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Initial commit for the Clippy Book

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*.iml
.vscode
.idea
# mdbook generated output
/book/book

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# Clippy Book
This is the source for the Clippy Book. See the
[book](src/infrastructure/book.md) for more information.

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[book]
authors = ["The Rust Clippy Developers"]
language = "en"
multilingual = false
src = "src"
title = "Clippy Documentation"
[rust]
edition = "2018"
[output.html]
edit-url-template = "https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/edit/master/book/{path}"
git-repository-url = "https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/tree/master/book"
mathjax-support = true
site-url = "/rust-clippy/"
[output.html.playground]
editable = true
line-numbers = true
[output.html.search]
boost-hierarchy = 2
boost-paragraph = 1
boost-title = 2
expand = true
heading-split-level = 2
limit-results = 20
use-boolean-and = true

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# Clippy
[![Clippy Test](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/workflows/Clippy%20Test/badge.svg?branch=auto&event=push)](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/actions?query=workflow%3A%22Clippy+Test%22+event%3Apush+branch%3Aauto)
[![License: MIT OR Apache-2.0](https://img.shields.io/crates/l/clippy.svg)](#license)
A collection of lints to catch common mistakes and improve your
[Rust](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust) code.
[There are over 500 lints included in this crate!](https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-clippy/master/index.html)
Lints are divided into categories, each with a default [lint
level](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustc/lints/levels.html). You can choose how
much Clippy is supposed to ~~annoy~~ help you by changing the lint level by
category.
| Category | Description | Default level |
| --------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------- |
| `clippy::all` | all lints that are on by default (correctness, suspicious, style, complexity, perf) | **warn/deny** |
| `clippy::correctness` | code that is outright wrong or useless | **deny** |
| `clippy::suspicious` | code that is most likely wrong or useless | **warn** |
| `clippy::complexity` | code that does something simple but in a complex way | **warn** |
| `clippy::perf` | code that can be written to run faster | **warn** |
| `clippy::style` | code that should be written in a more idiomatic way | **warn** |
| `clippy::pedantic` | lints which are rather strict or might have false positives | allow |
| `clippy::nursery` | new lints that are still under development | allow |
| `clippy::cargo` | lints for the cargo manifest | allow | | allow |
More to come, please [file an
issue](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/issues) if you have ideas!
The [lint list](https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-clippy/master/index.html) also
contains "restriction lints", which are for things which are usually not
considered "bad", but may be useful to turn on in specific cases. These should
be used very selectively, if at all.

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# Summary
[Introduction](README.md)
- [Installation and Usage](installation_and_usage.md)
- [Configuration](configuration.md)
- [Clippy's Lints](lints/README.md)
- [Correctness]()
- [Suspicious]()
- [Style]()
- [Complexity]()
- [Perf]()
- [Pendantic]()
- [Nursery]()
- [Cargo]()
- [Development](development/README.md)
- [Basics](development/basics.md)
- [Adding Lints](development/adding_lints.md)
- [Common Tools](development/common_tools_writing_lints.md)
- [Infrastructure](infrastructure/README.md)
- [Backporting Changes](infrastructure/backport.md)
- [Updating the Changelog](infrastructure/changelog_update.md)
- [Release a New Version](infrastructure/release.md)
- [The Clippy Book](infrastructure/book.md)
- [Roadmap](roadmap/README.md)
- [2021](roadmap/2021.md)

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# Configuring Clippy
> **Note:** The configuration file is unstable and may be deprecated in the future.
Some lints can be configured in a TOML file named `clippy.toml` or `.clippy.toml`. It contains a
basic `variable = value` mapping eg.
```toml
avoid-breaking-exported-api = false
blacklisted-names = ["toto", "tata", "titi"]
cognitive-complexity-threshold = 30
```
See the [list of lints](https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-clippy/master/index.html) for more information about which
lints can be configured and the meaning of the variables.
To deactivate the "for further information visit *lint-link*" message you can define the `CLIPPY_DISABLE_DOCS_LINKS`
environment variable.
### Allowing/denying lints
You can add options to your code to `allow`/`warn`/`deny` Clippy lints:
* the whole set of `Warn` lints using the `clippy` lint group (`#![deny(clippy::all)]`)
* all lints using both the `clippy` and `clippy::pedantic` lint groups (`#![deny(clippy::all)]`,
`#![deny(clippy::pedantic)]`). Note that `clippy::pedantic` contains some very aggressive lints prone to false
positives.
* only some lints (`#![deny(clippy::single_match, clippy::box_vec)]`, etc.)
* `allow`/`warn`/`deny` can be limited to a single function or module using `#[allow(...)]`, etc.
Note: `allow` means to suppress the lint for your code. With `warn` the lint will only emit a warning, while with `deny`
the lint will emit an error, when triggering for your code. An error causes clippy to exit with an error code, so is
useful in scripts like CI/CD.
If you do not want to include your lint levels in your code, you can globally enable/disable lints by passing extra
flags to Clippy during the run:
To allow `lint_name`, run
```terminal
cargo clippy -- -A clippy::lint_name
```
And to warn on `lint_name`, run
```terminal
cargo clippy -- -W clippy::lint_name
```
This also works with lint groups. For example you can run Clippy with warnings for all lints enabled:
```terminal
cargo clippy -- -W clippy::pedantic
```
If you care only about a single lint, you can allow all others and then explicitly warn on the lint(s) you are
interested in:
```terminal
cargo clippy -- -A clippy::all -W clippy::useless_format -W clippy::...
```
### Specifying the minimum supported Rust version
Projects that intend to support old versions of Rust can disable lints pertaining to newer features by specifying the
minimum supported Rust version (MSRV) in the clippy configuration file.
```toml
msrv = "1.30.0"
```
The MSRV can also be specified as an inner attribute, like below.
```rust
#![feature(custom_inner_attributes)]
#![clippy::msrv = "1.30.0"]
fn main() {
...
}
```
You can also omit the patch version when specifying the MSRV, so `msrv = 1.30`
is equivalent to `msrv = 1.30.0`.
Note: `custom_inner_attributes` is an unstable feature so it has to be enabled explicitly.
Lints that recognize this configuration option can be
found [here](https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-clippy/master/index.html#msrv)

