rust-clippy/clippy_lints/src/strings.rs

use clippy_utils::diagnostics::{span_lint, span_lint_and_help, span_lint_and_sugg};
use clippy_utils::source::{snippet, snippet_with_applicability};
use clippy_utils::ty::is_type_diagnostic_item;
use clippy_utils::SpanlessEq;
use clippy_utils::{get_parent_expr, is_lint_allowed, match_function_call, method_calls, paths};
use if_chain::if_chain;
use rustc_errors::Applicability;
use rustc_hir::{BinOpKind, BorrowKind, Expr, ExprKind, LangItem, QPath};
use rustc_lint::{LateContext, LateLintPass, LintContext};
use rustc_middle::lint::in_external_macro;
use rustc_middle::ty;
use rustc_session::{declare_lint_pass, declare_tool_lint};
use rustc_span::source_map::Spanned;
use rustc_span::sym;

declare_clippy_lint! {
    /// ### What it does
    /// Checks for string appends of the form `x = x + y` (without
    /// `let`!).
    ///
    /// ### Why is this bad?
    /// It's not really bad, but some people think that the
    /// `.push_str(_)` method is more readable.
    ///
    /// ### Example
    /// ```rust
    /// let mut x = "Hello".to_owned();
    /// x = x + ", World";
    ///
    /// // More readable
    /// x += ", World";
    /// x.push_str(", World");
    /// ```
    pub STRING_ADD_ASSIGN,
    pedantic,
    "using `x = x + ..` where x is a `String` instead of `push_str()`"
}

declare_clippy_lint! {
    /// ### What it does
    /// Checks for all instances of `x + _` where `x` is of type
    /// `String`, but only if [`string_add_assign`](#string_add_assign) does *not*
    /// match.
    ///
    /// ### Why is this bad?
    /// It's not bad in and of itself. However, this particular
    /// `Add` implementation is asymmetric (the other operand need not be `String`,
    /// but `x` does), while addition as mathematically defined is symmetric, also
    /// the `String::push_str(_)` function is a perfectly good replacement.
    /// Therefore, some dislike it and wish not to have it in their code.
    ///
    /// That said, other people think that string addition, having a long tradition
    /// in other languages is actually fine, which is why we decided to make this
    /// particular lint `allow` by default.
    ///
    /// ### Example
    /// ```rust
    /// let x = "Hello".to_owned();
    /// x + ", World";
    /// ```
    pub STRING_ADD,
    restriction,
    "using `x + ..` where x is a `String` instead of `push_str()`"
}

declare_clippy_lint! {
    /// ### What it does
    /// Checks for the `as_bytes` method called on string literals
    /// that contain only ASCII characters.
    ///
    /// ### Why is this bad?
    /// Byte string literals (e.g., `b"foo"`) can be used
    /// instead. They are shorter but less discoverable than `as_bytes()`.
    ///
    /// ### Known problems
    /// `"str".as_bytes()` and the suggested replacement of `b"str"` are not
    /// equivalent because they have different types. The former is `&[u8]`
    /// while the latter is `&[u8; 3]`. That means in general they will have a
    /// different set of methods and different trait implementations.
    ///
    /// ```compile_fail
    /// fn f(v: Vec<u8>) {}
    ///
    /// f("...".as_bytes().to_owned()); // works
    /// f(b"...".to_owned()); // does not work, because arg is [u8; 3] not Vec<u8>
    ///
    /// fn g(r: impl std::io::Read) {}
    ///
    /// g("...".as_bytes()); // works
    /// g(b"..."); // does not work
    /// ```
    ///
    /// The actual equivalent of `"str".as_bytes()` with the same type is not
    /// `b"str"` but `&b"str"[..]`, which is a great deal of punctuation and not
    /// more readable than a function call.
    ///
    /// ### Example
    /// ```rust
    /// // Bad
    /// let bs = "a byte string".as_bytes();
    ///
    /// // Good
    /// let bs = b"a byte string";
    /// ```
    pub STRING_LIT_AS_BYTES,
    nursery,
    "calling `as_bytes` on a string literal instead of using a byte string literal"
}

declare_lint_pass!(StringAdd => [STRING_ADD, STRING_ADD_ASSIGN]);

impl<'tcx> LateLintPass<'tcx> for StringAdd {
    fn check_expr(&mut self, cx: &LateContext<'tcx>, e: &'tcx Expr<'_>) {
        if in_external_macro(cx.sess(), e.span) {
            return;
        }

