mirror of
https://github.com/tiffany352/rink-rs
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This commit does not recognize any radioactive elements in formulas that rarely if ever appear as a part of compound, i.e. every one except Bi, Th, U, Pu. This is done to be able to recognize some common abbreviations in organic chemistry: Me, Et, Ac, Ph, some of which clash with transuranics.
7083 lines
266 KiB
Text
7083 lines
266 KiB
Text
#
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||
# This file is the units database for use with GNU units, a units conversion
|
||
# program by Adrian Mariano adrianm@gnu.org
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#
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# August 2015 Version 2.13
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#
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# Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006
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# 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015
|
||
# Free Software Foundation, Inc
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||
#
|
||
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
|
||
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
|
||
# the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or
|
||
# (at your option) any later version.
|
||
#
|
||
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
|
||
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
|
||
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
|
||
# GNU General Public License for more details.
|
||
#
|
||
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
|
||
# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
|
||
# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor,
|
||
# Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
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||
#
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||
############################################################################
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||
#
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||
# Improvements and corrections are welcome.
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||
#
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||
# Fundamental constants in this file are the 2014 CODATA recommended values.
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||
#
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||
# Most units data was drawn from
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||
# 1. NIST Special Publication 811, Guide for the
|
||
# Use of the International System of Units (SI).
|
||
# Barry N. Taylor. 1995
|
||
# 2. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 70th edition
|
||
# 3. Oxford English Dictionary
|
||
# 4. Websters New Universal Unabridged Dictionary
|
||
# 5. Units of Measure by Stephen Dresner
|
||
# 6. A Dictionary of English Weights and Measures by Ronald Zupko
|
||
# 7. British Weights and Measures by Ronald Zupko
|
||
# 8. Realm of Measure by Isaac Asimov
|
||
# 9. United States standards of weights and measures, their
|
||
# creation and creators by Arthur H. Frazier.
|
||
# 10. French weights and measures before the Revolution: a
|
||
# dictionary of provincial and local units by Ronald Zupko
|
||
# 11. Weights and Measures: their ancient origins and their
|
||
# development in Great Britain up to AD 1855 by FG Skinner
|
||
# 12. The World of Measurements by H. Arthur Klein
|
||
# 13. For Good Measure by William Johnstone
|
||
# 14. NTC's Encyclopedia of International Weights and Measures
|
||
# by William Johnstone
|
||
# 15. Sizes by John Lord
|
||
# 16. Sizesaurus by Stephen Strauss
|
||
# 17. CODATA Recommended Values of Physical Constants available at
|
||
# http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html
|
||
# 18. How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement. Available at
|
||
# http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/index.html
|
||
# 19. Numericana. http://www.numericana.com
|
||
# 20. UK history of measurement
|
||
# http://www.ukmetrication.com/history.htm
|
||
# 21. NIST Handbook 44, Specifications, Tolerances, and
|
||
# Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring
|
||
# Devices. 2011
|
||
# 22. NIST Special Publication 447, Weights and Measures Standards
|
||
# of the the United States: a brief history. Lewis V. Judson.
|
||
# 1963; rev. 1976
|
||
#
|
||
# Thanks to Jeff Conrad for assistance in ferreting out unit definitions.
|
||
#
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||
###########################################################################
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||
#
|
||
# If units you use are missing or defined incorrectly, please contact me.
|
||
# If your country's local units are missing and you are willing to supply
|
||
# them, please send me a list.
|
||
#
|
||
# I added shoe size information but I'm not convinced that it's correct.
|
||
# If you know anything about shoe sizes please contact me.
|
||
#
|
||
###########################################################################
|
||
|
||
###########################################################################
|
||
#
|
||
# Brief Philosophy of this file
|
||
#
|
||
# Most unit definitions are made in terms of integers or simple fractions of
|
||
# other definitions. The typical exceptions are when converting between two
|
||
# different unit systems, or the values of measured physical constants. In
|
||
# this file definitions are given in the most natural and revealing way in
|
||
# terms of integer factors.
|
||
#
|
||
# If you make changes be sure to run 'units --check' to check your work.
|
||
#
|
||
# The file is USA-centric, but there is some modest effort to support other
|
||
# countries. This file is now coded in UTF-8. To support environments where
|
||
# UTF-8 is not available, definitions that require this character set are
|
||
# wrapped in !utf8 directives.
|
||
#
|
||
# When a unit name is used in different countries with the different meanings
|
||
# the system should be as follows:
|
||
#
|
||
# Suppose countries ABC and XYZ both use the "foo". Then globally define
|
||
#
|
||
# ABCfoo <some value>
|
||
# XYZfoo <different value>
|
||
#
|
||
# Then, using the !locale directive, define the "foo" appropriately for each of
|
||
# the two countries with a definition like
|
||
#
|
||
# !locale ABC
|
||
# foo ABCfoo
|
||
# !endlocale
|
||
#
|
||
###########################################################################
|
||
|
||
!locale en_US
|
||
! set UNITS_ENGLISH US
|
||
!endlocale
|
||
|
||
!locale en_GB
|
||
! set UNITS_ENGLISH GB
|
||
!endlocale
|
||
|
||
!set UNITS_ENGLISH US # Default setting for English units
|
||
|
||
###########################################################################
|
||
# #
|
||
# Primitive units. Any unit defined to contain a '!' character is a #
|
||
# primitive unit which will not be reduced any further. All units should #
|
||
# reduce to primitive units. #
|
||
# #
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||
###########################################################################
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# SI units
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
!category base_units "SI Base Units"
|
||
|
||
?? Equal to the mass of the international prototype of the
|
||
?? kilogram. 3rd CGPM (1901, CR, 70).
|
||
kg !kilogram
|
||
|
||
?? Duration of 9192631770 periods of the radiation corresponding to
|
||
?? the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state
|
||
?? of the cesium-133 atom at rest at a temperature of 0 K. 13th CGPM
|
||
?? (1968/68, Resolution 1; CR; 103).
|
||
s !second
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||
|
||
?? Length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time
|
||
?? interval of 1 / 299 792 458 of a second. 17th CGPM (1983, CR, 70).
|
||
m !meter
|
||
|
||
?? The constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel
|
||
?? conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular
|
||
?? cross-section, and placed 1 meter apart in vacuum, would produce
|
||
?? between those conductors a force equal to 2e-7 newton per meter of
|
||
?? length. 9th CGPM (1948).
|
||
A !ampere
|
||
amp A
|
||
|
||
?? The luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that
|
||
?? emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540e12 hertz and that
|
||
?? has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per
|
||
?? steradian. 16th CGPM (1979, Resolution 3; CR, 100).
|
||
cd !candela
|
||
|
||
?? The amount of substance a system which contains as many elementary
|
||
?? entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon 12 at rest
|
||
?? and in their ground state. When the mole is used, the elementary
|
||
?? entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions,
|
||
?? electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such
|
||
?? particles. 14th CGPM (1971, Resolution 3; CR, 78).
|
||
mol !mole
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||
|
||
?? The fraction 1 / 273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the
|
||
?? triple point of water. 13th CGPM (1967/68, Resolution 4; CR, 104).
|
||
K !kelvin
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# The radian and steradian are defined as dimensionless primitive units.
|
||
# The radian is equal to m/m and the steradian to m^2/m^2 so these units are
|
||
# dimensionless. Retaining them as named units is useful because it allows
|
||
# clarity in expressions and makes the meaning of unit definitions more clear.
|
||
# These units will reduce to 1 in conversions but not for sums of units or for
|
||
# arguments to functions.
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
?? The angle subtended at the center of a circle by an arc equal in
|
||
?? length to the radius of the circle
|
||
radian !
|
||
|
||
?? Solid angle which cuts off an area of the surface of the sphere
|
||
?? equal to that of a square with sides of length equal to the radius
|
||
?? of the sphere
|
||
sr !steradian
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Some primitive non-SI units
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
?? Basic unit of information (entropy). The entropy in bits of a
|
||
?? random variable over a finite alphabet is defined to be the sum of
|
||
?? -p(i)*log2(p(i)) over the alphabet where p(i) is the probability
|
||
?? that the random variable takes on the value i.
|
||
bit !
|
||
|
||
###########################################################################
|
||
# #
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||
# Prefixes (longer names must come first) #
|
||
# #
|
||
###########################################################################
|
||
|
||
#!category prefixes "Prefixes"
|
||
|
||
yotta- 1e24 # Greek or Latin octo, "eight"
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||
zetta- 1e21 # Latin septem, "seven"
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||
exa- 1e18 # Greek hex, "six"
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||
peta- 1e15 # Greek pente, "five"
|
||
tera- 1e12 # Greek teras, "monster"
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||
giga- 1e9 # Greek gigas, "giant"
|
||
mega- 1e6 # Greek megas, "large"
|
||
myria- 1e4 # Not an official SI prefix
|
||
kilo- 1e3 # Greek chilioi, "thousand"
|
||
hecto- 1e2 # Greek hekaton, "hundred"
|
||
deca- 1e1 # Greek deka, "ten"
|
||
deka- deca
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||
deci- 1e-1 # Latin decimus, "tenth"
|
||
centi- 1e-2 # Latin centum, "hundred"
|
||
milli- 1e-3 # Latin mille, "thousand"
|
||
micro- 1e-6 # Latin micro or Greek mikros, "small"
|
||
nano- 1e-9 # Latin nanus or Greek nanos, "dwarf"
|
||
pico- 1e-12 # Spanish pico, "a bit"
|
||
femto- 1e-15 # Danish-Norwegian femten, "fifteen"
|
||
atto- 1e-18 # Danish-Norwegian atten, "eighteen"
|
||
zepto- 1e-21 # Latin septem, "seven"
|
||
yocto- 1e-24 # Greek or Latin octo, "eight"
|
||
|
||
quarter-- 1|4
|
||
semi-- 0.5
|
||
demi-- 0.5
|
||
hemi-- 0.5
|
||
half- 0.5
|
||
double- 2
|
||
triple- 3
|
||
treble- 3
|
||
|
||
kibi- 2^10 # In response to the convention of illegally
|
||
mebi- 2^20 # and confusingly using metric prefixes for
|
||
gibi- 2^30 # powers of two, the International
|
||
tebi- 2^40 # Electrotechnical Commission aproved these
|
||
pebi- 2^50 # binary prefixes for use in 1998. If you
|
||
exbi- 2^60 # want to refer to "megabytes" using the
|
||
Ki-- kibi # binary definition, use these prefixes.
|
||
Mi-- mebi
|
||
Gi-- gibi
|
||
Ti-- tebi
|
||
Pi-- pebi
|
||
Ei-- exbi
|
||
|
||
Y-- yotta
|
||
Z-- zetta
|
||
E-- exa
|
||
P-- peta
|
||
T-- tera
|
||
G-- giga
|
||
M-- mega
|
||
k-- kilo
|
||
h-- hecto
|
||
da-- deka
|
||
d-- deci
|
||
c-- centi
|
||
m-- milli
|
||
u-- micro # it should be a mu but u is easy to type
|
||
n-- nano
|
||
p-- pico
|
||
f-- femto
|
||
a-- atto
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||
z-- zepto
|
||
y-- yocto
|
||
|
||
#!endcategory
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Names of some numbers
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
!category numbers "Numbers"
|
||
|
||
one 1
|
||
two 2
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||
double 2
|
||
couple 2
|
||
three 3
|
||
triple 3
|
||
four 4
|
||
quadruple 4
|
||
five 5
|
||
quintuple 5
|
||
six 6
|
||
seven 7
|
||
eight 8
|
||
nine 9
|
||
ten 10
|
||
eleven 11
|
||
twelve 12
|
||
thirteen 13
|
||
fourteen 14
|
||
fifteen 15
|
||
sixteen 16
|
||
seventeen 17
|
||
eighteen 18
|
||
nineteen 19
|
||
twenty 20
|
||
thirty 30
|
||
forty 40
|
||
fifty 50
|
||
sixty 60
|
||
seventy 70
|
||
eighty 80
|
||
ninety 90
|
||
hundred 100
|
||
thousand 1000
|
||
million 1e6
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
# These number terms were described by N. Chuquet and De la Roche in the 16th
|
||
# century as being successive powers of a million. These definitions are still
|
||
# used in most European countries. The current US definitions for these
|
||
# numbers arose in the 17th century and don't make nearly as much sense. These
|
||
# numbers are listed in the CRC Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics by Eric
|
||
# W. Weisstein.
|
||
|
||
!category short_system "Short System"
|
||
|
||
shortbillion 1e9
|
||
shorttrillion 1e12
|
||
shortquadrillion 1e15
|
||
shortquintillion 1e18
|
||
shortsextillion 1e21
|
||
shortseptillion 1e24
|
||
shortoctillion 1e27
|
||
shortnonillion 1e30
|
||
shortnoventillion shortnonillion
|
||
shortdecillion 1e33
|
||
shortundecillion 1e36
|
||
shortduodecillion 1e39
|
||
shorttredecillion 1e42
|
||
shortquattuordecillion 1e45
|
||
shortquindecillion 1e48
|
||
shortsexdecillion 1e51
|
||
shortseptendecillion 1e54
|
||
shortoctodecillion 1e57
|
||
shortnovemdecillion 1e60
|
||
shortvigintillion 1e63
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
centillion 1e303
|
||
googol 1e100
|
||
|
||
!category long_system "Long System"
|
||
|
||
longbillion million^2
|
||
longtrillion million^3
|
||
longquadrillion million^4
|
||
longquintillion million^5
|
||
longsextillion million^6
|
||
longseptillion million^7
|
||
longoctillion million^8
|
||
longnonillion million^9
|
||
longnoventillion longnonillion
|
||
longdecillion million^10
|
||
longundecillion million^11
|
||
longduodecillion million^12
|
||
longtredecillion million^13
|
||
longquattuordecillion million^14
|
||
longquindecillion million^15
|
||
longsexdecillion million^16
|
||
longseptdecillion million^17
|
||
longoctodecillion million^18
|
||
longnovemdecillion million^19
|
||
longvigintillion million^20
|
||
|
||
# These numbers fill the gaps left by the long system above.
|
||
|
||
milliard 1000 million
|
||
billiard 1000 million^2
|
||
trilliard 1000 million^3
|
||
quadrilliard 1000 million^4
|
||
quintilliard 1000 million^5
|
||
sextilliard 1000 million^6
|
||
septilliard 1000 million^7
|
||
octilliard 1000 million^8
|
||
nonilliard 1000 million^9
|
||
noventilliard nonilliard
|
||
decilliard 1000 million^10
|
||
|
||
# For consistency
|
||
|
||
longmilliard milliard
|
||
longbilliard billiard
|
||
longtrilliard trilliard
|
||
longquadrilliard quadrilliard
|
||
longquintilliard quintilliard
|
||
longsextilliard sextilliard
|
||
longseptilliard septilliard
|
||
longoctilliard octilliard
|
||
longnonilliard nonilliard
|
||
longnoventilliard noventilliard
|
||
longdecilliard decilliard
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
# The long centillion would be 1e600. The googolplex is another
|
||
# familiar large number equal to 10^googol. These numbers give overflows.
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# The short system prevails in English speaking countries
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
billion shortbillion
|
||
trillion shorttrillion
|
||
quadrillion shortquadrillion
|
||
quintillion shortquintillion
|
||
sextillion shortsextillion
|
||
septillion shortseptillion
|
||
octillion shortoctillion
|
||
nonillion shortnonillion
|
||
noventillion shortnoventillion
|
||
decillion shortdecillion
|
||
undecillion shortundecillion
|
||
duodecillion shortduodecillion
|
||
tredecillion shorttredecillion
|
||
quattuordecillion shortquattuordecillion
|
||
quindecillion shortquindecillion
|
||
sexdecillion shortsexdecillion
|
||
septendecillion shortseptendecillion
|
||
octodecillion shortoctodecillion
|
||
novemdecillion shortnovemdecillion
|
||
vigintillion shortvigintillion
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Numbers used in India
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
lakh 1e5
|
||
crore 1e7
|
||
arab 1e9
|
||
kharab 1e11
|
||
neel 1e13
|
||
padm 1e15
|
||
shankh 1e17
|
||
|
||
#############################################################################
|
||
# #
|
||
# Derived units which can be reduced to the primitive units #
|
||
# #
|
||
#############################################################################
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Named SI derived units (officially accepted)
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
!category si_derived "SI Derived Units"
|
||
|
||
newton kg m / s^2 # force
|
||
N newton
|
||
pascal N/m^2 # pressure or stress
|
||
Pa pascal
|
||
joule N m # energy
|
||
J joule
|
||
watt J/s # power
|
||
W watt
|
||
coulomb A s # charge
|
||
C coulomb
|
||
volt W/A # potential difference
|
||
V volt
|
||
ohm V/A # electrical resistance
|
||
siemens A/V # electrical conductance
|
||
S siemens
|
||
farad C/V # capacitance
|
||
F farad
|
||
weber V s # magnetic flux
|
||
Wb weber
|
||
henry Wb/A # inductance
|
||
H henry
|
||
tesla Wb/m^2 # magnetic flux density
|
||
T tesla
|
||
hertz /s # frequency
|
||
Hz hertz
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Dimensions. These are here to help with dimensional analysis and
|
||
# because they will appear in the list produced by hitting '?' at the
|
||
# "You want:" prompt to tell the user the dimension of the unit.
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
dimensionless ? 1
|
||
length ? meter
|
||
area ? length^2
|
||
volume ? length^3
|
||
mass ? kilogram
|
||
current ? ampere
|
||
amount ? mole
|
||
angle ? radian
|
||
solid_angle ? steradian
|
||
force ? newton
|
||
pressure ? pascal
|
||
stress pascal
|
||
charge ? coulomb
|
||
capacitance ? farad
|
||
resistance ? ohm
|
||
conductance ? siemens
|
||
inductance ? henry
|
||
frequency ? hertz
|
||
velocity ? length / time
|
||
acceleration ? velocity / time
|
||
jerk ? acceleration / time
|
||
snap ? jerk / time
|
||
crackle ? snap / time
|
||
pop ? crackle / time
|
||
density ? mass / volume
|
||
linear_density ? mass / length
|
||
viscosity ? pressure time
|
||
kinematic_viscosity ? viscosity / density
|
||
magnetic_flux ? weber
|
||
magnetic_flux_density ? tesla
|
||
magnetization ? current / length
|
||
electrical_potential ? volt
|
||
electric_field ? newton / coulomb
|
||
entropy ? energy / temperature
|
||
thermal_inductance ? energy temperature^2 / power^2
|
||
permittivity ? farad / meter
|
||
permeability ? henry / meter
|
||
angular_momentum ? mass area / time
|
||
area_density ? mass / area
|
||
catalytic_activity ? amount / time
|
||
chemical_potential ? energy / amount
|
||
molar_concentration ? amount / volume
|
||
current_density ? current / area
|
||
electric_charge_density ? charge / volume
|
||
electric_displacement ? charge / area
|
||
impulse ? mass length / time
|
||
heat_flux_density ? power / area
|
||
molar_entropy ? entropy / amount
|
||
moment_of_inertia ? mass area
|
||
reaction_rate ? amount / volume time
|
||
specific_heat_capacity ? energy / mass temperature
|
||
specific_volume ? volume / mass
|
||
surface_tension ? energy / area
|
||
fuel_efficiency ? area^-1
|
||
specific_energy ? energy / mass
|
||
molar_mass ? mass / amount
|
||
flow_rate ? volume / time
|
||
pressure_column ? pressure / length
|
||
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# units derived easily from SI units
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
gram 1|1000 kg
|
||
gm gram
|
||
g gram
|
||
tonne 1000 kg
|
||
t tonne
|
||
metricton tonne
|
||
sthene tonne m / s^2
|
||
funal sthene
|
||
pieze sthene / m^2
|
||
quintal 100 kg
|
||
bar 1e5 Pa # About 1 atm
|
||
#b bar
|
||
vac millibar
|
||
micron micrometer # One millionth of a meter
|
||
bicron picometer # One brbillionth of a meter
|
||
cc cm^3
|
||
are 100 m^2
|
||
a are
|
||
liter 1000 cc # The liter was defined in 1901 as the
|
||
oldliter 1.000028 dm^3 # space occupied by 1 kg of pure water at
|
||
L liter # the temperature of its maximum density
|
||
l liter # under a pressure of 1 atm. This was
|
||
# supposed to be 1000 cubic cm, but it
|
||
# was discovered that the original
|
||
# measurement was off. In 1964, the
|
||
# liter was redefined to be exactly 1000
|
||
# cubic centimeters.
|
||
mho siemens # Inverse of ohm, hence ohm spelled backward
|
||
galvat ampere # Named after Luigi Galvani
|
||
angstrom 1e-10 m # Convenient for describing molecular sizes
|
||
xunit xunit_cu # Used for measuring x-ray wavelengths.
|
||
siegbahn xunit # Originally defined to be 1|3029.45 of
|
||
xunit_cu 1.00207697e-13 m # the spacing of calcite planes at 18
|
||
xunit_mo 1.00209952e-13 m # degC. It was intended to be exactly
|
||
# 1e-13 m, but was later found to be
|
||
# slightly off. Current usage is with
|
||
# reference to common x-ray lines, either
|
||
# the K-alpha 1 line of copper or the
|
||
# same line of molybdenum.
|
||
angstromstar 1.00001495 angstrom # Defined by JA Bearden in 1965
|
||
fermi 1e-15 m # Convenient for describing nuclear sizes
|
||
# Nuclear radius is from 1 to 10 fermis
|
||
barn 1e-28 m^2 # Used to measure cross section for
|
||
# particle physics collision, said to
|
||
# have originated in the phrase "big as
|
||
# a barn".
|
||
shed 1e-24 barn # Defined to be a smaller companion to the
|
||
# barn, but it's too small to be of
|
||
# much use.
|
||
brewster micron^2/N # measures stress-optical coef
|
||
diopter /m # measures reciprocal of lens focal length
|
||
fresnel 1e12 Hz # occasionally used in spectroscopy
|
||
shake 1e-8 sec
|
||
svedberg 1e-13 s # Used for measuring the sedimentation
|
||
# coefficient for centrifuging.
|
||
gamma microgram # Also used for 1e-9 tesla
|
||
lambda microliter
|
||
spat 1e12 m # Rarely used for astronomical measurements
|
||
preece 1e13 ohm m # resistivity
|
||
planck J s # action of one joule over one second
|
||
sturgeon /henry # magnetic reluctance
|
||
daraf 1/farad # elastance (farad spelled backwards)
|
||
leo 10 m/s^2
|
||
poiseuille N s / m^2 # viscosity
|
||
mayer J/g K # specific heat
|
||
mired / microK # reciprocal color temperature. The name
|
||
# abbreviates micro reciprocal degree.
|
||
crocodile megavolt # used informally in UK physics labs
|
||
metricounce 25 g
|
||
mounce metricounce
|
||
finsenunit 1e5 W/m^2 # Measures intensity of ultraviolet light
|
||
# with wavelength 296.7 nm.
|
||
fluxunit 1e-26 W/m^2 Hz # Used in radio astronomy to measure
|
||
# the energy incident on the receiving
|
||
# body across a specified frequency
|
||
# bandwidth. [12]
|
||
jansky fluxunit # K. G. Jansky identified radio waves coming
|
||
Jy jansky # from outer space in 1931.
|
||
flick W / cm^2 sr micrometer # Spectral radiance or irradiance
|
||
pfu / cm^2 sr s # particle flux unit -- Used to measure
|
||
# rate at which particles are received by
|
||
# a spacecraft as particles per solid
|
||
# angle per detector area per second. [18]
|
||
pyron cal_IT / cm^2 min # Measures heat flow from solar radiation,
|
||
# from Greek work "pyr" for fire.
|
||
katal mol/sec # Measure of the amount of a catalyst. One
|
||
kat katal # katal of catalyst enables the reaction
|
||
# to consume or produce on mol/sec.
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# time
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
sec s
|
||
minute 60 s
|
||
min minute
|
||
hour 60 min
|
||
hr hour
|
||
h hour
|
||
day 24 hr
|
||
d day
|
||
da day
|
||
week 7 day
|
||
wk week
|
||
sennight 7 day
|
||
fortnight 14 day
|
||
blink 1e-5 day # Actual human blink takes 1|3 second
|
||
ce 1e-2 day
|
||
cron 1e6 years
|
||
watch 4 hours # time a sentry stands watch or a ship's
|
||
# crew is on duty.
|
||
bell 1|8 watch # Bell would be sounded every 30 minutes.
|
||
|
||
# French Revolutionary Time or Decimal Time. It was Proposed during
|
||
# the French Revolution. A few clocks were made, but it never caught
|
||
# on. In 1998 Swatch defined a time measurement called ".beat" and
|
||
# sold some watches that displayed time in this unit.
|
||
|
||
decimalhour 1|10 day
|
||
decimalminute 1|100 decimalhour
|
||
decimalsecond 1|100 decimalminute
|
||
beat decimalminute # Swatch Internet Time
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# angular measure
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
circle 2 pi radian
|
||
degree 1|360 circle
|
||
deg degree
|
||
arcdeg degree
|
||
arcmin 1|60 degree
|
||
arcminute arcmin
|
||
' arcmin
|
||
arcsec 1|60 arcmin
|
||
arcsecond arcsec
|
||
#" arcsec
|
||
#'' "
|
||
rightangle 90 degrees
|
||
quadrant 1|4 circle
|
||
quintant 1|5 circle
|
||
sextant 1|6 circle
|
||
|
||
sign 1|12 circle # Angular extent of one sign of the zodiac
|
||
turn circle
|
||
revolution turn
|
||
rev turn
|
||
pulsatance radian / sec
|
||
gon 1|100 rightangle # measure of grade
|
||
grade gon
|
||
centesimalminute 1|100 grade
|
||
centesimalsecond 1|100 centesimalminute
|
||
milangle 1|6400 circle # Official NIST definition.
|
||
# Another choice is 1e-3 radian.
|
||
pointangle 1|32 circle # Used for reporting compass readings
|
||
centrad 0.01 radian # Used for angular deviation of light
|
||
# through a prism.
|
||
mas milli arcsec # Used by astronomers
|
||
seclongitude circle (seconds/day) # Astronomers measure longitude
|
||
# (which they call right ascension) in
|
||
# time units by dividing the equator into
|
||
# 24 hours instead of 360 degrees.
|
||
#
|
||
# Some geometric formulas
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
#circlearea(r) units=[m;m^2] range=[0,) pi r^2 ; sqrt(circlearea/pi)
|
||
#spherevolume(r) units=[m;m^3] range=[0,) 4|3 pi r^3 ; \
|
||
# cuberoot(spherevolume/4|3 pi)
|
||
#spherevol() spherevolume
|
||
#square(x) range=[0,) x^2 ; sqrt(square)
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Solid angle measure
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
sphere 4 pi sr
|
||
squaredegree 1|180^2 pi^2 sr
|
||
squareminute 1|60^2 squaredegree
|
||
squaresecond 1|60^2 squareminute
|
||
squarearcmin squareminute
|
||
squarearcsec squaresecond
|
||
sphericalrightangle 0.5 pi sr
|
||
octant 0.5 pi sr
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Concentration measures
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
!category concentrations "Concentrations"
|
||
|
||
percent 0.01
|
||
% percent
|
||
mill 0.001 # Originally established by Congress in 1791
|
||
# as a unit of money equal to 0.001 dollars,
|
||
# it has come to refer to 0.001 in general.
|
||
# Used by some towns to set their property
|
||
# tax rate, and written with a symbol similar
|
||
# to the % symbol but with two 0's in the
|
||
# denominator. [18]
|
||
proof 1|200 # Alcohol content measured by volume at
|
||
# 60 degrees Fahrenheit. This is a USA
|
||
# measure. In Europe proof=percent.
|
||
ppm 1e-6
|
||
partspermillion ppm
|
||
ppb 1e-9
|
||
partsperbillion ppb # USA billion
|
||
ppt 1e-12
|
||
partspertrillion ppt # USA trillion
|
||
karat 1|24 # measure of gold purity
|
||
caratgold karat
|
||
gammil mg/l
|
||
basispoint 0.01 % # Used in finance
|
||
fine 1|1000 # Measure of gold purity
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
# The pH scale is used to measure the concentration of hydronium (H3O+) ions in
|
||
# a solution. A neutral solution has a pH of 7 as a result of dissociated
|
||
# water molecules.
|
||
|
||
#pH(x) units=[1;mol/liter] range=(0,) 10^(-x) mol/liter ; (-log(pH liters/mol))
|
||
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Temperature
|
||
#
|
||
# Two types of units are defined: units for converting temperature differences
|
||
# and functions for converting absolute temperatures. Conversions for
|
||
# differences start with "deg" and conversions for absolute temperature start
|
||
# with "temp".
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
temperature ? kelvin
|
||
temperature_difference kelvin
|
||
|
||
# In 1741 Anders Celsius introduced a temperature scale with water boiling at
|
||
# 0 degrees and freezing at 100 degrees at standard pressure. After his death
|
||
# the fixed points were reversed and the scale was called the centigrade
|
||
# scale. Due to the difficulty of accurately measuring the temperature of
|
||
# melting ice at standard pressure, the centigrade scale was replaced in 1954
|
||
# by the Celsius scale which is defined by subtracting 273.15 from the
|
||
# temperature in Kelvins. This definition differed slightly from the old
|
||
# centigrade definition, but the Kelvin scale depends on the triple point of
|
||
# water rather than a melting point, so it can be measured accurately.
|
||
|
||
#tempC(x) units=[1;K] domain=[-273.15,) range=[0,) \
|
||
# x K + stdtemp ; (tempC +(-stdtemp))/K
|
||
#tempcelsius() tempC
|
||
#degcelsius K
|
||
#degC K
|
||
|
||
# Fahrenheit defined his temperature scale by setting 0 to the coldest
|
||
# temperature he could produce in his lab with a salt water solution and by
|
||
# setting 96 degrees to body heat. In Fahrenheit's words:
|
||
#
|
||
# Placing the thermometer in a mixture of sal ammoniac or sea
|
||
# salt, ice, and water a point on the scale will be found which
|
||
# is denoted as zero. A second point is obtained if the same
|
||
# mixture is used without salt. Denote this position as 30. A
|
||
# third point, designated as 96, is obtained if the thermometer
|
||
# is placed in the mouth so as to acquire the heat of a healthy
|
||
# man." (D. G. Fahrenheit, Phil. Trans. (London) 33, 78, 1724)
|
||
|
||
#tempF(x) units=[1;K] domain=[-459.67,) range=[0,) \
|
||
# (x+(-32)) degF + stdtemp ; (tempF+(-stdtemp))/degF + 32
|
||
#tempfahrenheit() tempF
|
||
#degfahrenheit 5|9 degC
|
||
#degF 5|9 degC
|
||
|
||
|
||
degreesrankine 5|9 K # The Rankine scale has the
|
||
degrankine degreesrankine # Fahrenheit degree, but its zero
|
||
degreerankine degreesrankine # is at absolute zero.
