang items
if is_type_lang_item(cx, ty, LangItem::RangeFull) {
// The type is a full range like `.drain(..)`
}
// 3. Using the type path
// This method should be avoided if possible
if match_def_path(cx, def_id, &paths::RESULT) {
// The type is a `core::result::Result`
}
}
}
```
Prefer using diagnostic items and lang items where possible.
## Checking if a type implements a specific trait
There are three ways to do this, depending on if the target trait has a diagnostic item, lang item or neither.
```rust
use clippy_utils::{implements_trait, is_trait_method, match_trait_method, paths};
use rustc_span::symbol::sym;
impl LateLintPass<'_> for MyStructLint {
fn check_expr(&mut self, cx: &LateContext<'_>, expr: &Expr<'_>) {
// 1. Using diagnostic items with the expression
// we use `is_trait_method` function from Clippy's utils
if is_trait_method(cx, expr, sym::Iterator) {
// method call in `expr` belongs to `Iterator` trait
}
// 2. Using lang items with the expression type
let ty = cx.typeck_results().expr_ty(expr); let ty = cx.typeck_results().expr_ty(expr);
if cx.tcx.lang_items() if cx.tcx.lang_items()
// we are looking for the `DefId` of `Drop` trait in lang items // we are looking for the `DefId` of `Drop` trait in lang items
@ -97,102 +138,125 @@ impl LateLintPass<'_> for MyStructLint {
.map_or(false, |id| implements_trait(cx, ty, id, &[])) { .map_or(false, |id| implements_trait(cx, ty, id, &[])) {
// `expr` implements `Drop` trait // `expr` implements `Drop` trait
} }
// 3. Using the type path with the expression
// we use `match_trait_method` function from Clippy's utils
// (This method should be avoided if possible)
if match_trait_method(cx, expr, &paths::INTO) {
// `expr` implements `Into` trait
}
} }
} }
``` ```
> Prefer using lang items, if the target trait is available there. > Prefer using diagnostic and lang items, if the target trait has one.
A list of defined paths for Clippy can be found in [paths.rs][paths]
We access lang items through the type context `tcx`. `tcx` is of type [`TyCtxt`][TyCtxt] and is defined in the `rustc_middle` crate. We access lang items through the type context `tcx`. `tcx` is of type [`TyCtxt`][TyCtxt] and is defined in the `rustc_middle` crate.
A list of defined paths for Clippy can be found in [paths.rs][paths]
# Checking if a type defines a specific method ## Checking if a type defines a specific method
To check if our type defines a method called `some_method`: To check if our type defines a method called `some_method`:
```rust ```rust
use clippy_utils::{is_type_diagnostic_item, return_ty}; use clippy_utils::ty::is_type_diagnostic_item;
use clippy_utils::return_ty;
impl<'tcx> LateLintPass<'tcx> for MyTypeImpl { impl<'tcx> LateLintPass<'tcx> for MyTypeImpl {
fn check_impl_item(&mut self, cx: &LateContext<'tcx>, impl_item: &'tcx ImplItem<'_>) { fn check_impl_item(&mut self, cx: &LateContext<'tcx>, impl_item: &'tcx ImplItem<'_>) {
if_chain! { // Check if item is a method/function
// Check if item is a method/function if let ImplItemKind::Fn(ref signature, _) = impl_item.kind
if let ImplItemKind::Fn(ref signature, _) = impl_item.kind;
// Check the method is named `some_method` // Check the method is named `some_method`
if impl_item.ident.name == sym!(some_method); && impl_item.ident.name == sym!(some_method)
// We can also check it has a parameter `self` // We can also check it has a parameter `self`
if signature.decl.implicit_self.has_implicit_self(); && signature.decl.implicit_self.has_implicit_self()
// We can go further and even check if its return type is `String` // We can go further and even check if its return type is `String`
if is_type_diagnostic_item(cx, return_ty(cx, impl_item.hir_id), sym!(string_type)); && is_type_diagnostic_item(cx, return_ty(cx, impl_item.hir_id), sym!(string_type))
then { {
// ... // ...
}
} }
} }
} }
``` ```
# Dealing with macros ## Dealing with macros and expansions
There are several helpers in [`clippy_utils`][utils] to deal with macros: Keep in mind that macros are already expanded and desugaring is already applied
to the code representation that you are working with in Clippy. This unfortunately causes a lot of
false positives because macro expansions are "invisible" unless you actively check for them.
Generally speaking, code with macro expansions should just be ignored by Clippy because that code can be
dynamic in ways that are difficult or impossible to see.
Use the following functions to deal with macros:
- `in_macro()`: detect if the given span is expanded by a macro - `span.from_expansion()`: detects if a span is from macro expansion or desugaring.
Checking this is a common first step in a lint.
You may want to use this for example to not start linting in any macro. ```rust
if expr.span.from_expansion() {
// just forget it
return;
}
```
```rust - `span.ctxt()`: the span's context represents whether it is from expansion, and if so, which macro call expanded it.
macro_rules! foo { It is sometimes useful to check if the context of two spans are equal.
($param:expr) => {
match $param {
"bar" => println!("whatever"),
_ => ()
}
};
}
foo!("bar"); ```rust
// expands to `1 + 0`, but don't lint
1 + mac!()
```
```rust
if left.span.ctxt() != right.span.ctxt() {
// the coder most likely cannot modify this expression
return;
}
```
Note: Code that is not from expansion is in the "root" context. So any spans where `from_expansion` returns `true` can
be assumed to have the same context. And so just using `span.from_expansion()` is often good enough.
// if we lint the `match` of `foo` call and test its span
assert_eq!(in_macro(match_span), true);
```
- `in_external_macro()`: detect if the given span is from an external macro, defined in a foreign crate - `in_external_macro(span)`: detect if the given span is from a macro defined in a foreign crate.
If you want the lint to work with macro-generated code, this is the next line of defense to avoid macros
not defined in the current crate. It doesn't make sense to lint code that the coder can't change.
You may want to use it for example to not start linting in macros from other crates You may want to use it for example to not start linting in macros from other crates
```rust ```rust
#[macro_use] #[macro_use]
extern crate a_crate_with_macros; extern crate a_crate_with_macros;
// `foo` is defined in `a_crate_with_macros` // `foo` is defined in `a_crate_with_macros`
foo!("bar"); foo!("bar");
// if we lint the `match` of `foo` call and test its span // if we lint the `match` of `foo` call and test its span
assert_eq!(in_external_macro(cx.sess(), match_span), true); assert_eq!(in_external_macro(cx.sess(), match_span), true);
``` ```
- `differing_macro_contexts()`: returns true if the two given spans are not from the same context - `span.ctxt()`: the span's context represents whether it is from expansion, and if so, what expanded it
```rust One thing `SpanContext` is useful for is to check if two spans are in the same context. For example,
macro_rules! m { in `a == b`, `a` and `b` have the same context. In a `macro_rules!` with `a == $b`, `$b` is expanded to some
($a:expr, $b:expr) => { expression with a different context from `a`.
if $a.is_some() {
$b;
}
}
}
let x: Option<u32> = Some(42); ```rust
m!(x, x.unwrap()); macro_rules! m {
($a:expr, $b:expr) => {
if $a.is_some() {
$b;
}
}
}
// These spans are not from the same context let x: Option<u32> = Some(42);
// x.is_some() is from inside the macro m!(x, x.unwrap());
// x.unwrap() is from outside the macro
assert_eq!(differing_macro_contexts(x_is_some_span, x_unwrap_span), true);
```
[TyS]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/ty/struct.TyS.html // These spans are not from the same context
// x.is_some() is from inside the macro
// x.unwrap() is from outside the macro
assert_eq!(x_is_some_span.ctxt(), x_unwrap_span.ctxt());
```
[Ty]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/ty/struct.Ty.html
[TyKind]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/ty/enum.TyKind.html [TyKind]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/ty/enum.TyKind.html
[TypeckResults]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/ty/struct.TypeckResults.html [TypeckResults]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/ty/struct.TypeckResults.html
[expr_ty]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/ty/struct.TypeckResults.html#method.expr_ty [expr_ty]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/ty/struct.TypeckResults.html#method.expr_ty
@ -200,4 +264,3 @@ assert_eq!(differing_macro_contexts(x_is_some_span, x_unwrap_span), true);
[TyCtxt]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/ty/context/struct.TyCtxt.html [TyCtxt]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/ty/context/struct.TyCtxt.html
[pat_ty]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/ty/context/struct.TypeckResults.html#method.pat_ty [pat_ty]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/ty/context/struct.TypeckResults.html#method.pat_ty
[paths]: ../clippy_utils/src/paths.rs [paths]: ../clippy_utils/src/paths.rs
[utils]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/blob/master/clippy_utils/src/lib.rs

2
book/src/infrastructure/changelog_update.md
View file

@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ bullet points might be helpful:
need to check out the Rust release tag of the stable release. need to check out the Rust release tag of the stable release.
