This allows us to handle more cases without a query cycle, which
includes certain cases that rustc accepted. That in turn means we avoid
triggering salsa-rs/salsa#257 on valid code (it will still happen if the
user writes an actual cycle).
We actually accept more definitions than rustc now; that's because rustc
only ignores bindings when looking up super traits, whereas we now also
ignore them when looking for predicates to disambiguate associated type
shorthand. We could introduce a separate query for super traits if
necessary, but for now I think this should be fine.