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# Clippy Development

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# Adding a new lint
You are probably here because you want to add a new lint to Clippy. If this is
the first time you're contributing to Clippy, this document guides you through
creating an example lint from scratch.
To get started, we will create a lint that detects functions called `foo`,
because that's clearly a non-descriptive name.
- [Adding a new lint](#adding-a-new-lint)
- [Setup](#setup)
- [Getting Started](#getting-started)
- [Testing](#testing)
- [Rustfix tests](#rustfix-tests)
- [Edition 2018 tests](#edition-2018-tests)
- [Testing manually](#testing-manually)
- [Lint declaration](#lint-declaration)
- [Lint passes](#lint-passes)
- [Emitting a lint](#emitting-a-lint)
- [Adding the lint logic](#adding-the-lint-logic)
- [Specifying the lint's minimum supported Rust version (MSRV)](#specifying-the-lints-minimum-supported-rust-version-msrv)
- [Author lint](#author-lint)
- [Documentation](#documentation)
- [Running rustfmt](#running-rustfmt)
- [Debugging](#debugging)
- [PR Checklist](#pr-checklist)
- [Adding configuration to a lint](#adding-configuration-to-a-lint)
- [Cheatsheet](#cheatsheet)
## Setup
See the [Basics](basics.md#get-the-code) documentation.
## Getting Started
There is a bit of boilerplate code that needs to be set up when creating a new
lint. Fortunately, you can use the clippy dev tools to handle this for you. We
are naming our new lint `foo_functions` (lints are generally written in snake
case), and we don't need type information so it will have an early pass type
(more on this later on). If you're not sure if the name you chose fits the lint,
take a look at our [lint naming guidelines][lint_naming]. To get started on this
lint you can run `cargo dev new_lint --name=foo_functions --pass=early
--category=pedantic` (category will default to nursery if not provided). This
command will create two files: `tests/ui/foo_functions.rs` and
`clippy_lints/src/foo_functions.rs`, as well as run `cargo dev update_lints` to
register the new lint. For cargo lints, two project hierarchies (fail/pass) will
be created by default under `tests/ui-cargo`.
Next, we'll open up these files and add our lint!
## Testing
Let's write some tests first that we can execute while we iterate on our lint.
Clippy uses UI tests for testing. UI tests check that the output of Clippy is
exactly as expected. Each test is just a plain Rust file that contains the code
we want to check. The output of Clippy is compared against a `.stderr` file.
Note that you don't have to create this file yourself, we'll get to
generating the `.stderr` files further down.
We start by opening the test file created at `tests/ui/foo_functions.rs`.
Update the file with some examples to get started:
```rust
#![warn(clippy::foo_functions)]
// Impl methods
struct A;
impl A {
pub fn fo(&self) {}
pub fn foo(&self) {}
pub fn food(&self) {}
}
// Default trait methods
trait B {
fn fo(&self) {}
fn foo(&self) {}
fn food(&self) {}
}
// Plain functions
fn fo() {}
fn foo() {}
fn food() {}
fn main() {
// We also don't want to lint method calls
foo();
let a = A;
a.foo();
}
```
Now we can run the test with `TESTNAME=foo_functions cargo uitest`,
currently this test is meaningless though.
While we are working on implementing our lint, we can keep running the UI
test. That allows us to check if the output is turning into what we want.
Once we are satisfied with the output, we need to run
`cargo dev bless` to update the `.stderr` file for our lint.
Please note that, we should run `TESTNAME=foo_functions cargo uitest`
every time before running `cargo dev bless`.
Running `TESTNAME=foo_functions cargo uitest` should pass then. When we commit
our lint, we need to commit the generated `.stderr` files, too. In general, you
should only commit files changed by `cargo dev bless` for the
specific lint you are creating/editing. Note that if the generated files are
empty, they should be removed.
Note that you can run multiple test files by specifying a comma separated list:
`TESTNAME=foo_functions,test2,test3`.
### Cargo lints
For cargo lints, the process of testing differs in that we are interested in
the `Cargo.toml` manifest file. We also need a minimal crate associated
with that manifest.
If our new lint is named e.g. `foo_categories`, after running `cargo dev new_lint`
we will find by default two new crates, each with its manifest file:
* `tests/ui-cargo/foo_categories/fail/Cargo.toml`: this file should cause the new lint to raise an error.
* `tests/ui-cargo/foo_categories/pass/Cargo.toml`: this file should not trigger the lint.
If you need more cases, you can copy one of those crates (under `foo_categories`) and rename it.
The process of generating the `.stderr` file is the same, and prepending the `TESTNAME`
variable to `cargo uitest` works too.
## Rustfix tests
If the lint you are working on is making use of structured suggestions, the
test file should include a `// run-rustfix` comment at the top. This will
additionally run [rustfix] for that test. Rustfix will apply the suggestions
from the lint to the code of the test file and compare that to the contents of
a `.fixed` file.
Use `cargo dev bless` to automatically generate the
`.fixed` file after running the tests.
[rustfix]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rustfix
## Edition 2018 tests
Some features require the 2018 edition to work (e.g. `async_await`), but
compile-test tests run on the 2015 edition by default. To change this behavior
add `// edition:2018` at the top of the test file (note that it's space-sensitive).
## Testing manually
Manually testing against an example file can be useful if you have added some
`println!`s and the test suite output becomes unreadable. To try Clippy with
your local modifications, run
```
env __CLIPPY_INTERNAL_TESTS=true cargo run --bin clippy-driver -- -L ./target/debug input.rs
```
from the working copy root. With tests in place, let's have a look at
implementing our lint now.
## Lint declaration
Let's start by opening the new file created in the `clippy_lints` crate
at `clippy_lints/src/foo_functions.rs`. That's the crate where all the
lint code is. This file has already imported some initial things we will need:
```rust
use rustc_lint::{EarlyLintPass, EarlyContext};
use rustc_session::{declare_lint_pass, declare_tool_lint};
use rustc_ast::ast::*;
```
The next step is to update the lint declaration. Lints are declared using the
[`declare_clippy_lint!`][declare_clippy_lint] macro, and we just need to update
the auto-generated lint declaration to have a real description, something like this:
```rust
declare_clippy_lint! {
/// **What it does:**
///
/// **Why is this bad?**
///
/// **Known problems:** None.
///
/// **Example:**
///
/// ```rust
/// // example code
/// ```
pub FOO_FUNCTIONS,
pedantic,
"function named `foo`, which is not a descriptive name"
}
```
* The section of lines prefixed with `///` constitutes the lint documentation
section. This is the default documentation style and will be displayed
[like this][example_lint_page]. To render and open this documentation locally
in a browser, run `cargo dev serve`.
* `FOO_FUNCTIONS` is the name of our lint. Be sure to follow the
[lint naming guidelines][lint_naming] here when naming your lint.
In short, the name should state the thing that is being checked for and
read well when used with `allow`/`warn`/`deny`.
* `pedantic` sets the lint level to `Allow`.
The exact mapping can be found [here][category_level_mapping]
* The last part should be a text that explains what exactly is wrong with the
code
The rest of this file contains an empty implementation for our lint pass,
which in this case is `EarlyLintPass` and should look like this:
```rust
// clippy_lints/src/foo_functions.rs
// .. imports and lint declaration ..
declare_lint_pass!(FooFunctions => [FOO_FUNCTIONS]);
impl EarlyLintPass for FooFunctions {}
```
Normally after declaring the lint, we have to run `cargo dev update_lints`,
which updates some files, so Clippy knows about the new lint. Since we used
`cargo dev new_lint ...` to generate the lint declaration, this was done
automatically. While `update_lints` automates most of the things, it doesn't
automate everything. We will have to register our lint pass manually in the
`register_plugins` function in `clippy_lints/src/lib.rs`:
```rust
store.register_early_pass(|| box foo_functions::FooFunctions);
```
As one may expect, there is a corresponding `register_late_pass` method
available as well. Without a call to one of `register_early_pass` or
`register_late_pass`, the lint pass in question will not be run.
One reason that `cargo dev` does not automate this step is that multiple lints
can use the same lint pass, so registering the lint pass may already be done
when adding a new lint. Another reason that this step is not automated is that
the order that the passes are registered determines the order the passes
actually run, which in turn affects the order that any emitted lints are output
in.
[declare_clippy_lint]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/blob/557f6848bd5b7183f55c1e1522a326e9e1df6030/clippy_lints/src/lib.rs#L60
[example_lint_page]: https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-clippy/master/index.html#redundant_closure
[lint_naming]: https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0344-conventions-galore.html#lints
[category_level_mapping]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/blob/557f6848bd5b7183f55c1e1522a326e9e1df6030/clippy_lints/src/lib.rs#L110
## Lint passes
Writing a lint that only checks for the name of a function means that we only
have to deal with the AST and don't have to deal with the type system at all.
This is good, because it makes writing this particular lint less complicated.
We have to make this decision with every new Clippy lint. It boils down to using
either [`EarlyLintPass`][early_lint_pass] or [`LateLintPass`][late_lint_pass].
In short, the `LateLintPass` has access to type information while the
`EarlyLintPass` doesn't. If you don't need access to type information, use the
`EarlyLintPass`. The `EarlyLintPass` is also faster. However linting speed
hasn't really been a concern with Clippy so far.
Since we don't need type information for checking the function name, we used
`--pass=early` when running the new lint automation and all the imports were
added accordingly.
[early_lint_pass]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_lint/trait.EarlyLintPass.html
[late_lint_pass]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_lint/trait.LateLintPass.html
## Emitting a lint
With UI tests and the lint declaration in place, we can start working on the
implementation of the lint logic.
Let's start by implementing the `EarlyLintPass` for our `FooFunctions`:
```rust
impl EarlyLintPass for FooFunctions {
fn check_fn(&mut self, cx: &EarlyContext<'_>, fn_kind: FnKind<'_>, span: Span, _: NodeId) {
// TODO: Emit lint here
}
}
```
We implement the [`check_fn`][check_fn] method from the
[`EarlyLintPass`][early_lint_pass] trait. This gives us access to various
information about the function that is currently being checked. More on that in
the next section. Let's worry about the details later and emit our lint for
*every* function definition first.
Depending on how complex we want our lint message to be, we can choose from a
variety of lint emission functions. They can all be found in
[`clippy_utils/src/diagnostics.rs`][diagnostics].
`span_lint_and_help` seems most appropriate in this case. It allows us to
provide an extra help message and we can't really suggest a better name
automatically. This is how it looks:
```rust
impl EarlyLintPass for FooFunctions {
fn check_fn(&mut self, cx: &EarlyContext<'_>, fn_kind: FnKind<'_>, span: Span, _: NodeId) {
span_lint_and_help(
cx,
FOO_FUNCTIONS,
span,
"function named `foo`",
None,
"consider using a more meaningful name"
);
}
}
```
Running our UI test should now produce output that contains the lint message.
According to [the rustc-dev-guide], the text should be matter of fact and avoid
capitalization and periods, unless multiple sentences are needed.