[Link][rust_stable_tools] [Link][rust_stable_tools]
Usually you want to wirte the changelog of the **upcoming stable release**. Make Usually you want to write the changelog of the **upcoming stable release**. Make
sure though, that `beta` was already branched in the Rust repository. sure though, that `beta` was already branched in the Rust repository.
To find the commit hash, issue the following command when in a `rust-lang/rust` checkout: To find the commit hash, issue the following command when in a `rust-lang/rust` checkout:

21
book/src/infrastructure/release.md
View file

@ -121,4 +121,25 @@ happened a stable backport, make sure to re-merge those changes just as with the
For this see the document on [how to update the changelog]. For this see the document on [how to update the changelog].
If you don't have time to do a complete changelog update right away, just update
the following parts:
- Remove the `(beta)` from the new stable version:
```markdown
## Rust 1.XX (beta) -> ## Rust 1.XX
```
- Update the release date line of the new stable version:
```markdown
Current beta, release 20YY-MM-DD -> Current stable, released 20YY-MM-DD
```
- Update the release date line of the previous stable version:
```markdown
Current stable, released 20YY-MM-DD -> Released 20YY-MM-DD
```
[how to update the changelog]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/blob/master/doc/changelog_update.md [how to update the changelog]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/blob/master/doc/changelog_update.md

697
doc/adding_lints.md
View file

@ -1,697 +0,0 @@
# Adding a new lint
You are probably here because you want to add a new lint to Clippy. If this is
the first time you're contributing to Clippy, this document guides you through
creating an example lint from scratch.
To get started, we will create a lint that detects functions called `foo`,
because that's clearly a non-descriptive name.
- [Adding a new lint](#adding-a-new-lint)
- [Setup](#setup)
- [Getting Started](#getting-started)
- [Testing](#testing)
- [Cargo lints](#cargo-lints)
- [Rustfix tests](#rustfix-tests)
- [Edition 2018 tests](#edition-2018-tests)
- [Testing manually](#testing-manually)
- [Lint declaration](#lint-declaration)
- [Lint registration](#lint-registration)
- [Lint passes](#lint-passes)
- [Emitting a lint](#emitting-a-lint)
- [Adding the lint logic](#adding-the-lint-logic)
- [Specifying the lint's minimum supported Rust version (MSRV)](#specifying-the-lints-minimum-supported-rust-version-msrv)
- [Author lint](#author-lint)
- [Print HIR lint](#print-hir-lint)
- [Documentation](#documentation)
- [Running rustfmt](#running-rustfmt)
- [Debugging](#debugging)
- [PR Checklist](#pr-checklist)
- [Adding configuration to a lint](#adding-configuration-to-a-lint)
- [Cheat Sheet](#cheat-sheet)
## Setup
See the [Basics](basics.md#get-the-code) documentation.
## Getting Started
There is a bit of boilerplate code that needs to be set up when creating a new
lint. Fortunately, you can use the clippy dev tools to handle this for you. We
are naming our new lint `foo_functions` (lints are generally written in snake
case), and we don't need type information so it will have an early pass type
(more on this later on). If you're not sure if the name you chose fits the lint,
take a look at our [lint naming guidelines][lint_naming]. To get started on this
lint you can run `cargo dev new_lint --name=foo_functions --pass=early
--category=pedantic` (category will default to nursery if not provided). This
command will create two files: `tests/ui/foo_functions.rs` and
`clippy_lints/src/foo_functions.rs`, as well as
[registering the lint](#lint-registration). For cargo lints, two project
hierarchies (fail/pass) will be created by default under `tests/ui-cargo`.
Next, we'll open up these files and add our lint!
## Testing
Let's write some tests first that we can execute while we iterate on our lint.
Clippy uses UI tests for testing. UI tests check that the output of Clippy is
exactly as expected. Each test is just a plain Rust file that contains the code
we want to check. The output of Clippy is compared against a `.stderr` file.
Note that you don't have to create this file yourself, we'll get to
generating the `.stderr` files further down.
We start by opening the test file created at `tests/ui/foo_functions.rs`.
Update the file with some examples to get started:
```rust
#![warn(clippy::foo_functions)]
// Impl methods
struct A;
impl A {
pub fn fo(&self) {}
pub fn foo(&self) {}
pub fn food(&self) {}
}
// Default trait methods
trait B {
fn fo(&self) {}
fn foo(&self) {}
fn food(&self) {}
}
// Plain functions
fn fo() {}
fn foo() {}
fn food() {}
fn main() {
// We also don't want to lint method calls
foo();
let a = A;
a.foo();
}
```
Now we can run the test with `TESTNAME=foo_functions cargo uitest`,
currently this test is meaningless though.
While we are working on implementing our lint, we can keep running the UI
test. That allows us to check if the output is turning into what we want.
Once we are satisfied with the output, we need to run
`cargo dev bless` to update the `.stderr` file for our lint.
Please note that, we should run `TESTNAME=foo_functions cargo uitest`
every time before running `cargo dev bless`.
Running `TESTNAME=foo_functions cargo uitest` should pass then. When we commit
our lint, we need to commit the generated `.stderr` files, too. In general, you
should only commit files changed by `cargo dev bless` for the
specific lint you are creating/editing. Note that if the generated files are
empty, they should be removed.
Note that you can run multiple test files by specifying a comma separated list:
`TESTNAME=foo_functions,test2,test3`.
### Cargo lints
For cargo lints, the process of testing differs in that we are interested in
the `Cargo.toml` manifest file. We also need a minimal crate associated
with that manifest.
If our new lint is named e.g. `foo_categories`, after running `cargo dev new_lint`
we will find by default two new crates, each with its manifest file:
* `tests/ui-cargo/foo_categories/fail/Cargo.toml`: this file should cause the new lint to raise an error.
* `tests/ui-cargo/foo_categories/pass/Cargo.toml`: this file should not trigger the lint.
If you need more cases, you can copy one of those crates (under `foo_categories`) and rename it.
The process of generating the `.stderr` file is the same, and prepending the `TESTNAME`
variable to `cargo uitest` works too.
## Rustfix tests
If the lint you are working on is making use of structured suggestions, the
test file should include a `// run-rustfix` comment at the top. This will
additionally run [rustfix] for that test. Rustfix will apply the suggestions
from the lint to the code of the test file and compare that to the contents of
a `.fixed` file.
Use `cargo dev bless` to automatically generate the
`.fixed` file after running the tests.
[rustfix]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rustfix
## Edition 2018 tests
Some features require the 2018 edition to work (e.g. `async_await`), but
compile-test tests run on the 2015 edition by default. To change this behavior
add `// edition:2018` at the top of the test file (note that it's space-sensitive).
## Testing manually
Manually testing against an example file can be useful if you have added some
`println!`s and the test suite output becomes unreadable. To try Clippy with
your local modifications, run
```
cargo dev lint input.rs
```
from the working copy root. With tests in place, let's have a look at
implementing our lint now.
## Lint declaration
Let's start by opening the new file created in the `clippy_lints` crate
at `clippy_lints/src/foo_functions.rs`. That's the crate where all the
lint code is. This file has already imported some initial things we will need:
```rust
use rustc_lint::{EarlyLintPass, EarlyContext};
use rustc_session::{declare_lint_pass, declare_tool_lint};
use rustc_ast::ast::*;
```
The next step is to update the lint declaration. Lints are declared using the
[`declare_clippy_lint!`][declare_clippy_lint] macro, and we just need to update
the auto-generated lint declaration to have a real description, something like this:
```rust
declare_clippy_lint! {
/// ### What it does
///
/// ### Why is this bad?