|
||
degR degrankine
|
||
tempR degrankine
|
||
temprankine degrankine
|
||
|
||
reaumur_absolute 10|8 kelvin
|
||
romer_absolute 40|21 kelvin
|
||
delisle_absolute -2|3 kelvin
|
||
newton_absolute 100|33 kelvin
|
||
|
||
zerocelsius 273.15 K
|
||
zerofahrenheit zerocelsius - 32 degR
|
||
zerodelisle 373.15 kelvin
|
||
zeroromer zerocelsius - 7.5 romer_absolute
|
||
|
||
#tempreaumur(x) units=[1;K] domain=[-218.52,) range=[0,) \
|
||
# x degreaumur+stdtemp ; (tempreaumur+(-stdtemp))/degreaumur
|
||
#degreaumur 10|8 degC # The Reaumur scale was used in Europe and
|
||
# particularly in France. It is defined
|
||
# to be 0 at the freezing point of water
|
||
# and 80 at the boiling point. Reaumur
|
||
# apparently selected 80 because it is
|
||
# divisible by many numbers.
|
||
|
||
degK K # "Degrees Kelvin" is forbidden usage.
|
||
tempK K # For consistency
|
||
|
||
# Gas mark is implemented below but in a terribly ugly way. There is
|
||
# a simple formula, but it requires a conditional which is not
|
||
# presently supported.
|
||
#
|
||
# The formula to convert to degrees Fahrenheit is:
|
||
#
|
||
# 25 log2(gasmark) + k_f gasmark<=1
|
||
# 25 (gasmark-1) + k_f gasmark>=1
|
||
#
|
||
# k_f = 275
|
||
#
|
||
#gasmark[degR] \
|
||
# .0625 634.67 \
|
||
# .125 659.67 \
|
||
# .25 684.67 \
|
||
# .5 709.67 \
|
||
# 1 734.67 \
|
||
# 2 759.67 \
|
||
# 3 784.67 \
|
||
# 4 809.67 \
|
||
# 5 834.67 \
|
||
# 6 859.67 \
|
||
# 7 884.67 \
|
||
# 8 909.67 \
|
||
# 9 934.67 \
|
||
# 10 959.67
|
||
|
||
# Units cannot handle wind chill or heat index because they are two variable
|
||
# functions, but they are included here for your edification. Clearly these
|
||
# equations are the result of a model fitting operation.
|
||
#
|
||
# wind chill index (WCI) a measurement of the combined cooling effect of low
|
||
# air temperature and wind on the human body. The index was first defined
|
||
# by the American Antarctic explorer Paul Siple in 1939. As currently used
|
||
# by U.S. meteorologists, the wind chill index is computed from the
|
||
# temperature T (in °F) and wind speed V (in mi/hr) using the formula:
|
||
# WCI = 0.0817(3.71 sqrt(V) + 5.81 - 0.25V)(T - 91.4) + 91.4.
|
||
# For very low wind speeds, below 4 mi/hr, the WCI is actually higher than
|
||
# the air temperature, but for higher wind speeds it is lower than the air
|
||
# temperature.
|
||
#
|
||
# heat index (HI or HX) a measure of the combined effect of heat and
|
||
# humidity on the human body. U.S. meteorologists compute the index
|
||
# from the temperature T (in °F) and the relative humidity H (as a
|
||
# value from 0 to 1).
|
||
# HI = -42.379 + 2.04901523 T + 1014.333127 H - 22.475541 TH
|
||
# - .00683783 T^2 - 548.1717 H^2 + 0.122874 T^2 H + 8.5282 T H^2
|
||
# - 0.0199 T^2 H^2.
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Physical constants
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
# Basic constants
|
||
|
||
!category constants "Physical Constants"
|
||
|
||
π 3.14159265358979323846
|
||
pi π
|
||
τ 2 pi
|
||
tau τ
|
||
c speed of light # speed of light in vacuum (exact)
|
||
#light c
|
||
mu0 4 pi 1e-7 H/m # permeability of vacuum (exact)
|
||
epsilon0 1/mu0 c^2 # permittivity of vacuum (exact)
|
||
mass_energy c^2 # convert mass to energy
|
||
planck_constant 6.626070040e-34 J s
|
||
hbar planck_constant / 2 pi
|
||
spin hbar
|
||
G 6.67408e-11 N m^2 / kg^2 # Newtonian gravitational constant
|
||
# This is the NIST 2006 value.
|
||
# The relative uncertainty on this
|
||
# is 1e-4.
|
||
coulombconst 1/4 pi epsilon0 # listed as "k" sometimes
|
||
|
||
# Physico-chemical constants
|
||
|
||
atomicmassunit 1.660539040e-27 kg # atomic mass unit (defined to be
|
||
u atomicmassunit # 1|12 of the mass of carbon 12)
|
||
amu atomicmassunit
|
||
amu_chem 1.66026e-27 kg # 1|16 of the weighted average mass of
|
||
# the 3 naturally occuring neutral
|
||
# isotopes of oxygen
|
||
amu_phys 1.65981e-27 kg # 1|16 of the mass of a neutral
|
||
# oxygen 16 atom
|
||
dalton u # Maybe this should be amu_chem?
|
||
avogadro grams/amu mol # size of a mole
|
||
N_A avogadro
|
||
gasconstant boltzmann N_A # molar gas constant
|
||
R gasconstant
|
||
boltzmann 1.38064852e-23 J/K # Boltzmann constant
|
||
#k boltzmann
|
||
kboltzmann boltzmann
|
||
molarvolume mol R stdtemp / atm # Volume occupied by one mole of an
|
||
# ideal gas at STP.
|
||
loschmidt avogadro mol / molarvolume # Molecules per cubic meter of an
|
||
# ideal gas at STP. Loschmidt did
|
||
# work similar to Avogadro.
|
||
stefanboltzmann pi^2 boltzmann^4 / 60 hbar^3 c^2 # The power per area radiated by a
|
||
sigma stefanboltzmann # blackbody at temperature T is
|
||
# given by sigma T^4.
|
||
wiendisplacement 2.8977729e-3 m K # Wien's Displacement Law gives the
|
||
# frequency at which the the Planck
|
||
# spectrum has maximum intensity.
|
||
# The relation is lambda T = b where
|
||
# lambda is wavelength, T is
|
||
# temperature and b is the Wien
|
||
# displacement. This relation is
|
||
# used to determine the temperature
|
||
# of stars.
|
||
K_J90 483597.9 GHz/V # Direct measurement of the volt is difficult. Until
|
||
K_J 483597.8525 GHz/V # recently, laboratories kept Weston cadmium cells as
|
||
# a reference, but they could drift. In 1987 the
|
||
# CGPM officially recommended the use of the
|
||
# Josephson effect as a laboratory representation of
|
||
# the volt. The Josephson effect occurs when two
|
||
# superconductors are separated by a thin insulating
|
||
# layer. A "supercurrent" flows across the insulator
|
||
# with a frequency that depends on the potential
|
||
# applied across the superconductors. This frequency
|
||
# can be very accurately measured. The Josephson
|
||
# constant K_J, which is equal to 2e/h, relates the
|
||
# measured frequency to the potential. Two values
|
||
# given, the conventional (exact) value from 1990 and
|
||
# the current CODATA measured value.
|
||
R_K90 25812.807 ohm # Measurement of the ohm also presents difficulties.
|
||
R_K 25812.8074555 ohm # The old approach involved maintaining resistances
|
||
# that were subject to drift. The new standard is
|
||
# based on the Hall effect. When a current carrying
|
||
# ribbon is placed in a magnetic field, a potential
|
||
# difference develops across the ribbon. The ratio
|
||
# of the potential difference to the current is
|
||
# called the Hall resistance. Klaus von Klitzing
|
||
# discovered in 1980 that the Hall resistance varies
|
||
# in discrete jumps when the magnetic field is very
|
||
# large and the temperature very low. This enables
|
||
# accurate realization of the resistance h/e^2 in the
|
||
# lab. Two values given, the conventional (exact)
|
||
# value from 1990 and the current CODATA measured
|
||
# value.
|
||
|
||
# Various conventional values
|
||
|
||
gravity 9.80665 m/s^2 # std acceleration of gravity (exact)
|
||
force gravity # use to turn masses into forces
|
||
atm 101325 Pa # Standard atmospheric pressure
|
||
atmosphere atm
|
||
mach 331.46 m/s # speed of sound in dry air at STP
|
||
standardtemp 273.15 K # standard temperature
|
||
stdtemp standardtemp
|
||
normaltemp 529.67 degR # for gas density, from NIST
|
||
normtemp normaltemp # Handbook 44
|
||
|
||
# Atomic constants
|
||
|
||
Rinfinity 10973731.568539 /m # The wavelengths of a spectral series
|
||
R_H 10967760 /m # can be expressed as
|
||
# 1/lambda = R (1/m^2 - 1/n^2).
|
||
# where R is a number that various
|
||
# slightly from element to element.
|
||
# For hydrogen, R_H is the value,
|
||
# and for heavy elements, the value
|
||
# approaches Rinfinity, which can be
|
||
# computed from
|
||
# m_e c alpha^2 / 2 h
|
||
# with a loss of 4 digits
|
||
# of precision.
|
||
alpha 7.2973525664e-3 # The fine structure constant was
|
||
# introduced to explain fine
|
||
# structure visible in spectral
|
||
# lines. It can be computed from
|
||
# mu0 c e^2 / 2 h
|
||
# with a loss of 3 digits precision
|
||
# and loss of precision in derived
|
||
# values which use alpha.
|
||
bohrradius alpha / 4 pi Rinfinity
|
||
prout 185.5 keV # nuclear binding energy equal to 1|12
|
||
# binding energy of the deuteron
|
||
# Planck constants
|
||
|
||
planckmass 2.17651e-8 kg # sqrt(hbar c / G)
|
||
m_P planckmass
|
||
plancktime hbar / planckmass c^2
|
||
t_P plancktime
|
||
plancklength plancktime c
|
||
l_P plancklength
|
||
|
||
# Magnetic moments
|
||
|
||
bohrmagneton electroncharge hbar / mass of 2 electron
|
||
mu_B bohrmagneton
|
||
nuclearmagneton electroncharge hbar / mass of 2 proton
|
||
mu_N nuclearmagneton
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Units derived from physical constants
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
kgf kg force
|
||
technicalatmosphere kgf / cm^2
|
||
at technicalatmosphere
|
||
hyl kgf s^2 / m # Also gram-force s^2/m according to [15]
|
||
torr atm / 760 # These units, both named after Evangelista
|
||
tor Pa # Torricelli, should not be confused. The
|
||
eV electroncharge V # Energy acquired by a particle with charge e
|
||
electronvolt eV # when it is accelerated through 1 V
|
||
lightyear c julianyear # The 365.25 day year is specified in
|
||
ly lightyear # NIST publication 811
|
||
lightsecond c s
|
||
lightminute c min
|
||
parsec 32313140071200 km
|
||
pc parsec
|
||
#parsec au / tan(arcsec) # Unit of length equal to distance
|
||
#pc parsec # from the sun to a point having
|
||
# heliocentric parallax of 1
|
||
# arcsec (derived from parallax
|
||
# second). A distant object with
|
||
# paralax theta will be about
|
||
# (arcsec/theta) parsecs from the
|
||
# sun (using the approximation
|
||
# that tan(theta) = theta).
|
||
rydberg planck_constant c Rinfinity # Rydberg energy
|
||
crith 0.089885 gram # The crith is the mass of one
|
||
# liter of hydrogen at standard
|
||
# temperature and pressure.
|
||
amagatvolume molarvolume
|
||
amagat mol/amagatvolume # Used to measure gas densities
|
||
lorentz bohrmagneton / planck_constant c # Used to measure the extent
|
||
# that the frequency of light
|
||
# is shifted by a magnetic field.
|
||
cminv planck_constant c / cm # Unit of energy used in infrared
|
||
invcm cminv # spectroscopy.
|
||
wavenumber cminv
|
||
kcal_mol kcal_th / mol N_A # kcal/mol is used as a unit of
|
||
# energy by physical chemists.
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# CGS system based on centimeter, gram and second
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
!category cgs "CGS Units"
|
||
|
||
dyne cm gram / s^2 # force
|
||
dyn dyne
|
||
erg cm dyne # energy
|
||
poise gram / cm s # viscosity, honors Jean Poiseuille
|
||
P poise
|
||
rhe /poise # reciprocal viscosity
|
||
stokes cm^2 / s # kinematic viscosity
|
||
St stokes
|
||
stoke stokes
|
||
lentor stokes # old name
|
||
Gal cm / s^2 # acceleration, used in geophysics
|
||
galileo Gal # for earth's gravitational field
|
||
# (note that "gal" is for gallon
|
||
# but "Gal" is the standard symbol
|
||
# for the gal which is evidently a
|
||
# shortened form of "galileo".)
|
||
barye dyne/cm^2 # pressure
|
||
barad barye # old name
|
||
kayser 1/cm # Proposed as a unit for wavenumber
|
||
balmer kayser # Even less common name than "kayser"
|
||
kine cm/s # velocity
|
||
bole g cm / s # momentum
|
||
pond gram force
|
||
glug gram force s^2 / cm # Mass which is accelerated at
|
||
# 1 cm/s^2 by 1 gram force
|
||
darcy centipoise cm^2 / s atm # Measures permeability to fluid flow.
|
||
|
||
# One darcy is the permeability of a
|
||
# medium that allows a flow of cc/s
|
||
# of a liquid of centipoise viscosity
|
||
# under a pressure gradient of
|
||
# atm/cm. Named for H. Darcy.
|
||
|
||
mobileohm cm / dyn s # mobile ohm, measure of mechanical
|
||
# mobility
|
||
mechanicalohm dyn s / cm # mechanical resistance
|
||
acousticalohm dyn s / cm^5 # ratio of the sound pressure of
|
||
# 1 dyn/cm^2 to a source of strength
|
||
# 1 cm^3/s
|
||
ray acousticalohm
|
||
rayl dyn s / cm^3 # Specific acoustical resistance
|
||
eotvos 1e-9 Gal/cm # Change in gravitational acceleration
|
||
# over horizontal distance
|
||
|
||
# Electromagnetic units derived from the abampere
|
||
|
||
abampere 10 A # Current which produces a force of
|
||
abamp abampere # 2 dyne/cm between two infinitely
|
||
aA abampere # long wires that are 1 cm apart
|
||
biot aA # alternative name for abamp
|
||
Bi biot
|
||
abcoulomb abamp sec
|
||
abcoul abcoulomb
|
||
abfarad abampere sec / abvolt
|
||
abhenry abvolt sec / abamp
|
||
abvolt dyne cm / abamp sec
|
||
abohm abvolt / abamp
|
||
abmho /abohm
|
||
gauss abvolt sec / cm^2
|
||
Gs gauss
|
||
maxwell abvolt sec # Also called the "line"
|
||
Mx maxwell
|
||
oersted gauss / mu0
|
||
Oe oersted
|
||
gilbert gauss cm / mu0
|
||
Gi gilbert
|
||
unitpole 4 pi maxwell
|
||
emu erg/gauss # "electro-magnetic unit", a measure of
|
||
# magnetic moment, often used as emu/cm^3
|
||
# to specify magnetic moment density.
|
||
|
||
# Gaussian system: electromagnetic units derived from statampere.
|
||
#
|
||
# Note that the Gaussian units are often used in such a way that Coulomb's law
|
||
# has the form F= q1 * q2 / r^2. The constant 1|4*pi*epsilon0 is incorporated
|
||
# into the units. From this, we can get the relation force=charge^2/dist^2.
|
||
# This means that the simplification esu^2 = dyne cm^2 can be used to simplify
|
||
# units in the Gaussian system, with the curious result that capacitance can be
|
||
# measured in cm, resistance in sec/cm, and inductance in sec^2/cm. These
|
||
# units are given the names statfarad, statohm and stathenry below.
|
||
|
||
statampere 10 A cm / s c
|
||
statamp statampere
|
||
statvolt dyne cm / statamp sec
|
||
statcoulomb statamp s
|
||
esu statcoulomb
|
||
statcoul statcoulomb
|
||
statfarad statamp sec / statvolt
|
||
cmcapacitance statfarad
|
||
stathenry statvolt sec / statamp
|
||
statohm statvolt / statamp
|
||
statmho /statohm
|
||
statmaxwell statvolt sec
|
||
franklin statcoulomb
|
||
debye 1e-18 statcoul cm # unit of electrical dipole moment
|
||
helmholtz debye/angstrom^2 # Dipole moment per area
|
||
jar 1000 statfarad # approx capacitance of Leyden jar
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Some historical electromagnetic units
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
intampere 0.999835 A # Defined as the current which in one
|
||
intamp intampere # second deposits .001118 gram of
|
||
# silver from an aqueous solution of
|
||
# silver nitrate.
|
||
intfarad 0.999505 F
|
||
intvolt 1.00033 V
|
||
intohm 1.000495 ohm # Defined as the resistance of a
|
||
# uniform column of mercury containing
|
||
# 14.4521 gram in a column 1.063 m
|
||
# long and maintained at 0 degC.
|
||
daniell 1.042 V # Meant to be electromotive force of a
|
||
# Daniell cell, but in error by .04 V
|
||
faraday N_A electroncharge mol # Charge that must flow to deposit or
|
||
faraday_phys 96521.9 C # liberate one gram equivalent of any
|
||
faraday_chem 96495.7 C # element. (The chemical and physical
|
||
# values are off slightly from what is
|
||
# obtained by multiplying by amu_chem
|
||
# or amu_phys. These values are from
|
||
# a 1991 NIST publication.) Note that
|
||
# there is a Faraday constant which is
|
||
# equal to N_A e and hence has units of
|
||
# C/mol.
|
||
kappline 6000 maxwell # Named by and for Gisbert Kapp
|
||
siemensunit 0.9534 ohm # Resistance of a meter long column of
|
||
# mercury with a 1 mm cross section.
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Printed circuit board units.
|
||
#
|
||
# http://www.ndt-ed.org/GeneralResources/IACS/IACS.htm.
|
||
#
|
||
# Conductivity is often expressed as a percentage of IACS. A copper wire a
|
||
# meter long with a 1 mm^2 cross section has a resistance of 1|58 ohm at
|
||
# 20 deg C. Copper density is also standarized at that temperature.
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
copperconductivity 58 siemens m / mm^2 # A wire a meter long with
|
||
IACS copperconductivity # a 1 mm^2 cross section
|
||
copperdensity 8.89 g/cm^3 # The "ounce" measures the
|
||
ouncecopper oz / ft^2 copperdensity # thickness of copper used
|
||
ozcu ouncecopper # in circuitboard fabrication
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Radiometric units
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
!category radiometric "Radiometric Units"
|
||
|
||
radiant_energy J # Basic unit of radiation
|
||
radiant_energy_density J/m^3
|
||
radiant_flux W
|
||
spectral_flux_frequency W/Hz
|
||
spectral_flux_wavelength ? W/m
|
||
radiant_intensity ? W/sr
|
||
spectral_intensity_frequency ? W sr^-1 Hz^-1
|
||
spectral_intensity_wavelength ? W sr^-1 m^-1
|
||
radiance ? W sr^-1 m^-2
|
||
spectral_radiance_frequency ? W sr^-1 m^-2 Hz^-1
|
||
spectral_radiance_wavelength ? W sr^-1 m^-3
|
||
spectral_irradiance_frequency W m^-2 Hz^-1
|
||
spectral_irradiance_wavelength ? W/m^3
|
||
radiosity W/m^2
|
||
spectral_radiosity_frequency W m^-2 Hz^-1
|
||
spectral_radiosity_wavelength W m^-3
|
||
radiant_exitance W/m^2
|
||
spectral_exitance_frequency W m^-2 Hz^-1
|
||
spectral_exitance_wavelength W/m^3
|
||
radiant_exposure J/m^2
|
||
spectral_exposure_frequency ? J m^-2 Hz^-1
|
||
spectral_exposure_wavelength J/m^3
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Photometric units
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
!category photometric "Photometric Units"
|
||
|
||
luminous_intensity ? candela
|
||
luminous_flux ? lumen
|
||
luminous_energy ? talbot
|
||
illuminance ? lux
|
||
|
||
candle 1.02 candela # Standard unit for luminous intensity
|
||
hefnerunit 0.9 candle # in use before candela
|
||
hefnercandle hefnerunit #
|
||
violle 20.17 cd # luminous intensity of 1 cm^2 of
|
||
# platinum at its temperature of
|
||
# solidification (2045 K)
|
||
|
||
lumen cd sr # Luminous flux (luminous energy per
|
||
lm lumen # time unit)
|
||
|
||
talbot lumen s # Luminous energy
|
||
lumberg talbot # References give these values for
|
||
lumerg talbot # lumerg and lumberg both. Note that
|
||
# a paper from 1948 suggests that
|
||
# lumerg should be 1e-7 talbots so
|
||
# that lumergs/erg = talbots/joule.
|
||
# lumerg = luminous erg
|
||
lux lm/m^2 # Illuminance or exitance (luminous
|
||
lx lux # flux incident on or coming from
|
||
phot lumen / cm^2 # a surface)
|
||
ph phot #
|
||
footcandle lumen/ft^2 # Illuminance from a 1 candela source
|
||
# at a distance of one foot
|
||
metercandle lumen/m^2 # Illuminance from a 1 candela source
|
||
# at a distance of one meter
|
||
|
||
mcs metercandle s # luminous energy per area, used to
|
||
# measure photographic exposure
|
||
|
||
nox 1e-3 lux # These two units were proposed for
|
||
skot 1e-3 apostilb # measurements relating to dark adapted
|
||
# eyes.
|
||
# Luminance measures
|
||
|
||
luminance ? nit
|
||
|
||
nit cd/m^2 # Luminance: the intensity per projected
|
||
stilb cd / cm^2 # area of an extended luminous source.
|
||
sb stilb # (nit is from latin nitere = to shine.)
|
||
|
||
apostilb cd/pi m^2
|
||
asb apostilb
|
||
blondel apostilb # Named after a French scientist.
|
||
|
||
# Equivalent luminance measures. These units are units which measure
|
||
# the luminance of a surface with a specified exitance which obeys
|
||
# Lambert's law. (Lambert's law specifies that luminous intensity of
|
||
# a perfectly diffuse luminous surface is proportional to the cosine
|
||
# of the angle at which you view the luminous surface.)
|
||
|
||
equivalentlux cd / pi m^2 # luminance of a 1 lux surface
|
||
equivalentphot cd / pi cm^2 # luminance of a 1 phot surface
|
||
lambert cd / pi cm^2
|
||
footlambert cd / pi ft^2
|
||
|
||
# The bril is used to express "brilliance" of a source of light on a
|
||
# logarithmic scale to correspond to subjective perception. An increase of 1
|
||
# bril means doubling the luminance. A luminance of 1 lambert is defined to
|
||
# have a brilliance of 1 bril.
|
||
|
||
#bril(x) units=[1;lambert] 2^(x+-100) lamberts ;log2(bril/lambert)+100
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Photographic Exposure Value
|
||
# This section by Jeff Conrad (jeff_conrad@msn.com)
|
||
#
|
||
# The Additive system of Photographic EXposure (APEX) proposed in ASA
|
||
# PH2.5-1960 was an attempt to simplify exposure determination for people who
|
||
# relied on exposure tables rather than exposure meters. Shortly thereafter,
|
||
# nearly all cameras incorporated exposure meters, so the APEX system never
|
||
# caught on, but the concept of exposure value remains in use. Though given as
|
||
# 'Ev' in ASA PH2.5-1960, it is now more commonly indicated by 'EV'. EV is
|
||
# related to exposure parameters by
|
||
#
|
||
# A^2 LS ES
|
||
# 2^EV = --- = -- = --
|
||
# t K C
|
||
#
|
||
# Where
|
||
# A = Relative aperture (f-number)
|
||
# t = Exposure time in seconds
|
||
# L = Scene luminance in cd/m2
|
||
# E = Scene illuminance in lux
|
||
# S = Arithmetic ISO speed
|
||
# K = Reflected-light meter calibration constant
|
||
# C = Incident-light meter calibration constant
|
||
#
|
||
# Strictly, an exposure value is a combination of aperture and exposure time,
|
||
# but it's also commonly used to indicate luminance (or illuminance).
|
||
# Conversion to luminance or illuminance units depends on the ISO speed and the
|
||
# meter calibration constant. Common practice is to use an ISO speed of 100.
|
||
# Calibration constants vary among camera and meter manufacturers: Canon,
|
||
# Nikon, and Sekonic use a value of 12.5 for reflected-light meters, while
|
||
# Kenko (formerly Minolta) and Pentax use a value of 14. Kenko and Sekonic use
|
||
# a value of 250 for incident-light meters with flat receptors.
|
||
#
|
||
# The values for in-camera meters apply only averaging, weighted-averaging, or
|
||
# spot metering--the multi-segment metering incorporated in most current
|
||
# cameras uses proprietary algorithms that evaluate many factors related to the
|
||
# luminance distribution of what is being metered; they are not amenable to
|
||
# simple conversions, and are usually not disclosed by the manufacturers.
|
||
|
||
s100 100 / lx s # ISO 100 speed
|
||
iso100 s100
|
||
|
||
# Reflected-light meter calibration constant with ISO 100 speed
|
||
|
||
k1250 12.5 (cd/m^2) / lx s # For Canon, Nikon, and Sekonic
|
||
k1400 14 (cd/m^2) / lx s # For Kenko (Minolta) and Pentax
|
||
|
||
# Incident-light meter calibration constant with ISO 100 film
|
||
|
||
c250 250 lx / lx s # flat-disc receptor
|
||
|
||
# Exposure value to scene luminance with ISO 100 imaging media
|
||
|
||
# For Kenko (Minolta) or Pentax
|
||
#ev100(x) units=[;cd/m^2] range=(0,) 2^x k1400 / s100; log2(ev100 s100/k1400)
|
||
# For Canon, Nikon, or Sekonic
|
||
#ev100(x) units=[1;cd/m^2] range=(0,) 2^x k1250 / s100; log2(ev100 s100/k1250)
|
||
#EV100() ev100
|
||
|
||
# Exposure value to scene illuminance with ISO 100 imaging media
|
||
|
||
#iv100(x) units=[1;lx] range=(0,) 2^x c250 / s100; log2(iv100 s100 / c250)