When code or an identifier must appear in a message or label, it should be
surrounded with single grave accents \`.
[check_fn]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_lint/trait.EarlyLintPass.html#method.check_fn
[diagnostics]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/blob/master/clippy_utils/src/diagnostics.rs
[the rustc-dev-guide]: https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/diagnostics.html
## Adding the lint logic
Writing the logic for your lint will most likely be different from our example,
so this section is kept rather short.
Using the [`check_fn`][check_fn] method gives us access to [`FnKind`][fn_kind]
that has the [`FnKind::Fn`] variant. It provides access to the name of the
function/method via an [`Ident`][ident].
With that we can expand our `check_fn` method to:
```rust
impl EarlyLintPass for FooFunctions {
fn check_fn(&mut self, cx: &EarlyContext<'_>, fn_kind: FnKind<'_>, span: Span, _: NodeId) {
if is_foo_fn(fn_kind) {
span_lint_and_help(
cx,
FOO_FUNCTIONS,
span,
"function named `foo`",
None,
"consider using a more meaningful name"
);
}
}
}
```
We separate the lint conditional from the lint emissions because it makes the
code a bit easier to read. In some cases this separation would also allow to
write some unit tests (as opposed to only UI tests) for the separate function.
In our example, `is_foo_fn` looks like:
```rust
// use statements, impl EarlyLintPass, check_fn, ..
fn is_foo_fn(fn_kind: FnKind<'_>) -> bool {
match fn_kind {
FnKind::Fn(_, ident, ..) => {
// check if `fn` name is `foo`
ident.name.as_str() == "foo"
}
// ignore closures
FnKind::Closure(..) => false
}
}
```
Now we should also run the full test suite with `cargo test`. At this point
running `cargo test` should produce the expected output. Remember to run
`cargo dev bless` to update the `.stderr` file.
`cargo test` (as opposed to `cargo uitest`) will also ensure that our lint
implementation is not violating any Clippy lints itself.
That should be it for the lint implementation. Running `cargo test` should now
pass.
[fn_kind]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_ast/visit/enum.FnKind.html
[`FnKind::Fn`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_ast/visit/enum.FnKind.html#variant.Fn
[ident]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_span/symbol/struct.Ident.html
## Specifying the lint's minimum supported Rust version (MSRV)
Sometimes a lint makes suggestions that require a certain version of Rust. For example, the `manual_strip` lint suggests
using `str::strip_prefix` and `str::strip_suffix` which is only available after Rust 1.45. In such cases, you need to
ensure that the MSRV configured for the project is >= the MSRV of the required Rust feature. If multiple features are
required, just use the one with a lower MSRV.
First, add an MSRV alias for the required feature in [`clippy_utils::msrvs`](/clippy_utils/src/msrvs.rs). This can be
accessed later as `msrvs::STR_STRIP_PREFIX`, for example.
```rust
msrv_aliases! {
..
1,45,0 { STR_STRIP_PREFIX }
}
```
In order to access the project-configured MSRV, you need to have an `msrv` field in the LintPass struct, and a
constructor to initialize the field. The `msrv` value is passed to the constructor in `clippy_lints/lib.rs`.
```rust
pub struct ManualStrip {
msrv: Option<RustcVersion>,
}
impl ManualStrip {
#[must_use]
pub fn new(msrv: Option<RustcVersion>) -> Self {
Self { msrv }
}
}
```
The project's MSRV can then be matched against the feature MSRV in the LintPass
using the `meets_msrv` utility function.
``` rust
if !meets_msrv(self.msrv.as_ref(), &msrvs::STR_STRIP_PREFIX) {
return;
}
```
The project's MSRV can also be specified as an inner attribute, which overrides
the value from `clippy.toml`. This can be accounted for using the
`extract_msrv_attr!(LintContext)` macro and passing
`LateContext`/`EarlyContext`.
```rust
impl<'tcx> LateLintPass<'tcx> for ManualStrip {
fn check_expr(&mut self, cx: &LateContext<'tcx>, expr: &'tcx Expr<'_>) {
...
}
extract_msrv_attr!(LateContext);
}
```
Once the `msrv` is added to the lint, a relevant test case should be added to
`tests/ui/min_rust_version_attr.rs` which verifies that the lint isn't emitted
if the project's MSRV is lower.
As a last step, the lint should be added to the lint documentation. This is done
in `clippy_lints/src/utils/conf.rs`:
```rust
define_Conf! {
/// Lint: LIST, OF, LINTS, <THE_NEWLY_ADDED_LINT>. The minimum rust version that the project supports
(msrv: Option<String> = None),
...
}
```
## Author lint
If you have trouble implementing your lint, there is also the internal `author`
lint to generate Clippy code that detects the offending pattern. It does not
work for all of the Rust syntax, but can give a good starting point.
The quickest way to use it, is the
[Rust playground: play.rust-lang.org][author_example].
Put the code you want to lint into the editor and add the `#[clippy::author]`
attribute above the item. Then run Clippy via `Tools -> Clippy` and you should
see the generated code in the output below.
[Here][author_example] is an example on the playground.
If the command was executed successfully, you can copy the code over to where
you are implementing your lint.
[author_example]: https://play.rust-lang.org/?version=nightly&mode=debug&edition=2018&gist=9a12cb60e5c6ad4e3003ac6d5e63cf55
## Documentation
The final thing before submitting our PR is to add some documentation to our
lint declaration.
Please document your lint with a doc comment akin to the following:
```rust
declare_clippy_lint! {
/// **What it does:** Checks for ... (describe what the lint matches).
///
/// **Why is this bad?** Supply the reason for linting the code.
///
/// **Known problems:** None. (Or describe where it could go wrong.)
///
/// **Example:**
///
/// ```rust,ignore
/// // Bad
/// Insert a short example of code that triggers the lint
///
/// // Good
/// Insert a short example of improved code that doesn't trigger the lint
/// ```
pub FOO_FUNCTIONS,
pedantic,
"function named `foo`, which is not a descriptive name"
}
```
Once your lint is merged, this documentation will show up in the [lint
list][lint_list].
[lint_list]: https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-clippy/master/index.html
## Running rustfmt
[Rustfmt] is a tool for formatting Rust code according to style guidelines.
Your code has to be formatted by `rustfmt` before a PR can be merged.
Clippy uses nightly `rustfmt` in the CI.
It can be installed via `rustup`:
```bash
rustup component add rustfmt --toolchain=nightly
```
Use `cargo dev fmt` to format the whole codebase. Make sure that `rustfmt` is
installed for the nightly toolchain.
[Rustfmt]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rustfmt
## Debugging
If you want to debug parts of your lint implementation, you can use the [`dbg!`]
macro anywhere in your code. Running the tests should then include the debug
output in the `stdout` part.
[`dbg!`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.dbg.html
## PR Checklist
Before submitting your PR make sure you followed all of the basic requirements:
<!-- Sync this with `.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE` -->
- \[ ] Followed [lint naming conventions][lint_naming]
- \[ ] Added passing UI tests (including committed `.stderr` file)
- \[ ] `cargo test` passes locally
- \[ ] Executed `cargo dev update_lints`
- \[ ] Added lint documentation
- \[ ] Run `cargo dev fmt`
## Adding configuration to a lint
Clippy supports the configuration of lints values using a `clippy.toml` file in the workspace
directory. Adding a configuration to a lint can be useful for thresholds or to constrain some
behavior that can be seen as a false positive for some users. Adding a configuration is done
in the following steps:
1. Adding a new configuration entry to [clippy_utils::conf](/clippy_utils/src/conf.rs)
like this:
```rust
/// Lint: LINT_NAME. <The configuration field doc comment>
(configuration_ident: Type = DefaultValue),
```
The configuration value and identifier should usually be the same. The doc comment will be
automatically added to the lint documentation.
2. Adding the configuration value to the lint impl struct:
1. This first requires the definition of a lint impl struct. Lint impl structs are usually
generated with the `declare_lint_pass!` macro. This struct needs to be defined manually
to add some kind of metadata to it:
```rust
// Generated struct definition
declare_lint_pass!(StructName => [
LINT_NAME
]);
// New manual definition struct
#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
pub struct StructName {}
impl_lint_pass!(StructName => [
LINT_NAME
]);
```
2. Next add the configuration value and a corresponding creation method like this:
```rust
#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
pub struct StructName {
configuration_ident: Type,
}
// ...
impl StructName {
pub fn new(configuration_ident: Type) -> Self {
Self {
configuration_ident,
}
}
}
```
3. Passing the configuration value to the lint impl struct:
First find the struct construction in the [clippy_lints lib file](/clippy_lints/src/lib.rs).
The configuration value is now cloned or copied into a local value that is then passed to the
impl struct like this:
```rust
// Default generated registration:
store.register_*_pass(|| box module::StructName);
// New registration with configuration value
let configuration_ident = conf.configuration_ident.clone();
store.register_*_pass(move || box module::StructName::new(configuration_ident));
```
Congratulations the work is almost done. The configuration value can now be accessed
in the linting code via `self.configuration_ident`.
4. Adding tests:
1. The default configured value can be tested like any normal lint in [`tests/ui`](/tests/ui).
2. The configuration itself will be tested separately in [`tests/ui-toml`](/tests/ui-toml).
Simply add a new subfolder with a fitting name. This folder contains a `clippy.toml` file
with the configuration value and a rust file that should be linted by Clippy. The test can
otherwise be written as usual.
## Cheatsheet
Here are some pointers to things you are likely going to need for every lint:
* [Clippy utils][utils] - Various helper functions. Maybe the function you need
is already in here (`implements_trait`, `match_def_path`, `snippet`, etc)
* [Clippy diagnostics][diagnostics]
* [The `if_chain` macro][if_chain]
* [`from_expansion`][from_expansion] and [`in_external_macro`][in_external_macro]
* [`Span`][span]
* [`Applicability`][applicability]
* [Common tools for writing lints](common_tools_writing_lints.md) helps with common operations
* [The rustc-dev-guide][rustc-dev-guide] explains a lot of internal compiler concepts
* [The nightly rustc docs][nightly_docs] which has been linked to throughout
this guide
For `EarlyLintPass` lints:
* [`EarlyLintPass`][early_lint_pass]
* [`rustc_ast::ast`][ast]
For `LateLintPass` lints:
* [`LateLintPass`][late_lint_pass]
* [`Ty::TyKind`][ty]
While most of Clippy's lint utils are documented, most of rustc's internals lack
documentation currently. This is unfortunate, but in most cases you can probably
get away with copying things from existing similar lints. If you are stuck,
don't hesitate to ask on [Zulip] or in the issue/PR.
[utils]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/blob/master/clippy_utils/src/lib.rs
[if_chain]: https://docs.rs/if_chain/*/if_chain/
[from_expansion]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_span/struct.Span.html#method.from_expansion
[in_external_macro]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/lint/fn.in_external_macro.html
[span]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_span/struct.Span.html
[applicability]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_errors/enum.Applicability.html
[rustc-dev-guide]: https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/
[nightly_docs]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/
[ast]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_ast/ast/index.html
[ty]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/ty/sty/index.html
[Zulip]: https://rust-lang.zulipchat.com/#narrow/stream/clippy