///
/// ### Example
/// ```rust
/// // example code
/// ```
#[clippy::version = "1.29.0"]
pub FOO_FUNCTIONS,
pedantic,
"function named `foo`, which is not a descriptive name"
}
```
* The section of lines prefixed with `///` constitutes the lint documentation
section. This is the default documentation style and will be displayed
[like this][example_lint_page]. To render and open this documentation locally
in a browser, run `cargo dev serve`.
* The `#[clippy::version]` attribute will be rendered as part of the lint documentation.
The value should be set to the current Rust version that the lint is developed in,
it can be retrieved by running `rustc -vV` in the rust-clippy directory. The version
is listed under *release*. (Use the version without the `-nightly`) suffix.
* `FOO_FUNCTIONS` is the name of our lint. Be sure to follow the
[lint naming guidelines][lint_naming] here when naming your lint.
In short, the name should state the thing that is being checked for and
read well when used with `allow`/`warn`/`deny`.
* `pedantic` sets the lint level to `Allow`.
The exact mapping can be found [here][category_level_mapping]
* The last part should be a text that explains what exactly is wrong with the
code
The rest of this file contains an empty implementation for our lint pass,
which in this case is `EarlyLintPass` and should look like this:
```rust
// clippy_lints/src/foo_functions.rs
// .. imports and lint declaration ..
declare_lint_pass!(FooFunctions => [FOO_FUNCTIONS]);
impl EarlyLintPass for FooFunctions {}
```
[declare_clippy_lint]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/blob/557f6848bd5b7183f55c1e1522a326e9e1df6030/clippy_lints/src/lib.rs#L60
[example_lint_page]: https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-clippy/master/index.html#redundant_closure
[lint_naming]: https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0344-conventions-galore.html#lints
[category_level_mapping]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/blob/557f6848bd5b7183f55c1e1522a326e9e1df6030/clippy_lints/src/lib.rs#L110
## Lint registration
When using `cargo dev new_lint`, the lint is automatically registered and
nothing more has to be done.
When declaring a new lint by hand and `cargo dev update_lints` is used, the lint
pass may have to be registered manually in the `register_plugins` function in
`clippy_lints/src/lib.rs`:
```rust
store.register_early_pass(|| Box::new(foo_functions::FooFunctions));
```
As one may expect, there is a corresponding `register_late_pass` method
available as well. Without a call to one of `register_early_pass` or
`register_late_pass`, the lint pass in question will not be run.
One reason that `cargo dev update_lints` does not automate this step is that
multiple lints can use the same lint pass, so registering the lint pass may
already be done when adding a new lint. Another reason that this step is not
automated is that the order that the passes are registered determines the order
the passes actually run, which in turn affects the order that any emitted lints
are output in.
## Lint passes
Writing a lint that only checks for the name of a function means that we only
have to deal with the AST and don't have to deal with the type system at all.
This is good, because it makes writing this particular lint less complicated.
We have to make this decision with every new Clippy lint. It boils down to using
either [`EarlyLintPass`][early_lint_pass] or [`LateLintPass`][late_lint_pass].
In short, the `LateLintPass` has access to type information while the
`EarlyLintPass` doesn't. If you don't need access to type information, use the
`EarlyLintPass`. The `EarlyLintPass` is also faster. However linting speed
hasn't really been a concern with Clippy so far.
Since we don't need type information for checking the function name, we used
`--pass=early` when running the new lint automation and all the imports were
added accordingly.
[early_lint_pass]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_lint/trait.EarlyLintPass.html
[late_lint_pass]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_lint/trait.LateLintPass.html
## Emitting a lint
With UI tests and the lint declaration in place, we can start working on the
implementation of the lint logic.
Let's start by implementing the `EarlyLintPass` for our `FooFunctions`:
```rust
impl EarlyLintPass for FooFunctions {
fn check_fn(&mut self, cx: &EarlyContext<'_>, fn_kind: FnKind<'_>, span: Span, _: NodeId) {
// TODO: Emit lint here
}
}
```
We implement the [`check_fn`][check_fn] method from the
[`EarlyLintPass`][early_lint_pass] trait. This gives us access to various
information about the function that is currently being checked. More on that in
the next section. Let's worry about the details later and emit our lint for
*every* function definition first.
Depending on how complex we want our lint message to be, we can choose from a
variety of lint emission functions. They can all be found in
[`clippy_utils/src/diagnostics.rs`][diagnostics].
`span_lint_and_help` seems most appropriate in this case. It allows us to
provide an extra help message and we can't really suggest a better name
automatically. This is how it looks:
```rust
impl EarlyLintPass for FooFunctions {
fn check_fn(&mut self, cx: &EarlyContext<'_>, fn_kind: FnKind<'_>, span: Span, _: NodeId) {
span_lint_and_help(
cx,
FOO_FUNCTIONS,
span,
"function named `foo`",
None,
"consider using a more meaningful name"
);
}
}
```
Running our UI test should now produce output that contains the lint message.
According to [the rustc-dev-guide], the text should be matter of fact and avoid
capitalization and periods, unless multiple sentences are needed.
When code or an identifier must appear in a message or label, it should be
surrounded with single grave accents \`.
[check_fn]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_lint/trait.EarlyLintPass.html#method.check_fn
[diagnostics]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/blob/master/clippy_utils/src/diagnostics.rs
[the rustc-dev-guide]: https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/diagnostics.html
## Adding the lint logic
Writing the logic for your lint will most likely be different from our example,
so this section is kept rather short.
Using the [`check_fn`][check_fn] method gives us access to [`FnKind`][fn_kind]
that has the [`FnKind::Fn`] variant. It provides access to the name of the
function/method via an [`Ident`][ident].
With that we can expand our `check_fn` method to:
```rust
impl EarlyLintPass for FooFunctions {
fn check_fn(&mut self, cx: &EarlyContext<'_>, fn_kind: FnKind<'_>, span: Span, _: NodeId) {
if is_foo_fn(fn_kind) {
span_lint_and_help(
cx,
FOO_FUNCTIONS,
span,
"function named `foo`",
None,
"consider using a more meaningful name"
);
}
}
}
```
We separate the lint conditional from the lint emissions because it makes the
code a bit easier to read. In some cases this separation would also allow to
write some unit tests (as opposed to only UI tests) for the separate function.
In our example, `is_foo_fn` looks like:
```rust
// use statements, impl EarlyLintPass, check_fn, ..
fn is_foo_fn(fn_kind: FnKind<'_>) -> bool {
match fn_kind {
FnKind::Fn(_, ident, ..) => {
// check if `fn` name is `foo`
ident.name.as_str() == "foo"
}
// ignore closures
FnKind::Closure(..) => false
}
}
```
Now we should also run the full test suite with `cargo test`. At this point
running `cargo test` should produce the expected output. Remember to run
`cargo dev bless` to update the `.stderr` file.
`cargo test` (as opposed to `cargo uitest`) will also ensure that our lint
implementation is not violating any Clippy lints itself.
That should be it for the lint implementation. Running `cargo test` should now
pass.
[fn_kind]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_ast/visit/enum.FnKind.html
[`FnKind::Fn`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_ast/visit/enum.FnKind.html#variant.Fn
[ident]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_span/symbol/struct.Ident.html
## Specifying the lint's minimum supported Rust version (MSRV)
Sometimes a lint makes suggestions that require a certain version of Rust. For example, the `manual_strip` lint suggests
using `str::strip_prefix` and `str::strip_suffix` which is only available after Rust 1.45. In such cases, you need to
ensure that the MSRV configured for the project is >= the MSRV of the required Rust feature. If multiple features are
required, just use the one with a lower MSRV.
First, add an MSRV alias for the required feature in [`clippy_utils::msrvs`](/clippy_utils/src/msrvs.rs). This can be
accessed later as `msrvs::STR_STRIP_PREFIX`, for example.
```rust
msrv_aliases! {
..
1,45,0 { STR_STRIP_PREFIX }
}
```
In order to access the project-configured MSRV, you need to have an `msrv` field in the LintPass struct, and a
constructor to initialize the field. The `msrv` value is passed to the constructor in `clippy_lints/lib.rs`.