|
||
|
||
# Other Photographic Exposure Conversions
|
||
#
|
||
# As part of APEX, ASA PH2.5-1960 proposed several logarithmic quantities
|
||
# related by
|
||
#
|
||
# Ev = Av + Tv = Bv + Sv
|
||
#
|
||
# where
|
||
# Av = log2(A^2) Aperture value
|
||
# Tv = log2(1/t) Time value
|
||
# Sv = log2(N Sx) Speed value
|
||
# Bv = log2(B S / K) Luminance ("brightness") value
|
||
# Iv = log2(I S / C) Illuminance value
|
||
#
|
||
# and
|
||
# A = Relative aperture (f-number)
|
||
# t = Exposure time in seconds
|
||
# Sx = Arithmetic ISO speed in 1/lux s
|
||
# B = luminance in cd/m2
|
||
# I = luminance in lux
|
||
|
||
# The constant N derives from the arcane relationship between arithmetic
|
||
# and logarithmic speed given in ASA PH2.5-1960. That relationship
|
||
# apparently was not obvious--so much so that it was thought necessary
|
||
# to explain it in PH2.12-1961. The constant has had several values
|
||
# over the years, usually without explanation for the changes. Although
|
||
# APEX had little impact on consumer cameras, it has seen a partial
|
||
# resurrection in the Exif standards published by the Camera & Imaging
|
||
# Products Association of Japan.
|
||
|
||
#N_apex 2^-1.75 lx s # precise value implied in ASA PH2.12-1961,
|
||
# derived from ASA PH2.5-1960.
|
||
#N_apex 0.30 lx s # rounded value in ASA PH2.5-1960,
|
||
# ASA PH2.12-1961, and ANSI PH2.7-1986
|
||
#N_apex 0.3162 lx s # value in ANSI PH2.7-1973
|
||
N_exif 1|3.125 lx s # value in Exif 2.3 (2010), making Sv(5) = 100
|
||
K_apex1961 11.4 (cd/m^2) / lx s # value in ASA PH2.12-1961
|
||
K_apex1971 12.5 (cd/m^2) / lx s # value in ANSI PH3.49-1971; more common
|
||
C_apex1961 224 lx / lx s # value in PH2.12-1961 (20.83 for I in
|
||
# footcandles; flat sensor?)
|
||
C_apex1971 322 lx / lx s # mean value in PH3.49-1971 (30 +/- 5 for I in
|
||
# footcandles; hemispherical sensor?)
|
||
N_speed N_exif
|
||
K_lum K_apex1971
|
||
C_illum C_apex1961
|
||
|
||
# Units for Photographic Exposure Variables
|
||
#
|
||
# Practical photography sometimes pays scant attention to units for exposure
|
||
# variables. In particular, the "speed" of the imaging medium is treated as if
|
||
# it were dimensionless when it should have units of reciprocal lux seconds;
|
||
# this practice works only because "speed" is almost invariably given in
|
||
# accordance with international standards (or similar ones used by camera
|
||
# manufacturers)--so the assumed units are invariant. In calculating
|
||
# logarithmic quantities--especially the time value Tv and the exposure value
|
||
# EV--the units for exposure time ("shutter speed") are often ignored; this
|
||
# practice works only because the units of exposure time are assumed to be in
|
||
# seconds, and the missing units that make the argument to the logarithmic
|
||
# function dimensionless are silently provided.
|
||
#
|
||
# In keeping with common practice, the definitions that follow treat "speeds"
|
||
# as dimensionless, so ISO 100 speed is given simply as '100'. When
|
||
# calculating the logarithmic APEX quantities Av and Tv, the definitions
|
||
# provide the missing units, so the times can be given with any appropriate
|
||
# units. For example, giving an exposure time of 1 minute as either '1 min' or
|
||
# '60 s' will result in Tv of -5.9068906.
|
||
#
|
||
# Exposure Value from f-number and Exposure Time
|
||
#
|
||
# Because nonlinear unit conversions only accept a single quantity,
|
||
# there is no direct conversion from f-number and exposure time to
|
||
# exposure value EV. But the EV can be obtained from a combination of
|
||
# Av and Tv. For example, the "sunny 16" rule states that correct
|
||
# exposure for a sunlit scene can achieved by using f/16 and an exposure
|
||
# time equal to the reciprocal of the ISO speed in seconds; this can be
|
||
# calculated as
|
||
#
|
||
# ~Av(16) + ~Tv(1|100 s),
|
||
#
|
||
# which gives 14.643856. These conversions may be combined with the
|
||
# ev100 conversion:
|
||
#
|
||
# ev100(~Av(16) + ~Tv(1|100 s))
|
||
#
|
||
# to yield the assumed average scene luminance of 3200 cd/m^2.
|
||
|
||
# convert relative aperture (f-number) to aperture value
|
||
#Av(A) units=[1;1] domain=[-2,) range=[0.5,) 2^(A/2); 2 log2(Av)
|
||
# convert exposure time to time value
|
||
#Tv(t) units=[1;s] range=(0,) 2^(-t) s; log2(s / Tv)
|
||
# convert logarithmic speed Sv in ASA PH2.5-1960 to ASA/ISO arithmetic speed;
|
||
# make arithmetic speed dimensionless
|
||
# 'Sv' conflicts with the symbol for sievert; you can uncomment this function
|
||
# definition if you don't need that symbol
|
||
#Sv(S) units=[1;1] range=(0,) 2^S / (N_speed/lx s); log2((N_speed/lx s) Sv)
|
||
#Sval(S) units=[1;1] range=(0,) 2^S / (N_speed/lx s); log2((N_speed/lx s) Sval)
|
||
|
||
# convert luminance value Bv in ASA PH2.12-1961 to luminance
|
||
#Bv(x) units=[1;cd/m^2] range=(0,) \
|
||
# 2^x K_lum N_speed ; log2(Bv / (K_lum N_speed))
|
||
|
||
# convert illuminance value Iv in ASA PH2.12-1961 to illuminance
|
||
#Iv(x) units=[1;lx] range=(0,) \
|
||
# 2^x C_illum N_speed ; log2(Iv / (C_illum N_speed))
|
||
|
||
# convert ASA/ISO arithmetic speed Sx to ASA logarithmic speed in
|
||
# ASA PH2.5-1960; make arithmetic speed dimensionless
|
||
#Sx(S) units=[1;1] domain=(0,) \
|
||
# log2((N_speed/lx s) S); 2^Sx / (N_speed/lx s)
|
||
|
||
# convert DIN speed/ISO logarithmic speed in ISO 6:1993 to arithmetic speed
|
||
# for convenience, speed is treated here as if it were dimensionless
|
||
#Sdeg(S) units=[1;1] range=(0,) 10^((S - 1) / 10) ; (1 + 10 log(Sdeg))
|
||
#Sdin() Sdeg
|
||
|
||
# Numerical Aperture and f-Number of a Lens
|
||
#
|
||
# The numerical aperture (NA) is given by
|
||
#
|
||
# NA = n sin(theta)
|
||
#
|
||
# where n is the index of refraction of the medium and theta is half
|
||
# of the angle subtended by the aperture stop from a point in the image
|
||
# or object plane. For a lens in air, n = 1, and
|
||
#
|
||
# NA = 0.5 / f-number
|
||
#
|
||
# convert NA to f-number
|
||
#numericalaperture(x) units=[1;1] domain=(0,1] range=[0.5,) \
|
||
# 0.5 / x ; 0.5 / numericalaperture
|
||
#NA() numericalaperture
|
||
#
|
||
# convert f-number to itself; restrict values to those possible
|
||
#fnumber(x) units=[1;1] domain=[0.5,) range=[0.5,) x ; fnumber
|
||
|
||
# Referenced Photographic Standards
|
||
#
|
||
# ASA PH-2.5-1960. USA Standard, Method for Determining (Monochrome,
|
||
# Continuous-Tone) Speed of Photographic Negative Materials.
|
||
# ASA PH2.12-1961. American Standard, General-Purpose Photographic
|
||
# Exposure Meters (photoelectric type).
|
||
# ANSI PH3.49-1971. American National Standard for general-purpose
|
||
# photographic exposure meters (photoelectric type).
|
||
# ANSI PH2.7-1973. American National Standard Photographic Exposure Guide.
|
||
# ANSI PH2.7-1986. American National Standard for Photography --
|
||
# Photographic Exposure Guide.
|
||
# CIPA DC-008-2010. Exchangeable image file format for digital still
|
||
# cameras: Exif Version 2.3
|
||
# ISO 6:1993. International Standard, Photography -- Black-and-white
|
||
# pictorial still camera negative film/process systems --
|
||
# Determination of ISO Speed.
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Astronomical time measurements
|
||
#
|
||
# Astronomical time measurement is a complicated matter. The length of the
|
||
# true day at a given place can be 21 seconds less than 24 hours or 30 seconds
|
||
# over 24 hours. The two main reasons for this are the varying speed of the
|
||
# earth in its elliptical orbit and the fact that the sun moves on the ecliptic
|
||
# instead of along the celestial equator. To devise a workable system for time
|
||
# measurement, Simon Newcomb (1835-1909) used a fictitious "mean sun".
|
||
# Consider a first fictitious sun traveling along the ecliptic at a constant
|
||
# speed and coinciding with the true sun at perigee and apogee. Then
|
||
# considering a second fictitious sun traveling along the celestial equator at
|
||
# a constant speed and coinciding with the first fictitious sun at the
|
||
# equinoxes. The second fictitious sun is the "mean sun". From this equations
|
||
# can be written out to determine the length of the mean day, and the tropical
|
||
# year. The length of the second was determined based on the tropical year
|
||
# from such a calculation and was officially used from 1960-1967 until atomic
|
||
# clocks replaced astronomical measurements for a standard of time. All of the
|
||
# values below give the mean time for the specified interval.
|
||
#
|
||
# See "Mathematical Astronomy Morsels" by Jean Meeus for more details
|
||
# and a description of how to compute the correction to mean time.
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
time ? second
|
||
|
||
anomalisticyear 365.2596 days # The time between successive
|
||
# perihelion passages of the
|
||
# earth.
|
||
siderealyear 365.256360417 day # The time for the earth to make
|
||
# one revolution around the sun
|
||
# relative to the stars.
|
||
tropicalyear 365.242198781 day # The time needed for the mean sun
|
||
# as defined above to increase
|
||
# its longitude by 360 degrees.
|
||
# Most references defined the
|
||
# tropical year as the interval
|
||
# between vernal equinoxes, but
|
||
# this is misleading. The length
|
||
# of the season changes over time
|
||
# because of the eccentricity of
|
||
# the earth's orbit. The time
|
||
# between vernal equinoxes is
|
||
# approximately 365.24237 days
|
||
# around the year 2000. See
|
||
# "Mathematical Astronomy
|
||
# Morsels" for more details.
|
||
eclipseyear 346.62 days # The line of nodes is the
|
||
# intersection of the plane of
|
||
# Earth's orbit around the sun
|
||
# with the plane of the moon's
|
||
# orbit around earth. Eclipses
|
||
# can only occur when the moon
|
||
# and sun are close to this
|
||
# line. The line rotates and
|
||
# appearances of the sun on the
|
||
# line of nodes occur every
|
||
# eclipse year.
|
||
saros 223 synodicmonth # The earth, moon and sun appear in
|
||
# the same arrangement every
|
||
# saros, so if an eclipse occurs,
|
||
# then one saros later, a similar
|
||
# eclipse will occur. (The saros
|
||
# is close to 19 eclipse years.)
|
||
# The eclipse will occur about
|
||
# 120 degrees west of the
|
||
# preceeding one because the
|
||
# saros is not an even number of
|
||
# days. After 3 saros, an
|
||
# eclipse will occur at
|
||
# approximately the same place.
|
||
siderealday 86164.09054 s # The sidereal day is the interval
|
||
siderealhour 1|24 siderealday # between two successive transits
|
||
siderealminute 1|60 siderealhour # of a star over the meridian,
|
||
siderealsecond 1|60 siderealminute # or the time required for the
|
||
# earth to make one rotation
|
||
# relative to the stars. The
|
||
# more usual solar day is the
|
||
# time required to make a
|
||
# rotation relative to the sun.
|
||
# Because the earth moves in its
|
||
# orbit, it has to turn a bit
|
||
# extra to face the sun again,
|
||
# hence the solar day is slightly
|
||
# longer.
|
||
anomalisticmonth 27.55454977 day # Time for the moon to travel from
|
||
# perigee to perigee
|
||
nodicalmonth 27.2122199 day # The nodes are the points where
|
||
draconicmonth nodicalmonth # an orbit crosses the ecliptic.
|
||
draconiticmonth nodicalmonth # This is the time required to
|
||
# travel from the ascending node
|
||
# to the next ascending node.
|
||
siderealmonth 27.321661 day # Time required for the moon to
|
||
# orbit the earth
|
||
lunarmonth 29 days + 12 hours + 44 minutes + 2.8 seconds
|
||
# Mean time between full moons.
|
||
synodicmonth lunarmonth # Full moons occur when the sun
|
||
lunation synodicmonth # and moon are on opposite sides
|
||
lune 1|30 lunation # of the earth. Since the earth
|
||
lunour 1|24 lune # moves around the sun, the moon
|
||
# has to revolve a bit extra to
|
||
# get into the full moon
|
||
# configuration.
|
||
year tropicalyear
|
||
yr year
|
||
month 1|12 year
|
||
mo month
|
||
lustrum 5 years # The Lustrum was a Roman
|
||
# purification ceremony that took
|
||
# place every five years.
|
||
# Classically educated Englishmen
|
||
# used this term.
|
||
decade 10 years
|
||
century 100 years
|
||
millennium 1000 years
|
||
millennia millennium
|
||
solaryear year
|
||
lunaryear 12 lunarmonth
|
||
calendaryear 365 day
|
||
commonyear 365 day
|
||
leapyear 366 day
|
||
julianyear 365.25 day
|
||
gregorianyear 365.2425 day
|
||
islamicyear 354 day # A year of 12 lunar months. They
|
||
islamicleapyear 355 day # began counting on July 16, AD 622
|
||
# when Muhammad emigrated to Medina
|
||
# (the year of the Hegira). They need
|
||
# 11 leap days in 30 years to stay in
|
||
# sync with the lunar year which is a
|
||
# bit longer than the 29.5 days of the
|
||
# average month. The months do not
|
||
# keep to the same seasons, but
|
||
# regress through the seasons every
|
||
# 32.5 years.
|
||
islamicmonth 1|12 islamicyear # They have 29 day and 30 day months.
|
||
|
||
# The Hewbrew year is also based on lunar months, but synchronized to the solar
|
||
# calendar. The months vary irregularly between 29 and 30 days in length, and
|
||
# the years likewise vary. The regular year is 353, 354, or 355 days long. To
|
||
# keep up with the solar calendar, a leap month of 30 days is inserted every
|
||
# 3rd, 6th, 8th, 11th, 14th, 17th, and 19th years of a 19 year cycle. This
|
||
# gives leap years that last 383, 384, or 385 days.
|
||
|
||
# Objects on the earth are charted relative to a perfect ellipsoid whose
|
||
# dimensions are specified by different organizations. The ellipsoid is
|
||
# specified by an equatorial radius and a flattening value which defines the
|
||
# polar radius. These values are the 1996 values given by the International
|
||
# Earth Rotation Service (IERS) whose reference documents can be found at
|
||
# http://maia.usno.navy.mil/
|
||
|
||
earthflattening 1|298.25642
|
||
earthradius_equatorial 6378136.49 m
|
||
earthradius_polar (-earthflattening+1) earthradius_equatorial
|
||
|
||
landarea 148.847e6 km^2
|
||
oceanarea 361.254e6 km^2
|
||
|
||
moonradius 1738 km # mean value
|
||
sunradius 6.96e8 m
|
||
|
||
# Many astronomical values can be measured most accurately in a system of units
|
||
# using the astronomical unit and the mass of the sun as base units. The
|
||
# uncertainty in the gravitational constant makes conversion to SI units
|
||
# significantly less accurate.
|
||
|
||
# The astronomical unit was defined to be the length of the of the semimajor
|
||
# axis of a massless object with the same year as the earth. With such a
|
||
# definition in force, and with the mass of the sun set equal to one, Kepler's
|
||
# third law can be used to solve for the value of the gravitational constant.
|
||
|
||
# Kepler's third law says that (2 pi / T)^2 a^3 = G M where T is the orbital
|
||
# period, a is the size of the semimajor axis, G is the gravitational constant
|
||
# and M is the mass. With M = 1 and T and a chosen for the earth's orbit, we
|
||
# find sqrt(G) = (2 pi / T) sqrt(AU^3). This constant is called the Gaussian
|
||
# gravitational constant, apparently because Gauss originally did the
|
||
# calculations. However, when the original calculation was done, the value
|
||
# for the length of the earth's year was inaccurate. The value used is called
|
||
# the Gaussian year. Changing the astronomical unit to bring it into
|
||
# agreement with more accurate values for the year would have invalidated a
|
||
# lot of previous work, so instead the astronomical unit has been kept equal
|
||
# to this original value. This is accomplished by using a standard value for
|
||
# the Gaussian gravitational constant. This constant is called k.
|
||
# Many values below are from http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?constants
|
||
|
||
gauss_k 0.01720209895 # This beast has dimensions of
|
||
# au^(3|2) / day and is exact.
|
||
gaussianyear (2 pi / gauss_k) days # Year that corresponds to the Gaussian
|
||
# gravitational constant. This is a
|
||
# fictional year, and doesn't
|
||
# correspond to any celestial event.
|
||
astronomicalunit 149597870700 m # IAU definition from 2012, exact
|
||
au astronomicalunit # ephemeris for the above described
|
||
# astronomical unit. (See the NASA
|
||
# site listed above.)
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# The Hartree system of atomic units, derived from fundamental units
|
||
# of mass (of electron), action (planck's constant), charge, and
|
||
# the coulomb constant.
|
||
|
||
!category atomic "Atomic Units"
|
||
|
||
# Fundamental units
|
||
|
||
atomicmass electronmass
|
||
atomiccharge electroncharge
|
||
atomicaction hbar
|
||
|
||
# derived units (Warning: accuracy is lost from deriving them this way)
|
||
|
||
atomiclength bohrradius
|
||
atomictime hbar^3/coulombconst^2 atomicmass electroncharge^4 # Period of first
|
||
# bohr orbit
|
||
atomicvelocity atomiclength / atomictime
|
||
atomicenergy hbar / atomictime
|
||
hartree atomicenergy
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# These thermal units treat entropy as charge, from [5]
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
thermalcoulomb J/K # entropy
|
||
thermalampere W/K # entropy flow
|
||
thermalfarad J/K^2
|
||
thermalohm K^2/W # thermal resistance
|
||
fourier thermalohm
|
||
thermalhenry J K^2/W^2 # thermal inductance
|
||
thermalvolt K # thermal potential difference
|
||
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# United States units
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
# linear measure
|
||
|
||
# The US Metric Law of 1866 legalized the metric system in the USA and
|
||
# defined the meter in terms of the British system with the exact
|
||
# 1 meter = 39.37 inches. On April 5, 1893 Thomas Corwin Mendenhall,
|
||
# Superintendent of Weights and Measures, decided, in what has become
|
||
# known as the "Mendenhall Order" that the meter and kilogram would be the
|
||
# fundamental standards in the USA. The definition from 1866 was turned
|
||
# around to give an exact definition of the yard as 3600|3937 meters This
|
||
# definition was used until July of 1959 when the definition was changed
|
||
# to bring the US and other English-speaking countries into agreement; the
|
||
# Canadian value of 1 yard = 0.9144 meter (exactly) was chosen because it
|
||
# was approximately halfway between the British and US values; it had the
|
||
# added advantage of making 1 inch = 25.4 mm (exactly). Since 1959, the
|
||
# "international" foot has been exactly 0.3048 meters. At the same time,
|
||
# it was decided that any data expressed in feet derived from geodetic
|
||
# surveys within the US would continue to use the old definition and call
|
||
# the old unit the "survey foot." The US continues to define the statute
|
||
# mile, furlong, chain, rod, link, and fathom in terms of the US survey
|
||
# foot.
|
||
# Sources:
|
||
# NIST Special Publication 447, Sects. 5, 7, and 8.
|
||
# NIST Handbook 44, 2011 ed., Appendix C.
|
||
# Canadian Journal of Physics, 1959, 37:(1) 84, 10.1139/p59-014.
|
||
|
||
# Survey measures
|
||
|
||
!category us_survey "US Survey Measures"
|
||
|
||
surveyfoot 1200|3937 m
|
||
surveyfeet surveyfoot
|
||
surveyft surveyfoot
|
||
surveyinch 1|12 surveyfoot
|
||
surveyinches surveyinch
|
||
surveyin surveyinch
|
||
surveyyard 3 surveyfoot
|
||
surveyyd surveyyard
|
||
surveymile 5280 surveyfoot
|
||
surveymi surveymile
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
# International measures
|
||
|
||
!category int_customary "International Customary Length Measures"
|
||
|
||
?? International yard and pound, since July 1, 1959.
|
||
inch 2.54 cm
|
||
inches inch
|
||
in inch
|
||
?? International yard and pound, since July 1, 1959.
|
||
foot 12 inch
|
||
feet foot
|
||
ft foot
|
||
?? International yard and pound, since July 1, 1959.
|
||
yard 3 ft
|
||
yd yard
|
||
?? International yard and pound, since July 1, 1959.
|
||
mile 5280 ft # The mile was enlarged from 5000 ft
|
||
mi mile # to this number in order to make
|
||
# it an even number of furlongs.
|
||
# (The Roman mile is 5000 romanfeet.)
|
||
line 1|12 inch # Also defined as '.1 in' or as '1e-8 Wb'
|
||
rod 5.5 yard
|
||
perch rod
|
||
pole rod
|
||
furlong 40 rod # From "furrow long"
|
||
statutemile mile
|
||
league 3 mile
|
||
|
||
# aliases for international units
|
||
|
||
intinch inch
|
||
intinches inch
|
||
intin in
|
||
intfoot foot
|
||
intfeet foot
|
||
intft foot
|
||
intyard yard
|
||
intyd yard
|
||
intmile mile
|
||
intmi mile
|
||
intline line
|
||
introd rod
|
||
intperch perch
|
||
intfurlong furlong
|
||
intleague league
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
# surveyor's measure
|
||
|
||
!category us_survey "US Survey Measures"
|
||
|
||
surveyorschain 66 surveyft
|
||
surveychain surveyorschain
|
||
gunterschain surveyorschain
|
||
surveyorspole 1|4 surveyorschain
|
||
surveyorslink 1|100 surveyorschain
|
||
surveyacre 10 surveychain^2
|
||
surveyacrefoot surveyacre surveyfoot
|
||
|
||
chain 66 intfoot
|
||
link 1|100 chain
|
||
acre 10 chain^2 # Acre based on international ft
|
||
acrefoot acre foot
|
||
ch chain
|
||
|
||
intchain chain
|
||
intlink link
|
||
intacrefoot acrefoot
|
||
intacre acre
|
||
section mile^2
|
||
township 36 section
|
||
homestead 160 acre # Area of land granted by the 1862 Homestead
|
||
# Act of the United States Congress
|
||
|
||
engineerschain 100 ft
|
||
engineerslink 1|100 engineerschain
|
||
ramsdenschain engineerschain
|
||
ramsdenslink engineerslink
|
||
|
||
gurleychain 33 feet # Andrew Ellicott chain is the
|
||
gurleylink 1|50 gurleychain # same length
|
||
|
||
wingchain 66 feet # Chain from 1664, introduced by
|
||
winglink 1|80 wingchain # Vincent Wing, also found in a
|
||
# 33 foot length with 40 links.
|
||
|
||
# early US length standards
|
||
|
||
# The US has had four standards for the yard: one by Troughton of London
|
||
# (1815); bronze yard #11 (1856); the Mendhall yard (1893), consistent
|
||
# with the definition of the meter in the metric joint resolution of
|
||
# Congress in 1866, but defining the yard in terms of the meter; and the
|
||
# international yard (1959), which standardized definitions for Australia,
|
||
# Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, the UK, and the US.
|
||
# Sources: Pat Naughtin (2009), Which Inch?, www.metricationmatters.com;
|
||
# Lewis E. Barbrow and Lewis V. Judson (1976). NBS Special Publication
|
||
# 447, Weights and Measures Standards of the United States: A Brief
|
||
# History.
|
||
|
||
troughtonyard 914.42190 mm
|
||
bronzeyard11 914.39980 mm
|
||
mendenhallyard surveyyard
|
||
internationalyard yard
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
# international nautical measures
|
||
|
||
!category int_nautical "International Nautical Units"
|
||
|
||
intfathom 6 ft # Originally defined as the distance from
|
||
# fingertip to fingertip with arms fully
|
||
# extended.
|
||
intnauticalmile 1852 m # Supposed to be one minute of latitude at
|
||
# the equator. That value is about 1855 m.
|
||
# Early estimates of the earth's circumference
|
||
# were a bit off. The value of 1852 m was
|
||
# made the international standard in 1929.
|
||
# The US did not accept this value until
|
||
# 1954. The UK switched in 1970.
|
||
|
||
fathom intfathom
|
||
nauticalmile intnauticalmile
|
||
intcable 1|10 nauticalmile
|
||
|
||
cable intcable # international cable
|
||
cablelength cable
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
# survey nautical measures
|
||
|
||
!category us_nautical "US Survey Nautical Units"
|
||
|
||
surveynauticalmile 6080.20 surveyfoot # Before 1954
|
||
surveyfathom 6 surveyfoot
|
||
surveycable 100 surveyfathom
|
||
navycablelength 720 surveyft # used for depth in water
|
||
marineleague 3 nauticalmile
|
||
geographicalmile brnauticalmile
|
||
knot nauticalmile / hr
|
||
click km # US military slang
|
||
klick click
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
# Avoirdupois weight
|
||
|
||
!category avoirdupois "Avoirdupois Weights"
|
||
|
||
?? International yard and pound, since July 1, 1959. Avoirdupois.
|
||
pound 0.45359237 kg # The one normally used
|
||
lb pound # From the latin libra
|
||
grain 1|7000 pound # The grain is the same in all three
|
||
# weight systems. It was originally
|
||
# defined as the weight of a barley
|
||
# corn taken from the middle of the
|
||
# ear.
|
||
ounce 1|16 pound
|
||
oz ounce
|
||
dram 1|16 ounce
|
||
dr dram
|
||
ushundredweight 100 pounds
|
||
cwt hundredweight
|
||
shorthundredweight ushundredweight
|
||
uston shortton
|
||
shortton 2000 lb
|
||
quarterweight 1|4 uston
|
||
shortquarterweight 1|4 shortton
|
||
shortquarter shortquarterweight
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
# Troy Weight. In 1828 the troy pound was made the first United States
|
||
# standard weight. It was to be used to regulate coinage.
|
||
|
||
!category troy "Troy Weights"
|
||
|
||
troypound 5760 grain
|
||
troyounce 1|12 troypound
|
||
ozt troyounce
|
||
pennyweight 1|20 troyounce # Abbreviated "d" in reference to a
|
||
dwt pennyweight # Frankish coin called the "denier"
|
||
# minted in the late 700's. There
|
||
# were 240 deniers to the pound.
|
||
assayton mg ton / troyounce # mg / assayton = troyounce / ton
|
||
usassayton mg uston / troyounce
|
||
brassayton mg brton / troyounce
|
||
fineounce troyounce # A troy ounce of 99.5% pure gold
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
# Some other jewelers units
|
||
|
||
!category jewelers "Jewelers' Units"
|
||
|
||
metriccarat 0.2 gram # Defined in 1907
|
||
metricgrain 50 mg
|
||
carat metriccarat
|
||
ct carat
|
||
jewelerspoint 1|100 carat
|
||
silversmithpoint 1|4000 inch
|
||
momme 3.75 grams # Traditional Japanese unit based
|
||
# on the chinese mace. It is used for
|
||
# pearls in modern times and also for
|
||
# silk density. The definition here
|
||
# was adopted in 1891.
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
# Apothecaries' weight
|
||
|
||
!category apothecary "Apothecaries' Weights"
|
||
|
||
appound troypound
|
||
apounce troyounce
|
||
apdram 1|8 apounce
|
||
apscruple 1|3 apdram
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
# Liquid measure
|
||
|
||
!category us_volume "US Volume Measures"
|
||
|
||
usgallon 231 in^3 # US liquid measure is derived from
|
||
gal gallon # the British wine gallon of 1707.
|
||
quart 1|4 gallon # See the "winegallon" entry below
|
||
pint 1|2 quart # more historical information.