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# Basics for hacking on Clippy
This document explains the basics for hacking on Clippy. Besides others, this
includes how to build and test Clippy. For a more in depth description on
the codebase take a look at [Adding Lints] or [Common Tools].
[Adding Lints]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/blob/master/doc/adding_lints.md
[Common Tools]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/blob/master/doc/common_tools_writing_lints.md
- [Basics for hacking on Clippy](#basics-for-hacking-on-clippy)
- [Get the Code](#get-the-code)
- [Building and Testing](#building-and-testing)
- [`cargo dev`](#cargo-dev)
- [lintcheck](#lintcheck)
- [PR](#pr)
- [Common Abbreviations](#common-abbreviations)
- [Install from source](#install-from-source)
## Get the Code
First, make sure you have checked out the latest version of Clippy. If this is
your first time working on Clippy, create a fork of the repository and clone it
afterwards with the following command:
```bash
git clone git@github.com:<your-username>/rust-clippy
```
If you've already cloned Clippy in the past, update it to the latest version:
```bash
# If the upstream remote has not been added yet
git remote add upstream https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy
# upstream has to be the remote of the rust-lang/rust-clippy repo
git fetch upstream
# make sure that you are on the master branch
git checkout master
# rebase your master branch on the upstream master
git rebase upstream/master
# push to the master branch of your fork
git push
```
## Building and Testing
You can build and test Clippy like every other Rust project:
```bash
cargo build # builds Clippy
cargo test # tests Clippy
```
Since Clippy's test suite is pretty big, there are some commands that only run a
subset of Clippy's tests:
```bash
# only run UI tests
cargo uitest
# only run UI tests starting with `test_`
TESTNAME="test_" cargo uitest
# only run dogfood tests
cargo test --test dogfood
```
If the output of a [UI test] differs from the expected output, you can update the
reference file with:
```bash
cargo dev bless
```
For example, this is necessary, if you fix a typo in an error message of a lint
or if you modify a test file to add a test case.
_Note:_ This command may update more files than you intended. In that case only
commit the files you wanted to update.
[UI test]: https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/tests/adding.html#guide-to-the-ui-tests
## `cargo dev`
Clippy has some dev tools to make working on Clippy more convenient. These tools
can be accessed through the `cargo dev` command. Available tools are listed
below. To get more information about these commands, just call them with
`--help`.
```bash
# formats the whole Clippy codebase and all tests
cargo dev fmt
# register or update lint names/groups/...
cargo dev update_lints
# create a new lint and register it
cargo dev new_lint
# (experimental) Setup Clippy to work with IntelliJ-Rust
cargo dev ide_setup
```
## lintcheck
`cargo lintcheck` will build and run clippy on a fixed set of crates and generate a log of the results.
You can `git diff` the updated log against its previous version and
see what impact your lint made on a small set of crates.
If you add a new lint, please audit the resulting warnings and make sure
there are no false positives and that the suggestions are valid.
Refer to the tools [README] for more details.
[README]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/blob/master/lintcheck/README.md
## PR
We follow a rustc no merge-commit policy.
See <https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/contributing.html#opening-a-pr>.
## Common Abbreviations
| Abbreviation | Meaning |
| ------------ | -------------------------------------- |
| UB | Undefined Behavior |
| FP | False Positive |
| FN | False Negative |
| ICE | Internal Compiler Error |
| AST | Abstract Syntax Tree |
| MIR | Mid-Level Intermediate Representation |
| HIR | High-Level Intermediate Representation |
| TCX | Type context |
This is a concise list of abbreviations that can come up during Clippy development. An extensive
general list can be found in the [rustc-dev-guide glossary][glossary]. Always feel free to ask if
an abbreviation or meaning is unclear to you.
## Install from source
If you are hacking on Clippy and want to install it from source, do the following:
First, take note of the toolchain [override](https://rust-lang.github.io/rustup/overrides.html) in `/rust-toolchain`.
We will use this override to install Clippy into the right toolchain.
> Tip: You can view the active toolchain for the current directory with `rustup show active-toolchain`.
From the Clippy project root, run the following command to build the Clippy binaries and copy them into the
toolchain directory. This will override the currently installed Clippy component.
```terminal
cargo build --release --bin cargo-clippy --bin clippy-driver -Zunstable-options --out-dir "$(rustc --print=sysroot)/bin"
```
Now you may run `cargo clippy` in any project, using the toolchain where you just installed Clippy.
```terminal
cd my-project
cargo +nightly-2021-07-01 clippy
```
...or `clippy-driver`
```terminal
clippy-driver +nightly-2021-07-01 <filename>
```
If you need to restore the default Clippy installation, run the following (from the Clippy project root).
```terminal
rustup component remove clippy
rustup component add clippy
```
> **DO NOT** install using `cargo install --path . --force` since this will overwrite rustup
> [proxies](https://rust-lang.github.io/rustup/concepts/proxies.html). That is, `~/.cargo/bin/cargo-clippy` and
> `~/.cargo/bin/clippy-driver` should be hard or soft links to `~/.cargo/bin/rustup`. You can repair these by running
> `rustup update`.
[glossary]: https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/appendix/glossary.html