```rust
pub struct ManualStrip {
msrv: Option<RustcVersion>,
}
impl ManualStrip {
#[must_use]
pub fn new(msrv: Option<RustcVersion>) -> Self {
Self { msrv }
}
}
```
The project's MSRV can then be matched against the feature MSRV in the LintPass
using the `meets_msrv` utility function.
``` rust
if !meets_msrv(self.msrv, msrvs::STR_STRIP_PREFIX) {
return;
}
```
The project's MSRV can also be specified as an inner attribute, which overrides
the value from `clippy.toml`. This can be accounted for using the
`extract_msrv_attr!(LintContext)` macro and passing
`LateContext`/`EarlyContext`.
```rust
impl<'tcx> LateLintPass<'tcx> for ManualStrip {
fn check_expr(&mut self, cx: &LateContext<'tcx>, expr: &'tcx Expr<'_>) {
...
}
extract_msrv_attr!(LateContext);
}
```
Once the `msrv` is added to the lint, a relevant test case should be added to
`tests/ui/min_rust_version_attr.rs` which verifies that the lint isn't emitted
if the project's MSRV is lower.
As a last step, the lint should be added to the lint documentation. This is done
in `clippy_lints/src/utils/conf.rs`:
```rust
define_Conf! {
/// Lint: LIST, OF, LINTS, <THE_NEWLY_ADDED_LINT>. The minimum rust version that the project supports
(msrv: Option<String> = None),
...
}
```
## Author lint
If you have trouble implementing your lint, there is also the internal `author`
lint to generate Clippy code that detects the offending pattern. It does not
work for all of the Rust syntax, but can give a good starting point.
The quickest way to use it, is the
[Rust playground: play.rust-lang.org][author_example].
Put the code you want to lint into the editor and add the `#[clippy::author]`
attribute above the item. Then run Clippy via `Tools -> Clippy` and you should
see the generated code in the output below.
[Here][author_example] is an example on the playground.
If the command was executed successfully, you can copy the code over to where
you are implementing your lint.
[author_example]: https://play.rust-lang.org/?version=nightly&mode=debug&edition=2018&gist=9a12cb60e5c6ad4e3003ac6d5e63cf55
## Print HIR lint
To implement a lint, it's helpful to first understand the internal representation
that rustc uses. Clippy has the `#[clippy::dump]` attribute that prints the
[_High-Level Intermediate Representation (HIR)_] of the item, statement, or
expression that the attribute is attached to. To attach the attribute to expressions
you often need to enable `#![feature(stmt_expr_attributes)]`.
[Here][print_hir_example] you can find an example, just select _Tools_ and run _Clippy_.
[_High-Level Intermediate Representation (HIR)_]: https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/hir.html
[print_hir_example]: https://play.rust-lang.org/?version=nightly&mode=debug&edition=2021&gist=daf14db3a7f39ca467cd1b86c34b9afb
## Documentation
The final thing before submitting our PR is to add some documentation to our
lint declaration.
Please document your lint with a doc comment akin to the following:
```rust
declare_clippy_lint! {
/// ### What it does
/// Checks for ... (describe what the lint matches).
///
/// ### Why is this bad?
/// Supply the reason for linting the code.
///
/// ### Example
///
/// ```rust,ignore
/// // A short example of code that triggers the lint
/// ```
///
/// Use instead:
/// ```rust,ignore
/// // A short example of improved code that doesn't trigger the lint
/// ```
#[clippy::version = "1.29.0"]
pub FOO_FUNCTIONS,
pedantic,
"function named `foo`, which is not a descriptive name"
}
```
Once your lint is merged, this documentation will show up in the [lint
list][lint_list].
[lint_list]: https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-clippy/master/index.html
## Running rustfmt
[Rustfmt] is a tool for formatting Rust code according to style guidelines.
Your code has to be formatted by `rustfmt` before a PR can be merged.
Clippy uses nightly `rustfmt` in the CI.
It can be installed via `rustup`:
```bash
rustup component add rustfmt --toolchain=nightly
```
Use `cargo dev fmt` to format the whole codebase. Make sure that `rustfmt` is
installed for the nightly toolchain.
[Rustfmt]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rustfmt
## Debugging
If you want to debug parts of your lint implementation, you can use the [`dbg!`]
macro anywhere in your code. Running the tests should then include the debug
output in the `stdout` part.
[`dbg!`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.dbg.html
## PR Checklist
Before submitting your PR make sure you followed all of the basic requirements:
<!-- Sync this with `.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE` -->
- \[ ] Followed [lint naming conventions][lint_naming]
- \[ ] Added passing UI tests (including committed `.stderr` file)
- \[ ] `cargo test` passes locally
- \[ ] Executed `cargo dev update_lints`
- \[ ] Added lint documentation
- \[ ] Run `cargo dev fmt`
## Adding configuration to a lint
Clippy supports the configuration of lints values using a `clippy.toml` file in the workspace
directory. Adding a configuration to a lint can be useful for thresholds or to constrain some
behavior that can be seen as a false positive for some users. Adding a configuration is done
in the following steps:
1. Adding a new configuration entry to [clippy_lints::utils::conf](/clippy_lints/src/utils/conf.rs)
like this:
```rust
/// Lint: LINT_NAME.
///
/// <The configuration field doc comment>
(configuration_ident: Type = DefaultValue),
```
The doc comment is automatically added to the documentation of the listed lints. The default
value will be formatted using the `Debug` implementation of the type.
2. Adding the configuration value to the lint impl struct:
1. This first requires the definition of a lint impl struct. Lint impl structs are usually
generated with the `declare_lint_pass!` macro. This struct needs to be defined manually
to add some kind of metadata to it:
```rust
// Generated struct definition
declare_lint_pass!(StructName => [
LINT_NAME
]);
// New manual definition struct
#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
pub struct StructName {}
impl_lint_pass!(StructName => [
LINT_NAME
]);
```
2. Next add the configuration value and a corresponding creation method like this:
```rust
#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
pub struct StructName {
configuration_ident: Type,
}
// ...
impl StructName {
pub fn new(configuration_ident: Type) -> Self {
Self {
configuration_ident,
}
}
}
```
3. Passing the configuration value to the lint impl struct:
First find the struct construction in the [clippy_lints lib file](/clippy_lints/src/lib.rs).
The configuration value is now cloned or copied into a local value that is then passed to the
impl struct like this:
```rust
// Default generated registration:
store.register_*_pass(|| box module::StructName);
// New registration with configuration value
let configuration_ident = conf.configuration_ident.clone();
store.register_*_pass(move || box module::StructName::new(configuration_ident));
```
Congratulations the work is almost done. The configuration value can now be accessed
in the linting code via `self.configuration_ident`.
4. Adding tests:
1. The default configured value can be tested like any normal lint in [`tests/ui`](/tests/ui).
2. The configuration itself will be tested separately in [`tests/ui-toml`](/tests/ui-toml).
Simply add a new subfolder with a fitting name. This folder contains a `clippy.toml` file
with the configuration value and a rust file that should be linted by Clippy. The test can
otherwise be written as usual.
## Cheat Sheet
Here are some pointers to things you are likely going to need for every lint:
* [Clippy utils][utils] - Various helper functions. Maybe the function you need
is already in here ([`is_type_diagnostic_item`], [`implements_trait`], [`snippet`], etc)
* [Clippy diagnostics][diagnostics]
* [Let chains][let-chains]
* [`from_expansion`][from_expansion] and [`in_external_macro`][in_external_macro]
* [`Span`][span]
* [`Applicability`][applicability]
* [Common tools for writing lints](common_tools_writing_lints.md) helps with common operations
* [The rustc-dev-guide][rustc-dev-guide] explains a lot of internal compiler concepts
* [The nightly rustc docs][nightly_docs] which has been linked to throughout
this guide
For `EarlyLintPass` lints:
* [`EarlyLintPass`][early_lint_pass]
* [`rustc_ast::ast`][ast]
For `LateLintPass` lints:
* [`LateLintPass`][late_lint_pass]
* [`Ty::TyKind`][ty]
While most of Clippy's lint utils are documented, most of rustc's internals lack
documentation currently. This is unfortunate, but in most cases you can probably
get away with copying things from existing similar lints. If you are stuck,
don't hesitate to ask on [Zulip] or in the issue/PR.