|
||
gill 1|4 pint
|
||
usquart 1|4 usgallon
|
||
uspint 1|2 usquart
|
||
usgill 1|4 uspint
|
||
usfluidounce 1|16 uspint
|
||
fluiddram 1|8 usfloz
|
||
minimvolume 1|60 fluiddram
|
||
qt quart
|
||
pt pint
|
||
floz fluidounce
|
||
usfloz usfluidounce
|
||
fldr fluiddram
|
||
liquidbarrel 31.5 usgallon
|
||
usbeerbarrel 2 beerkegs
|
||
beerkeg 15.5 usgallon # Various among brewers
|
||
ponykeg 1|2 beerkeg
|
||
winekeg 12 usgallon
|
||
petroleumbarrel 42 usgallon # Originated in Pennsylvania oil
|
||
barrel petroleumbarrel # fields, from the winetierce
|
||
bbl barrel
|
||
ushogshead 2 liquidbarrel
|
||
usfirkin 9 usgallon
|
||
|
||
# Dry measures: The Winchester Bushel was defined by William III in 1702 and
|
||
# legally adopted in the US in 1836.
|
||
|
||
usbushel 2150.42 in^3 # Volume of 8 inch cylinder with 18.5
|
||
bu bushel # inch diameter (rounded)
|
||
peck 1|4 bushel
|
||
uspeck 1|4 usbushel
|
||
brpeck 1|4 brbushel
|
||
pk peck
|
||
drygallon 1|2 uspeck
|
||
dryquart 1|4 drygallon
|
||
drypint 1|2 dryquart
|
||
drybarrel 7056 in^3 # Used in US for fruits, vegetables,
|
||
# and other dry commodities except for
|
||
# cranberries.
|
||
cranberrybarrel 5826 in^3 # US cranberry barrel
|
||
heapedbushel 1.278 usbushel# The following explanation for this
|
||
# value was provided by Wendy Krieger
|
||
# <os2fan2@yahoo.com> based on
|
||
# guesswork. The cylindrical vessel is
|
||
# 18.5 inches in diameter and 1|2 inch
|
||
# thick. A heaped bushel includes the
|
||
# contents of this cylinder plus a heap
|
||
# on top. The heap is a cone 19.5
|
||
# inches in diameter and 6 inches
|
||
# high. With these values, the volume
|
||
# of the bushel is 684.5 pi in^3 and
|
||
# the heap occupies 190.125 pi in^3.
|
||
# Therefore, the heaped bushel is
|
||
# 874.625|684.5 bushels. This value is
|
||
# approximately 1.2777575 and it rounds
|
||
# to the value listed for the size of
|
||
# the heaped bushel. Sometimes the
|
||
# heaped bushel is reported as 1.25
|
||
# bushels. This same explanation gives
|
||
# that value if the heap is taken to
|
||
# have an 18.5 inch diameter.
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
# Grain measures. The bushel as it is used by farmers in the USA is actually
|
||
# a measure of mass which varies for different commodities. Canada uses the
|
||
# same bushel masses for most commodities, but not for oats.
|
||
|
||
!category us_grain "US Grain Measures"
|
||
|
||
wheatbushel 60 lb
|
||
soybeanbushel 60 lb
|
||
cornbushel 56 lb
|
||
ryebushel 56 lb
|
||
barleybushel 48 lb
|
||
oatbushel 32 lb
|
||
ricebushel 45 lb
|
||
canada_oatbushel 34 lb
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
# Wine and Spirits measure
|
||
|
||
!category wine "Wine and Spirits Measures"
|
||
|
||
ponyvolume 1 usfloz
|
||
jigger 1.5 usfloz # Can vary between 1 and 2 usfloz
|
||
shot jigger # Sometimes 1 usfloz
|
||
eushot 25 ml # EU standard spirits measure
|
||
fifth 1|5 usgallon
|
||
winebottle 750 ml # US industry standard, 1979
|
||
winesplit 1|4 winebottle
|
||
wineglass 4 usfloz
|
||
magnum 1.5 liter # Standardized in 1979, but given
|
||
# as 2 qt in some references
|
||
metrictenth 375 ml
|
||
metricfifth 750 ml
|
||
metricquart 1 liter
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
# Old British bottle size
|
||
|
||
!category br_bottles "British Bottle Sizes"
|
||
|
||
reputedquart 1|6 brgallon
|
||
reputedpint 1|2 reputedquart
|
||
brwinebottle reputedquart # Very close to 1|5 winegallon
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
# French champagne bottle sizes
|
||
|
||
!category fr_bottle "French CHampagne Bottle Sizes"
|
||
|
||
split 200 ml
|
||
jeroboam 2 magnum
|
||
rehoboam 3 magnum
|
||
methuselah 4 magnum
|
||
salmanazar 6 magnum
|
||
balthazar 8 magnum
|
||
nebuchadnezzar 10 magnum
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Water is "hard" if it contains various minerals, expecially calcium
|
||
# carbonate.
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
!category water_hardness "Water Hardness Measures"
|
||
|
||
clarkdegree grains/brgallon # Content by weigh of calcium carbonate
|
||
gpg grains/usgallon # Divide by water's density to convert to
|
||
# a dimensionless concentration measure
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Shoe measures
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
!category shoes "Shoe Measures"
|
||
|
||
shoeiron 1|48 inch # Used to measure leather in soles
|
||
shoeounce 1|64 inch # Used to measure non-sole shoe leather
|
||
|
||
# USA shoe sizes. These express the length of the shoe or the length
|
||
# of the "last", the form that the shoe is made on. But note that
|
||
# this only captures the length. It appears that widths change 1/4
|
||
# inch for each letter within the same size, and if you change the
|
||
# length by half a size then the width changes between 1/8 inch and
|
||
# 1/4 inch. But this may not be standard. If you know better, please
|
||
# contact me.
|
||
|
||
shoesize_delta 1|3 inch # USA shoe sizes differ by this amount
|
||
shoe_men0 8.25 inch
|
||
shoe_women0 (7+11|12) inch
|
||
shoe_boys0 (3+11|12) inch
|
||
shoe_girls0 (3+7|12) inch
|
||
|
||
#shoesize_men(n) units=[1;inch] shoe_men0 + n shoesize_delta ; \
|
||
# (shoesize_men+(-shoe_men0))/shoesize_delta
|
||
#shoesize_women(n) units=[1;inch] shoe_women0 + n shoesize_delta ; \
|
||
# (shoesize_women+(-shoe_women0))/shoesize_delta
|
||
#shoesize_boys(n) units=[1;inch] shoe_boys0 + n shoesize_delta ; \
|
||
# (shoesize_boys+(-shoe_boys0))/shoesize_delta
|
||
#shoesize_girls(n) units=[1;inch] shoe_girls0 + n shoesize_delta ; \
|
||
# (shoesize_girls+(-shoe_girls0))/shoesize_delta
|
||
|
||
# European shoe size. According to
|
||
# http://www.shoeline.com/footnotes/shoeterm.shtml
|
||
# shoe sizes in Europe are measured with Paris points which simply measure
|
||
# the length of the shoe.
|
||
|
||
europeshoesize 2|3 cm
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# USA slang units
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
key kg # usually of marijuana, 60's
|
||
lid 1 oz # Another 60's weed unit
|
||
footballfield usfootballfield
|
||
usfootballfield 100 yards
|
||
canadafootballfield 110 yards # And 65 yards wide
|
||
marathon 26 miles + 385 yards
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# British
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
# The length measure in the UK was defined by a bronze bar manufactured in
|
||
# 1844. Various conversions were sanctioned for convenience at different
|
||
# times, which makes conversions before 1963 a confusing matter. Apparently
|
||
# previous conversions were never explicitly revoked. Four different
|
||
# conversion factors appear below. Multiply them times an imperial length
|
||
# units as desired. The Weights and Measures Act of 1963 switched the UK away
|
||
# from their bronze standard and onto a definition of the yard in terms of the
|
||
# meter. This happened after an international agreement in 1959 to align the
|
||
# world's measurement systems.
|
||
|
||
# In 1922, Seers, Jolly and
|
||
# Johnson found the yard to be
|
||
# 0.91439841 meters.
|
||
# Used starting in the 1930's.
|
||
|
||
!category br_length "British Length Measures"
|
||
|
||
UKSJJyard 0.91439841 meter
|
||
UKSJJfoot 1|3 UKSJJyard
|
||
UKSJJinch 1|12 UKSJJfoot
|
||
UKSJJmile 5280 UKSJJfoot
|
||
|
||
bryard UKSJJyard
|
||
brfoot UKSJJfoot
|
||
brinch UKSJJinch
|
||
brmile UKSJJmile
|
||
|
||
UKyard UKSJJyard
|
||
UKfoot UKSJJfoot
|
||
UKinch UKSJJinch
|
||
UKmile UKSJJmile
|
||
UKft UKfoot
|
||
|
||
# Benoit found the yard to be
|
||
# 0.9143992 m at a weights and
|
||
# measures conference around
|
||
# 1896. Legally sanctioned
|
||
# in 1898.
|
||
UKByard 0.9143992 meter
|
||
UKBfoot 1|3 UKByard
|
||
UKBinch 1|12 UKBfoot
|
||
UKBmile 5280 UKBfoot
|
||
|
||
# In 1866 Clarke found the meter
|
||
# to be 1.09362311 yards. This
|
||
# conversion was legalized
|
||
# around 1878.
|
||
UKCyard 1|1.09362311 meter
|
||
UKCfoot 1|3 UKCyard
|
||
UKCinch 1|12 UKCfoot
|
||
UKCmile 5280 UKCfoot
|
||
|
||
# In 1816 Kater found this ratio
|
||
# for the meter and inch. This
|
||
# value was used as the legal
|
||
# conversion ratio when the
|
||
# metric system was legalized
|
||
# for contract in 1864.
|
||
UKKinch 1|39.37079 meter
|
||
UKKfoot 12 UKKinch
|
||
UKKyard 3 UKKfoot
|
||
UKKmile 5280 UKKfoot
|
||
|
||
brnauticalmile 6080 ft # Used until 1970 when the UK
|
||
brknot brnauticalmile / hr # switched to the international
|
||
brcable 1|10 brnauticalmile # nautical mile.
|
||
brstatutemile 5280 brfoot
|
||
english_land_league 3 brmile
|
||
brleague english_land_league
|
||
admiraltymile brnauticalmile
|
||
admiraltyknot brknot
|
||
admiraltycable brcable
|
||
seamile 6000 ft
|
||
shackle 15 fathoms # Adopted 1949 by British navy
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
# British Imperial weight is mostly the same as US weight. A few extra
|
||
# units are added here.
|
||
|
||
!category br_weight "British Weight Measures"
|
||
|
||
clove 7 lb
|
||
stone 14 lb
|
||
tod 28 lb
|
||
brquarterweight 1|4 brhundredweight
|
||
brhundredweight 8 stone
|
||
longhundredweight brhundredweight
|
||
longton 20 brhundredweight
|
||
brton longton
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
# British Imperial volume measures
|
||
|
||
!category br_volume "British Volume Measures"
|
||
|
||
brminim 1|60 brdram
|
||
brscruple 1|3 brdram
|
||
fluidscruple brscruple
|
||
brdram 1|8 brfloz
|
||
brfluidounce 1|20 brpint
|
||
brfloz brfluidounce
|
||
brgill 1|4 brpint
|
||
brpint 1|2 brquart
|
||
brquart 1|4 brgallon
|
||
brgallon 4.54609 l # The British Imperial gallon was
|
||
# defined in 1824 to be the volume of
|
||
# water which weighed 10 pounds at 62
|
||
# deg F with a pressure of 30 inHg.
|
||
# It was also defined as 277.274 in^3,
|
||
# Which is slightly in error. In
|
||
# 1963 it was defined to be the volume
|
||
# occupied by 10 pounds of distilled
|
||
# water of density 0.998859 g/ml weighed
|
||
# in air of density 0.001217 g/ml
|
||
# against weights of density 8.136 g/ml.
|
||
# This gives a value of approximately
|
||
# 4.5459645 liters, but the old liter
|
||
# was in force at this time. In 1976
|
||
# the definition was changed to exactly
|
||
# 4.54609 liters using the new
|
||
# definition of the liter (1 dm^3).
|
||
brbarrel 36 brgallon # Used for beer
|
||
brbushel 8 brgallon
|
||
brheapedbushel 1.278 brbushel
|
||
brquarter 8 brbushel
|
||
brchaldron 36 brbushel
|
||
|
||
# Obscure British volume measures. These units are generally traditional
|
||
# measures whose definitions have fluctuated over the years. Often they
|
||
# depended on the quantity being measured. They are given here in terms of
|
||
# British Imperial measures. For example, the puncheon may have historically
|
||
# been defined relative to the wine gallon or beer gallon or ale gallon
|
||
# rather than the British Imperial gallon.
|
||
|
||
bag 4 brbushel
|
||
bucket 4 brgallon
|
||
kilderkin 2 brfirkin
|
||
last 40 brbushel
|
||
noggin brgill
|
||
pottle 0.5 brgallon
|
||
pin 4.5 brgallon
|
||
puncheon 72 brgallon
|
||
seam 8 brbushel
|
||
coomb 4 brbushel
|
||
boll 6 brbushel
|
||
firlot 1|4 boll
|
||
brfirkin 9 brgallon # Used for ale and beer
|
||
cran 37.5 brgallon # measures herring, about 750 fish
|
||
brwinehogshead 52.5 brgallon # This value is approximately equal
|
||
brhogshead brwinehogshead # to the old wine hogshead of 63
|
||
# wine gallons. This adjustment
|
||
# is listed in the OED and in
|
||
# "The Weights and Measures of
|
||
# England" by R. D. Connor
|
||
brbeerhogshead 54 brgallon
|
||
brbeerbutt 2 brbeerhogshead
|
||
registerton 100 ft^3 # Used for internal capacity of ships
|
||
shippington 40 ft^3 # Used for ship's cargo freight or timber
|
||
brshippington 42 ft^3 #
|
||
freightton shippington # Both register ton and shipping ton derive
|
||
# from the "tun cask" of wine.
|
||
displacementton 35 ft^3 # Approximate volume of a longton weight of
|
||
# sea water. Measures water displaced by
|
||
# ships.
|
||
waterton 224 brgallon
|
||
strike 70.5 l # 16th century unit, sometimes
|
||
# defined as .5, 2, or 4 bushels
|
||
# depending on the location. It
|
||
# probably doesn't make a lot of
|
||
# sense to define in terms of imperial
|
||
# bushels. Zupko gives a value of
|
||
# 2 Winchester grain bushels or about
|
||
# 70.5 liters.
|
||
amber 4 brbushel# Used for dry and liquid capacity [18]
|
||
|
||
# British volume measures with "imperial"
|
||
|
||
imperialminim brminim
|
||
imperialscruple brscruple
|
||
imperialdram brdram
|
||
imperialfluidounce brfluidounce
|
||
imperialfloz brfloz
|
||
imperialgill brgill
|
||
imperialpint brpint
|
||
imperialquart brquart
|
||
imperialgallon brgallon
|
||
imperialbarrel brbarrel
|
||
imperialbushel brbushel
|
||
imperialheapedbushel brheapedbushel
|
||
imperialquarter brquarter
|
||
imperialchaldron brchaldron
|
||
imperialwinehogshead brwinehogshead
|
||
imperialhogshead brhogshead
|
||
imperialbeerhogshead brbeerhogshead
|
||
imperialbeerbutt brbeerbutt
|
||
imperialfirkin brfirkin
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
# obscure British lengths
|
||
|
||
!category br_length "British Length Measures"
|
||
|
||
barleycorn 1|3 UKinch # Given in Realm of Measure as the
|
||
# difference between successive shoe sizes
|
||
nail 1|16 UKyard # Originally the width of the thumbnail,
|
||
# or 1|16 ft. This took on the general
|
||
# meaning of 1|16 and settled on the
|
||
# nail of a yard or 1|16 yards as its
|
||
# final value. [12]
|
||
brpole 16.5 UKft # This was 15 Saxon feet, the Saxon
|
||
rope 20 UKft # foot (aka northern foot) being longer
|
||
englishell 45 UKinch
|
||
flemishell 27 UKinch
|
||
ell englishell # supposed to be measure from elbow to
|
||
# fingertips
|
||
span 9 UKinch # supposed to be distance from thumb
|
||
# to pinky with full hand extension
|
||
goad 4.5 UKft # used for cloth, possibly named after the
|
||
# stick used for prodding animals.
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
# misc obscure British units
|
||
|
||
hide 120 acre # English unit of land area dating to the 7th
|
||
# century, originally the amount of land
|
||
# that a single plowman could cultivate,
|
||
# which varied from 60-180 acres regionally.
|
||
# Standardized at Normon conquest.
|
||
virgate 1|4 hide
|
||
nook 1|2 virgate
|
||
rood furlong rod # Area of a strip a rod by a furlong
|
||
englishcarat troyounce/151.5 # Originally intended to be 4 grain
|
||
# but this value ended up being
|
||
# used in the London diamond market
|
||
mancus 2 oz
|
||
mast 2.5 lb
|
||
nailkeg 100 lbs
|
||
basebox 31360 in^2 # Used in metal plating
|
||
|
||
# alternate spellings
|
||
|
||
metre meter
|
||
gramme gram
|
||
litre liter
|
||
dioptre diopter
|
||
aluminium aluminum
|
||
sulphur sulfur
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Units derived the human body (may not be very accurate)
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
!category human_measures "Human Body Measurements"
|
||
|
||
geometricpace 5 ft # distance between points where the same
|
||
# foot hits the ground
|
||
pace 2.5 ft # distance between points where alternate
|
||
# feet touch the ground
|
||
USmilitarypace 30 in # United States official military pace
|
||
USdoubletimepace 36 in # United States official doubletime pace
|
||
fingerbreadth 7|8 in # The finger is defined as either the width
|
||
fingerlength 4.5 in # or length of the finger
|
||
finger fingerbreadth
|
||
palmwidth hand # The palm is a unit defined as either the width
|
||
palmlength 8 in # or the length of the hand
|
||
hand 4 inch # width of hand
|
||
shaftment 6 inch # Distance from tip of outstretched thumb to the
|
||
# opposite side of the palm of the hand. The
|
||
# ending -ment is from the old English word
|
||
# for hand. [18]
|
||
smoot 5 ft + 7 in # Created as part of an MIT fraternity prank.
|
||
# In 1958 Oliver Smoot was used to measure
|
||
# the length of the Harvard Bridge, which was
|
||
# marked off in smooth lengths. These
|
||
# markings have been maintained on the bridge
|
||
# since then and repainted by subsequent
|
||
# incoming fraternity members. During a
|
||
# bridge rennovation the new sidewalk was
|
||
# scored every smooth rather than at the
|
||
# customary 6 ft spacing.
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Cooking measures
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
!category us_volume "US Volume Measures"
|
||
|
||
# Common abbreviations
|
||
|
||
tbl tablespoon
|
||
tbsp tablespoon
|
||
tblsp tablespoon
|
||
Tb tablespoon
|
||
tsp teaspoon
|
||
saltspoon 1|4 tsp
|
||
|
||
# US measures
|
||
|
||
uscup 8 usfloz
|
||
ustablespoon 1|16 uscup
|
||
usteaspoon 1|3 ustablespoon
|
||
ustbl ustablespoon
|
||
ustbsp ustablespoon
|
||
ustblsp ustablespoon
|
||
ustsp usteaspoon
|
||
metriccup 250 ml
|
||
stickbutter 1|4 lb # Butter in the USA is sold in one
|
||
# pound packages that contain four
|
||
# individually wrapped pieces. The
|
||
# pieces are marked into tablespoons,
|
||
# making it possible to measure out
|
||
# butter by volume by slicing the
|
||
# butter.
|
||
|
||
legalcup 240 ml # The cup used on nutrition labeling
|
||
legaltablespoon 1|16 legalcup
|
||
legaltbsp legaltablespoon
|
||
|
||
# Scoop size. Ice cream scoops in the US are marked with numbers
|
||
# indicating the number of scoops requird to fill a US quart.
|
||
|
||
#scoop(n) units=[1;cup] domain=[4,100] range=[0.04,1] \
|
||
# 32 usfloz / n ; 32 usfloz / scoop
|
||
|
||
|
||
# US can sizes.
|
||
|
||
number1can 10 usfloz
|
||
number2can 19 usfloz
|
||
number2.5can 3.5 uscups
|
||
number3can 4 uscups
|
||
number5can 7 uscups
|
||
number10can 105 usfloz
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
# British measures
|
||
|
||
!category br_volume "British Volume Measures"
|
||
|
||
brcup 1|2 brpint
|
||
brteacup 1|3 brpint
|
||
brtablespoon 15 ml # Also 5|8 brfloz, approx 17.7 ml
|
||
brteaspoon 1|3 brtablespoon # Also 1|4 brtablespoon
|
||
brdessertspoon 2 brteaspoon
|
||
dessertspoon brdessertspoon
|
||
dsp dessertspoon
|
||
brtsp brteaspoon
|
||
brtbl brtablespoon
|
||
brtbsp brtablespoon
|
||
brtblsp brtablespoon
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
# Australian
|
||
|
||
!category au_volume "Australian Volume Measures"
|
||
|
||
australiatablespoon 20 ml
|
||
austbl australiatablespoon
|
||
austbsp australiatablespoon
|
||
austblsp australiatablespoon
|
||
australiateaspoon 1|4 australiatablespoon
|
||
austsp australiateaspoon
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
# Italian
|
||
|
||
etto 100 g # Used for buying items like meat and
|
||
etti etto # cheese.
|
||
|
||
# Chinese
|
||
|
||
catty 0.5 kg
|
||
oldcatty 4|3 lbs # Before metric conversion.
|
||
tael 1|16 oldcatty # Should the tael be defined both ways?
|
||
mace 0.1 tael
|
||
oldpicul 100 oldcatty
|
||
picul 100 catty # Chinese usage
|
||
|
||
# Indian
|
||
|
||
seer 14400 grain # British Colonial standard
|
||
ser seer
|
||
maund 40 seer
|
||
pakistanseer 1 kg
|
||
pakistanmaund 40 pakistanseer
|
||
chittak 1|16 seer
|
||
tola 1|5 chittak
|
||
ollock 1|4 liter # Is this right?
|
||
|
||
# Japanese
|
||
|
||
japancup 200 ml
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Density measures. Density has traditionally been measured on a variety of
|
||
# bizarre nonlinear scales.
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
# Density of a sugar syrup is frequently measured in candy making procedures.
|
||
# In the USA the boiling point of the syrup is measured. Some recipes instead
|
||
# specify the density using degrees Baume. Conversion between degrees Baume
|
||
# and the boiling point measure has proved elusive. This table appeared in one
|
||
# text, and provides a fragmentary relationship to the concentration.
|
||
#
|
||
# temp(C) conc (%)
|
||
# 100 30
|
||
# 101 40
|
||
# 102 50
|
||
# 103 60
|
||
# 106 70
|
||
# 112 80
|
||
# 123 90
|
||
# 140 95
|
||
# 151 97
|
||
# 160 98.2
|
||
# 166 99.5
|
||
# 171 99.6
|
||
#
|
||
# The best source identified to date came from "Boiling point elevation of
|
||
# technical sugarcane solutions and its use in automatic pan boiling" by
|
||
# Michael Saska. International Sugar Journal, 2002, 104, 1247, pp 500-507.
|
||
#
|
||
# But I'm using equation (3) which is credited to Starzak and Peacock,
|
||
# "Water activity coefficient in aqueous solutions of sucrose--A comprehensive
|
||
# data analyzis. Zuckerindustrie, 122, 380-387. (I couldn't find this
|
||
# document.)
|
||
#
|
||
# Note that the range of validity is uncertain, but answers are in agreement
|
||
# with the above table all the way to 99.6.
|
||
#
|
||
# The original equation has a parameter for the boiling point of water, which
|
||
# of course varies with altitude. It also includes various other model
|
||
# parameters. The input is the molar concentration of sucrose in the solution,
|
||
# (moles sucrose) / (total moles).
|
||
#
|
||
# Bsp 3797.06 degC
|
||
# Csp 226.28 degC
|
||
# QQ -17638 J/mol
|
||
# asp -1.0038
|
||
# bsp -0.24653
|
||
# tbw 100 degC # boiling point of water
|
||
# sugar_bpe_orig(x) ((1-QQ/R Bsp * x^2 (1+asp x + bsp x^2) (tbw + Csp) \
|
||
# /(tbw+stdtemp)) / (1+(tbw + Csp)/Bsp *ln(1-x))-1) * (tbw + Csp)
|
||
#
|
||
# To convert mass concentration (brix) to molar concentration
|
||
#
|
||
# sc(x) (x / 342.3) / (( x/342.3) + (100-x)/18.02); \
|
||
# 100 sc 342.3|18.02 / (sc (342.3|18.02-1)+1)
|
||
#
|
||
# Here is a simplfied version of this equation where the temperature of boiling
|
||
# water has been fixed at 100 degrees Celcius and the argument is now the
|
||
# concentration (brix).
|
||
#
|
||
# sugar_bpe(x) ((1+ 0.48851085 * sc(x)^2 (1+ -1.0038 sc(x) + -0.24653 sc(x)^2)) \
|
||
# / (1+0.08592964 ln(1-sc(x)))-1) 326.28 K
|
||
#
|
||
#
|
||
# The formula is not invertible, so to implement it in units we unfortunately
|
||
# must turn it into a table.
|
||
|
||
# This table gives the boiling point elevation as a function of the sugar syrup
|
||
# concentration expressed as a percentage.
|
||
|
||
#sugar_conc_bpe[K] \
|
||
# 0 0.0000 5 0.0788 10 0.1690 15 0.2729 20 0.3936 25 0.5351 \
|
||
#30 0.7027 35 0.9036 40 1.1475 42 1.2599 44 1.3825 46 1.5165 \
|
||
#48 1.6634 50 1.8249 52 2.0031 54 2.2005 56 2.4200 58 2.6651 \
|
||
#60 2.9400 61 3.0902 62 3.2499 63 3.4198 64 3.6010 65 3.7944 \
|
||
#66 4.0012 67 4.2227 68 4.4603 69 4.7156 70 4.9905 71 5.2870 \
|
||
#72 5.6075 73 5.9546 74 6.3316 75 6.7417 76 7.1892 77 7.6786 \
|
||
#78.0 8.2155 79.0 8.8061 80.0 9.4578 80.5 9.8092 81.0 10.1793 \
|
||
#81.5 10.5693 82.0 10.9807 82.5 11.4152 83.0 11.8743 83.5 12.3601 \
|
||
#84.0 12.8744 84.5 13.4197 85.0 13.9982 85.5 14.6128 86.0 15.2663 \
|
||
#86.5 15.9620 87.0 16.7033 87.5 17.4943 88.0 18.3391 88.5 19.2424 \
|
||
#89.0 20.2092 89.5 21.2452 90.0 22.3564 90.5 23.5493 91.0 24.8309 \
|
||
#91.5 26.2086 92.0 27.6903 92.5 29.2839 93.0 30.9972 93.5 32.8374 \
|
||
#94.0 34.8104 94.5 36.9195 95.0 39.1636 95.5 41.5348 96.0 44.0142 \
|
||
#96.5 46.5668 97.0 49.1350 97.5 51.6347 98.0 53.9681 98.1 54.4091 \
|
||
#98.2 54.8423 98.3 55.2692 98.4 55.6928 98.5 56.1174 98.6 56.5497 \
|
||
#98.7 56.9999 98.8 57.4828 98.9 58.0206 99.0 58.6455 99.1 59.4062 \
|
||
#99.2 60.3763 99.3 61.6706 99.4 63.4751 99.5 66.1062 99.6 70.1448 \
|
||
#99.7 76.7867
|
||
|
||
# Using the brix table we can use this to produce a mapping from boiling point
|
||
# to density which makes all of the units interconvertible. Because the brix
|
||
# table stops at 95 this approach works up to a boiling point elevation of 39 K
|
||
# or a boiling point of 139 C / 282 F, which is the "soft crack" stage in candy
|
||
# making. The "hard crack" stage continues up to 310 F.
|
||
|
||
# Boiling point elevation
|
||
#sugar_bpe(T) units=[K;g/cm^3] domain=[0,39.1636] range=[0.99717,1.5144619] \
|
||
# brix(~sugar_conc_bpe(T)); sugar_conc_bpe(~brix(sugar_bpe))
|
||
# Absolute boiling point (produces an absolute temperature)
|
||
#sugar_bp(T) units=[K;g/cm^3] domain=[373.15,412.3136] \
|
||
# range=[0.99717,1.5144619] \
|
||
# brix(~sugar_conc_bpe(T-tempC(100))) ;\
|
||
# sugar_conc_bpe(~brix(sugar_bp))+tempC(100)
|
||
|
||
# In practice dealing with the absolute temperature is annoying because it is
|
||
# not possible to convert to a nested function, so you're stuck retyping the
|
||
# absolute temperature in Kelvins to convert to celsius or Fahrenheit. To
|
||
# prevent this we supply definitions that build in the temperature conversion
|
||
# and produce results in the Fahrenheit and Celcius scales. So using these
|
||
# measures, to convert 46 degrees Baume to a Fahrenheit boiling point:
|
||
#
|
||
# You have: baume(45)
|
||
# You want: sugar_bpF
|
||
# 239.05647
|
||
#
|
||
#sugar_bpF(T) units=[1;g/cm^3] domain=[212,282.49448] range=[0.99717,1.5144619]\
|
||
# brix(~sugar_conc_bpe(tempF(T)+-tempC(100))) ;\
|
||
# ~tempF(sugar_conc_bpe(~brix(sugar_bpF))+tempC(100))
|
||
#sugar_bpC(T) units=[1;g/cm^3] domain=[100,139.1636] range=[0.99717,1.5144619]\
|
||
# brix(~sugar_conc_bpe(tempC(T)+-tempC(100))) ;\
|
||
# ~tempC(sugar_conc_bpe(~brix(sugar_bpC))+tempC(100))
|
||
|
||
# Degrees Baume is used in European recipes to specify the density of a sugar
|
||
# syrup. An entirely different definition is used for densities below
|
||
# 1 g/cm^3. An arbitrary constant appears in the definition. This value is
|
||
# equal to 145 in the US, but was according to [], the old scale used in
|
||
# Holland had a value of 144, and the new scale or Gerlach scale used 146.78.
|
||
|
||
baumeconst 145 # US value
|
||
#baume(d) units=[1;g/cm^3] domain=[0,145) range=[1,) \
|
||
# (baumeconst/(baumeconst+-d)) g/cm^3 ; \
|
||
# (baume+((-g)/cm^3)) baumeconst / baume
|
||
|
||
# It's not clear if this value was ever used with negative degrees.
|
||
#twaddell(x) units=[1;g/cm^3] domain=[-200,) range=[0,) \
|
||
# (1 + 0.005 x) g / cm^3 ; \
|
||
# 200 (twaddell / (g/cm^3) +- 1)
|
||
|
||
# The degree quevenne is a unit for measuring the density of milk.
|
||
# Similarly it's unclear if negative values were allowed here.
|
||
#quevenne(x) units=[1;g/cm^3] domain=[-1000,) range=[0,) \
|
||
# (1 + 0.001 x) g / cm^3 ; \
|
||
# 1000 (quevenne / (g/cm^3) +- 1)
|
||
|
||
# Degrees brix measures sugar concentration by weigh as a percentage, so a
|
||
# solution that is 3 degrees brix is 3% sugar by weight. This unit was named
|
||
# after Adolf Brix who invented a hydrometer that read this percentage
|
||
# directly. This data is from Table 114 of NIST Circular 440, "Polarimetry,
|
||
# Saccharimetry and the Sugars". It gives apparent specific gravity at 20
|
||
# degrees Celsius of various sugar concentrations. As rendered below this
|
||
# data is converted to apparent density at 20 degrees Celsius using the
|
||
# density figure for water given in the same NIST reference. They use the
|
||
# word "apparent" to refer to measurements being made in air with brass
|
||
# weights rather than vacuum.
|
||
|
||
#brix[0.99717g/cm^3]\
|
||
# 0 1.00000 1 1.00390 2 1.00780 3 1.01173 4 1.01569 5 1.01968 \
|
||
# 6 1.02369 7 1.02773 8 1.03180 9 1.03590 10 1.04003 11 1.04418 \
|
||
# 12 1.04837 13 1.05259 14 1.05683 15 1.06111 16 1.06542 17 1.06976 \
|
||
# 18 1.07413 19 1.07853 20 1.08297 21 1.08744 22 1.09194 23 1.09647 \
|
||
# 24 1.10104 25 1.10564 26 1.11027 27 1.11493 28 1.11963 29 1.12436 \
|
||
# 30 1.12913 31 1.13394 32 1.13877 33 1.14364 34 1.14855 35 1.15350 \
|
||
# 36 1.15847 37 1.16349 38 1.16853 39 1.17362 40 1.17874 41 1.18390 \
|
||
# 42 1.18910 43 1.19434 44 1.19961 45 1.20491 46 1.21026 47 1.21564 \
|
||
# 48 1.22106 49 1.22652 50 1.23202 51 1.23756 52 1.24313 53 1.24874 \
|
||
# 54 1.25439 55 1.26007 56 1.26580 57 1.27156 58 1.27736 59 1.28320 \
|
||
# 60 1.28909 61 1.29498 62 1.30093 63 1.30694 64 1.31297 65 1.31905 \
|
||
# 66 1.32516 67 1.33129 68 1.33748 69 1.34371 70 1.34997 71 1.35627 \
|
||
# 72 1.36261 73 1.36900 74 1.37541 75 1.38187 76 1.38835 77 1.39489 \
|
||
# 78 1.40146 79 1.40806 80 1.41471 81 1.42138 82 1.42810 83 1.43486 \
|
||
# 84 1.44165 85 1.44848 86 1.45535 87 1.46225 88 1.46919 89 1.47616 \
|
||
# 90 1.48317 91 1.49022 92 1.49730 93 1.50442 94 1.51157 95 1.51876
|
||
|
||
# Density measure invented by the American Petroleum Institute. Lighter
|
||
# petroleum products are more valuable, and they get a higher API degree.
|
||
#
|
||
# The intervals of range and domain should be open rather than closed.
|
||
#
|
||
#apidegree(x) units=[1;g/cm^3] domain=[-131.5,) range=[0,) \
|
||
# 141.5 g/cm^3 / (x+131.5) ; \
|
||
# 141.5 (g/cm^3) / apidegree + (-131.5)
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Units derived from imperial system
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
!category derived_customary "Derived Customary Units"
|
||
|
||
ouncedal oz ft / s^2 # force which accelerates an ounce
|
||
# at 1 ft/s^2
|
||
poundal lb ft / s^2 # same thing for a pound
|
||
tondal longton ft / s^2 # and for a ton
|
||
pdl poundal
|
||
osi ounce force / inch^2 # used in aviation
|
||
psi pound force / inch^2
|
||
psia psi # absolute pressure
|
||
# Note that gauge pressure can be given
|
||
# using the gaugepressure() and
|
||
# psig() nonlinear unit definitions
|
||
tsi ton force / inch^2
|
||
reyn psi sec
|
||
slug lbf s^2 / ft
|
||
slugf slug force
|
||
slinch lbf s^2 / inch # Mass unit derived from inch second
|
||
slinchf slinch force # pound-force system. Used in space
|
||
# applications where in/sec^2 was a
|
||
# natural acceleration measure.
|
||
geepound slug
|
||
lbf lb force
|
||
tonf ton force
|
||
lbm lb
|
||
kip 1000 lbf # from kilopound
|
||
ksi kip / in^2
|
||
mil 0.001 inch
|
||
thou 0.001 inch
|
||
tenth 0.0001 inch # one tenth of one thousandth of an inch
|
||
millionth 1e-6 inch # one millionth of an inch
|
||
circularinch 1|4 pi in^2 # area of a one-inch diameter circle
|
||
circleinch circularinch # A circle with diameter d inches has
|
||
# an area of d^2 circularinches
|
||
cylinderinch circleinch inch # Cylinder h inch tall, d inches diameter
|
||
# has volume d^2 h cylinder inches
|
||
circularmil 1|4 pi mil^2 # area of one-mil diameter circle
|
||
cmil circularmil
|
||
|
||
cental 100 pound
|
||
centner cental
|
||
caliber 0.01 inch # for measuring bullets
|
||
duty ft lbf
|
||
celo ft / s^2
|
||
jerk ft / s^3
|
||
australiapoint 0.01 inch # The "point" is used to measure rainfall
|
||
# in Australia
|
||
sabin ft^2 # Measure of sound absorption equal to the
|
||
# absorbing power of one square foot of
|
||
# a perfectly absorbing material. The
|
||
# sound absorptivity of an object is the
|
||
# area times a dimensionless
|
||
# absorptivity coefficient.
|
||
standardgauge 4 ft + 8.5 in # Standard width between railroad track
|
||
flag 5 ft^2 # Construction term referring to sidewalk.