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# Common tools for writing lints
You may need following tooltips to catch up with common operations.
- [Common tools for writing lints](#common-tools-for-writing-lints)
- [Retrieving the type of an expression](#retrieving-the-type-of-an-expression)
- [Checking if an expression is calling a specific method](#checking-if-an-expr-is-calling-a-specific-method)
- [Checking if a type implements a specific trait](#checking-if-a-type-implements-a-specific-trait)
- [Checking if a type defines a specific method](#checking-if-a-type-defines-a-specific-method)
- [Dealing with macros](#dealing-with-macros)
Useful Rustc dev guide links:
- [Stages of compilation](https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/compiler-src.html#the-main-stages-of-compilation)
- [Type checking](https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/type-checking.html)
- [Ty module](https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/ty.html)
# Retrieving the type of an expression
Sometimes you may want to retrieve the type `Ty` of an expression `Expr`, for example to answer following questions:
- which type does this expression correspond to (using its [`TyKind`][TyKind])?
- is it a sized type?
- is it a primitive type?
- does it implement a trait?
This operation is performed using the [`expr_ty()`][expr_ty] method from the [`TypeckResults`][TypeckResults] struct,
that gives you access to the underlying structure [`TyS`][TyS].
Example of use:
```rust
impl LateLintPass<'_> for MyStructLint {
fn check_expr(&mut self, cx: &LateContext<'_>, expr: &Expr<'_>) {
// Get type of `expr`
let ty = cx.typeck_results().expr_ty(expr);
// Match its kind to enter its type
match ty.kind {
ty::Adt(adt_def, _) if adt_def.is_struct() => println!("Our `expr` is a struct!"),
_ => ()
}
}
}
```
Similarly in [`TypeckResults`][TypeckResults] methods, you have the [`pat_ty()`][pat_ty] method
to retrieve a type from a pattern.
Two noticeable items here:
- `cx` is the lint context [`LateContext`][LateContext]. The two most useful
data structures in this context are `tcx` and the `TypeckResults` returned by
`LateContext::typeck_results`, allowing us to jump to type definitions and
other compilation stages such as HIR.
- `typeck_results`'s return value is [`TypeckResults`][TypeckResults] and is
created by type checking step, it includes useful information such as types
of expressions, ways to resolve methods and so on.
# Checking if an expr is calling a specific method
Starting with an `expr`, you can check whether it is calling a specific method `some_method`:
```rust
impl LateLintPass<'_> for MyStructLint {
fn check_expr(&mut self, cx: &LateContext<'tcx>, expr: &'tcx hir::Expr<'_>) {
if_chain! {
// Check our expr is calling a method
if let hir::ExprKind::MethodCall(path, _, _args, _) = &expr.kind;
// Check the name of this method is `some_method`
if path.ident.name == sym!(some_method);
then {
// ...
}
}
}
}
```
# Checking if a type implements a specific trait
There are two ways to do this, depending if the target trait is part of lang items.
```rust
use clippy_utils::{implements_trait, match_trait_method, paths};
impl LateLintPass<'_> for MyStructLint {
fn check_expr(&mut self, cx: &LateContext<'_>, expr: &Expr<'_>) {
// 1. Using expression and Clippy's convenient method
// we use `match_trait_method` function from Clippy's toolbox
if match_trait_method(cx, expr, &paths::INTO) {
// `expr` implements `Into` trait
}
// 2. Using type context `TyCtxt`
let ty = cx.typeck_results().expr_ty(expr);
if cx.tcx.lang_items()
// we are looking for the `DefId` of `Drop` trait in lang items
.drop_trait()
// then we use it with our type `ty` by calling `implements_trait` from Clippy's utils
.map_or(false, |id| implements_trait(cx, ty, id, &[])) {
// `expr` implements `Drop` trait
}
}
}
```
> Prefer using lang items, if the target trait is available there.
A list of defined paths for Clippy can be found in [paths.rs][paths]
We access lang items through the type context `tcx`. `tcx` is of type [`TyCtxt`][TyCtxt] and is defined in the `rustc_middle` crate.
# Checking if a type defines a specific method
To check if our type defines a method called `some_method`:
```rust
use clippy_utils::{is_type_diagnostic_item, return_ty};
impl<'tcx> LateLintPass<'tcx> for MyTypeImpl {
fn check_impl_item(&mut self, cx: &LateContext<'tcx>, impl_item: &'tcx ImplItem<'_>) {
if_chain! {
// Check if item is a method/function
if let ImplItemKind::Fn(ref signature, _) = impl_item.kind;
// Check the method is named `some_method`
if impl_item.ident.name == sym!(some_method);
// We can also check it has a parameter `self`
if signature.decl.implicit_self.has_implicit_self();
// We can go further and even check if its return type is `String`
if is_type_diagnostic_item(cx, return_ty(cx, impl_item.hir_id), sym!(string_type));
then {
// ...
}
}
}
}
```
# Dealing with macros
There are several helpers in [`clippy_utils`][utils] to deal with macros:
- `in_macro()`: detect if the given span is expanded by a macro
You may want to use this for example to not start linting in any macro.
```rust
macro_rules! foo {
($param:expr) => {
match $param {
"bar" => println!("whatever"),
_ => ()
}
};
}
foo!("bar");
// if we lint the `match` of `foo` call and test its span
assert_eq!(in_macro(match_span), true);
```
- `in_external_macro()`: detect if the given span is from an external macro, defined in a foreign crate
You may want to use it for example to not start linting in macros from other crates
```rust
#[macro_use]
extern crate a_crate_with_macros;
// `foo` is defined in `a_crate_with_macros`
foo!("bar");
// if we lint the `match` of `foo` call and test its span
assert_eq!(in_external_macro(cx.sess(), match_span), true);
```
- `differing_macro_contexts()`: returns true if the two given spans are not from the same context
```rust
macro_rules! m {
($a:expr, $b:expr) => {
if $a.is_some() {
$b;
}
}
}
let x: Option<u32> = Some(42);
m!(x, x.unwrap());
// These spans are not from the same context
// x.is_some() is from inside the macro
// x.unwrap() is from outside the macro
assert_eq!(differing_macro_contexts(x_is_some_span, x_unwrap_span), true);
```
[TyS]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/ty/struct.TyS.html
[TyKind]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/ty/enum.TyKind.html
[TypeckResults]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/ty/struct.TypeckResults.html
[expr_ty]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/ty/struct.TypeckResults.html#method.expr_ty
[LateContext]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_lint/struct.LateContext.html
[TyCtxt]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/ty/context/struct.TyCtxt.html
[pat_ty]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/rustc_middle/ty/context/struct.TypeckResults.html#method.pat_ty
[paths]: ../clippy_utils/src/paths.rs
[utils]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/blob/master/clippy_utils/src/lib.rs