[utils]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/clippy_utils/index.html
[`is_type_diagnostic_item`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/clippy_utils/ty/fn.is_type_diagnostic_item.html
[`implements_trait`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/clippy_utils/ty/fn.implements_trait.html
[`snippet`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/clippy_utils/source/fn.snippet.html
[let-chains]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/94927
[from_expansion]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_span/struct.Span.html#method.from_expansion
[in_external_macro]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/lint/fn.in_external_macro.html
[span]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_span/struct.Span.html
[applicability]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_errors/enum.Applicability.html
[rustc-dev-guide]: https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/
[nightly_docs]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/
[ast]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_ast/ast/index.html
[ty]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/ty/sty/index.html
[Zulip]: https://rust-lang.zulipchat.com/#narrow/stream/clippy

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# Backport Changes
Sometimes it is necessary to backport changes to the beta release of Clippy.
Backports in Clippy are rare and should be approved by the Clippy team. For
example, a backport is done, if a crucial ICE was fixed or a lint is broken to a
point, that it has to be disabled, before landing on stable.
Backports are done to the `beta` branch of Clippy. Backports to stable Clippy
releases basically don't exist, since this would require a Rust point release,
which is almost never justifiable for a Clippy fix.
## Backport the changes
Backports are done on the beta branch of the Clippy repository.
```bash
# Assuming the current directory corresponds to the Clippy repository
$ git checkout beta
$ git checkout -b backport
$ git cherry-pick <SHA> # `<SHA>` is the commit hash of the commit(s), that should be backported
$ git push origin backport
```
Now you should test that the backport passes all the tests in the Rust
repository. You can do this with:
```bash
# Assuming the current directory corresponds to the Rust repository
$ git checkout beta
$ git subtree pull -p src/tools/clippy https://github.com/<your-github-name>/rust-clippy backport
$ ./x.py test src/tools/clippy
```
Should the test fail, you can fix Clippy directly in the Rust repository. This
has to be first applied to the Clippy beta branch and then again synced to the
Rust repository, though. The easiest way to do this is:
```bash
# In the Rust repository
$ git diff --patch --relative=src/tools/clippy > clippy.patch
# In the Clippy repository
$ git apply /path/to/clippy.patch
$ git add -u
$ git commit -m "Fix rustup fallout"
$ git push origin backport
```
After this, you can open a PR to the `beta` branch of the Clippy repository.
## Update Clippy in the Rust Repository
This step must be done, **after** the PR of the previous step was merged.
After the backport landed in the Clippy repository, the branch has to be synced
back to the beta branch of the Rust repository.
```bash
# Assuming the current directory corresponds to the Rust repository
$ git checkout beta
$ git checkout -b clippy_backport
$ git subtree pull -p src/tools/clippy https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy beta
$ git push origin clippy_backport
```
Make sure to test the backport in the Rust repository before opening a PR. This
is done with `./x.py test src/tools/clippy`. If that passes all tests, open a PR
to the `beta` branch of the Rust repository. In this PR you should tag the
Clippy team member, that agreed to the backport or the `@rust-lang/clippy` team.
Make sure to add `[beta]` to the title of the PR.

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# Basics for hacking on Clippy
This document explains the basics for hacking on Clippy. Besides others, this
includes how to build and test Clippy. For a more in depth description on
the codebase take a look at [Adding Lints] or [Common Tools].
[Adding Lints]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/blob/master/doc/adding_lints.md
[Common Tools]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/blob/master/doc/common_tools_writing_lints.md
- [Basics for hacking on Clippy](#basics-for-hacking-on-clippy)
- [Get the Code](#get-the-code)
- [Building and Testing](#building-and-testing)
- [`cargo dev`](#cargo-dev)
- [lintcheck](#lintcheck)
- [PR](#pr)
- [Common Abbreviations](#common-abbreviations)
- [Install from source](#install-from-source)
## Get the Code
First, make sure you have checked out the latest version of Clippy. If this is
your first time working on Clippy, create a fork of the repository and clone it
afterwards with the following command:
```bash
git clone git@github.com:<your-username>/rust-clippy
```
If you've already cloned Clippy in the past, update it to the latest version:
```bash
# If the upstream remote has not been added yet
git remote add upstream https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy
# upstream has to be the remote of the rust-lang/rust-clippy repo
git fetch upstream
# make sure that you are on the master branch
git checkout master
# rebase your master branch on the upstream master
git rebase upstream/master
# push to the master branch of your fork
git push
```
## Building and Testing
You can build and test Clippy like every other Rust project:
```bash
cargo build # builds Clippy
cargo test # tests Clippy
```
Since Clippy's test suite is pretty big, there are some commands that only run a
subset of Clippy's tests:
```bash
# only run UI tests
cargo uitest
# only run UI tests starting with `test_`
TESTNAME="test_" cargo uitest
# only run dogfood tests
cargo test --test dogfood
```
If the output of a [UI test] differs from the expected output, you can update the
reference file with:
```bash
cargo dev bless
```
For example, this is necessary, if you fix a typo in an error message of a lint
or if you modify a test file to add a test case.
_Note:_ This command may update more files than you intended. In that case only
commit the files you wanted to update.
[UI test]: https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/tests/adding.html#guide-to-the-ui-tests
## `cargo dev`
Clippy has some dev tools to make working on Clippy more convenient. These tools
can be accessed through the `cargo dev` command. Available tools are listed
below. To get more information about these commands, just call them with
`--help`.
```bash
# formats the whole Clippy codebase and all tests
cargo dev fmt
# register or update lint names/groups/...
cargo dev update_lints
# create a new lint and register it
cargo dev new_lint
# automatically formatting all code before each commit
cargo dev setup git-hook
# (experimental) Setup Clippy to work with IntelliJ-Rust
cargo dev setup intellij
```
More about intellij command usage and reasons [here](../CONTRIBUTING.md#intellij-rust)
## lintcheck
`cargo lintcheck` will build and run clippy on a fixed set of crates and generate a log of the results.
You can `git diff` the updated log against its previous version and
see what impact your lint made on a small set of crates.
If you add a new lint, please audit the resulting warnings and make sure
there are no false positives and that the suggestions are valid.
Refer to the tools [README] for more details.
[README]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/blob/master/lintcheck/README.md
## PR
We follow a rustc no merge-commit policy.
See <https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/contributing.html#opening-a-pr>.
## Common Abbreviations
| Abbreviation | Meaning |
| ------------ | -------------------------------------- |
| UB | Undefined Behavior |
| FP | False Positive |
| FN | False Negative |
| ICE | Internal Compiler Error |
| AST | Abstract Syntax Tree |
| MIR | Mid-Level Intermediate Representation |
| HIR | High-Level Intermediate Representation |
| TCX | Type context |
This is a concise list of abbreviations that can come up during Clippy development. An extensive
general list can be found in the [rustc-dev-guide glossary][glossary]. Always feel free to ask if
an abbreviation or meaning is unclear to you.
## Install from source
If you are hacking on Clippy and want to install it from source, do the following:
First, take note of the toolchain [override](https://rust-lang.github.io/rustup/overrides.html) in `/rust-toolchain`.
We will use this override to install Clippy into the right toolchain.
> Tip: You can view the active toolchain for the current directory with `rustup show active-toolchain`.
From the Clippy project root, run the following command to build the Clippy binaries and copy them into the
toolchain directory. This will override the currently installed Clippy component.
```terminal
cargo build --release --bin cargo-clippy --bin clippy-driver -Zunstable-options --out-dir "$(rustc --print=sysroot)/bin"
```
Now you may run `cargo clippy` in any project, using the toolchain where you just installed Clippy.
```terminal
cd my-project
cargo +nightly-2021-07-01 clippy
```
...or `clippy-driver`
```terminal
clippy-driver +nightly-2021-07-01 <filename>
```
If you need to restore the default Clippy installation, run the following (from the Clippy project root).
```terminal
rustup component remove clippy
rustup component add clippy
```
> **DO NOT** install using `cargo install --path . --force` since this will overwrite rustup
> [proxies](https://rust-lang.github.io/rustup/concepts/proxies.html). That is, `~/.cargo/bin/cargo-clippy` and
> `~/.cargo/bin/clippy-driver` should be hard or soft links to `~/.cargo/bin/rustup`. You can repair these by running
> `rustup update`.
[glossary]: https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/appendix/glossary.html

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# Changelog Update
If you want to help with updating the [changelog][changelog], you're in the right place.