|
||
rollwallpaper 30 ft^2 # Area of roll of wall paper
|
||
fillpower in^3 / ounce # Density of down at standard pressure.
|
||
# The best down has 750-800 fillpower.
|
||
pinlength 1|16 inch # A #17 pin is 17/16 in long in the USA.
|
||
buttonline 1|40 inch # The line was used in 19th century USA
|
||
# to measure width of buttons.
|
||
beespace 1|4 inch # Bees will fill any space that is smaller
|
||
# than the bee space and leave open
|
||
# spaces that are larger. The size of
|
||
# the space varies with species.
|
||
tapediamond 8|5 ft # Marking on US tape measures that is
|
||
# useful to carpenters who wish to place
|
||
# five studs in an 8 ft distance. Note
|
||
# that the numbers appear in red every
|
||
# 16 inches as well, giving six
|
||
# divisions in 8 feet.
|
||
retmaunit 1.75 in # Height of rack mountable equipment.
|
||
U retmaunit # Equipment should be 1|32 inch narrower
|
||
RU U # than its U measurement indicates to
|
||
# allow for clearance, so 4U=(6+31|32)in
|
||
# RETMA stands for the former name of
|
||
# the standardizing organization, Radio
|
||
# Electronics Television Manufacturers
|
||
# Association. This organization is now
|
||
# called the Electronic Industries
|
||
# Alliance (EIA) and the rack standard
|
||
# is specified in EIA RS-310-D.
|
||
count /pound # For measuring the size of shrimp
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Other units of work, energy, power, etc
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
energy ? joule
|
||
|
||
# Calories: energy to raise a gram of water one degree celsius
|
||
|
||
!category calories "Calories"
|
||
|
||
cal_IT 4.1868 J # International Table calorie
|
||
cal_th 4.184 J # Thermochemical calorie
|
||
cal_fifteen 4.18580 J # Energy to go from 14.5 to 15.5 degC
|
||
cal_twenty 4.18190 J # Energy to go from 19.5 to 20.5 degC
|
||
cal_mean 4.19002 J # 1|100 energy to go from 0 to 100 degC
|
||
calorie cal_IT
|
||
cal calorie
|
||
calorie_IT cal_IT
|
||
thermcalorie cal_th
|
||
calorie_th thermcalorie
|
||
Calorie kilocalorie # the food Calorie
|
||
thermie 1e6 cal_fifteen # Heat required to raise the
|
||
# temperature of a tonne of
|
||
# water from 14.5 to 15.5 degC.
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
# btu definitions: energy to raise a pound of water 1 degF
|
||
|
||
btu cal lb degR / gram K # international table BTU
|
||
britishthermalunit btu
|
||
btu_IT btu
|
||
btu_th cal_th lb degR / gram K
|
||
btu_mean cal_mean lb degR / gram K
|
||
quad quadrillion btu
|
||
|
||
ECtherm 1.05506e8 J # Exact definition, close to 1e5 btu
|
||
UStherm 1.054804e8 J # Exact definition
|
||
therm UStherm
|
||
|
||
# Celsius heat unit: energy to raise a pound of water 1 degC
|
||
|
||
celsiusheatunit cal lb K / gram K
|
||
chu celsiusheatunit
|
||
|
||
power ? watt
|
||
|
||
# "Apparent" average power in an AC circuit, the product of rms voltage
|
||
# and rms current, equal to the true power in watts when voltage and
|
||
# current are in phase. In a DC circuit, always equal to the true power.
|
||
|
||
VA volt ampere
|
||
|
||
kWh kilowatt hour
|
||
|
||
# The horsepower is supposedly the power of one horse pulling. Obviously
|
||
# different people had different horses.
|
||
|
||
!category horses "Horse Units"
|
||
|
||
horsepower 550 foot pound force / sec # Invented by James Watt
|
||
mechanicalhorsepower horsepower
|
||
hp horsepower
|
||
metrichorsepower 75 kilogram force meter / sec # PS=Pferdestaerke in
|
||
electrichorsepower 746 W # Germany
|
||
boilerhorsepower 9809.50 W
|
||
waterhorsepower 746.043 W
|
||
brhorsepower 745.70 W
|
||
donkeypower 250 W
|
||
chevalvapeur metrichorsepower
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Heat Transfer
|
||
#
|
||
# Thermal conductivity, K, measures the rate of heat transfer across
|
||
# a material. The heat transfered is
|
||
# Q = K dT A t / L
|
||
# where dT is the temperature difference across the material, A is the
|
||
# cross sectional area, t is the time, and L is the length (thickness).
|
||
# Thermal conductivity is a material property.
|
||
|
||
thermal_conductivity ? power / area (temperature_difference/length)
|
||
thermal_resistivity ? 1/thermal_conductivity
|
||
|
||
# Thermal conductance is the rate at which heat flows across a given
|
||
# object, so the area and thickness have been fixed. It depends on
|
||
# the size of the object and is hence not a material property.
|
||
|
||
thermal_conductance ? power / temperature_difference
|
||
thermal_resistance ? 1/thermal_conductance
|
||
|
||
# Thermal admittance is the rate of heat flow per area across an
|
||
# object whose thickness has been fixed. Its reciprocal, thermal
|
||
# insulation, is used to for measuring the heat transfer per area
|
||
# of sheets of insulation or cloth that are of specified thickness.
|
||
|
||
thermal_admittance ? thermal_conductivity / length
|
||
thermal_insulance thermal_resistivity length
|
||
thermal_insulation ? thermal_resistivity length
|
||
|
||
Rvalue degR ft^2 hr / btu
|
||
Uvalue 1/Rvalue
|
||
europeanUvalue watt / m^2 K
|
||
RSI K m^2 / W
|
||
clo 0.155 K m^2 / W # Supposed to be the insulance
|
||
# required to keep a resting person
|
||
# comfortable indoors. The value
|
||
# given is from NIST and the CRC,
|
||
# but [5] gives a slightly different
|
||
# value of 0.875 ft^2 degF hr / btu.
|
||
tog 0.1 K m^2 / W # Also used for clothing.
|
||
|
||
|
||
# The bel was defined by engineers of Bell Laboratories to describe the
|
||
# reduction in audio level over a length of one mile. It was originally
|
||
# called the transmission unit (TU) but was renamed around 1923 to honor
|
||
# Alexander Graham Bell. The bel proved inconveniently large so the decibel
|
||
# has become more common. The decibel is dimensionless since it reports a
|
||
# ratio, but it is used in various contexts to report a signal's power
|
||
# relative to some reference level.
|
||
|
||
#bel(x) units=[1;1] range=(0,) 10^(x); log(bel) # Basic bel definition
|
||
#decibel(x) units=[1;1] range=(0,) 10^(x/10); 10 log(decibel) # Basic decibel
|
||
#dB() decibel # Abbreviation
|
||
#dBW(x) units=[1;W] range=(0,) dB(x) W ; ~dB(dBW/W) # Reference = 1 W
|
||
#dBk(x) units=[1;W] range=(0,) dB(x) kW ; ~dB(dBk/kW) # Reference = 1 kW
|
||
#dBf(x) units=[1;W] range=(0,) dB(x) fW ; ~dB(dBf/fW) # Reference = 1 fW
|
||
#dBm(x) units=[1;W] range=(0,) dB(x) mW ; ~dB(dBm/mW) # Reference = 1 mW
|
||
#dBmW(x) units=[1;W] range=(0,) dBm(x) ; ~dBm(dBmW) # Reference = 1 mW
|
||
#dBJ(x) units=[1;J] range=(0,) dB(x) J; ~dB(dBJ/J) # Energy relative
|
||
# to 1 joule. Used for power spectral
|
||
# density since W/Hz = J
|
||
|
||
# When used to measure amplitude, voltage, or current the signal is squared
|
||
# because power is proportional to the square of these measures. The root
|
||
# mean square (RMS) voltage is typically used with these units.
|
||
|
||
#dBV(x) units=[1;V] range=(0,) dB(0.5 x) V;~dB(dBV^2 / V^2) # Reference = 1 V
|
||
#dBmV(x) units=[1;V] range=(0,) dB(0.5 x) mV;~dB(dBmV^2/mV^2)# Reference = 1 mV
|
||
#dBuV(x) units=[1;V] range=(0,) dB(0.5 x) microV ; ~dB(dBuV^2 / microV^2)
|
||
# Reference = 1 microvolt
|
||
|
||
# Referenced to the voltage that causes 1 mW dissipation in a 600 ohm load.
|
||
# Originally defined as dBv but changed to prevent confusion with dBV.
|
||
# The "u" is for unloaded.
|
||
#dBu(x) units=[1;V] range=(0,) dB(0.5 x) sqrt(mW 600 ohm) ; \
|
||
# ~dB(dBu^2 / mW 600 ohm)
|
||
#dBv(x) units=[1;V] range=(0,) dBu(x) ; ~dBu(dBv) # Synonym for dBu
|
||
|
||
|
||
# Measurements for sound in air, referenced to the threshold of human hearing
|
||
# Note that sound in other media typically uses 1 micropascal as a reference
|
||
# for sound pressure. Units dBA, dBB, dBC, refer to different frequency
|
||
# weightings meant to approximate the human ear's response.
|
||
|
||
#dBSPL(x) units=[1;Pa] range=(0,) dB(0.5 x) 20 microPa ; \
|
||
# ~dB(dBSPL^2 / (20 microPa)^2) # pressure
|
||
#dBSIL(x) units=[1;W/m^2] range=(0,) dB(x) 1e-12 W/m^2; \
|
||
# ~dB(dBSIL / (1e-12 W/m^2)) # intensity
|
||
#dBSWL(x) units=[1;W] range=(0,) dB(x) 1e-12 W; ~dB(dBSWL/1e-12 W)
|
||
|
||
|
||
# Misc other measures
|
||
|
||
clausius 1e3 cal/K # A unit of physical entropy
|
||
langley thermcalorie/cm^2 # Used in radiation theory
|
||
poncelet 100 kg force m / s
|
||
tonrefrigeration uston 144 btu / lb day # One ton refrigeration is
|
||
# the rate of heat extraction required
|
||
# turn one ton of water to ice in
|
||
# a day. Ice is defined to have a
|
||
# latent heat of 144 btu/lb.
|
||
tonref tonrefrigeration
|
||
refrigeration tonref / ton
|
||
frigorie 1000 cal_fifteen# Used in refrigeration engineering.
|
||
tnt 1e9 cal_th / ton# So you can write tons tnt. This
|
||
# is a defined, not measured, value.
|
||
airwatt 8.5 (ft^3/min) inH2O # Measure of vacuum power as
|
||
# pressure times air flow.
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Permeability: The permeability or permeance, n, of a substance determines
|
||
# how fast vapor flows through the substance. The formula W = n A dP
|
||
# holds where W is the rate of flow (in mass/time), n is the permeability,
|
||
# A is the area of the flow path, and dP is the vapor pressure difference.
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
perm_0C grain / hr ft^2 inHg
|
||
perm_zero perm_0C
|
||
perm_0 perm_0C
|
||
perm perm_0C
|
||
perm_23C grain / hr ft^2 in pressure_column_23C of Hg
|
||
perm_twentythree perm_23C
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Counting measures
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
pair 2
|
||
brace 2
|
||
nest 3 # often used for items like bowls that
|
||
# nest together
|
||
hattrick 3 # Used in sports, especially cricket and ice
|
||
# hockey to report the number of goals.
|
||
dicker 10
|
||
dozen 12
|
||
bakersdozen 13
|
||
score 20
|
||
flock 40
|
||
timer 40
|
||
shock 60
|
||
toncount 100 # Used in sports in the UK
|
||
longhundred 120 # From a germanic counting system
|
||
gross 144
|
||
greatgross 12 gross
|
||
tithe 1|10 # From Anglo-Saxon word for tenth
|
||
|
||
# Paper counting measure
|
||
|
||
shortquire 24
|
||
quire 25
|
||
shortream 480
|
||
ream 500
|
||
perfectream 516
|
||
bundle 2 reams
|
||
bale 5 bundles
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Paper measures
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
!category paper "Paper Sizes"
|
||
|
||
# USA paper sizes
|
||
|
||
lettersize 8.5 inch 11 inch
|
||
legalsize 8.5 inch 14 inch
|
||
ledgersize 11 inch 17 inch
|
||
executivesize 7.25 inch 10.5 inch
|
||
Apaper 8.5 inch 11 inch
|
||
Bpaper 11 inch 17 inch
|
||
Cpaper 17 inch 22 inch
|
||
Dpaper 22 inch 34 inch
|
||
Epaper 34 inch 44 inch
|
||
|
||
# Correspondence envelope sizes. #10 is the standard business
|
||
# envelope in the USA.
|
||
|
||
envelope6_25size 3.5 inch 6 inch
|
||
envelope6_75size 3.625 inch 6.5 inch
|
||
envelope7size 3.75 inch 6.75 inch
|
||
envelope7_75size 3.875 inch 7.5 inch
|
||
envelope8_625size 3.625 inch 8.625 inch
|
||
envelope9size 3.875 inch 8.875 inch
|
||
envelope10size 4.125 inch 9.5 inch
|
||
envelope11size 4.5 inch 10.375 inch
|
||
envelope12size 4.75 inch 11 inch
|
||
envelope14size 5 inch 11.5 inch
|
||
envelope16size 6 inch 12 inch
|
||
|
||
# Announcement envelope sizes (no relation to metric paper sizes like A4)
|
||
|
||
envelopeA1size 3.625 inch 5.125 inch # same as 4bar
|
||
envelopeA2size 4.375 inch 5.75 inch
|
||
envelopeA6size 4.75 inch 6.5 inch
|
||
envelopeA7size 5.25 inch 7.25 inch
|
||
envelopeA8size 5.5 inch 8.125 inch
|
||
envelopeA9size 5.75 inch 8.75 inch
|
||
envelopeA10size 6 inch 9.5 inch
|
||
|
||
# Baronial envelopes
|
||
|
||
envelope4bar 3.625 inch 5.125 inch # same as A1
|
||
envelope5_5bar 4.375 inch 5.75 inch
|
||
envelope6bar 4.75 inch 6.5 inch
|
||
|
||
# Coin envelopes
|
||
|
||
envelope1baby 2.25 inch 3.5 inch # same as #1 coin
|
||
envelope00coin 1.6875 inch 2.75 inch
|
||
envelope1coin 2.25 inch 3.5 inch
|
||
envelope3coin 2.5 inch 4.25 inch
|
||
envelope4coin 3 inch 4.5 inch
|
||
envelope4_5coin 3 inch 4.875 inch
|
||
envelope5coin 2.875 inch 5.25 inch
|
||
envelope5_5coin 3.125 inch 5.5 inch
|
||
envelope6coin 3.375 inch 6 inch
|
||
envelope7coin 3.5 inch 6.5 inch
|
||
|
||
# The metric paper sizes are defined so that if a sheet is cut in half
|
||
# along the short direction, the result is two sheets which are
|
||
# similar to the original sheet. This means that for any metric size,
|
||
# the long side is close to sqrt(2) times the length of the short
|
||
# side. Each series of sizes is generated by repeated cuts in half,
|
||
# with the values rounded down to the nearest millimeter.
|
||
|
||
A0paper 841 mm 1189 mm # The basic size in the A series
|
||
A1paper 594 mm 841 mm # is defined to have an area of
|
||
A2paper 420 mm 594 mm # one square meter.
|
||
A3paper 297 mm 420 mm
|
||
A4paper 210 mm 297 mm
|
||
A5paper 148 mm 210 mm
|
||
A6paper 105 mm 148 mm
|
||
A7paper 74 mm 105 mm
|
||
A8paper 52 mm 74 mm
|
||
A9paper 37 mm 52 mm
|
||
A10paper 26 mm 37 mm
|
||
|
||
B0paper 1000 mm 1414 mm # The basic B size has an area
|
||
B1paper 707 mm 1000 mm # of sqrt(2) square meters.
|
||
B2paper 500 mm 707 mm
|
||
B3paper 353 mm 500 mm
|
||
B4paper 250 mm 353 mm
|
||
B5paper 176 mm 250 mm
|
||
B6paper 125 mm 176 mm
|
||
B7paper 88 mm 125 mm
|
||
B8paper 62 mm 88 mm
|
||
B9paper 44 mm 62 mm
|
||
B10paper 31 mm 44 mm
|
||
|
||
C0paper 917 mm 1297 mm # The basic C size has an area
|
||
C1paper 648 mm 917 mm # of sqrt(sqrt(2)) square meters.
|
||
C2paper 458 mm 648 mm
|
||
C3paper 324 mm 458 mm # Intended for envelope sizes
|
||
C4paper 229 mm 324 mm
|
||
C5paper 162 mm 229 mm
|
||
C6paper 114 mm 162 mm
|
||
C7paper 81 mm 114 mm
|
||
C8paper 57 mm 81 mm
|
||
C9paper 40 mm 57 mm
|
||
C10paper 28 mm 40 mm
|
||
|
||
# gsm (Grams per Square Meter), a sane, metric paper weight measure
|
||
|
||
gsm grams / meter^2
|
||
|
||
# In the USA, a collection of crazy historical paper measures are used. Paper
|
||
# is measured as a weight of a ream of that particular type of paper. This is
|
||
# sometimes called the "substance" or "basis" (as in "substance 20" paper).
|
||
# The standard sheet size or "basis size" varies depending on the type of
|
||
# paper. As a result, 20 pound bond paper and 50 pound text paper are actually
|
||
# about the same weight. The different sheet sizes were historically the most
|
||
# convenient for printing or folding in the different applications. These
|
||
# different basis weights are standards maintained by American Society for
|
||
# Testing Materials (ASTM) and the American Forest and Paper Association
|
||
# (AF&PA).
|
||
|
||
poundbookpaper lb / 25 inch 38 inch ream
|
||
lbbook poundbookpaper
|
||
poundtextpaper poundbookpaper
|
||
lbtext poundtextpaper
|
||
poundoffsetpaper poundbookpaper # For offset printing
|
||
lboffset poundoffsetpaper
|
||
poundbiblepaper poundbookpaper # Designed to be lightweight, thin,
|
||
lbbible poundbiblepaper # strong and opaque.
|
||
poundtagpaper lb / 24 inch 36 inch ream
|
||
lbtag poundtagpaper
|
||
poundbagpaper poundtagpaper
|
||
lbbag poundbagpaper
|
||
poundnewsprintpaper poundtagpaper
|
||
lbnewsprint poundnewsprintpaper
|
||
poundposterpaper poundtagpaper
|
||
lbposter poundposterpaper
|
||
poundtissuepaper poundtagpaper
|
||
lbtissue poundtissuepaper
|
||
poundwrappingpaper poundtagpaper
|
||
lbwrapping poundwrappingpaper
|
||
poundwaxingpaper poundtagpaper
|
||
lbwaxing poundwaxingpaper
|
||
poundglassinepaper poundtagpaper
|
||
lbglassine poundglassinepaper
|
||
poundcoverpaper lb / 20 inch 26 inch ream
|
||
lbcover poundcoverpaper
|
||
poundindexpaper lb / 25.5 inch 30.5 inch ream
|
||
lbindex poundindexpaper
|
||
poundindexbristolpaper poundindexpaper
|
||
lbindexbristol poundindexpaper
|
||
poundbondpaper lb / 17 inch 22 inch ream # Bond paper is stiff and
|
||
lbbond poundbondpaper # durable for repeated
|
||
poundwritingpaper poundbondpaper # filing, and it resists
|
||
lbwriting poundwritingpaper # ink penetration.
|
||
poundledgerpaper poundbondpaper
|
||
lbledger poundledgerpaper
|
||
poundcopypaper poundbondpaper
|
||
lbcopy poundcopypaper
|
||
poundblottingpaper lb / 19 inch 24 inch ream
|
||
lbblotting poundblottingpaper
|
||
poundblankspaper lb / 22 inch 28 inch ream
|
||
lbblanks poundblankspaper
|
||
poundpostcardpaper lb / 22.5 inch 28.5 inch ream
|
||
lbpostcard poundpostcardpaper
|
||
poundweddingbristol poundpostcardpaper
|
||
lbweddingbristol poundweddingbristol
|
||
poundbristolpaper poundweddingbristol
|
||
lbbristol poundbristolpaper
|
||
poundboxboard lb / 1000 ft^2
|
||
lbboxboard poundboxboard
|
||
poundpaperboard poundboxboard
|
||
lbpaperboard poundpaperboard
|
||
|
||
# When paper is marked in units of M, it means the weight of 1000 sheets of the
|
||
# given size of paper. To convert this to paper weight, divide by the size of
|
||
# the paper in question.
|
||
|
||
paperM lb / 1000
|
||
|
||
# In addition paper weight is reported in "caliper" which is simply the
|
||
# thickness of one sheet, typically in inches. Thickness is also reported in
|
||
# "points" where a point is 1|1000 inch. These conversions are supplied to
|
||
# convert these units roughly (using an approximate density) into the standard
|
||
# paper weight values.
|
||
|
||
pointthickness 0.001 in
|
||
paperdensity 0.8 g/cm^3 # approximate--paper densities vary!
|
||
papercaliper in paperdensity
|
||
paperpoint pointthickness paperdensity
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Printing
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
!category printing "Printing Units"
|
||
|
||
fournierpoint 0.1648 inch / 12 # First definition of the printers
|
||
# point made by Pierre Fournier who
|
||
# defined it in 1737 as 1|12 of a
|
||
# cicero which was 0.1648 inches.
|
||
olddidotpoint 1|72 frenchinch # François Ambroise Didot, one of
|
||
# a family of printers, changed
|
||
# Fournier's definition around 1770
|
||
# to fit to the French units then in
|
||
# use.
|
||
bertholdpoint 1|2660 m # H. Berthold tried to create a
|
||
# metric version of the didot point
|
||
# in 1878.
|
||
INpoint 0.4 mm # This point was created by a
|
||
# group directed by Fermin Didot in
|
||
# 1881 and is associated with the
|
||
# imprimerie nationale. It doesn't
|
||
# seem to have been used much.
|
||
germandidotpoint 0.376065 mm # Exact definition appears in DIN
|
||
# 16507, a German standards document
|
||
# of 1954. Adopted more broadly in
|
||
# 1966 by ???
|
||
metricpoint 3|8 mm # Proposed in 1977 by Eurograf
|
||
oldpoint 1|72.27 inch # The American point was invented
|
||
printerspoint oldpoint # by Nelson Hawks in 1879 and
|
||
texpoint oldpoint # dominates USA publishing.
|
||
# It was standardized by the American
|
||
# Typefounders Association at the
|
||
# value of 0.013837 inches exactly.
|
||
# Knuth uses the approximation given
|
||
# here (which is very close). The
|
||
# comp.fonts FAQ claims that this
|
||
# value is supposed to be 1|12 of a
|
||
# pica where 83 picas is equal to 35
|
||
# cm. But this value differs from
|
||
# the standard.
|
||
texscaledpoint 1|65536 texpoint # The TeX typesetting system uses
|
||
texsp texscaledpoint # this for all computations.
|
||
computerpoint 1|72 inch # The American point was rounded
|
||
point computerpoint
|
||
computerpica 12 computerpoint # to an even 1|72 inch by computer
|
||
postscriptpoint computerpoint # people at some point.