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# Infrastructure

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# Backport Changes
Sometimes it is necessary to backport changes to the beta release of Clippy.
Backports in Clippy are rare and should be approved by the Clippy team. For
example, a backport is done, if a crucial ICE was fixed or a lint is broken to a
point, that it has to be disabled, before landing on stable.
Backports are done to the `beta` branch of Clippy. Backports to stable Clippy
releases basically don't exist, since this would require a Rust point release,
which is almost never justifiable for a Clippy fix.
## Backport the changes
Backports are done on the beta branch of the Clippy repository.
```bash
# Assuming the current directory corresponds to the Clippy repository
$ git checkout beta
$ git checkout -b backport
$ git cherry-pick <SHA> # `<SHA>` is the commit hash of the commit(s), that should be backported
$ git push origin backport
```
Now you should test that the backport passes all the tests in the Rust
repository. You can do this with:
```bash
# Assuming the current directory corresponds to the Rust repository
$ git checkout beta
$ git subtree pull -p src/tools/clippy https://github.com/<your-github-name>/rust-clippy backport
$ ./x.py test src/tools/clippy
```
Should the test fail, you can fix Clippy directly in the Rust repository. This
has to be first applied to the Clippy beta branch and then again synced to the
Rust repository, though. The easiest way to do this is:
```bash
# In the Rust repository
$ git diff --patch --relative=src/tools/clippy > clippy.patch
# In the Clippy repository
$ git apply /path/to/clippy.patch
$ git add -u
$ git commit -m "Fix rustup fallout"
$ git push origin backport
```
After this, you can open a PR to the `beta` branch of the Clippy repository.
## Update Clippy in the Rust Repository
This step must be done, **after** the PR of the previous step was merged.
After the backport landed in the Clippy repository, the branch has to be synced
back to the beta branch of the Rust repository.
```bash
# Assuming the current directory corresponds to the Rust repository
$ git checkout beta
$ git checkout -b clippy_backport
$ git subtree pull -p src/tools/clippy https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy beta
$ git push origin clippy_backport
```
Make sure to test the backport in the Rust repository before opening a PR. This
is done with `./x.py test src/tools/clippy`. If that passes all tests, open a PR
to the `beta` branch of the Rust repository. In this PR you should tag the
Clippy team member, that agreed to the backport or the `@rust-lang/clippy` team.
Make sure to add `[beta]` to the title of the PR.

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# The Clippy Book
This document explains how to make additions and changes to the Clippy book, the guide to Clippy that you're reading
right now. The Clippy book is formatted with [Markdown](https://www.markdownguide.org) and generated
by [mdbook](https://github.com/rust-lang/mdBook).
- [Get mdbook](#get-mdbook)
- [Make changes](#make-changes)
## Get mdbook
While not strictly necessary since the book source is simply Markdown text files, having mdbook locally will allow you
to build, test and serve the book locally to view changes before you commit them to the repository. You likely already
have
`cargo` installed, so the easiest option is to simply:
```shell
cargo install mdbook
```
See the mdbook [installation](https://github.com/rust-lang/mdBook#installation) instructions for other options.
## Make changes
The book's [src](https://github.com/joshrotenberg/rust-clippy/tree/clippy_guide/book/src) directory contains all of the
markdown files used to generate the book. If you want to see your changes in real time, you can use the mdbook `serve`
command to run a web server locally that will automatically update changes as they are made. From the top level of
your `rust-clippy`
directory:
```shell
mdbook serve book --open
```
Then navigate to `http://localhost:3000` to see the generated book. While the server is running, changes you make will
automatically be updated.
For more information, see the mdbook [guide](https://rust-lang.github.io/mdBook/).

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# Changelog Update
If you want to help with updating the [changelog][changelog], you're in the right place.
## When to update
Typos and other small fixes/additions are _always_ welcome.
Special care needs to be taken when it comes to updating the changelog for a new
Rust release. For that purpose, the changelog is ideally updated during the week
before an upcoming stable release. You can find the release dates on the [Rust
Forge][forge].
Most of the time we only need to update the changelog for minor Rust releases. It's
been very rare that Clippy changes were included in a patch release.
## Changelog update walkthrough
### 1. Finding the relevant Clippy commits
Each Rust release ships with its own version of Clippy. The Clippy subtree can
be found in the `tools` directory of the Rust repository.
Depending on the current time and what exactly you want to update, the following
bullet points might be helpful:
* When writing the release notes for the **upcoming stable release** you need to check
out the Clippy commit of the current Rust `beta` branch. [Link][rust_beta_tools]
* When writing the release notes for the **upcoming beta release**, you need to check
out the Clippy commit of the current Rust `master`. [Link][rust_master_tools]
* When writing the (forgotten) release notes for a **past stable release**, you
need to check out the Rust release tag of the stable release.
[Link][rust_stable_tools]
Usually you want to wirte the changelog of the **upcoming stable release**. Make
sure though, that `beta` was already branched in the Rust repository.
To find the commit hash, issue the following command when in a `rust-lang/rust` checkout:
```
git log --oneline -- src/tools/clippy/ | grep -o "Merge commit '[a-f0-9]*' into .*" | head -1 | sed -e "s/Merge commit '\([a-f0-9]*\)' into .*/\1/g"
```
### 2. Fetching the PRs between those commits
Once you've got the correct commit range, run
util/fetch_prs_between.sh commit1 commit2 > changes.txt
and open that file in your editor of choice.
When updating the changelog it's also a good idea to make sure that `commit1` is
already correct in the current changelog.
### 3. Authoring the final changelog
The above script should have dumped all the relevant PRs to the file you
specified. It should have filtered out most of the irrelevant PRs
already, but it's a good idea to do a manual cleanup pass where you look for
more irrelevant PRs. If you're not sure about some PRs, just leave them in for
the review and ask for feedback.
With the PRs filtered, you can start to take each PR and move the
`changelog: ` content to `CHANGELOG.md`. Adapt the wording as you see fit but
try to keep it somewhat coherent.
The order should roughly be:
1. New lints
2. Moves or deprecations of lints
3. Changes that expand what code existing lints cover
4. False positive fixes
5. Suggestion fixes/improvements
6. ICE fixes
7. Documentation improvements
8. Others
As section headers, we use:
```
### New Lints
### Moves and Deprecations
### Enhancements
### False Positive Fixes
### Suggestion Fixes/Improvements
### ICE Fixes
### Documentation Improvements
### Others
```
Please also be sure to update the Beta/Unreleased sections at the top with the
relevant commit ranges.
[changelog]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md
[forge]: https://forge.rust-lang.org/
[rust_master_tools]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/master/src/tools/clippy
[rust_beta_tools]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/tree/beta/src/tools/clippy
[rust_stable_tools]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/releases