## When to update
Typos and other small fixes/additions are _always_ welcome.
Special care needs to be taken when it comes to updating the changelog for a new
Rust release. For that purpose, the changelog is ideally updated during the week
before an upcoming stable release. You can find the release dates on the [Rust
Forge][forge].
Most of the time we only need to update the changelog for minor Rust releases. It's
been very rare that Clippy changes were included in a patch release.
## Changelog update walkthrough
### 1. Finding the relevant Clippy commits
Each Rust release ships with its own version of Clippy. The Clippy subtree can
be found in the `tools` directory of the Rust repository.
Depending on the current time and what exactly you want to update, the following
bullet points might be helpful:
* When writing the release notes for the **upcoming stable release** you need to check
out the Clippy commit of the current Rust `beta` branch. [Link][rust_beta_tools]
* When writing the release notes for the **upcoming beta release**, you need to check
out the Clippy commit of the current Rust `master`. [Link][rust_master_tools]
* When writing the (forgotten) release notes for a **past stable release**, you
need to check out the Rust release tag of the stable release.
[Link][rust_stable_tools]
Usually you want to write the changelog of the **upcoming stable release**. Make
sure though, that `beta` was already branched in the Rust repository.
To find the commit hash, issue the following command when in a `rust-lang/rust` checkout:
```
git log --oneline -- src/tools/clippy/ | grep -o "Merge commit '[a-f0-9]*' into .*" | head -1 | sed -e "s/Merge commit '\([a-f0-9]*\)' into .*/\1/g"
```
### 2. Fetching the PRs between those commits
Once you've got the correct commit range, run
util/fetch_prs_between.sh commit1 commit2 > changes.txt
and open that file in your editor of choice.
When updating the changelog it's also a good idea to make sure that `commit1` is
already correct in the current changelog.
### 3. Authoring the final changelog
The above script should have dumped all the relevant PRs to the file you
specified. It should have filtered out most of the irrelevant PRs
already, but it's a good idea to do a manual cleanup pass where you look for
more irrelevant PRs. If you're not sure about some PRs, just leave them in for
the review and ask for feedback.
With the PRs filtered, you can start to take each PR and move the
`changelog: ` content to `CHANGELOG.md`. Adapt the wording as you see fit but
try to keep it somewhat coherent.
The order should roughly be:
1. New lints
2. Moves or deprecations of lints
3. Changes that expand what code existing lints cover
4. False positive fixes
5. Suggestion fixes/improvements
6. ICE fixes
7. Documentation improvements
8. Others
As section headers, we use:
```
### New Lints
### Moves and Deprecations
### Enhancements
### False Positive Fixes
### Suggestion Fixes/Improvements
### ICE Fixes
### Documentation Improvements
### Others
```
Please also be sure to update the Beta/Unreleased sections at the top with the
relevant commit ranges.
[changelog]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md
[forge]: https://forge.rust-lang.org/
[rust_master_tools]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/src/tools/clippy
[rust_beta_tools]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/beta/src/tools/clippy
[rust_stable_tools]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/releases

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# Common tools for writing lints
You may need following tooltips to catch up with common operations.
- [Common tools for writing lints](#common-tools-for-writing-lints)
- [Retrieving the type of an expression](#retrieving-the-type-of-an-expression)
- [Checking if an expr is calling a specific method](#checking-if-an-expr-is-calling-a-specific-method)
- [Checking for a specific type](#checking-for-a-specific-type)
- [Checking if a type implements a specific trait](#checking-if-a-type-implements-a-specific-trait)
- [Checking if a type defines a specific method](#checking-if-a-type-defines-a-specific-method)
- [Dealing with macros](#dealing-with-macros-and-expansions)
Useful Rustc dev guide links:
- [Stages of compilation](https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/compiler-src.html#the-main-stages-of-compilation)
- [Diagnostic items](https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/diagnostics/diagnostic-items.html)
- [Type checking](https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/type-checking.html)
- [Ty module](https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/ty.html)
## Retrieving the type of an expression
Sometimes you may want to retrieve the type `Ty` of an expression `Expr`, for example to answer following questions:
- which type does this expression correspond to (using its [`TyKind`][TyKind])?
- is it a sized type?
- is it a primitive type?
- does it implement a trait?
This operation is performed using the [`expr_ty()`][expr_ty] method from the [`TypeckResults`][TypeckResults] struct,
that gives you access to the underlying structure [`Ty`][Ty].
Example of use:
```rust
impl LateLintPass<'_> for MyStructLint {
fn check_expr(&mut self, cx: &LateContext<'_>, expr: &Expr<'_>) {
// Get type of `expr`
let ty = cx.typeck_results().expr_ty(expr);
// Match its kind to enter its type
match ty.kind {
ty::Adt(adt_def, _) if adt_def.is_struct() => println!("Our `expr` is a struct!"),
_ => ()
}
}
}
```
Similarly in [`TypeckResults`][TypeckResults] methods, you have the [`pat_ty()`][pat_ty] method
to retrieve a type from a pattern.
Two noticeable items here:
- `cx` is the lint context [`LateContext`][LateContext]. The two most useful
data structures in this context are `tcx` and the `TypeckResults` returned by
`LateContext::typeck_results`, allowing us to jump to type definitions and
other compilation stages such as HIR.
- `typeck_results`'s return value is [`TypeckResults`][TypeckResults] and is
created by type checking step, it includes useful information such as types
of expressions, ways to resolve methods and so on.
## Checking if an expr is calling a specific method
Starting with an `expr`, you can check whether it is calling a specific method `some_method`:
```rust
impl<'tcx> LateLintPass<'tcx> for MyStructLint {
fn check_expr(&mut self, cx: &LateContext<'tcx>, expr: &'tcx hir::Expr<'_>) {
// Check our expr is calling a method
if let hir::ExprKind::MethodCall(path, _, [_self_arg, ..]) = &expr.kind
// Check the name of this method is `some_method`
&& path.ident.name == sym!(some_method)
// Optionally, check the type of the self argument.
// - See "Checking for a specific type"
{
// ...
}
}
}
```
## Checking for a specific type
There are three ways to check if an expression type is a specific type we want to check for.
All of these methods only check for the base type, generic arguments have to be checked separately.
```rust
use clippy_utils::ty::{is_type_diagnostic_item, is_type_lang_item};
use clippy_utils::{paths, match_def_path};
use rustc_span::symbol::sym;
use rustc_hir::LangItem;
impl LateLintPass<'_> for MyStructLint {
fn check_expr(&mut self, cx: &LateContext<'_>, expr: &Expr<'_>) {
// Getting the expression type
let ty = cx.typeck_results().expr_ty(expr);
// 1. Using diagnostic items
// The last argument is the diagnostic item to check for
if is_type_diagnostic_item(cx, ty, sym::Option) {
// The type is an `Option`
}
// 2. Using lang items
if is_type_lang_item(cx, ty, LangItem::RangeFull) {
// The type is a full range like `.drain(..)`
}
// 3. Using the type path
// This method should be avoided if possible
if match_def_path(cx, def_id, &paths::RESULT) {
// The type is a `core::result::Result`
}
}
}
```
Prefer using diagnostic items and lang items where possible.
## Checking if a type implements a specific trait
There are three ways to do this, depending on if the target trait has a diagnostic item, lang item or neither.
```rust
use clippy_utils::{implements_trait, is_trait_method, match_trait_method, paths};
use rustc_span::symbol::sym;
impl LateLintPass<'_> for MyStructLint {
fn check_expr(&mut self, cx: &LateContext<'_>, expr: &Expr<'_>) {
// 1. Using diagnostic items with the expression
// we use `is_trait_method` function from Clippy's utils
if is_trait_method(cx, expr, sym::Iterator) {
// method call in `expr` belongs to `Iterator` trait
}
// 2. Using lang items with the expression type
let ty = cx.typeck_results().expr_ty(expr);
if cx.tcx.lang_items()
// we are looking for the `DefId` of `Drop` trait in lang items
.drop_trait()
// then we use it with our type `ty` by calling `implements_trait` from Clippy's utils
.map_or(false, |id| implements_trait(cx, ty, id, &[])) {
// `expr` implements `Drop` trait
}
// 3. Using the type path with the expression
// we use `match_trait_method` function from Clippy's utils
// (This method should be avoided if possible)
if match_trait_method(cx, expr, &paths::INTO) {
// `expr` implements `Into` trait
}
}
}
```
> Prefer using diagnostic and lang items, if the target trait has one.