        if let ExprKind::Binary(
            Spanned {
                node: BinOpKind::Add, ..
            },
            left,
            _,
        ) = e.kind
        {
            if is_string(cx, left) {
                if !is_lint_allowed(cx, STRING_ADD_ASSIGN, e.hir_id) {
                    let parent = get_parent_expr(cx, e);
                    if let Some(p) = parent {
                        if let ExprKind::Assign(target, _, _) = p.kind {
                            // avoid duplicate matches
                            if SpanlessEq::new(cx).eq_expr(target, left) {
                                return;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                span_lint(
                    cx,
                    STRING_ADD,
                    e.span,
                    "you added something to a string. Consider using `String::push_str()` instead",
                );
            }
        } else if let ExprKind::Assign(target, src, _) = e.kind {
            if is_string(cx, target) && is_add(cx, src, target) {
                span_lint(
                    cx,
                    STRING_ADD_ASSIGN,
                    e.span,
                    "you assigned the result of adding something to this string. Consider using \
                     `String::push_str()` instead",
                );
            }
        }
    }
}

fn is_string(cx: &LateContext<'_>, e: &Expr<'_>) -> bool {
    is_type_diagnostic_item(cx, cx.typeck_results().expr_ty(e).peel_refs(), sym::String)
}

fn is_add(cx: &LateContext<'_>, src: &Expr<'_>, target: &Expr<'_>) -> bool {
    match src.kind {
        ExprKind::Binary(
            Spanned {
                node: BinOpKind::Add, ..
            },
            left,
            _,
        ) => SpanlessEq::new(cx).eq_expr(target, left),
        ExprKind::Block(block, _) => {
            block.stmts.is_empty() && block.expr.as_ref().map_or(false, |expr| is_add(cx, expr, target))
        },
        _ => false,
    }
}

declare_clippy_lint! {
    /// ### What it does
    /// Check if the string is transformed to byte array and casted back to string.
    ///
    /// ### Why is this bad?
    /// It's unnecessary, the string can be used directly.
    ///
    /// ### Example
    /// ```rust
    /// let _ = std::str::from_utf8(&"Hello World!".as_bytes()[6..11]).unwrap();
    /// ```
    /// could be written as
    /// ```rust
    /// let _ = &"Hello World!"[6..11];
    /// ```
    pub STRING_FROM_UTF8_AS_BYTES,
    complexity,
    "casting string slices to byte slices and back"
}

// Max length a b"foo" string can take
const MAX_LENGTH_BYTE_STRING_LIT: usize = 32;

declare_lint_pass!(StringLitAsBytes => [STRING_LIT_AS_BYTES, STRING_FROM_UTF8_AS_BYTES]);

impl<'tcx> LateLintPass<'tcx> for StringLitAsBytes {
    fn check_expr(&mut self, cx: &LateContext<'tcx>, e: &'tcx Expr<'_>) {
        use rustc_ast::LitKind;

        if_chain! {
            // Find std::str::converts::from_utf8
            if let Some(args) = match_function_call(cx, e, &paths::STR_FROM_UTF8);

            // Find string::as_bytes
            if let ExprKind::AddrOf(BorrowKind::Ref, _, args) = args[0].kind;
            if let ExprKind::Index(left, right) = args.kind;
            let (method_names, expressions, _) = method_calls(left, 1);
            if method_names.len() == 1;
            if expressions.len() == 1;
            if expressions[0].len() == 1;
            if method_names[0] == sym!(as_bytes);

            // Check for slicer
            if let ExprKind::Struct(QPath::LangItem(LangItem::Range, _), _, _) = right.kind;

            then {
                let mut applicability = Applicability::MachineApplicable;
                let string_expression = &expressions[0][0];

                let snippet_app = snippet_with_applicability(
                    cx,
                    string_expression.span, "..",
                    &mut applicability,
                );

                span_lint_and_sugg(
                    cx,
                    STRING_FROM_UTF8_AS_BYTES,
                    e.span,
                    "calling a slice of `as_bytes()` with `from_utf8` should be not necessary",
                    "try",
                    format!("Some(&{}[{}])", snippet_app, snippet(cx, right.span, "..")),
                    applicability
                )
            }
        }

        if_chain! {
            if let ExprKind::MethodCall(path, _, args, _) = &e.kind;
            if path.ident.name == sym!(as_bytes);
            if let ExprKind::Lit(lit) = &args[0].kind;
            if let LitKind::Str(lit_content, _) = &lit.node;
            then {
                let callsite = snippet(cx, args[0].span.source_callsite(), r#""foo""#);
                let mut applicability = Applicability::MachineApplicable;
                if callsite.starts_with("include_str!") {
                    span_lint_and_sugg(
                        cx,
                        STRING_LIT_AS_BYTES,
                        e.span,
                        "calling `as_bytes()` on `include_str!(..)`",
                        "consider using `include_bytes!(..)` instead",
                        snippet_with_applicability(cx, args[0].span, r#""foo""#, &mut applicability).replacen(
                            "include_str",
                            "include_bytes",
                            1,
                        ),
                        applicability,
                    );
                } else if lit_content.as_str().is_ascii()
                    && lit_content.as_str().len() <= MAX_LENGTH_BYTE_STRING_LIT
                    && !args[0].span.from_expansion()
                {
                    span_lint_and_sugg(
                        cx,
                        STRING_LIT_AS_BYTES,
                        e.span,
                        "calling `as_bytes()` on a string literal",
                        "consider using a byte string literal instead",
                        format!(
                            "b{}",
                            snippet_with_applicability(cx, args[0].span, r#""foo""#, &mut applicability)
                        ),
                        applicability,
                    );
                }
            }
        }