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# Release a new Clippy Version
_NOTE: This document is probably only relevant to you, if you're a member of the
Clippy team._
Clippy is released together with stable Rust releases. The dates for these
releases can be found at the [Rust Forge]. This document explains the necessary
steps to create a Clippy release.
1. [Remerge the `beta` branch](#remerge-the-beta-branch)
2. [Update the `beta` branch](#update-the-beta-branch)
3. [Find the Clippy commit](#find-the-clippy-commit)
4. [Tag the stable commit](#tag-the-stable-commit)
5. [Update `CHANGELOG.md`](#update-changelogmd)
_NOTE: This document is for stable Rust releases, not for point releases. For
point releases, step 1. and 2. should be enough._
[Rust Forge]: https://forge.rust-lang.org/
## Remerge the `beta` branch
This step is only necessary, if since the last release something was backported
to the beta Rust release. The remerge is then necessary, to make sure that the
Clippy commit, that was used by the now stable Rust release, persists in the
tree of the Clippy repository.
To find out if this step is necessary run
```bash
# Assumes that the local master branch is up-to-date
$ git fetch upstream
$ git branch master --contains upstream/beta
```
If this command outputs `master`, this step is **not** necessary.
```bash
# Assuming `HEAD` is the current `master` branch of rust-lang/rust-clippy
$ git checkout -b backport_remerge
$ git merge upstream/beta
$ git diff # This diff has to be empty, otherwise something with the remerge failed
$ git push origin backport_remerge # This can be pushed to your fork
```
After this, open a PR to the master branch. In this PR, the commit hash of the
`HEAD` of the `beta` branch must exists. In addition to that, no files should
be changed by this PR.
## Update the `beta` branch
This step must be done **after** the PR of the previous step was merged.
First, the Clippy commit of the `beta` branch of the Rust repository has to be
determined.
```bash
# Assuming the current directory corresponds to the Rust repository
$ git checkout beta
$ BETA_SHA=$(git log --oneline -- src/tools/clippy/ | grep -o "Merge commit '[a-f0-9]*' into .*" | head -1 | sed -e "s/Merge commit '\([a-f0-9]*\)' into .*/\1/g")
```
After finding the Clippy commit, the `beta` branch in the Clippy repository can
be updated.
```bash
# Assuming the current directory corresponds to the Clippy repository
$ git checkout beta
$ git reset --hard $BETA_SHA
$ git push upstream beta
```
## Find the Clippy commit
The first step is to tag the Clippy commit, that is included in the stable Rust
release. This commit can be found in the Rust repository.
```bash
# Assuming the current directory corresponds to the Rust repository
$ git fetch upstream # `upstream` is the `rust-lang/rust` remote
$ git checkout 1.XX.0 # XX should be exchanged with the corresponding version
$ SHA=$(git log --oneline -- src/tools/clippy/ | grep -o "Merge commit '[a-f0-9]*' into .*" | head -1 | sed -e "s/Merge commit '\([a-f0-9]*\)' into .*/\1/g")
```
## Tag the stable commit
After finding the Clippy commit, it can be tagged with the release number.
```bash
# Assuming the current directory corresponds to the Clippy repository
$ git checkout $SHA
$ git tag rust-1.XX.0 # XX should be exchanged with the corresponding version
$ git push upstream rust-1.XX.0 # `upstream` is the `rust-lang/rust-clippy` remote
```
After this, the release should be available on the Clippy [release page].
[release page]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/releases
## Update the `stable` branch
At this step you should have already checked out the commit of the `rust-1.XX.0`
tag. Updating the stable branch from here is as easy as:
```bash
# Assuming the current directory corresponds to the Clippy repository and the
# commit of the just created rust-1.XX.0 tag is checked out.
$ git push upstream rust-1.XX.0:stable # `upstream` is the `rust-lang/rust-clippy` remote
```
_NOTE: Usually there are no stable backports for Clippy, so this update should
be possible without force pushing or anything like this. If there should have
happened a stable backport, make sure to re-merge those changes just as with the
`beta` branch._
## Update `CHANGELOG.md`
For this see the document on [how to update the changelog].
[how to update the changelog]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/blob/master/doc/changelog_update.md

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# Installation and Usage
Below are instructions on how to use Clippy as a subcommand, compiled from source
or in Travis CI. Note that Clippy is installed as a
[component](https://rust-lang.github.io/rustup/concepts/components.html?highlight=clippy#components) as part of the
[rustup](https://rust-lang.github.io/rustup/installation/index.html) installation.
### As a cargo subcommand (`cargo clippy`)
One way to use Clippy is by installing Clippy through rustup as a cargo
subcommand.
#### Step 1: Install rustup
You can install [rustup](https://rustup.rs/) on supported platforms. This will help
us install Clippy and its dependencies.
If you already have rustup installed, update to ensure you have the latest
rustup and compiler:
```terminal
rustup update
```
#### Step 2: Install Clippy
Once you have rustup and the latest stable release (at least Rust 1.29) installed, run the following command:
```terminal
rustup component add clippy
```
If it says that it can't find the `clippy` component, please run `rustup self update`.
#### Step 3: Run Clippy
Now you can run Clippy by invoking the following command:
```terminal
cargo clippy
```
#### Automatically applying Clippy suggestions
Clippy can automatically apply some lint suggestions.
Note that this is still experimental and only supported on the nightly channel:
```terminal
cargo clippy --fix
```
#### Workspaces
All the usual workspace options should work with Clippy. For example the following command
will run Clippy on the `example` crate:
```terminal
cargo clippy -p example
```
As with `cargo check`, this includes dependencies that are members of the workspace, like path dependencies.
If you want to run Clippy **only** on the given crate, use the `--no-deps` option like this:
```terminal
cargo clippy -p example --no-deps
```
### As a rustc replacement (`clippy-driver`)
Clippy can also be used in projects that do not use cargo. To do so, you will need to replace
your `rustc` compilation commands with `clippy-driver`. For example, if your project runs:
```terminal
rustc --edition 2018 -Cpanic=abort foo.rs
```
Then, to enable Clippy, you will need to call:
```terminal
clippy-driver --edition 2018 -Cpanic=abort foo.rs
```
Note that `rustc` will still run, i.e. it will still emit the output files it normally does.
### Travis CI
You can add Clippy to Travis CI in the same way you use it locally:
```yml
language: rust
rust:
- stable
- beta
before_script:
- rustup component add clippy
script:
- cargo clippy
# if you want the build job to fail when encountering warnings, use
- cargo clippy -- -D warnings
# in order to also check tests and non-default crate features, use
- cargo clippy --all-targets --all-features -- -D warnings
- cargo test
# etc.
```
Note that adding `-D warnings` will cause your build to fail if **any** warnings are found in your code.
That includes warnings found by rustc (e.g. `dead_code`, etc.). If you want to avoid this and only cause
an error for Clippy warnings, use `#![deny(clippy::all)]` in your code or `-D clippy::all` on the command
line. (You can swap `clippy::all` with the specific lint category you are targeting.)