|
||
pspoint postscriptpoint
|
||
twip 1|20 point # TWentieth of an Imperial Point
|
||
Q 1|4 mm # Used in Japanese phototypesetting
|
||
# Q is for quarter
|
||
frenchprinterspoint olddidotpoint
|
||
didotpoint germandidotpoint # This seems to be the dominant value
|
||
europeanpoint didotpoint # for the point used in Europe
|
||
cicero 12 didotpoint
|
||
|
||
stick 2 inches
|
||
|
||
# Type sizes
|
||
|
||
excelsior 3 oldpoint
|
||
brilliant 3.5 oldpoint
|
||
diamondtype 4 oldpoint
|
||
pearl 5 oldpoint
|
||
agate 5.5 oldpoint # Originally agate type was 14 lines per
|
||
# inch, giving a value of 1|14 in.
|
||
ruby agate # British
|
||
nonpareil 6 oldpoint
|
||
mignonette 6.5 oldpoint
|
||
emerald mignonette # British
|
||
minion 7 oldpoint
|
||
brevier 8 oldpoint
|
||
bourgeois 9 oldpoint
|
||
longprimer 10 oldpoint
|
||
smallpica 11 oldpoint
|
||
pica 12 oldpoint
|
||
english 14 oldpoint
|
||
columbian 16 oldpoint
|
||
greatprimer 18 oldpoint
|
||
paragon 20 oldpoint
|
||
meridian 44 oldpoint
|
||
canon 48 oldpoint
|
||
|
||
# German type sizes
|
||
|
||
nonplusultra 2 didotpoint
|
||
brillant 3 didotpoint
|
||
diamant 4 didotpoint
|
||
perl 5 didotpoint
|
||
nonpareille 6 didotpoint
|
||
kolonel 7 didotpoint
|
||
petit 8 didotpoint
|
||
borgis 9 didotpoint
|
||
korpus 10 didotpoint
|
||
corpus korpus
|
||
garamond korpus
|
||
mittel 14 didotpoint
|
||
tertia 16 didotpoint
|
||
text 18 didotpoint
|
||
kleine_kanon 32 didotpoint
|
||
kanon 36 didotpoint
|
||
grobe_kanon 42 didotpoint
|
||
missal 48 didotpoint
|
||
kleine_sabon 72 didotpoint
|
||
grobe_sabon 84 didotpoint
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Information theory units. Note that the name "entropy" is used both
|
||
# to measure information and as a physical quantity.
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
!category compuing "Computing Units"
|
||
|
||
information ? bit
|
||
|
||
#nat (1/ln(2)) bits # Entropy measured base e
|
||
#hartley log2(10) bits # Entropy of a uniformly
|
||
#ban hartley # distributed random variable
|
||
# over 10 symbols.
|
||
#dit hartley # from Decimal digIT
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Computer
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
b bit
|
||
bps bit/sec # Sometimes the term "baud" is
|
||
# incorrectly used to refer to
|
||
# bits per second. Baud refers
|
||
# to symbols per second. Modern
|
||
# modems transmit several bits
|
||
# per symbol.
|
||
Kbps kbps # Irregular prefixes
|
||
mbps Mbps
|
||
gbps Gbps
|
||
byte 8 bit # Not all machines had 8 bit
|
||
B byte # bytes, but these days most of
|
||
# them do. But beware: for
|
||
# transmission over modems, a
|
||
# few extra bits are used so
|
||
# there are actually 10 bits per
|
||
# byte.
|
||
KB kB # Irregular prefix
|
||
octet 8 bits # The octet is always 8 bits
|
||
nybble 4 bits # Half of a byte. Sometimes
|
||
# equal to different lengths
|
||
# such as 3 bits.
|
||
nibble nybble
|
||
nyp 2 bits # Donald Knuth asks in an exercise
|
||
# for a name for a 2 bit
|
||
# quantity and gives the "nyp"
|
||
# as a solution due to Gregor
|
||
# Purdy. Not in common use.
|
||
meg megabyte # Some people consider these
|
||
# units along with the kilobyte
|
||
gig gigabyte # to be defined according to
|
||
# powers of 2 with the kilobyte
|
||
# equal to 2^10 bytes, the
|
||
# megabyte equal to 2^20 bytes and
|
||
# the gigabyte equal to 2^30 bytes
|
||
# but these usages are forbidden
|
||
# by SI. Binary prefixes have
|
||
# been defined by IEC to replace
|
||
# the SI prefixes. Use them to
|
||
# get the binary values: KiB, MiB,
|
||
# and GiB.
|
||
jiffy 0.01 sec # This is defined in the Jargon File
|
||
jiffies jiffy # (http://www.jargon.org) as being the
|
||
# duration of a clock tick for measuring
|
||
# wall-clock time. Supposedly the value
|
||
# used to be 1|60 sec or 1|50 sec
|
||
# depending on the frequency of AC power,
|
||
# but then 1|100 sec became more common.
|
||
# On linux systems, this term is used and
|
||
# for the Intel based chips, it does have
|
||
# the value of .01 sec. The Jargon File
|
||
# also lists two other definitions:
|
||
# millisecond, and the time taken for
|
||
# light to travel one foot.
|
||
cdaudiospeed 44.1 kHz 2*16 bits # CD audio data rate at 44.1 kHz with 2
|
||
# samples of sixteen bits each.
|
||
cdromspeed 75 2048 bytes / sec # For data CDs (mode1) 75 sectors are read
|
||
# each second with 2048 bytes per sector.
|
||
# Audio CDs do not have sectors, but
|
||
# people sometimes divide the bit rate by
|
||
# 75 and claim a sector length of 2352.
|
||
# Data CDs have a lower rate due to
|
||
# increased error correction overhead.
|
||
# There is a rarely used mode (mode2) with
|
||
# 2336 bytes per sector that has fewer
|
||
# error correction bits than mode1.
|
||
dvdspeed 1385 kB/s # This is the "1x" speed of a DVD using
|
||
# constant linear velocity (CLV) mode.
|
||
# Modern DVDs may vary the linear velocity
|
||
# as they go from the inside to the
|
||
# outside of the disc.
|
||
# See http://www.osta.org/technology/dvdqa/dvdqa4.htm
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Musical measures. Musical intervals expressed as ratios. Multiply
|
||
# two intervals together to get the sum of the interval. The function
|
||
# musicalcent can be used to convert ratios to cents.
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
!category music "Musical Measures"
|
||
|
||
# Perfect intervals
|
||
|
||
octave 2
|
||
majorsecond musicalfifth^2 / octave
|
||
majorthird 5|4
|
||
minorthird 6|5
|
||
musicalfourth 4|3
|
||
musicalfifth 3|2
|
||
majorsixth musicalfourth majorthird
|
||
minorsixth musicalfourth minorthird
|
||
majorseventh musicalfifth majorthird
|
||
minorseventh musicalfifth minorthird
|
||
|
||
pythagoreanthird majorsecond musicalfifth^2 / octave
|
||
syntoniccomma pythagoreanthird / majorthird
|
||
pythagoreancomma musicalfifth^12 / octave^7
|
||
|
||
# Equal tempered definitions
|
||
|
||
semitone octave^(1|12)
|
||
#musicalcent(x) units=[1;1] range=(0,) semitone^(x/100) ; \
|
||
# 100 log(musicalcent)/log(semitone)
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Musical note lengths.
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
wholenote !
|
||
musical_note_length ? wholenote
|
||
halfnote 1|2 wholenote
|
||
quarternote 1|4 wholenote
|
||
eighthnote 1|8 wholenote
|
||
sixteenthnote 1|16 wholenote
|
||
thirtysecondnote 1|32 wholenote
|
||
sixtyfourthnote 1|64 wholenote
|
||
dotted 3|2
|
||
doubledotted 7|4
|
||
breve doublewholenote
|
||
semibreve wholenote
|
||
minimnote halfnote
|
||
crotchet quarternote
|
||
quaver eighthnote
|
||
semiquaver sixteenthnote
|
||
demisemiquaver thirtysecondnote
|
||
hemidemisemiquaver sixtyfourthnote
|
||
semidemisemiquaver hemidemisemiquaver
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# yarn and cloth measures
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
!category cloth "Yarn and Cloth Measures"
|
||
|
||
# yarn linear density
|
||
|
||
woolyarnrun 1600 yard/pound # 1600 yds of "number 1 yarn" weighs
|
||
# a pound.
|
||
yarncut 300 yard/pound # Less common system used in
|
||
# Pennsylvania for wool yarn
|
||
cottonyarncount 840 yard/pound
|
||
linenyarncount 300 yard/pound # Also used for hemp and ramie
|
||
worstedyarncount 1680 ft/pound
|
||
metricyarncount meter/gram
|
||
denier 1|9 tex # used for silk and rayon
|
||
manchesteryarnnumber drams/1000 yards # old system used for silk
|
||
pli lb/in
|
||
typp 1000 yd/lb # abbreviation for Thousand Yard Per Pound
|
||
asbestoscut 100 yd/lb # used for glass and asbestos yarn
|
||
|
||
tex gram / km # rational metric yarn measure, meant
|
||
drex 0.1 tex # to be used for any kind of yarn
|
||
poumar lb / 1e6 yard
|
||
|
||
# yarn and cloth length
|
||
|
||
skeincotton 80*54 inch # 80 turns of thread on a reel with a
|
||
# 54 in circumference (varies for other
|
||
# kinds of thread)
|
||
cottonbolt 120 ft # cloth measurement
|
||
woolbolt 210 ft
|
||
bolt cottonbolt
|
||
heer 600 yards
|
||
cut 300 yards # used for wet-spun linen yarn
|
||
lea 300 yards
|
||
|
||
sailmakersyard 28.5 in
|
||
sailmakersounce oz / sailmakersyard 36 inch
|
||
|
||
silkmomme momme / 25 yards 1.49 inch # Traditional silk weight
|
||
silkmm silkmomme # But it is also defined as
|
||
# lb/100 yd 45 inch. The two
|
||
# definitions are slightly different
|
||
# and neither one seems likely to be
|
||
# the true source definition.
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# drug dosage
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
!category dosage "Drug Dosage"
|
||
|
||
mcg microgram # Frequently used for vitamins
|
||
iudiptheria 62.8 microgram # IU is for international unit
|
||
iupenicillin 0.6 microgram
|
||
iuinsulin 41.67 microgram
|
||
drop 1|20 ml # The drop was an old "unit" that was
|
||
# replaced by the minim. But I was
|
||
# told by a pharmacist that in his
|
||
# profession, the conversion of 20
|
||
# drops per ml is actually used.
|
||
bloodunit 450 ml # For whole blood. For blood
|
||
# components, a blood unit is the
|
||
# quanity of the component found in a
|
||
# blood unit of whole blood. The
|
||
# human body contains about 12 blood
|
||
# units of whole blood.
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# misc medical measure
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
frenchcathetersize 1|3 mm # measure used for the outer diameter
|
||
# of a catheter
|
||
charriere frenchcathetersize
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# fixup units for times when prefix handling doesn't do the job
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
hectare hectoare
|
||
megohm megaohm
|
||
kilohm kiloohm
|
||
microhm microohm
|
||
megalerg megaerg # 'L' added to make it pronounceable [18].
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Units used for measuring volume of wood
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
!category wood "Wood Measures"
|
||
|
||
cord 4*4*8 ft^3 # 4 ft by 4 ft by 8 ft bundle of wood
|
||
facecord 1|2 cord
|
||
cordfoot 1|8 cord # One foot long section of a cord
|
||
cordfeet cordfoot
|
||
housecord 1|3 cord # Used to sell firewood for residences,
|
||
# often confusingly called a "cord"
|
||
boardfoot ft^2 inch # Usually 1 inch thick wood
|
||
boardfeet boardfoot
|
||
fbm boardfoot # feet board measure
|
||
stack 4 yard^3 # British, used for firewood and coal [18]
|
||
rick 4 ft 8 ft 16 inches # Stack of firewood, supposedly
|
||
# sometimes called a face cord, but this
|
||
# value is equal to 1|3 cord. Name
|
||
# comes from an old Norse word for a
|
||
# stack of wood.
|
||
stere m^3
|
||
timberfoot ft^3 # Used for measuring solid blocks of wood
|
||
standard 120 12 ft 11 in 1.5 in # This is the St Petersburg or
|
||
# Pittsburg standard. Apparently the
|
||
# term is short for "standard hundred"
|
||
# which was meant to refer to 100 pieces
|
||
# of wood (deals). However, this
|
||
# particular standard is equal to 120
|
||
# deals which are 12 ft by 11 in by 1.5
|
||
# inches (not the standard deal).
|
||
hoppusfoot (4/pi) ft^3 # Volume calculation suggested in 1736
|
||
hoppusboardfoot 1|12 hoppusfoot # forestry manual by Edward Hoppus, for
|
||
hoppuston 50 hoppusfoot # estimating the usable volume of a log.
|
||
# It results from computing the volume
|
||
# of a cylindrical log of length, L, and
|
||
# girth (circumference), G, by V=L(G/4)^2.
|
||
# The hoppus ton is apparently still in
|
||
# use for shipments from Southeast Asia.
|
||
|
||
# In Britain, the deal is apparently any piece of wood over 6 feet long, over
|
||
# 7 wide and 2.5 inches thick. The OED doesn't give a standard size. A piece
|
||
# of wood less than 7 inches wide is called a "batten". This unit is now used
|
||
# exclusively for fir and pine.
|
||
|
||
deal 12 ft 11 in 2.5 in # The standard North American deal [OED]
|
||
wholedeal 12 ft 11 in 1.25 in # If it's half as thick as the standard
|
||
# deal it's called a "whole deal"!
|
||
splitdeal 12 ft 11 in 5|8 in # And half again as thick is a split deal.
|
||
|
||
# Used for shellac mixing rate
|
||
|
||
poundcut pound / gallon
|
||
lbcut poundcut
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Gas and Liquid flow units
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
!category flow_units "Fluid Flow Units"
|
||
|
||
#FLUID_FLOW VOLUME / TIME
|
||
|
||
# Some obvious volumetric gas flow units (cu is short for cubic)
|
||
|
||
cumec m^3/s
|
||
cusec ft^3/s
|
||
|
||
# Conventional abbreviations for fluid flow units
|
||
|
||
gph gal/hr
|
||
gpm gal/min
|
||
mgd megagal/day
|
||
cfs ft^3/s
|
||
cfh ft^3/hour
|
||
cfm ft^3/min
|
||
lpm liter/min
|
||
lfm ft/min # Used to report air flow produced by fans.
|
||
# Multiply by cross sectional area to get a
|
||
# flow in cfm.
|
||
|
||
pru mmHg / (ml/min) # peripheral resistance unit, used in
|
||
# medicine to assess blood flow in
|
||
# the capillaries.
|
||
|
||
# Miner's inch: This is an old historic unit used in the Western United
|
||
# States. It is generally defined as the rate of flow through a one square
|
||
# inch hole at a specified depth such as 4 inches. In the late 19th century,
|
||
# volume of water was sometimes measured in the "24 hour inch". Values for the
|
||
# miner's inch were fixed by state statues. (This information is from a web
|
||
# site operated by the Nevada Division of Water Planning: The Water Words
|
||
# Dictionary at http://www.state.nv.us/cnr/ndwp/dict-1/waterwds.htm.)
|
||
|
||
minersinchAZ 1.5 ft^3/min
|
||
minersinchCA 1.5 ft^3/min
|
||
minersinchMT 1.5 ft^3/min
|
||
minersinchNV 1.5 ft^3/min
|
||
minersinchOR 1.5 ft^3/min
|
||
minersinchID 1.2 ft^3/min
|
||
minersinchKS 1.2 ft^3/min
|
||
minersinchNE 1.2 ft^3/min
|
||
minersinchNM 1.2 ft^3/min
|
||
minersinchND 1.2 ft^3/min
|
||
minersinchSD 1.2 ft^3/min
|
||
minersinchUT 1.2 ft^3/min
|
||
minersinchCO 1 ft^3/sec / 38.4 # 38.4 miner's inches = 1 ft^3/sec
|
||
minersinchBC 1.68 ft^3/min # British Columbia
|
||
|
||
# Oceanographic flow
|
||
|
||
sverdrup 1e6 m^3 / sec # Used to express flow of ocean
|
||
# currents. Named after Norwegian
|
||
# oceanographer H. Sverdrup.
|
||
|
||
# In vacuum science and some other applications, gas flow is measured
|
||
# as the product of volumetric flow and pressure. This is useful
|
||
# because it makes it easy to compare with the flow at standard
|
||
# pressure (one atmosphere). It also directly relates to the number
|
||
# of gas molecules per unit time, and hence to the mass flow if the
|
||
# molecular mass is known.
|
||
|
||
#GAS_FLOW PRESSURE FLUID_FLOW
|
||
|
||
sccm atm cc/min # 's' is for "standard" to indicate
|
||
sccs atm cc/sec # flow at standard pressure
|
||
scfh atm ft^3/hour #
|
||
scfm atm ft^3/min
|
||
slpm atm liter/min
|
||
slph atm liter/hour
|
||
lusec liter micron Hg / s # Used in vacuum science
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
# US Standard Atmosphere (1976)
|
||
# Atmospheric temperature and pressure vs. geometric height above sea level
|
||
# This definition covers only the troposphere (the lowest atmospheric
|
||
# layer, up to 11 km), and assumes the layer is polytropic.
|
||
# A polytropic process is one for which PV^k = const, where P is the
|
||
# pressure, V is the volume, and k is the polytropic exponent. The
|
||
# polytropic index is n = 1 / (k - 1). As noted in the Wikipedia article
|
||
# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytropic_process, some authors reverse
|
||
# the definitions of "exponent" and "index." The functions below assume
|
||
# the following parameters:
|
||
|
||
!category atmospheric "Atmospheric Measures"
|
||
|
||
# temperature lapse rate, -dT/dz, in troposphere
|
||
|
||
lapserate 6.5 K/km # US Std Atm (1976)
|
||
|
||
# air molecular weight, including constituent mol wt, given
|
||
# in Table 3, p. 3
|
||
|
||
air_1976 78.084 % 28.0134 g/mol \
|
||
+ 20.9476 % 31.9988 g/mol \
|
||
+ 9340 ppm 39.948 g/mol \
|
||
+ 314 ppm 44.00995 g/mol \
|
||
+ 18.18 ppm 20.183 g/mol \
|
||
+ 5.24 ppm 4.0026 g/mol \
|
||
+ 2 ppm 16.04303 g/mol \
|
||
+ 1.14 ppm 83.80 g/mol \
|
||
+ 0.55 ppm 2.01594 g/mol \
|
||
+ 0.087 ppm 131.30 g/mol
|
||
|
||
# universal gas constant
|
||
R_1976 8.31432e3 N m/(kmol K)
|
||
|
||
# polytropic index n
|
||
polyndx_1976 air_1976 gravity/(R_1976 lapserate) - 1
|
||
|
||
# If desired, redefine using current values for air mol wt and R
|
||
|
||
polyndx polyndx_1976
|
||
# polyndx air (kg/kmol) gravity/(R lapserate) - 1
|
||
|
||
# for comparison with various references
|
||
|
||
polyexpnt (polyndx + 1) / polyndx
|
||
|
||
# The model assumes the following reference values:
|
||
# sea-level temperature and pressure
|
||
|
||
stdatmT0 288.15 K
|
||
stdatmP0 atm
|
||
|
||
# "effective radius" for relation of geometric to geopotential height,
|
||
# at a latitude at which g = 9.80665 m/s (approximately 45.543 deg); no
|
||
# relation to actual radius
|
||
|
||
earthradUSAtm 6356766 m
|
||
|
||
# Temperature vs. geopotential height h
|
||
# Assumes 15 degC at sea level
|
||
# Based on approx 45 deg latitude
|
||
# Lower limits of domain and upper limits of range are those of the
|
||
# tables in US Standard Atmosphere (NASA 1976)
|
||
|
||
#stdatmTH(h) units=[m;K] domain=[-5000,11e3] range=[217,321] \
|
||
# stdatmT0+(-lapserate h) ; (stdatmT0+(-stdatmTH))/lapserate
|
||
|
||
# Temperature vs. geometric height z; based on approx 45 deg latitude
|
||
#stdatmT(z) units=[m;K] domain=[-5000,11e3] range=[217,321] \
|
||
# stdatmTH(geop_ht(z)) ; ~geop_ht(~stdatmTH(stdatmT))
|
||
|
||
# Pressure vs. geopotential height h
|
||
# Assumes 15 degC and 101325 Pa at sea level
|
||
# Based on approx 45 deg latitude
|
||
# Lower limits of domain and upper limits of range are those of the
|
||
# tables in US Standard Atmosphere (NASA 1976)
|
||
|
||
#stdatmPH(h) units=[m;Pa] domain=[-5000,11e3] range=[22877,177764] \
|
||
# atm (1 - (lapserate/stdatmT0) h)^(polyndx + 1) ; \
|
||
# (stdatmT0/lapserate) (1+(-(stdatmPH/stdatmP0)^(1/(polyndx + 1))))
|
||
|
||
# Pressure vs. geometric height z; based on approx 45 deg latitude
|
||
#stdatmP(z) units=[m;Pa] domain=[-5000,11e3] range=[22877,177764] \
|
||
# stdatmPH(geop_ht(z)); ~geop_ht(~stdatmPH(stdatmP))
|
||
|
||
# Geopotential height from geometric height
|
||
# Based on approx 45 deg latitude
|
||
# Lower limits of domain and range are somewhat arbitrary; they
|
||
# correspond to the limits in the US Std Atm tables
|
||
|
||
#geop_ht(z) units=[m;m] domain=[-5000,) range=[-5004,) \
|
||
# (earthradUSAtm z) / (earthradUSAtm + z) ; \
|
||
# (earthradUSAtm geop_ht) / (earthradUSAtm + (-geop_ht))
|
||
|
||
# The standard value for the sea-level acceleration due to gravity is
|
||
# 9.80665 m/s^2, but the actual value varies with latitude (Harrison 1949)
|
||
# R_eff = 2 g_phi / denom
|
||
# g_phi = 978.0356e-2 (1+0.0052885 sin(lat)^2+(-0.0000059) sin(2 lat)^2)
|
||
# or
|
||
# g_phi = 980.6160e-2 (1+(-0.0026373) cos(2 lat)+0.0000059 cos(2 lat)^2)
|
||
# denom = 3.085462e-6+2.27e-9 cos(2 lat)+(-2e-12) cos(4 lat) (minutes?)
|
||
# There is no inverse function; the standard value applies at a latitude
|
||
# of about 45.543 deg
|
||
|
||
#g_phi(lat) units=[deg;m/s2] domain=[0,90] noerror \
|
||
# 980.6160e-2 (1+(-0.0026373) cos(2 lat)+0.0000059 cos(2 lat)^2) m/s2
|
||
|
||
# effective Earth radius for relation of geometric height to
|
||
# geopotential height, as function of latitude (Harrison 1949)
|
||
|
||
#earthradius_eff(lat) units=[deg;m] domain=[0,90] noerror \
|
||
# m 2 9.780356 (1+0.0052885 sin(lat)^2+(-0.0000059) sin(2 lat)^2) / \
|
||
# (3.085462e-6 + 2.27e-9 cos(2 lat) + (-2e-12) cos(4 lat))
|
||
|
||
# References
|
||
# Harrison, L.P. 1949. Relation Between Geopotential and Geometric
|
||
# Height. In Smithsonian Meteorological Tables. List, Robert J., ed.
|
||
# 6th ed., 4th reprint, 1968. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.
|
||
# NASA. US National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 1976.
|
||
# US Standard Atmosphere 1976. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
|
||
|
||
# Gauge pressure functions
|
||
#
|
||
# Gauge pressure is measured relative to atmospheric pressure. In the English
|
||
# system, where pressure is often given in pounds per square inch, gauge
|
||
# pressure is often indicated by 'psig' to distinguish it from absolute
|
||
# pressure, often indicated by 'psia'. At the standard atmospheric pressure
|
||
# of 14.696 psia, a gauge pressure of 0 psig is an absolute pressure of 14.696
|
||
# psia; an automobile tire inflated to 31 psig has an absolute pressure of
|
||
# 45.696 psia.
|
||
#
|
||
# With gaugepressure(), the units must be specified (e.g., gaugepressure(1.5
|
||
# bar)); with psig(), the units are taken as psi, so the example above of tire
|
||
# pressure could be given as psig(31).
|
||
#
|
||
# If the normal elevation is significantly different from sea level, change
|
||
# Patm appropriately, and adjust the lower domain limit on the gaugepressure
|
||
# definition.
|
||
|
||
#Patm atm
|
||
|
||
#gaugepressure(x) units=[Pa;Pa] domain=[-101325,) range=[0,) \
|
||
# x + Patm ; gaugepressure+(-Patm)
|
||
|
||
#psig(x) units=[1;Pa] domain=[-14.6959487755135,) range=[0,) \
|
||
# gaugepressure(x psi) ; ~gaugepressure(psig) / psi
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Wire Gauge
|
||
#
|
||
# This area is a nightmare with huge charts of wire gauge diameters
|
||
# that usually have no clear origin. There are at least 5 competing wire gauge
|
||
# systems to add to the confusion. The use of wire gauge is related to the
|
||
# manufacturing method: a metal rod is heated and drawn through a hole. The
|
||
# size change can't be too big. To get smaller wires, the process is repeated
|
||
# with a series of smaller holes. Generally larger gauges mean smaller wires.
|
||
# The gauges often have values such as "00" and "000" which are larger sizes
|
||
# than simply "0" gauge. In the tables that appear below, these gauges must be
|
||
# specified as negative numbers (e.g. "00" is -1, "000" is -2, etc).
|
||
# Alternatively, you can use the following units:
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
!category gauges "Wire Gauges"
|
||
|
||
g00 (-1)
|
||
g000 (-2)
|
||
g0000 (-3)
|
||
g00000 (-4)
|
||
g000000 (-5)
|
||
g0000000 (-6)