We access lang items through the type context `tcx`. `tcx` is of type [`TyCtxt`][TyCtxt] and is defined in the `rustc_middle` crate.
A list of defined paths for Clippy can be found in [paths.rs][paths]
## Checking if a type defines a specific method
To check if our type defines a method called `some_method`:
```rust
use clippy_utils::ty::is_type_diagnostic_item;
use clippy_utils::return_ty;
impl<'tcx> LateLintPass<'tcx> for MyTypeImpl {
fn check_impl_item(&mut self, cx: &LateContext<'tcx>, impl_item: &'tcx ImplItem<'_>) {
// Check if item is a method/function
if let ImplItemKind::Fn(ref signature, _) = impl_item.kind
// Check the method is named `some_method`
&& impl_item.ident.name == sym!(some_method)
// We can also check it has a parameter `self`
&& signature.decl.implicit_self.has_implicit_self()
// We can go further and even check if its return type is `String`
&& is_type_diagnostic_item(cx, return_ty(cx, impl_item.hir_id), sym!(string_type))
{
// ...
}
}
}
```
## Dealing with macros and expansions
Keep in mind that macros are already expanded and desugaring is already applied
to the code representation that you are working with in Clippy. This unfortunately causes a lot of
false positives because macro expansions are "invisible" unless you actively check for them.
Generally speaking, code with macro expansions should just be ignored by Clippy because that code can be
dynamic in ways that are difficult or impossible to see.
Use the following functions to deal with macros:
- `span.from_expansion()`: detects if a span is from macro expansion or desugaring.
Checking this is a common first step in a lint.
```rust
if expr.span.from_expansion() {
// just forget it
return;
}
```
- `span.ctxt()`: the span's context represents whether it is from expansion, and if so, which macro call expanded it.
It is sometimes useful to check if the context of two spans are equal.
```rust
// expands to `1 + 0`, but don't lint
1 + mac!()
```
```rust
if left.span.ctxt() != right.span.ctxt() {
// the coder most likely cannot modify this expression
return;
}
```
Note: Code that is not from expansion is in the "root" context. So any spans where `from_expansion` returns `true` can
be assumed to have the same context. And so just using `span.from_expansion()` is often good enough.
- `in_external_macro(span)`: detect if the given span is from a macro defined in a foreign crate.
If you want the lint to work with macro-generated code, this is the next line of defense to avoid macros
not defined in the current crate. It doesn't make sense to lint code that the coder can't change.
You may want to use it for example to not start linting in macros from other crates
```rust
#[macro_use]
extern crate a_crate_with_macros;
// `foo` is defined in `a_crate_with_macros`
foo!("bar");
// if we lint the `match` of `foo` call and test its span
assert_eq!(in_external_macro(cx.sess(), match_span), true);
```
- `span.ctxt()`: the span's context represents whether it is from expansion, and if so, what expanded it
One thing `SpanContext` is useful for is to check if two spans are in the same context. For example,
in `a == b`, `a` and `b` have the same context. In a `macro_rules!` with `a == $b`, `$b` is expanded to some
expression with a different context from `a`.
```rust
macro_rules! m {
($a:expr, $b:expr) => {
if $a.is_some() {
$b;
}
}
}
let x: Option<u32> = Some(42);
m!(x, x.unwrap());
// These spans are not from the same context
// x.is_some() is from inside the macro
// x.unwrap() is from outside the macro
assert_eq!(x_is_some_span.ctxt(), x_unwrap_span.ctxt());
```
[Ty]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/ty/struct.Ty.html
[TyKind]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/ty/enum.TyKind.html
[TypeckResults]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/ty/struct.TypeckResults.html
[expr_ty]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/ty/struct.TypeckResults.html#method.expr_ty
[LateContext]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_lint/struct.LateContext.html
[TyCtxt]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/ty/context/struct.TyCtxt.html
[pat_ty]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/ty/context/struct.TypeckResults.html#method.pat_ty
[paths]: ../clippy_utils/src/paths.rs

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# Release a new Clippy Version
_NOTE: This document is probably only relevant to you, if you're a member of the
Clippy team._
Clippy is released together with stable Rust releases. The dates for these
releases can be found at the [Rust Forge]. This document explains the necessary
steps to create a Clippy release.
1. [Remerge the `beta` branch](#remerge-the-beta-branch)
2. [Update the `beta` branch](#update-the-beta-branch)
3. [Find the Clippy commit](#find-the-clippy-commit)
4. [Tag the stable commit](#tag-the-stable-commit)
5. [Update `CHANGELOG.md`](#update-changelogmd)
_NOTE: This document is for stable Rust releases, not for point releases. For
point releases, step 1. and 2. should be enough._
[Rust Forge]: https://forge.rust-lang.org/
## Remerge the `beta` branch
This step is only necessary, if since the last release something was backported
to the beta Rust release. The remerge is then necessary, to make sure that the
Clippy commit, that was used by the now stable Rust release, persists in the
tree of the Clippy repository.
To find out if this step is necessary run
```bash
# Assumes that the local master branch is up-to-date
$ git fetch upstream
$ git branch master --contains upstream/beta
```
If this command outputs `master`, this step is **not** necessary.
```bash
# Assuming `HEAD` is the current `master` branch of rust-lang/rust-clippy
$ git checkout -b backport_remerge
$ git merge upstream/beta
$ git diff # This diff has to be empty, otherwise something with the remerge failed
$ git push origin backport_remerge # This can be pushed to your fork
```
After this, open a PR to the master branch. In this PR, the commit hash of the
`HEAD` of the `beta` branch must exists. In addition to that, no files should
be changed by this PR.
## Update the `beta` branch
This step must be done **after** the PR of the previous step was merged.
First, the Clippy commit of the `beta` branch of the Rust repository has to be
determined.
```bash
# Assuming the current directory corresponds to the Rust repository
$ git checkout beta
$ BETA_SHA=$(git log --oneline -- src/tools/clippy/ | grep -o "Merge commit '[a-f0-9]*' into .*" | head -1 | sed -e "s/Merge commit '\([a-f0-9]*\)' into .*/\1/g")
```
After finding the Clippy commit, the `beta` branch in the Clippy repository can
be updated.
```bash
# Assuming the current directory corresponds to the Clippy repository
$ git checkout beta
$ git reset --hard $BETA_SHA
$ git push upstream beta
```
## Find the Clippy commit
The first step is to tag the Clippy commit, that is included in the stable Rust
release. This commit can be found in the Rust repository.
```bash
# Assuming the current directory corresponds to the Rust repository
$ git fetch upstream # `upstream` is the `rust-lang/rust` remote
$ git checkout 1.XX.0 # XX should be exchanged with the corresponding version
$ SHA=$(git log --oneline -- src/tools/clippy/ | grep -o "Merge commit '[a-f0-9]*' into .*" | head -1 | sed -e "s/Merge commit '\([a-f0-9]*\)' into .*/\1/g")
```
## Tag the stable commit
After finding the Clippy commit, it can be tagged with the release number.
```bash
# Assuming the current directory corresponds to the Clippy repository
$ git checkout $SHA
$ git tag rust-1.XX.0 # XX should be exchanged with the corresponding version
$ git push upstream rust-1.XX.0 # `upstream` is the `rust-lang/rust-clippy` remote
```
After this, the release should be available on the Clippy [release page].
[release page]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/releases
## Update the `stable` branch
At this step you should have already checked out the commit of the `rust-1.XX.0`
tag. Updating the stable branch from here is as easy as:
```bash
# Assuming the current directory corresponds to the Clippy repository and the
# commit of the just created rust-1.XX.0 tag is checked out.
$ git push upstream rust-1.XX.0:stable # `upstream` is the `rust-lang/rust-clippy` remote
```
_NOTE: Usually there are no stable backports for Clippy, so this update should
be possible without force pushing or anything like this. If there should have
happened a stable backport, make sure to re-merge those changes just as with the
`beta` branch._
## Update `CHANGELOG.md`
For this see the document on [how to update the changelog].