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# Clippy's Lints

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# Roadmap 2021
# Summary
This Roadmap lays out the plans for Clippy in 2021:
- Improving usability and reliability
- Improving experience of contributors and maintainers
- Develop and specify processes
Members of the Clippy team will be assigned tasks from one or more of these
topics. The team member is then responsible to complete the assigned tasks. This
can either be done by implementing them or by providing mentorship to interested
contributors.
# Motivation
With the ongoing growth of the Rust language and with that of the whole
ecosystem, also Clippy gets more and more users and contributors. This is good
for the project, but also brings challenges along. Some of these challenges are:
- More issues about reliability or usability are popping up
- Traffic is hard to handle for a small team
- Bigger projects don't get completed due to the lack of processes and/or time
of the team members
Additionally, according to the [Rust Roadmap 2021], clear processes should be
defined by every team and unified across teams. This Roadmap is the first step
towards this.
[Rust Roadmap 2021]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/3037
# Explanation
This section will explain the things that should be done in 2021. It is
important to note, that this document focuses on the "What?", not the "How?".
The later will be addressed in follow-up tracking issue, with an assigned team
member.
The following is split up in two major sections. The first section covers the
user facing plans, the second section the internal plans.
## User Facing
Clippy should be as pleasant to use and configure as possible. This section
covers plans that should be implemented to improve the situation of Clippy in
this regard.
### Usability
In the following, plans to improve the usability are covered.
#### No Output After `cargo check`
Currently when `cargo clippy` is run after `cargo check`, it does not produce
any output. This is especially problematic since `rust-analyzer` is on the rise
and it uses `cargo check` for checking code. A fix is already implemented, but
it still has to be pushed over the finish line. This also includes the
stabilization of the `cargo clippy --fix` command or the support of multi-span
suggestions in `rustfix`.
- [#4612](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/issues/4612)
#### `lints.toml` Configuration
This is something that comes up every now and then: a reusable configuration
file, where lint levels can be defined. Discussions about this often lead to
nothing specific or to "we need an RFC for this". And this is exactly what needs
to be done. Get together with the cargo team and write an RFC and implement such
a configuration file somehow and somewhere.
- [#3164](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/issues/3164)
- [cargo#5034](https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo/issues/5034)
- [IRLO](https://internals.rust-lang.org/t/proposal-cargo-lint-configuration/9135/8)
#### Lint Groups
There are more and more issues about managing lints in Clippy popping up. Lints
are hard to implement with a guarantee of no/few false positives (FPs). One way
to address this might be to introduce more lint groups to give users the ability
to better manage lints, or improve the process of classifying lints, so that
disabling lints due to FPs becomes rare. It is important to note, that Clippy
lints are less conservative than `rustc` lints, which won't change in the
future.
- [#5537](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/issues/5537)
- [#6366](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/issues/6366)
### Reliability
In the following, plans to improve the reliability are covered.
#### False Positive Rate
In the worst case, new lints are only available in nightly for 2 weeks, before
hitting beta and ultimately stable. This and the fact that fewer people use
nightly Rust nowadays makes it more probable that a lint with many FPs hits
stable. This leads to annoyed users, that will disable these new lints in the
best case and to more annoyed users, that will stop using Clippy in the worst.
A process should be developed and implemented to prevent this from happening.
- [#6429](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/issues/6429)
## Internal
(The end of) 2020 has shown, that Clippy has to think about the available
resources, especially regarding management and maintenance of the project. This
section address issues affecting team members and contributors.
### Management
In 2020 Clippy achieved over 1000 open issues with regularly between 25-35 open
PRs. This is simultaneously a win and a loss. More issues and PRs means more
people are interested in Clippy and in contributing to it. On the other hand, it
means for team members more work and for contributors longer wait times for
reviews. The following will describe plans how to improve the situation for both
team members and contributors.
#### Clear Expectations for Team Members
According to the [Rust Roadmap 2021], a document specifying what it means to be
a member of the team should be produced. This should not put more pressure on
the team members, but rather help them and interested folks to know what the
expectations are. With this it should also be easier to recruit new team members
and may encourage people to get in touch, if they're interested to join.
#### Scaling up the Team
More people means less work for each individual. Together with the document
about expectations for team members, a document defining the process of how to
join the team should be produced. This can also increase the stability of the
team, in case of current members dropping out (temporarily). There can also be
different roles in the team, like people triaging vs. people reviewing.
#### Regular Meetings
Other teams have regular meetings. Clippy is big enough that it might be worth
to also do them. Especially if more people join the team, this can be important
for sync-ups. Besides the asynchronous communication, that works well for
working on separate lints, a meeting adds a synchronous alternative at a known
time. This is especially helpful if there are bigger things that need to be
discussed (like the projects in this roadmap). For starters bi-weekly meetings
before Rust syncs might make sense.
#### Triaging
To get a handle on the influx of open issues, a process for triaging issues and
PRs should be developed. Officially, Clippy follows the Rust triage process, but
currently no one enforces it. This can be improved by sharing triage teams
across projects or by implementing dashboards / tools which simplify triaging.
### Development
Improving the developer and contributor experience is something the Clippy team
works on regularly. Though, some things might need special attention and
planing. These topics are listed in the following.
#### Process for New and Existing Lints
As already mentioned above, classifying new lints gets quite hard, because the
probability of a buggy lint getting into stable is quite high. A process should
be implemented on how to classify lints. In addition, a test system should be
developed to find out which lints are currently problematic in real world code
to fix or disable them.
- [#6429 (comment)](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/issues/6429#issuecomment-741056379)
- [#6429 (comment)](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/issues/6429#issuecomment-741153345)
#### Processes
Related to the point before, a process for suggesting and discussing major
changes should be implemented. It's also not clearly defined when a lint should
be enabled or disabled by default. This can also be improved by the test system
mentioned above.
#### Dev-Tools
There's already `cargo dev` which makes Clippy development easier and more
pleasant. This can still be expanded, so that it covers more areas of the
development process.
- [#5394](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/issues/5394)
#### Contributor Guide
Similar to a Clippy Book, which describes how to use Clippy, a book about how to
contribute to Clippy might be helpful for new and existing contributors. There's
already the `doc` directory in the Clippy repo, this can be turned into a
`mdbook`.
#### `rustc` integration
Recently Clippy was integrated with `git subtree` into the `rust-lang/rust`
repository. This made syncing between the two repositories easier. A
`#[non_exhaustive]` list of things that still can be improved is:
1. Use the same `rustfmt` version and configuration as `rustc`.
2. Make `cargo dev` work in the Rust repo, just as it works in the Clippy repo.
E.g. `cargo dev bless` or `cargo dev update_lints`. And even add more things
to it that might be useful for the Rust repo, e.g. `cargo dev deprecate`.
3. Easier sync process. The `subtree` situation is not ideal.
## Prioritization
The most pressing issues for users of Clippy are of course the user facing
issues. So there should be a priority on those issues, but without losing track
of the internal issues listed in this document.
Getting the FP rate of warn/deny-by-default lints under control should have the
highest priority. Other user facing issues should also get a high priority, but
shouldn't be in the way of addressing internal issues.
To better manage the upcoming projects, the basic internal processes, like
meetings, tracking issues and documentation, should be established as soon as
possible. They might even be necessary to properly manage the projects,
regarding the user facing issues.
# Prior Art
## Rust Roadmap
Rust's roadmap process was established by [RFC 1728] in 2016. Since then every
year a roadmap was published, that defined the bigger plans for the coming
years. This years roadmap can be found [here][Rust Roadmap 2021].
[RFC 1728]: https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/1728-north-star.html
# Drawbacks
## Big Roadmap
This roadmap is pretty big and not all items listed in this document might be
addressed during 2021. Because this is the first roadmap for Clippy, having open
tasks at the end of 2021 is fine, but they should be revisited in the 2022
roadmap.

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