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
# American Wire Gauge (AWG) or Brown & Sharpe Gauge appears to be the most
|
||
# important gauge. ASTM B-258 specifies that this gauge is based on geometric
|
||
# interpolation between gauge 0000, which is 0.46 inches exactly, and gauge 36
|
||
# which is 0.005 inches exactly. Therefore, the diameter in inches of a wire
|
||
# is given by the formula 1|200 92^((36-g)/39). Note that 92^(1/39) is close
|
||
# to 2^(1/6), so diameter is approximately halved for every 6 gauges. For the
|
||
# repeated zero values, use negative numbers in the formula. The same document
|
||
# also specifies rounding rules which seem to be ignored by makers of tables.
|
||
# Gauges up to 44 are to be specified with up to 4 significant figures, but no
|
||
# closer than 0.0001 inch. Gauges from 44 to 56 are to be rounded to the
|
||
# nearest 0.00001 inch.
|
||
#
|
||
# In addition to being used to measure wire thickness, this gauge is used to
|
||
# measure the thickness of sheets of aluminum, copper, and most metals other
|
||
# than steel, iron and zinc.
|
||
|
||
#wiregauge(g) units=[1;m] range=(0,) \
|
||
# 1|200 92^((36+(-g))/39) in; 36+(-39)ln(200 wiregauge/in)/ln(92)
|
||
#awg() wiregauge
|
||
|
||
# Next we have the SWG, the Imperial or British Standard Wire Gauge. This one
|
||
# is piecewise linear. It was used for aluminum sheets.
|
||
|
||
#brwiregauge[in] \
|
||
# -6 0.5 \
|
||
# -5 0.464 \
|
||
# -3 0.4 \
|
||
# -2 0.372 \
|
||
# 3 0.252 \
|
||
# 6 0.192 \
|
||
# 10 0.128 \
|
||
# 14 0.08 \
|
||
# 19 0.04 \
|
||
# 23 0.024 \
|
||
# 26 0.018 \
|
||
# 28 0.0148 \
|
||
# 30 0.0124 \
|
||
# 39 0.0052 \
|
||
# 49 0.0012 \
|
||
# 50 0.001
|
||
|
||
# The following is from the Appendix to ASTM B 258
|
||
#
|
||
# For example, in U.S. gage, the standard for sheet metal is based on the
|
||
# weight of the metal, not on the thickness. 16-gage is listed as
|
||
# approximately .0625 inch thick and 40 ounces per square foot (the original
|
||
# standard was based on wrought iron at .2778 pounds per cubic inch; steel
|
||
# has almost entirely superseded wrought iron for sheet use, at .2833 pounds
|
||
# per cubic inch). Smaller numbers refer to greater thickness. There is no
|
||
# formula for converting gage to thickness or weight.
|
||
#
|
||
# It's rather unclear from the passage above whether the plate gauge values are
|
||
# therefore wrong if steel is being used. Reference [15] states that steel is
|
||
# in fact measured using this gauge (under the name Manufacturers' Standard
|
||
# Gauge) with a density of 501.84 lb/ft3 = 0.2904 lb/in3 used for steel.
|
||
# But this doesn't seem to be the correct density of steel (.2833 lb/in3 is
|
||
# closer).
|
||
#
|
||
# This gauge was established in 1893 for purposes of taxation.
|
||
|
||
# Old plate gauge for iron
|
||
|
||
#plategauge[(oz/ft^2)/(480*lb/ft^3)] \
|
||
# -5 300 \
|
||
# 1 180 \
|
||
# 14 50 \
|
||
# 16 40 \
|
||
# 17 36 \
|
||
# 20 24 \
|
||
# 26 12 \
|
||
# 31 7 \
|
||
# 36 4.5 \
|
||
# 38 4
|
||
|
||
# Manufacturers Standard Gage
|
||
|
||
#stdgauge[(oz/ft^2)/(501.84*lb/ft^3)] \
|
||
# -5 300 \
|
||
# 1 180 \
|
||
# 14 50 \
|
||
# 16 40 \
|
||
# 17 36 \
|
||
# 20 24 \
|
||
# 26 12 \
|
||
# 31 7 \
|
||
# 36 4.5 \
|
||
# 38 4
|
||
|
||
# A special gauge is used for zinc sheet metal. Notice that larger gauges
|
||
# indicate thicker sheets.
|
||
|
||
#zincgauge[in] \
|
||
# 1 0.002 \
|
||
# 10 0.02 \
|
||
# 15 0.04 \
|
||
# 19 0.06 \
|
||
# 23 0.1 \
|
||
# 24 0.125 \
|
||
# 27 0.5 \
|
||
# 28 1
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Screw sizes
|
||
#
|
||
# In the USA, screw diameters are reported using a gauge number.
|
||
# Metric screws are reported as Mxx where xx is the diameter in mm.
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
#screwgauge(g) units=[1;m] range=[0,) \
|
||
# (.06 + .013 g) in ; (screwgauge/in + (-.06)) / .013
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Abrasive grit size
|
||
#
|
||
# Standards governing abrasive grit sizes are complicated, specifying
|
||
# fractions of particles that are passed or retained by different mesh
|
||
# sizes. As a result, it is not possible to make precise comparisons
|
||
# of different grit standards. The tables below allow the
|
||
# determination of rough equivlants by using median particle size.
|
||
#
|
||
# Standards in the USA are determined by the Unified Abrasives
|
||
# Manufacturers' Association (UAMA), which resulted from the merger of
|
||
# several previous organizations. One of the old organizations was
|
||
# CAMI (Coated Abrasives Manufacturers' Institute).
|
||
#
|
||
# UAMA has a web page with plots showing abrasive particle ranges for
|
||
# various different grits and comparisons between standards.
|
||
#
|
||
# http://www.uama.org/Abrasives101/101Standards.html
|
||
#
|
||
# Abrasives are grouped into "bonded" abrasives for use with grinding
|
||
# wheels and "coated" abrasives for sandpapers and abrasive films.
|
||
# The industry uses different grit standards for these two
|
||
# categories.
|
||
#
|
||
# Another division is between "macrogrits", grits below 240 and
|
||
# "microgrits", which are above 240. Standards differ, as do methods
|
||
# for determining particle size. In the USA, ANSI B74.12 is the
|
||
# standard governing macrogrits. ANSI B74.10 covers bonded microgrit
|
||
# abrasives, and ANSI B74.18 covers coated microgrit abrasives. It
|
||
# appears that the coated standard is identical to the bonded standard
|
||
# for grits up through 600 but then diverges significantly.
|
||
#
|
||
# European grit sizes are determined by the Federation of European
|
||
# Producers of Abrasives. http://www.fepa-abrasives.org
|
||
#
|
||
# They give two standards, the "F" grit for bonded abrasives and the
|
||
# "P" grit for coated abrasives. This data is taken directly from
|
||
# their web page.
|
||
|
||
# FEPA P grit for coated abrasives is commonly seen on sandpaper in
|
||
# the USA where the paper will be marked P600, for example. FEPA P
|
||
# grits are said to be more tightly constrained than comparable ANSI
|
||
# grits so that the particles are more uniform in size and hence give
|
||
# a better finish.
|
||
|
||
#grit_P[micron] \
|
||
# 12 1815 \
|
||
# 16 1324 \
|
||
# 20 1000 \
|
||
# 24 764 \
|
||
# 30 642 \
|
||
# 36 538 \
|
||
# 40 425 \
|
||
# 50 336 \
|
||
# 60 269 \
|
||
# 80 201 \
|
||
# 100 162 \
|
||
# 120 125 \
|
||
# 150 100 \
|
||
# 180 82 \
|
||
# 220 68 \
|
||
# 240 58.5 \
|
||
# 280 52.2 \
|
||
# 320 46.2 \
|
||
# 360 40.5 \
|
||
# 400 35 \
|
||
# 500 30.2 \
|
||
# 600 25.8 \
|
||
# 800 21.8 \
|
||
# 1000 18.3 \
|
||
# 1200 15.3 \
|
||
# 1500 12.6 \
|
||
# 2000 10.3 \
|
||
# 2500 8.4
|
||
|
||
# The F grit is the European standard for bonded abrasives such as
|
||
# grinding wheels
|
||
|
||
#grit_F[micron] \
|
||
# 4 4890 \
|
||
# 5 4125 \
|
||
# 6 3460 \
|
||
# 7 2900 \
|
||
# 8 2460 \
|
||
# 10 2085 \
|
||
# 12 1765 \
|
||
# 14 1470 \
|
||
# 16 1230 \
|
||
# 20 1040 \
|
||
# 22 885 \
|
||
# 24 745 \
|
||
# 30 625 \
|
||
# 36 525 \
|
||
# 40 438 \
|
||
# 46 370 \
|
||
# 54 310 \
|
||
# 60 260 \
|
||
# 70 218 \
|
||
# 80 185 \
|
||
# 90 154 \
|
||
# 100 129 \
|
||
# 120 109 \
|
||
# 150 82 \
|
||
# 180 69 \
|
||
# 220 58 \
|
||
# 230 53 \
|
||
# 240 44.5 \
|
||
# 280 36.5 \
|
||
# 320 29.2 \
|
||
# 360 22.8 \
|
||
# 400 17.3 \
|
||
# 500 12.8 \
|
||
# 600 9.3 \
|
||
# 800 6.5 \
|
||
# 1000 4.5 \
|
||
# 1200 3 \
|
||
# 1500 2.0 \
|
||
# 2000 1.2
|
||
|
||
# According to the UAMA web page, the ANSI bonded and ANSI coated standards
|
||
# are identical to FEPA F in the macrogrit range (under 240 grit), so these
|
||
# values are taken from the FEPA F table. The values for 240 and above are
|
||
# from the UAMA web site and represent the average of the "d50" range
|
||
# endpoints listed there.
|
||
|
||
# ansibonded[micron] \
|
||
# 4 4890 \
|
||
# 5 4125 \
|
||
# 6 3460 \
|
||
# 7 2900 \
|
||
# 8 2460 \
|
||
# 10 2085 \
|
||
# 12 1765 \
|
||
# 14 1470 \
|
||
# 16 1230 \
|
||
# 20 1040 \
|
||
# 22 885 \
|
||
# 24 745 \
|
||
# 30 625 \
|
||
# 36 525 \
|
||
# 40 438 \
|
||
# 46 370 \
|
||
# 54 310 \
|
||
# 60 260 \
|
||
# 70 218 \
|
||
# 80 185 \
|
||
# 90 154 \
|
||
# 100 129 \
|
||
# 120 109 \
|
||
# 150 82 \
|
||
# 180 69 \
|
||
# 220 58 \
|
||
# 240 50 \
|
||
# 280 39.5 \
|
||
# 320 29.5 \
|
||
# 360 23 \
|
||
# 400 18.25 \
|
||
# 500 13.9 \
|
||
# 600 10.55 \
|
||
# 800 7.65 \
|
||
# 1000 5.8 \
|
||
# 1200 3.8
|
||
|
||
# grit_ansibonded() ansibonded
|
||
|
||
# Like the bonded grit, the coated macrogrits below 240 are taken from the
|
||
# FEPA F table. Data above this is from the UAMA site. Note that the coated
|
||
# and bonded standards are evidently the same from 240 up to 600 grit, but
|
||
# starting at 800 grit, the coated standard diverges. The data from UAMA show
|
||
# that 800 grit coated has an average size slightly larger than the average
|
||
# size of 600 grit coated/bonded. However, the 800 grit has a significantly
|
||
# smaller particle size variation.
|
||
#
|
||
# Because of this non-monotonicity from 600 grit to 800 grit this definition
|
||
# produces a warning about the lack of a unique inverse.
|
||
|
||
# ansicoated[micron] noerror \
|
||
# 4 4890 \
|
||
# 5 4125 \
|
||
# 6 3460 \
|
||
# 7 2900 \
|
||
# 8 2460 \
|
||
# 10 2085 \
|
||
# 12 1765 \
|
||
# 14 1470 \
|
||
# 16 1230 \
|
||
# 20 1040 \
|
||
# 22 885 \
|
||
# 24 745 \
|
||
# 30 625 \
|
||
# 36 525 \
|
||
# 40 438 \
|
||
# 46 370 \
|
||
# 54 310 \
|
||
# 60 260 \
|
||
# 70 218 \
|
||
# 80 185 \
|
||
# 90 154 \
|
||
# 100 129 \
|
||
# 120 109 \
|
||
# 150 82 \
|
||
# 180 69 \
|
||
# 220 58 \
|
||
# 240 50 \
|
||
# 280 39.5 \
|
||
# 320 29.5 \
|
||
# 360 23 \
|
||
# 400 18.25 \
|
||
# 500 13.9 \
|
||
# 600 10.55 \
|
||
# 800 11.5 \
|
||
# 1000 9.5 \
|
||
# 2000 7.2 \
|
||
# 2500 5.5 \
|
||
# 3000 4 \
|
||
# 4000 3 \
|
||
# 6000 2 \
|
||
# 8000 1.2
|
||
|
||
# grit_ansicoated() ansicoated
|
||
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Is this correct? This is the JIS Japanese standard used on waterstones
|
||
#
|
||
# jisgrit[micron] \
|
||
# 150 75 \
|
||
# 180 63 \
|
||
# 220 53 \
|
||
# 280 48 \
|
||
# 320 40 \
|
||
# 360 35 \
|
||
# 400 30 \
|
||
# 600 20 \
|
||
# 700 17 \
|
||
# 800 14 \
|
||
# 1000 11.5 \
|
||
# 1200 9.5 \
|
||
# 1500 8 \
|
||
# 2000 6.7 \
|
||
# 2500 5.5 \
|
||
# 3000 4 \
|
||
# 4000 3 \
|
||
# 6000 2 \
|
||
# 8000 1.2
|
||
|
||
# The "Finishing Scale" marked with an A (e.g. A75). This information
|
||
# is from the web page of the sand paper manufacturer Klingspor
|
||
# http://www.klingspor.com/gritgradingsystems.htm
|
||
#
|
||
# I have no information about what this scale is used for.
|
||
|
||
# grit_A[micron]\
|
||
# 16 15.3 \
|
||
# 25 21.8 \
|
||
# 30 23.6 \
|
||
# 35 25.75 \
|
||
# 45 35 \
|
||
# 60 46.2 \
|
||
# 65 53.5 \
|
||
# 75 58.5 \
|
||
# 90 65 \
|
||
# 110 78 \
|
||
# 130 93 \
|
||
# 160 127 \
|
||
# 200 156
|
||
#
|
||
# Grits for DMT brand diamond sharpening stones from
|
||
# http://dmtsharp.com/products/colorcode.htm
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
!category grits "Grit Sizes"
|
||
|
||
dmtxxcoarse 120 micron # 120 mesh
|
||
dmtsilver dmtxxcoarse
|
||
dmtxx dmtxxcoarse
|
||
dmtxcoarse 60 micron # 220 mesh
|
||
dmtx dmtxcoarse
|
||
dmtblack dmtxcoarse
|
||
dmtcoarse 45 micron # 325 mesh
|
||
dmtc dmtcoarse
|
||
dmtblue dmtcoarse
|
||
dmtfine 25 micron # 600 mesh
|
||
dmtred dmtfine
|
||
dmtf dmtfine
|
||
dmtefine 9 micron # 1200 mesh
|
||
dmte dmtefine
|
||
dmtgreen dmtefine
|
||
dmtceramic 7 micron # 2200 mesh
|
||
dmtcer dmtceramic
|
||
dmtwhite dmtceramic
|
||
dmteefine 3 micron # 8000 mesh
|
||
dmttan dmteefine
|
||
dmtee dmteefine
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# The following values come from a page in the Norton Stones catalog,
|
||
# available at their web page, http://www.nortonstones.com.
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
hardtranslucentarkansas 6 micron # Natural novaculite (silicon quartz)
|
||
softarkansas 22 micron # stones
|
||
|
||
extrafineindia 22 micron # India stones are Norton's manufactured
|
||
fineindia 35 micron # aluminum oxide product
|
||
mediumindia 53.5 micron
|
||
coarseindia 97 micron
|
||
|
||
finecrystolon 45 micron # Crystolon stones are Norton's
|
||
mediumcrystalon 78 micron # manufactured silicon carbide product
|
||
coarsecrystalon 127 micron
|
||
|
||
# The following are not from the Norton catalog
|
||
hardblackarkansas 6 micron
|
||
hardwhitearkansas 11 micron
|
||
washita 35 micron
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Ring size. All ring sizes are given as the circumference of the ring.
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
# USA ring sizes. Several slightly different definitions seem to be in
|
||
# circulation. According to [15], the interior diameter of size n ring in
|
||
# inches is 0.32 n + 0.458 for n ranging from 3 to 13.5 by steps of 0.5. The
|
||
# size 2 ring is inconsistently 0.538in and no 2.5 size is listed.
|
||
#
|
||
# However, other sources list 0.455 + 0.0326 n and 0.4525 + 0.0324 n as the
|
||
# diameter and list no special case for size 2. (Or alternatively they are
|
||
# 1.43 + .102 n and 1.4216+.1018 n for measuring circumference in inches.) One
|
||
# reference claimed that the original system was that each size was 1|10 inch
|
||
# circumference, but that source doesn't have an explanation for the modern
|
||
# system which is somewhat different.
|
||
|
||
#ringsize(n) units=[1;in] domain=[2,) range=[1.6252,) \
|
||
# (1.4216+.1018 n) in ; (ringsize/in + (-1.4216))/.1018
|
||
|
||
# Old practice in the UK measured rings using the "Wheatsheaf gauge" with sizes
|
||
# specified alphabetically and based on the ring inside diameter in steps of
|
||
# 1|64 inch. This system was replaced in 1987 by British Standard 6820 which
|
||
# specifies sizes based on circumference. Each size is 1.25 mm different from
|
||
# the preceding size. The baseline is size C which is 40 mm circumference.
|
||
# The new sizes are close to the old ones. Sometimes it's necessary to go
|
||
# beyond size Z to Z+1, Z+2, etc.
|
||
|
||
!category ring_sizes "Ring Sizes"
|
||
|
||
sizeAring 37.50 mm
|
||
sizeBring 38.75 mm
|
||
sizeCring 40.00 mm
|
||
sizeDring 41.25 mm
|
||
sizeEring 42.50 mm
|
||
sizeFring 43.75 mm
|
||
sizeGring 45.00 mm
|
||
sizeHring 46.25 mm
|
||
sizeIring 47.50 mm
|
||
sizeJring 48.75 mm
|
||
sizeKring 50.00 mm
|
||
sizeLring 51.25 mm
|
||
sizeMring 52.50 mm
|
||
sizeNring 53.75 mm
|
||
sizeOring 55.00 mm
|
||
sizePring 56.25 mm
|
||
sizeQring 57.50 mm
|
||
sizeRring 58.75 mm
|
||
sizeSring 60.00 mm
|
||
sizeTring 61.25 mm
|
||
sizeUring 62.50 mm
|
||
sizeVring 63.75 mm
|
||
sizeWring 65.00 mm
|
||
sizeXring 66.25 mm
|
||
sizeYring 67.50 mm
|
||
sizeZring 68.75 mm
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
# Japanese sizes start with size 1 at a 13mm inside diameter and each size is
|
||
# 1|3 mm larger in diameter than the previous one. They are multiplied by pi
|
||
# to give circumference.
|
||
|
||
#jpringsize(n) units=[1;mm] domain=[1,) range=[0.040840704,) \
|
||
# (38|3 + n/3) pi mm ; 3 jpringsize/ pi mm + (-38)
|
||
|
||
# The European ring sizes are the length of the circumference in mm minus 40.
|
||
|
||
#euringsize(n) units=[1;mm] (n+40) mm ; euringsize/mm + (-40)
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Abbreviations
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
mph mile/hr
|
||
mpg mile/gal
|
||
kph km/hr
|
||
kmh km/hr
|
||
fL footlambert
|
||
fpm ft/min
|
||
fps ft/s
|
||
rpm rev/min
|
||
rps rev/sec
|
||
smi mile
|
||
nmi nauticalmile
|
||
mbh 1e3 btu/hour
|
||
mcm 1e3 circularmil
|
||
ipy inch/year # used for corrosion rates
|
||
ccf 100 ft^3 # used for selling water [18]
|
||
Mcf 1000 ft^3 # not million cubic feet [18]
|
||
kp kilopond
|
||
kpm kp meter
|
||
Wh W hour
|
||
hph hp hour
|
||
plf lb / foot # pounds per linear foot
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Compatibility units with unix version
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
pa Pa
|
||
ev eV
|
||
hg Hg
|
||
oe Oe
|
||
mh mH
|
||
rd rod
|
||
pf pF
|
||
gr grain
|
||
nt N
|
||
hz Hz
|
||
hd hogshead
|
||
dry drygallon/gallon
|
||
nmile nauticalmile
|
||
beV GeV
|
||
bev beV
|
||
coul C
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Radioactivity units
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
!category radioactivity "Radioactivity Units"
|
||
|
||
becquerel /s # Activity of radioactive source
|
||
Bq becquerel #
|
||
curie 3.7e10 Bq # Defined in 1910 as the radioactivity
|
||
Ci curie # emitted by the amount of radon that is
|
||
# in equilibrium with 1 gram of radium.
|
||
rutherford 1e6 Bq #
|
||
|
||
radiation_dose gray
|
||
gray J/kg # Absorbed dose of radiation
|
||
Gy gray #
|
||
rad 1e-2 Gy # From Radiation Absorbed Dose
|
||
rep 8.38 mGy # Roentgen Equivalent Physical, the amount
|
||
# of radiation which , absorbed in the
|
||
# body, would liberate the same amount
|
||
# of energy as 1 roentgen of X rays
|
||
# would, or 97 ergs.
|
||
|
||
sievert J/kg # Dose equivalent: dosage that has the
|
||
Sv sievert # same effect on human tissues as 200
|
||
rem 1e-2 Sv # keV X-rays. Different types of
|
||
# radiation are weighted by the
|
||
# Relative Biological Effectiveness
|
||
# (RBE).
|
||
#
|
||
# Radiation type RBE
|
||
# X-ray, gamma ray 1
|
||
# beta rays, > 1 MeV 1
|
||
# beta rays, < 1 MeV 1.08
|
||
# neutrons, < 1 MeV 4-5
|
||
# neutrons, 1-10 MeV 10
|
||
# protons, 1 MeV 8.5
|
||
# protons, .1 MeV 10
|
||
# alpha, 5 MeV 15
|
||
# alpha, 1 MeV 20
|
||
#
|
||
# The energies are the kinetic energy
|
||
# of the particles. Slower particles
|
||
# interact more, so they are more
|
||
# effective ionizers, and hence have
|
||
# higher RBE values.
|
||
#
|
||
# rem stands for Roentgen Equivalent
|
||
# Mammal
|
||
|
||
roentgen 2.58e-4 C / kg # Ionizing radiation that produces
|
||
# 1 statcoulomb of charge in 1 cc of
|
||
# dry air at stp.
|
||
rontgen roentgen # Sometimes it appears spelled this way
|
||
sievertunit 8.38 rontgen # Unit of gamma ray dose delivered in one
|
||
# hour at a distance of 1 cm from a
|
||
# point source of 1 mg of radium
|
||
# enclosed in platinum .5 mm thick.
|
||
|
||
eman 1e-7 Ci/m^3 # radioactive concentration
|
||
mache 3.7e-7 Ci/m^3
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# population units
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
people 1
|
||
person people
|
||
death people
|
||
capita people
|
||
percapita /capita
|
||
|
||
# TGM dozen based unit system listed on the "dozenal" forum
|
||
# http://www.dozenalsociety.org.uk/apps/tgm.htm. These units are
|
||
# proposed as an allegedly more rational alternative to the SI system.
|
||
|
||
!category dozenal "Dozenal Units"
|
||
|
||
Tim 12^-4 hour # Time
|
||
Grafut gravity Tim^2 # Length based on gravity
|
||
Surf Grafut^2 # area
|
||
Volm Grafut^3 # volume
|
||
Vlos Grafut/Tim # speed
|
||
Denz Maz/Volm # density
|
||
Mag Maz gravity # force
|
||
Maz Volm kg / oldliter # mass based on water
|
||
|
||
Tm Tim # Abbreviations
|
||
Gf Grafut
|
||
Sf Surf
|
||
Vm Volm
|
||
Vl Vlos
|
||
Mz Maz
|
||
Dz Denz
|
||
|
||
# Dozen based unit prefixes
|
||
|
||
Zena- 12
|
||
Duna- 12^2
|
||
Trina- 12^3
|
||
Quedra- 12^4
|
||
Quena- 12^5
|
||
Hesa- 12^6
|
||
Seva- 12^7
|
||
Aka- 12^8
|
||
Neena- 12^9
|
||
Dexa- 12^10
|
||
Lefa- 12^11
|
||
Zennila- 12^12
|
||
|
||
Zeni- 12^-1
|
||
Duni- 12^-2
|
||
Trini- 12^-3
|
||
Quedri- 12^-4
|
||
Queni- 12^-5
|
||
Hesi- 12^-6
|
||
Sevi- 12^-7
|
||
Aki- 12^-8
|
||
Neeni- 12^-9
|
||
Dexi- 12^-10
|
||
Lefi- 12^-11
|
||
Zennili- 12^-12
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Traditional Japanese units (shakkanhou)
|
||
#
|
||
# The traditional system of weights and measures is called shakkanhou from the
|
||
# shaku and the ken. Japan accepted SI units in 1891 and legalized conversions
|
||
# to the traditional system. In 1909 the inch-pound system was also legalized,
|
||
# so Japan had three legally approved systems. A change to the metric system
|
||
# started in 1921 but there was a lot of resistance. The Measurement Law of
|
||
# October 1999 prohibits sales in anything but SI units. However, the old
|
||
# units still live on in construction and as the basis for paper sizes of books
|
||
# and tools used for handicrafts.
|
||
#
|
||
# Note that units below use the Hepburn romanization system. Some other
|
||
# systems would render "mou", "jou", and "chou" as "mo", "jo" and "cho".
|
||
#
|
||
#
|
||
# http://hiramatu-hifuka.com/onyak/onyindx.html
|
||
|
||
# Japanese Proportions. These are still in everyday use. They also
|
||
# get used as units to represent the proportion of the standard unit.
|
||
|
||
!category japanese "Traditional Japanese Units"
|
||
|
||
wari_proportion 1|10
|
||
wari wari_proportion
|
||
bu_proportion 1|100 # The character bu can also be read fun or bun
|
||
# but usually "bu" is used for units.
|
||
rin_proportion 1|1000
|
||
mou_proportion 1|10000
|
||
|
||
|
||
# Japanese Length Measures
|
||
#
|
||
# The length system is called kanejaku or
|
||
# square and originated in China. It was
|
||
# adopted as Japan's official measure in 701
|
||
# by the Taiho Code. This system is still in
|
||
# common use in architecture and clothing.
|
||
|
||
shaku 1|3.3 m
|
||
mou 1|10000 shaku
|
||
rin 1|1000 shaku
|
||
bu_distance 1|100 shaku
|
||
ja_sun 1|10 shaku
|
||
jou_distance 10 shaku
|
||
jou jou_distance
|
||
|
||
kanejakusun ja_sun # Alias to emphasize architectural name
|
||
kanejaku shaku
|
||
kanejakujou jou
|
||
|
||
# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_units_of_measurement
|
||
taichi shaku # http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/台尺
|
||
taicun ja_sun # http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/台制
|
||
!utf8
|
||
台尺 taichi # via Hanyu Pinyin romanizations
|
||
台寸 taicun
|
||
!endutf8
|
||
|
||
# In context of clothing, shaku is different from architecture
|
||
# http://www.scinet.co.jp/sci/sanwa/kakizaki-essay54.html
|
||
|
||
kujirajaku 10|8 shaku
|
||
kujirajakusun 1|10 kujirajaku
|
||
kujirajakubu 1|100 kujirajaku
|
||
kujirajakujou 10 kujirajaku
|
||
tan_distance 3 kujirajakujou
|
||
|
||
ken 6 shaku # Also sometimes 6.3, 6.5, or 6.6
|
||
# http://www.homarewood.co.jp/syakusun.htm
|
||
|
||
# mostly unused
|
||
chou_distance 60 ken
|
||
chou chou_distance
|
||
ri 36 chou
|
||
|
||
# Japanese Area Measures
|
||
|
||
# Tsubo is still used for land size, though the others are more
|
||
# recognized by their homonyms in the other measurements.
|
||
|
||
gou_area 1|10 tsubo
|
||
tsubo 36 shaku^2 # Size of two tatami = ken^2 ??
|
||
se 30 tsubo
|
||
tan_area 10 se
|
||
chou_area 10 tan_area
|
||
|
||
# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_units_of_measurement
|
||
ping tsubo # http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/坪
|
||
jia 2934 ping # http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/甲_(单位)
|
||
#fen 1|10 jia # http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/分
|
||
fen_area 1|10 jia # Protection against future collisions
|
||
!utf8
|
||
坪 ping # via Hanyu Pinyin romanizations
|
||
甲 jia
|
||
#分 fen
|
||
分地 fen_area # Protection against future collisions
|
||
!endutf8
|
||
|
||
# Japanese architecture is based on a "standard" size of tatami mat.
|
||
# Room sizes today are given in number of tatami, and this number
|
||
# determines the spacing between colums and hence sizes of sliding
|
||
# doors and paper screens. However, every region has its own slightly
|
||
# different tatami size. Edoma, used in and around Tokyo and
|
||
# Hokkaido, is becoming a nationwide standard. Kyouma is used around
|
||
# Kyoto, Osaka and Kyuushu, and Chuukyouma is used around Nagoya.
|
||
# Note that the tatami all have the aspect ratio 2:1 so that the mats
|
||
# can tile the room with some of them turned 90 degrees.
|
||
#
|
||
# http://www.moon2.net/tatami/infotatami/structure.html
|
||
|
||
edoma (5.8*2.9) shaku^2
|
||
kyouma (6.3*3.15) shaku^2
|
||
chuukyouma (6*3) shaku^2
|
||
jou_area edoma
|
||
tatami jou_area
|
||
|
||
# Japanese Volume Measures
|
||
|
||
# The "shou" is still used for such things as alcohol and seasonings.
|
||
# Large quantities of paint are still purchased in terms of "to".
|
||
|
||
shaku_volume 1|10 gou_volume
|
||
gou_volume 1|10 shou
|
||
gou gou_volume
|
||
shou (4.9*4.9*2.7) ja_sun^3# The character shou which is
|
||
# the same as masu refers to a
|
||
# rectangular wooden cup used to
|
||
# measure liquids and cereal.
|
||
# Sake is sometimes served in a masu
|
||
# Note that it happens to be
|
||
# EXACTLY 7^4/11^3 liters.
|
||
to 10 shou
|
||
koku 10 to # No longer used; historically a measure of rice
|
||
|
||
# Japanese Weight Measures
|
||
#
|
||
# http://wyoming.hp.infoseek.co.jp/zatugaku/zamoney.html
|
||
|
||
# Not really used anymore.
|
||
|
||
rin_weight 1|10 bu_weight
|
||
bu_weight 1|10 monme
|
||
fun 1|10 monme
|
||
monme momme
|
||
kin 160 monme
|
||
kan 1000 monme
|
||
kwan kan # This was the old pronounciation of the unit.
|
||
# The old spelling persisted a few centuries
|
||
# longer and was not changed until around
|
||
# 1950.
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_units_of_measurement
|
||
# says: "Volume measure in Taiwan is largely metric".
|
||
|
||
!category taiwan "Taiwanese Units"
|
||
|
||
taijin kin # http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/台斤
|
||
tailiang 10 monme # http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/台斤
|
||
taiqian monme # http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/台制
|
||
!utf8
|
||
台斤 taijin # via Hanyu Pinyin romanizations
|
||
台兩 tailiang
|
||
台錢 taiqian
|
||
!endutf8
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Australian unit
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
australiasquare (10 ft)^2 # Used for house area
|
||
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# A few German units as currently in use.