If you don't have time to do a complete changelog update right away, just update
the following parts:
- Remove the `(beta)` from the new stable version:
```markdown
## Rust 1.XX (beta) -> ## Rust 1.XX
```
- Update the release date line of the new stable version:
```markdown
Current beta, release 20YY-MM-DD -> Current stable, released 20YY-MM-DD
```
- Update the release date line of the previous stable version:
```markdown
Current stable, released 20YY-MM-DD -> Released 20YY-MM-DD
```
[how to update the changelog]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/blob/master/doc/changelog_update.md

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# Roadmap 2021
# Summary
This Roadmap lays out the plans for Clippy in 2021:
- Improving usability and reliability
- Improving experience of contributors and maintainers
- Develop and specify processes
Members of the Clippy team will be assigned tasks from one or more of these
topics. The team member is then responsible to complete the assigned tasks. This
can either be done by implementing them or by providing mentorship to interested
contributors.
# Motivation
With the ongoing growth of the Rust language and with that of the whole
ecosystem, also Clippy gets more and more users and contributors. This is good
for the project, but also brings challenges along. Some of these challenges are:
- More issues about reliability or usability are popping up
- Traffic is hard to handle for a small team
- Bigger projects don't get completed due to the lack of processes and/or time
of the team members
Additionally, according to the [Rust Roadmap 2021], clear processes should be
defined by every team and unified across teams. This Roadmap is the first step
towards this.
[Rust Roadmap 2021]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/3037
# Explanation
This section will explain the things that should be done in 2021. It is
important to note, that this document focuses on the "What?", not the "How?".
The later will be addressed in follow-up tracking issue, with an assigned team
member.
The following is split up in two major sections. The first section covers the
user facing plans, the second section the internal plans.
## User Facing
Clippy should be as pleasant to use and configure as possible. This section
covers plans that should be implemented to improve the situation of Clippy in
this regard.
### Usability
In the following, plans to improve the usability are covered.
#### No Output After `cargo check`
Currently when `cargo clippy` is run after `cargo check`, it does not produce
any output. This is especially problematic since `rust-analyzer` is on the rise
and it uses `cargo check` for checking code. A fix is already implemented, but
it still has to be pushed over the finish line. This also includes the
stabilization of the `cargo clippy --fix` command or the support of multi-span
suggestions in `rustfix`.
- [#4612](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/issues/4612)
#### `lints.toml` Configuration
This is something that comes up every now and then: a reusable configuration
file, where lint levels can be defined. Discussions about this often lead to
nothing specific or to "we need an RFC for this". And this is exactly what needs
to be done. Get together with the cargo team and write an RFC and implement such
a configuration file somehow and somewhere.
- [#3164](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/issues/3164)
- [cargo#5034](https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo/issues/5034)
- [IRLO](https://internals.rust-lang.org/t/proposal-cargo-lint-configuration/9135/8)
#### Lint Groups
There are more and more issues about managing lints in Clippy popping up. Lints
are hard to implement with a guarantee of no/few false positives (FPs). One way
to address this might be to introduce more lint groups to give users the ability
to better manage lints, or improve the process of classifying lints, so that
disabling lints due to FPs becomes rare. It is important to note, that Clippy
lints are less conservative than `rustc` lints, which won't change in the
future.
- [#5537](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/issues/5537)
- [#6366](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/issues/6366)
### Reliability
In the following, plans to improve the reliability are covered.
#### False Positive Rate
In the worst case, new lints are only available in nightly for 2 weeks, before
hitting beta and ultimately stable. This and the fact that fewer people use
nightly Rust nowadays makes it more probable that a lint with many FPs hits
stable. This leads to annoyed users, that will disable these new lints in the
best case and to more annoyed users, that will stop using Clippy in the worst.
A process should be developed and implemented to prevent this from happening.
- [#6429](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/issues/6429)
## Internal
(The end of) 2020 has shown, that Clippy has to think about the available
resources, especially regarding management and maintenance of the project. This
section address issues affecting team members and contributors.
### Management
In 2020 Clippy achieved over 1000 open issues with regularly between 25-35 open
PRs. This is simultaneously a win and a loss. More issues and PRs means more
people are interested in Clippy and in contributing to it. On the other hand, it
means for team members more work and for contributors longer wait times for
reviews. The following will describe plans how to improve the situation for both
team members and contributors.
#### Clear Expectations for Team Members
According to the [Rust Roadmap 2021], a document specifying what it means to be
a member of the team should be produced. This should not put more pressure on
the team members, but rather help them and interested folks to know what the
expectations are. With this it should also be easier to recruit new team members
and may encourage people to get in touch, if they're interested to join.
#### Scaling up the Team
More people means less work for each individual. Together with the document
about expectations for team members, a document defining the process of how to
join the team should be produced. This can also increase the stability of the
team, in case of current members dropping out (temporarily). There can also be
different roles in the team, like people triaging vs. people reviewing.
#### Regular Meetings
Other teams have regular meetings. Clippy is big enough that it might be worth
to also do them. Especially if more people join the team, this can be important
for sync-ups. Besides the asynchronous communication, that works well for
working on separate lints, a meeting adds a synchronous alternative at a known
time. This is especially helpful if there are bigger things that need to be
discussed (like the projects in this roadmap). For starters bi-weekly meetings
before Rust syncs might make sense.
#### Triaging
To get a handle on the influx of open issues, a process for triaging issues and
PRs should be developed. Officially, Clippy follows the Rust triage process, but
currently no one enforces it. This can be improved by sharing triage teams
across projects or by implementing dashboards / tools which simplify triaging.
### Development
Improving the developer and contributor experience is something the Clippy team
works on regularly. Though, some things might need special attention and
planing. These topics are listed in the following.
#### Process for New and Existing Lints
As already mentioned above, classifying new lints gets quite hard, because the
probability of a buggy lint getting into stable is quite high. A process should
be implemented on how to classify lints. In addition, a test system should be
developed to find out which lints are currently problematic in real world code
to fix or disable them.
- [#6429 (comment)](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/issues/6429#issuecomment-741056379)
- [#6429 (comment)](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/issues/6429#issuecomment-741153345)
#### Processes
Related to the point before, a process for suggesting and discussing major
changes should be implemented. It's also not clearly defined when a lint should
be enabled or disabled by default. This can also be improved by the test system
mentioned above.
#### Dev-Tools
There's already `cargo dev` which makes Clippy development easier and more
pleasant. This can still be expanded, so that it covers more areas of the
development process.
- [#5394](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/issues/5394)
#### Contributor Guide
Similar to a Clippy Book, which describes how to use Clippy, a book about how to
contribute to Clippy might be helpful for new and existing contributors. There's
already the `doc` directory in the Clippy repo, this can be turned into a
`mdbook`.
#### `rustc` integration
Recently Clippy was integrated with `git subtree` into the `rust-lang/rust`
repository. This made syncing between the two repositories easier. A
`#[non_exhaustive]` list of things that still can be improved is:
1. Use the same `rustfmt` version and configuration as `rustc`.
2. Make `cargo dev` work in the Rust repo, just as it works in the Clippy repo.
E.g. `cargo dev bless` or `cargo dev update_lints`. And even add more things
to it that might be useful for the Rust repo, e.g. `cargo dev deprecate`.
3. Easier sync process. The `subtree` situation is not ideal.
## Prioritization
The most pressing issues for users of Clippy are of course the user facing
issues. So there should be a priority on those issues, but without losing track
of the internal issues listed in this document.
Getting the FP rate of warn/deny-by-default lints under control should have the
highest priority. Other user facing issues should also get a high priority, but
shouldn't be in the way of addressing internal issues.
To better manage the upcoming projects, the basic internal processes, like
meetings, tracking issues and documentation, should be established as soon as
possible. They might even be necessary to properly manage the projects,
regarding the user facing issues.
# Prior Art
## Rust Roadmap
Rust's roadmap process was established by [RFC 1728] in 2016. Since then every
year a roadmap was published, that defined the bigger plans for the coming
years. This years roadmap can be found [here][Rust Roadmap 2021].
[RFC 1728]: https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/1728-north-star.html
# Drawbacks
## Big Roadmap
This roadmap is pretty big and not all items listed in this document might be
addressed during 2021. Because this is the first roadmap for Clippy, having open
tasks at the end of 2021 is fine, but they should be revisited in the 2022
roadmap.