        if_chain! {
            if let ExprKind::MethodCall(path, _, [recv], _) = &e.kind;
            if path.ident.name == sym!(into_bytes);
            if let ExprKind::MethodCall(path, _, [recv], _) = &recv.kind;
            if matches!(&*path.ident.name.as_str(), "to_owned" | "to_string");
            if let ExprKind::Lit(lit) = &recv.kind;
            if let LitKind::Str(lit_content, _) = &lit.node;

            if lit_content.as_str().is_ascii();
            if lit_content.as_str().len() <= MAX_LENGTH_BYTE_STRING_LIT;
            if !recv.span.from_expansion();
            then {
                let mut applicability = Applicability::MachineApplicable;

                span_lint_and_sugg(
                    cx,
                    STRING_LIT_AS_BYTES,
                    e.span,
                    "calling `into_bytes()` on a string literal",
                    "consider using a byte string literal instead",
                    format!(
                        "b{}.to_vec()",
                        snippet_with_applicability(cx, recv.span, r#""..""#, &mut applicability)
                    ),
                    applicability,
                );
            }
        }
    }
}

declare_clippy_lint! {
    /// ### What it does
    /// This lint checks for `.to_string()` method calls on values of type `&str`.
    ///
    /// ### Why is this bad?
    /// The `to_string` method is also used on other types to convert them to a string.
    /// When called on a `&str` it turns the `&str` into the owned variant `String`, which can be better
    /// expressed with `.to_owned()`.
    ///
    /// ### Example
    /// ```rust
    /// // example code where clippy issues a warning
    /// let _ = "str".to_string();
    /// ```
    /// Use instead:
    /// ```rust
    /// // example code which does not raise clippy warning
    /// let _ = "str".to_owned();
    /// ```
    pub STR_TO_STRING,
    restriction,
    "using `to_string()` on a `&str`, which should be `to_owned()`"
}

declare_lint_pass!(StrToString => [STR_TO_STRING]);

impl LateLintPass<'_> for StrToString {
    fn check_expr(&mut self, cx: &LateContext<'tcx>, expr: &Expr<'_>) {
        if_chain! {
            if let ExprKind::MethodCall(path, _, [self_arg, ..], _) = &expr.kind;
            if path.ident.name == sym!(to_string);
            let ty = cx.typeck_results().expr_ty(self_arg);
            if let ty::Ref(_, ty, ..) = ty.kind();
            if *ty.kind() == ty::Str;
            then {
                span_lint_and_help(
                    cx,
                    STR_TO_STRING,
                    expr.span,
                    "`to_string()` called on a `&str`",
                    None,
                    "consider using `.to_owned()`",
                );
            }
        }
    }
}

declare_clippy_lint! {
    /// ### What it does
    /// This lint checks for `.to_string()` method calls on values of type `String`.
    ///
    /// ### Why is this bad?
    /// The `to_string` method is also used on other types to convert them to a string.
    /// When called on a `String` it only clones the `String`, which can be better expressed with `.clone()`.
    ///
    /// ### Example
    /// ```rust
    /// // example code where clippy issues a warning
    /// let msg = String::from("Hello World");
    /// let _ = msg.to_string();
    /// ```
    /// Use instead:
    /// ```rust
    /// // example code which does not raise clippy warning
    /// let msg = String::from("Hello World");
    /// let _ = msg.clone();
    /// ```
    pub STRING_TO_STRING,
    restriction,
    "using `to_string()` on a `String`, which should be `clone()`"
}

declare_lint_pass!(StringToString => [STRING_TO_STRING]);

impl LateLintPass<'_> for StringToString {
    fn check_expr(&mut self, cx: &LateContext<'tcx>, expr: &Expr<'_>) {
        if_chain! {
            if let ExprKind::MethodCall(path, _, [self_arg, ..], _) = &expr.kind;
            if path.ident.name == sym!(to_string);
            let ty = cx.typeck_results().expr_ty(self_arg);
            if is_type_diagnostic_item(cx, ty, sym::String);
            then {
                span_lint_and_help(
                    cx,
                    STRING_TO_STRING,
                    expr.span,
                    "`to_string()` called on a `String`",
                    None,
                    "consider using `.clone()`",
                );
            }
        }
    }
}