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
zentner 50 kg
|
||
doppelzentner 2 zentner
|
||
pfund 500 g
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Some traditional Russian measures
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
!category russian "Traditional Russian Units"
|
||
|
||
# length
|
||
|
||
точка 1|10 линия
|
||
tochka точка
|
||
линия 1|10 дюим
|
||
liniya линия
|
||
дюим 1 inch
|
||
dyuim дюим
|
||
вершок 1.75 in
|
||
vershok вершок
|
||
пядь 7 дюим
|
||
piad пядь
|
||
четверть пядь
|
||
chetvert четверть
|
||
фут 1 foot
|
||
fut фут
|
||
аршин 7|3 ft
|
||
arshin аршин
|
||
сажень 7 ft
|
||
sazhen сажень
|
||
верста 1500 аршин
|
||
versta верста
|
||
миля 10500 аршин
|
||
milia миля
|
||
|
||
# area
|
||
|
||
казенная_десятина 2400 сажень^2
|
||
kazionnaya_desiatina казенная_десятина
|
||
official_desiatina казенная_десятина
|
||
владельческая_десятина 3200 сажень^2
|
||
vladelcheskaya_desiatina владельческая_десятина
|
||
proprietors_desiatina владельческая_десятина
|
||
|
||
# dry measures
|
||
|
||
часть 1|12 сухкружка
|
||
chast часть
|
||
сухкружка 2|5 гарнец
|
||
drykruzhka сухкружка
|
||
гарнец 200 in^3
|
||
garnets гарнец
|
||
сухведро 4 гарнец
|
||
dryvedro сухведро
|
||
четверик 2 сухведро
|
||
chetverik четверик
|
||
осьмина 4 четверик
|
||
osmina осьмина
|
||
сухчетверть 2 осьмина
|
||
drychetvert четверть
|
||
|
||
# liquid measures
|
||
|
||
шкалик 1|2 чарка
|
||
shlalik шкалик
|
||
косушка 1|2 чарка
|
||
kosushka косушка
|
||
чарка 1|10 жидккружка
|
||
charka чарка
|
||
жидккружка 1|10 жидкведро
|
||
fluidkruzhka жидккружка
|
||
штоф 1|10 жидкведро
|
||
shtof штоф
|
||
жидкчетверть 1|8 жидкведро
|
||
fluidchetvert жидкчетверть
|
||
жидкведро 750 in^3
|
||
fuidvedro жидкведро
|
||
бочка 40 жидкведро
|
||
bochka бочка
|
||
|
||
# common mass
|
||
|
||
доля 1|96 золотник
|
||
dolia доля
|
||
золотник 1|3 лот
|
||
zolotnik золотник
|
||
лот 1|13 фунт
|
||
lot лот
|
||
фунт 0.903 lb
|
||
funt фунт
|
||
пуд 40 фунт
|
||
pood пуд
|
||
берковец 10 пуд
|
||
berkovets берковец
|
||
|
||
# apothecary mass
|
||
|
||
гран 7|5 доля
|
||
gran гран
|
||
скрупул 20 гран
|
||
scrupul скрупул
|
||
драхма 3 скрупул
|
||
drachma драхма
|
||
унция 8 драхма
|
||
uncia унция
|
||
апфунт 12 унция
|
||
apfunt фунт
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Old French distance measures, from French Weights and Measures
|
||
# Before the Revolution by Zupko
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
!category french "French Old Measures"
|
||
|
||
frenchfoot 144|443.296 m # pied de roi, the standard of Paris.
|
||
pied frenchfoot # Half of the hashimicubit,
|
||
frenchfeet frenchfoot # instituted by Charlemagne.
|
||
frenchinch 1|12 frenchfoot # This exact definition comes from
|
||
frenchthumb frenchinch # a law passed on 10 Dec 1799 which
|
||
pouce frenchthumb # fixed the meter at
|
||
# 3 frenchfeet + 11.296 lignes.
|
||
frenchline 1|12 frenchinch # This is supposed to be the size
|
||
ligne frenchline # of the average barleycorn
|
||
frenchpoint 1|12 frenchline
|
||
toise 6 frenchfeet
|
||
arpent 180^2 pied^2 # The arpent is 100 square perches,
|
||
# but the perche seems to vary a lot
|
||
# and can be 18 feet, 20 feet, or 22
|
||
# feet. This measure was described
|
||
# as being in common use in Canada in
|
||
# 1934 (Websters 2nd). The value
|
||
# given here is the Paris standard
|
||
# arpent.
|
||
frenchgrain 1|18827.15 kg # Weight of a wheat grain, hence
|
||
# smaller than the British grain.
|
||
frenchpound 9216 frenchgrain
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Before the Imperial Weights and Measures Act of 1824, various different
|
||
# weights and measures were in use in different places.
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
!category scots "Scotland Measures"
|
||
|
||
# Scots linear measure
|
||
|
||
scotsinch 1.00540054 UKinch
|
||
scotslink 1|100 scotschain
|
||
scotsfoot 12 scotsinch
|
||
scotsfeet scotsfoot
|
||
scotsell 37 scotsinch
|
||
scotsfall 6 scotsell
|
||
scotschain 4 scotsfall
|
||
scotsfurlong 10 scotschain
|
||
scotsmile 8 scotsfurlong
|
||
|
||
# Scots area measure
|
||
|
||
scotsrood 40 scotsfall^2
|
||
scotsacre 4 scotsrood
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
# Irish linear measure
|
||
|
||
!category irish "Ireland Measures"
|
||
|
||
irishinch UKinch
|
||
irishpalm 3 irishinch
|
||
irishspan 3 irishpalm
|
||
irishfoot 12 irishinch
|
||
irishfeet irishfoot
|
||
irishcubit 18 irishinch
|
||
irishyard 3 irishfeet
|
||
irishpace 5 irishfeet
|
||
irishfathom 6 irishfeet
|
||
irishpole 7 irishyard # Only these values
|
||
irishperch irishpole # are different from
|
||
irishchain 4 irishperch # the British Imperial
|
||
irishlink 1|100 irishchain # or English values for
|
||
irishfurlong 10 irishchain # these lengths.
|
||
irishmile 8 irishfurlong #
|
||
|
||
# Irish area measure
|
||
|
||
irishrood 40 irishpole^2
|
||
irishacre 4 irishrood
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
# English wine capacity measures (Winchester measures)
|
||
|
||
!category winchester_wine "Winchester Wine Measures"
|
||
|
||
winepint 1|2 winequart
|
||
winequart 1|4 winegallon
|
||
winegallon 231 UKinch^3 # Sometimes called the Winchester Wine Gallon,
|
||
# it was legalized in 1707 by Queen Anne, and
|
||
# given the definition of 231 cubic inches. It
|
||
# had been in use for a while as 8 pounds of wine
|
||
# using a merchant's pound, but the definition of
|
||
# the merchant's pound had become uncertain. A
|
||
# pound of 15 tower ounces (6750 grains) had been
|
||
# common, but then a pound of 15 troy ounces
|
||
# (7200 grains) gained popularity. Because of
|
||
# the switch in the value of the merchants pound,
|
||
# the size of the wine gallon was uncertain in
|
||
# the market, hence the official act in 1707.
|
||
# The act allowed that a six inch tall cylinder
|
||
# with a 7 inch diameter was a lawful wine
|
||
# gallon. (This comes out to 230.9 in^3.)
|
||
# Note also that in Britain a legal conversion
|
||
# was established to the 1824 Imperial gallon
|
||
# then taken as 277.274 in^3 so that the wine
|
||
# gallon was 0.8331 imperial gallons. This is
|
||
# 231.1 cubic inches (using the international
|
||
# inch).
|
||
winerundlet 18 winegallon
|
||
winebarrel 31.5 winegallon
|
||
winetierce 42 winegallon
|
||
winehogshead 2 winebarrel
|
||
winepuncheon 2 winetierce
|
||
winebutt 2 winehogshead
|
||
winepipe winebutt
|
||
winetun 2 winebutt
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
!category wine "Wine and Spirits Measures"
|
||
|
||
# English beer and ale measures used 1803-1824 and used for beer before 1688
|
||
beerpint 1|2 beerquart
|
||
beerquart 1|4 beergallon
|
||
beergallon 282 UKinch^3
|
||
beerbarrel 36 beergallon
|
||
beerhogshead 1.5 beerbarrel
|
||
|
||
# English ale measures used from 1688-1803 for both ale and beer
|
||
|
||
alepint 1|2 alequart
|
||
alequart 1|4 alegallon
|
||
alegallon beergallon
|
||
alebarrel 34 alegallon
|
||
alehogshead 1.5 alebarrel
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
!category scots "Scotland Measures"
|
||
|
||
# Scots capacity measure
|
||
|
||
scotsgill 1|4 mutchkin
|
||
mutchkin 1|2 choppin
|
||
choppin 1|2 scotspint
|
||
scotspint 1|2 scotsquart
|
||
scotsquart 1|4 scotsgallon
|
||
scotsgallon 827.232 UKinch^3
|
||
scotsbarrel 8 scotsgallon
|
||
jug scotspint
|
||
|
||
# Scots dry capacity measure
|
||
|
||
scotswheatlippy 137.333 UKinch^3 # Also used for peas, beans, rye, salt
|
||
scotswheatlippies scotswheatlippy
|
||
scotswheatpeck 4 scotswheatlippy
|
||
scotswheatfirlot 4 scotswheatpeck
|
||
scotswheatboll 4 scotswheatfirlot
|
||
scotswheatchalder 16 scotswheatboll
|
||
|
||
scotsoatlippy 200.345 UKinch^3 # Also used for barley and malt
|
||
scotsoatlippies scotsoatlippy
|
||
scotsoatpeck 4 scotsoatlippy
|
||
scotsoatfirlot 4 scotsoatpeck
|
||
scotsoatboll 4 scotsoatfirlot
|
||
scotsoatchalder 16 scotsoatboll
|
||
|
||
# Scots Tron weight
|
||
|
||
trondrop 1|16 tronounce
|
||
tronounce 1|20 tronpound
|
||
tronpound 9520 grain
|
||
tronstone 16 tronpound
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
!category irish "Ireland Measures"
|
||
|
||
# Irish liquid capacity measure
|
||
|
||
irishnoggin 1|4 irishpint
|
||
irishpint 1|2 irishquart
|
||
irishquart 1|2 irishpottle
|
||
irishpottle 1|2 irishgallon
|
||
irishgallon 217.6 UKinch^3
|
||
irishrundlet 18 irishgallon
|
||
irishbarrel 31.5 irishgallon
|
||
irishtierce 42 irishgallon
|
||
irishhogshead 2 irishbarrel
|
||
irishpuncheon 2 irishtierce
|
||
irishpipe 2 irishhogshead
|
||
irishtun 2 irishpipe
|
||
|
||
# Irish dry capacity measure
|
||
|
||
irishpeck 2 irishgallon
|
||
irishbushel 4 irishpeck
|
||
irishstrike 2 irishbushel
|
||
irishdrybarrel 2 irishstrike
|
||
irishquarter 2 irishbarrel
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
!category english "English Measurements"
|
||
|
||
# English Tower weights, abolished in 1528
|
||
|
||
towerpound 5400 grain
|
||
towerounce 1|12 towerpound
|
||
towerpennyweight 1|20 towerounce
|
||
towergrain 1|32 towerpennyweight
|
||
|
||
# English Mercantile weights, used since the late 12th century
|
||
|
||
mercpound 6750 grain
|
||
mercounce 1|15 mercpound
|
||
mercpennyweight 1|20 mercounce
|
||
|
||
# English weights for lead
|
||
|
||
leadstone 12.5 lb
|
||
fotmal 70 lb
|
||
leadwey 14 leadstone
|
||
fothers 12 leadwey
|
||
|
||
# English Hay measure
|
||
|
||
newhaytruss 60 lb # New and old here seem to refer to "new"
|
||
newhayload 36 newhaytruss # hay and "old" hay rather than a new unit
|
||
oldhaytruss 56 lb # and an old unit.
|
||
oldhayload 36 oldhaytruss
|
||
|
||
# English wool measure
|
||
|
||
woolclove 7 lb
|
||
woolstone 2 woolclove
|
||
wooltod 2 woolstone
|
||
woolwey 13 woolstone
|
||
woolsack 2 woolwey
|
||
woolsarpler 2 woolsack
|
||
woollast 6 woolsarpler
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Ancient history units: There tends to be uncertainty in the definitions
|
||
# of the units in this section
|
||
# These units are from [11]
|
||
|
||
# Roman measure. The Romans had a well defined distance measure, but their
|
||
# measures of weight were poor. They adopted local weights in different
|
||
# regions without distinguishing among them so that there are half a dozen
|
||
# different Roman "standard" weight systems.
|
||
|
||
!category roman "Roman Measures"
|
||
|
||
romanfoot 296 mm # There is some uncertainty in this definition
|
||
romanfeet romanfoot # from which all the other units are derived.
|
||
pes romanfoot # This value appears in numerous sources. In "The
|
||
pedes romanfoot # Roman Land Surveyors", Dilke gives 295.7 mm.
|
||
romaninch 1|12 romanfoot # The subdivisions of the Roman foot have the
|
||
romandigit 1|16 romanfoot # same names as the subdivisions of the pound,
|
||
romanpalm 1|4 romanfoot # but we can't have the names for different
|
||
romancubit 18 romaninch # units.
|
||
romanpace 5 romanfeet # Roman double pace (basic military unit)
|
||
passus romanpace
|
||
romanperch 10 romanfeet
|
||
stade 125 romanpaces
|
||
stadia stade
|
||
stadium stade
|
||
romanmile 8 stadia # 1000 paces
|
||
romanleague 1.5 romanmile
|
||
schoenus 4 romanmile
|
||
|
||
# Other values for the Roman foot (from Dilke)
|
||
|
||
earlyromanfoot 29.73 cm
|
||
pesdrusianus 33.3 cm # or 33.35 cm, used in Gaul & Germany in 1st c BC
|
||
lateromanfoot 29.42 cm
|
||
|
||
# Roman areas
|
||
|
||
actuslength 120 romanfeet # length of a Roman furrow
|
||
actus 120*4 romanfeet^2 # area of the furrow
|
||
squareactus 120^2 romanfeet^2 # actus quadratus
|
||
acnua squareactus
|
||
iugerum 2 squareactus
|
||
iugera iugerum
|
||
jugerum iugerum
|
||
jugera iugerum
|
||
heredium 2 iugera # heritable plot
|
||
heredia heredium
|
||
centuria 100 heredia
|
||
centurium centuria
|
||
|
||
# Roman volumes
|
||
|
||
sextarius 35.4 in^3 # Basic unit of Roman volume. As always,
|
||
sextarii sextarius # there is uncertainty. Six large Roman
|
||
# measures survive with volumes ranging from
|
||
# 34.4 in^3 to 39.55 in^3. Three of them
|
||
# cluster around the size given here.
|
||
#
|
||
# But the values for this unit vary wildly
|
||
# in other sources. One reference gives 0.547
|
||
# liters, but then says the amphora is a
|
||
# cubic Roman foot. This gives a value for the
|
||
# sextarius of 0.540 liters. And the
|
||
# encyclopedia Brittanica lists 0.53 liters for
|
||
# this unit. Both [7] and [11], which were
|
||
# written by scholars of weights and measures,
|
||
# give the value of 35.4 cubic inches.
|
||
cochlearia 1|48 sextarius
|
||
cyathi 1|12 sextarius
|
||
acetabula 1|8 sextarius
|
||
quartaria 1|4 sextarius
|
||
quartarius quartaria
|
||
heminae 1|2 sextarius
|
||
hemina heminae
|
||
cheonix 1.5 sextarii
|
||
|
||
# Dry volume measures (usually)
|
||
|
||
semodius 8 sextarius
|
||
semodii semodius
|
||
modius 16 sextarius
|
||
modii modius
|
||
|
||
# Liquid volume measures (usually)
|
||
|
||
congius 12 heminae
|
||
congii congius
|
||
amphora 8 congii
|
||
amphorae amphora # Also a dry volume measure
|
||
culleus 20 amphorae
|
||
quadrantal amphora
|
||
|
||
# Roman weights
|
||
|
||
libra 5052 grain # The Roman pound varied significantly
|
||
librae libra # from 4210 grains to 5232 grains. Most of
|
||
romanpound libra # the standards were obtained from the weight
|
||
romanuncia 1|12 libra # of particular coins. The one given here is
|
||
unciae romanuncia # based on the Gold Aureus of Augustus which
|
||
romanounce romanuncia # was in use from BC 27 to AD 296.
|
||
deunx 11 uncia
|
||
dextans 10 uncia
|
||
dodrans 9 uncia
|
||
bes 8 uncia
|
||
seprunx 7 uncia
|
||
semis 6 uncia
|
||
quincunx 5 uncia
|
||
triens 4 uncia
|
||
quadrans 3 uncia
|
||
sextans 2 uncia
|
||
sescuncia 1.5 uncia
|
||
semuncia 1|2 uncia
|
||
siscilius 1|4 uncia
|
||
sextula 1|6 uncia
|
||
semisextula 1|12 uncia
|
||
scriptulum 1|24 uncia
|
||
scrupula scriptulum
|
||
romanobol 1|2 scrupula
|
||
|
||
romanaspound 4210 grain # Old pound based on bronze coinage, the
|
||
# earliest money of Rome BC 338 to BC 268.
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
# Egyptian length measure
|
||
|
||
!category egyptian "Egyptian Measures"
|
||
|
||
egyptianroyalcubit 20.63 in # plus or minus .2 in
|
||
egyptianpalm 1|7 egyptianroyalcubit
|
||
egyptiandigit 1|4 egyptianpalm
|
||
egyptianshortcubit 6 egyptianpalm
|
||
|
||
doubleremen 29.16 in # Length of the diagonal of a square with
|
||
remendigit 1|40 doubleremen # side length of 1 royal egyptian cubit.
|
||
# This is divided into 40 digits which are
|
||
# not the same size as the digits based on
|
||
# the royal cubit.
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
# Greek length measures
|
||
|
||
!category greek "Greek Measures"
|
||
|
||
greekfoot 12.45 in # Listed as being derived from the
|
||
greekfeet greekfoot # Egyptian Royal cubit in [11]. It is
|
||
greekcubit 1.5 greekfoot # said to be 3|5 of a 20.75 in cubit.
|
||
pous greekfoot
|
||
podes greekfoot
|
||
orguia 6 greekfoot
|
||
greekfathom orguia
|
||
stadion 100 orguia
|
||
akaina 10 greekfeet
|
||
plethron 10 akaina
|
||
greekfinger 1|16 greekfoot
|
||
homericcubit 20 greekfingers # Elbow to end of knuckles.
|
||
shortgreekcubit 18 greekfingers # Elbow to start of fingers.
|
||
|
||
ionicfoot 296 mm
|
||
doricfoot 326 mm
|
||
|
||
olympiccubit 25 remendigit # These olympic measures were not as
|
||
olympicfoot 2|3 olympiccubit # common as the other greek measures.
|
||
olympicfinger 1|16 olympicfoot # They were used in agriculture.
|
||
olympicfeet olympicfoot
|
||
olympicdakylos olympicfinger
|
||
olympicpalm 1|4 olympicfoot
|
||
olympicpalestra olympicpalm
|
||
olympicspithame 3|4 foot
|
||
olympicspan olympicspithame
|
||
olympicbema 2.5 olympicfeet
|
||
olympicpace olympicbema
|
||
olympicorguia 6 olympicfeet
|
||
olympicfathom olympicorguia
|
||
olympiccord 60 olympicfeet
|
||
olympicamma olympiccord
|
||
olympicplethron 100 olympicfeet
|
||
olympicstadion 600 olympicfeet
|
||
|
||
# Greek capacity measure
|
||
|
||
greekkotyle 270 ml # This approximate value is obtained
|
||
xestes 2 greekkotyle # from two earthenware vessels that
|
||
khous 12 greekkotyle # were reconstructed from fragments.
|
||
metretes 12 khous # The kotyle is a day's corn ration
|
||
choinix 4 greekkotyle # for one man.
|
||
hekteos 8 choinix
|
||
medimnos 6 hekteos
|
||
|
||
# Greek weight. Two weight standards were used, an Aegina standard based
|
||
# on the Beqa shekel and an Athens (attic) standard.
|
||
|
||
aeginastater 192 grain # Varies up to 199 grain
|
||
aeginadrachmae 1|2 aeginastater
|
||
aeginaobol 1|6 aeginadrachmae
|
||
aeginamina 50 aeginastaters
|
||
aeginatalent 60 aeginamina # Supposedly the mass of a cubic foot
|
||
# of water (whichever foot was in use)
|
||
|
||
atticstater 135 grain # Varies 134-138 grain
|
||
atticdrachmae 1|2 atticstater
|
||
atticobol 1|6 atticdrachmae
|
||
atticmina 50 atticstaters
|
||
attictalent 60 atticmina # Supposedly the mass of a cubic foot
|
||
# of water (whichever foot was in use)
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
# "Northern" cubit and foot. This was used by the pre-Aryan civilization in
|
||
# the Indus valley. It was used in Mesopotamia, Egypt, North Africa, China,
|
||
# central and Western Europe until modern times when it was displaced by
|
||
# the metric system.
|
||
|
||
!category northern_cubic "Northern Cubic and Foot"
|
||
|
||
northerncubit 26.6 in # plus/minus .2 in
|
||
northernfoot 1|2 northerncubit
|
||
|
||
sumeriancubit 495 mm
|
||
kus sumeriancubit
|
||
sumerianfoot 2|3 sumeriancubit
|
||
|
||
assyriancubit 21.6 in
|
||
assyrianfoot 1|2 assyriancubit
|
||
assyrianpalm 1|3 assyrianfoot
|
||
assyriansusi 1|20 assyrianpalm
|
||
susi assyriansusi
|
||
persianroyalcubit 7 assyrianpalm
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
# Arabic measures. The arabic standards were meticulously kept. Glass weights
|
||
# accurate to .2 grains were made during AD 714-900.
|
||
|
||
!category arabic "Arabic Measures"
|
||
|
||
hashimicubit 25.56 in # Standard of linear measure used
|
||
# in Persian dominions of the Arabic
|
||
# empire 7-8th cent. Is equal to two
|
||
# French feet.
|
||
|
||
blackcubit 21.28 in
|
||
arabicfeet 1|2 blackcubit
|
||
arabicfoot arabicfeet
|
||
arabicinch 1|12 arabicfoot
|
||
arabicmile 4000 blackcubit
|
||
|
||
silverdirhem 45 grain # The weights were derived from these two
|
||
tradedirhem 48 grain # units with two identically named systems
|
||
# used for silver and used for trade purposes
|
||
|
||
silverkirat 1|16 silverdirhem
|
||
silverwukiyeh 10 silverdirhem
|
||
silverrotl 12 silverwukiyeh
|
||
arabicsilverpound silverrotl
|
||
|
||
tradekirat 1|16 tradedirhem
|
||
tradewukiyeh 10 tradedirhem
|
||
traderotl 12 tradewukiyeh
|
||
arabictradepound traderotl
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
# Miscellaneous ancient units
|
||
|
||
parasang 3.5 mile # Persian unit of length usually thought
|
||
# to be between 3 and 3.5 miles
|
||
biblicalcubit 21.8 in
|
||
hebrewcubit 17.58 in
|
||
li 10|27.8 mile # Chinese unit of length
|
||
# 100 li is considered a day's march
|
||
liang 11|3 oz # Chinese weight unit
|
||
|
||
|
||
# Medieval time units. According to the OED, these appear in Du Cange
|
||
# by Papias.
|
||
|
||
timepoint 1|5 hour # also given as 1|4
|
||
timeminute 1|10 hour
|
||
timeostent 1|60 hour
|
||
timeounce 1|8 timeostent
|
||
timeatom 1|47 timeounce
|
||
|
||
# Given in [15], these subdivisions of the grain were supposedly used
|
||
# by jewelers. The mite may have been used but the blanc could not
|
||
# have been accurately measured.
|
||
|
||
mite 1|20 grain
|
||
droit 1|24 mite
|
||
periot 1|20 droit
|
||
blanc 1|24 periot
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Localization
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
!var UNITS_ENGLISH US
|
||
hundredweight ushundredweight
|
||
ton uston
|
||
scruple apscruple
|
||
fluidounce usfluidounce
|
||
gallon usgallon
|
||
bushel usbushel
|
||
quarter quarterweight
|
||
cup uscup
|
||
tablespoon ustablespoon
|
||
teaspoon usteaspoon
|
||
minim minimvolume
|
||
pony ponyvolume
|
||
firkin usfirkin
|
||
hogshead ushogshead
|
||
!endvar
|
||
|
||
# !var UNITS_ENGLISH GB
|
||
# hundredweight brhundredweight
|
||
# ton brton
|
||
# scruple brscruple
|
||
# fluidounce brfluidounce
|
||
# gallon brgallon
|
||
# bushel brbushel
|
||
# quarter brquarter
|
||
# chaldron brchaldron
|
||
# cup brcup
|
||
# teacup brteacup
|
||
# tablespoon brtablespoon
|
||
# teaspoon brteaspoon
|
||
# penny brpenny
|
||
# minim minimnote
|
||
# pony brpony
|
||
# grand brgrand
|
||
# firkin brfirkin
|
||
# hogshead brhogshead
|
||
# !endvar
|
||
|
||
!varnot UNITS_ENGLISH GB US
|
||
!message Unknown value for environment variable UNITS_ENGLISH. Should be GB or US.
|
||
!endvar
|
||
|
||
|
||
!utf8
|
||
⅛- 1|8
|
||
¼- 1|4
|
||
⅜- 3|8
|
||
½- 1|2
|
||
⅝- 5|8
|
||
¾- 3|4
|
||
⅞- 7|8
|
||
⅙- 1|6
|
||
⅓- 1|3
|
||
⅔- 2|3
|
||
⅚- 5|6
|
||
⅕- 1|5
|
||
⅖- 2|5
|
||
⅗- 3|5
|
||
⅘- 4|5
|
||
# U+2150- 1|7 For some reason these characters are getting
|
||
# U+2151- 1|9 flagged as invalid UTF8.
|
||
# U+2152- 1|10
|
||
ℯ 2.71828182845904523536 #exp(1) # U+212F, base of natural log
|
||
e ℯ
|
||
|
||
µ- micro # micro sign U+00B5
|
||
μ- micro # small mu U+03BC
|
||
ångström angstrom
|
||
Å angstrom # angstrom symbol U+212B
|
||
Å angstrom # A with ring U+00C5
|
||
röntgen roentgen
|
||
#°C degC
|
||
#°F degF
|
||
°K K # °K is incorrect notation
|
||
°R degR
|
||
° degree
|
||
#℃ degC
|
||
#℉ degF
|
||
K K # Kelvin symbol, U+212A
|
||
ℓ liter # unofficial abbreviation used in some places
|
||
|
||
Ω ohm # Ohm symbol U+2126
|
||
Ω ohm # Greek capital omega U+03A9
|
||
℧ mho
|
||
ʒ dram # U+0292
|
||
℈ scruple
|
||
℥ ounce
|
||
℔ lb
|
||
ℎ planck_constant
|
||
ℏ hbar
|
||
ħ hbar
|
||
‰ 1|1000
|
||
‱ 1|10000
|
||
#′ ' # U+2032
|
||
#″ " # U+2033
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Square unicode symbols starting at U+3371
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
㍱ hPa
|
||
㍲ da
|
||
㍳ au
|
||
㍴ bar
|
||
# ㍵ oV???
|
||
㍶ pc
|
||
#㍷ dm invalid on Mac
|
||
#㍸ dm^2 invalid on Mac
|
||
#㍹ dm^3 invalid on Mac
|
||
㎀ pA
|
||
㎁ nA
|
||
㎂ µA
|
||
㎃ mA
|
||
㎄ kA
|
||
㎅ kB
|
||
㎆ MB
|
||
㎇ GB
|
||
㎈ cal
|
||
㎉ kcal
|
||
㎊ pF
|
||
㎋ nF
|
||
㎌ µF
|
||
㎍ µg
|
||
㎎ mg
|
||
㎏ kg
|
||
㎐ Hz
|
||
㎑ kHz
|
||
㎒ MHz
|
||
㎓ GHz
|
||
㎔ THz
|
||
㎕ µL
|
||
㎖ mL
|
||
㎗ dL
|
||
㎘ kL
|
||
㎙ fm
|
||
㎚ nm
|
||
㎛ µm
|
||
㎜ mm
|
||
㎝ cm
|
||
㎞ km
|
||
㎟ mm^2
|
||
㎠ cm^2
|
||
㎡ m^2
|
||
㎢ km^2
|
||
㎣ mm^3
|
||
㎤ cm^3
|
||
㎥ m^3
|
||
㎦ km^3
|
||
㎧ m/s
|
||
㎨ m/s^2
|
||
㎩ Pa
|
||
㎪ kPa
|
||
㎫ MPa
|
||
㎬ GPa
|
||
㎭ rad
|
||
㎮ rad/s
|
||
㎯ rad/s^2
|
||
㎰ ps
|
||
㎱ ns
|
||
㎲ µs
|
||
㎳ ms
|
||
㎴ pV
|
||
㎵ nV
|
||
㎶ µV
|
||
㎷ mV
|
||
㎸ kV
|
||
㎹ MV
|
||
㎺ pW
|
||
㎻ nW
|
||
㎼ µW
|
||
㎽ mW
|
||
㎾ kW
|
||
㎿ MW
|
||
㏀ kΩ
|
||
㏁ MΩ
|
||
㏃ Bq
|
||
㏄ cc
|
||
㏅ cd
|
||
㏆ C/kg
|
||
#㏈() dB
|
||
㏉ Gy
|
||
㏊ ha
|
||
# ㏋ HP??
|
||
㏌ in
|
||
# ㏍ KK??
|
||
# ㏎ KM???
|
||
㏏ kt
|
||
㏐ lm
|
||
# ㏑ ln
|
||
# ㏒ log
|
||
㏓ lx
|
||
㏔ mb
|
||
㏕ mil
|
||
㏖ mol
|
||
#㏗() pH
|
||
㏙ ppm
|
||
# ㏚ PR???
|
||
㏛ sr
|
||
㏜ Sv
|
||
㏝ Wb
|
||
#㏞ V/m Invalid on Mac
|
||
#㏟ A/m Invalid on Mac
|
||
#㏿ gal Invalid on Mac
|
||
|
||
!endutf8
|
||
|
||
############################################################################
|
||
#
|
||
# Substances
|
||
#
|
||
############################################################################
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Assorted
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
!category substances "Substances"
|
||
|
||
water {
|
||
density mass gram / volume cm^3
|
||
pressure_column pressure gram force cm^-2 / column cm
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy calorie g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
fusion_heat fusion_energy 79.8 calorie / fusion_mass gram
|
||
vaporization_heat vaporization_energy 1160 J / vaporization_mass gram
|
||
|
||
pressure_column_0C pressure_0C 0.99987 force gram cm^-2 / column_0C cm
|
||
pressure_column_5C pressure_5C 0.99999 force gram cm^-2 / column_5C cm
|
||
pressure_column_10C pressure_10C 0.99973 force gram cm^-2 / column_10C cm
|
||
pressure_column_15C pressure_15C 0.99913 force gram cm^-2 / column_15C cm
|
||
pressure_column_18C pressure_18C 0.99862 force gram cm^-2 / column_18C cm
|
||
pressure_column_20C pressure_20C 0.99823 force gram cm^-2 / column_20C cm
|
||
pressure_column_25C pressure_25C 0.99707 force gram cm^-2 / column_25C cm
|
||
pressure_column_50C pressure_50C 0.98807 force gram cm^-2 / column_50C cm
|
||
pressure_column_100C pressure_100C 0.95838 force gram cm^-2 / column_100C cm
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
H2O water
|
||
wc pressure_column of water
|
||
mmH2O pressure of mm water
|
||
inH2O pressure of inch water
|
||
|
||
!symbol mercury Hg
|
||
mercury {
|
||
density mass 13.5951 gram / volume cm^3
|
||
pressure_column pressure 13.5951 gram force cm^-2 / column cm
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.14 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
molar_mass mass 200.59 g / amount mol
|
||
|
||
# These units, when used to form
|
||
# pressure measures, are not accurate
|
||
# because of considerations of the
|
||
# revised practical temperature scale.
|
||
pressure_column_10C pressure_10C 13.5708 force gram cm^-2 / column_10C cm
|
||
pressure_column_20C pressure_20C 13.5462 force gram cm^-2 / column_20C cm
|
||
pressure_column_23C pressure_23C 13.5386 force gram cm^-2 / column_23C cm
|
||
pressure_column_30C pressure_30C 13.5217 force gram cm^-2 / column_30C cm
|
||
pressure_column_40C pressure_40C 13.4973 force gram cm^-2 / column_40C cm
|
||
pressure_column_60F pressure_60F 13.5574 force gram cm^-2 / column_60F cm
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
Hg mercury
|
||
mmHg pressure of mm mercury
|
||
inHg pressure of inch mercury
|
||
|
||
ammonia {
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 4.6 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
NH3 ammonia
|
||
|
||
freon {
|
||
?? R-12 at 0 degrees Fahrenheit.
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.91 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
tissue {
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 3.5 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
diamond {
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.5091 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
granite {
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.79 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
graphite {
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.71 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
ice {
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 2.11 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
asphalt {
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.92 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
brick {
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.84 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
concrete {
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.88 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
glass_silica {
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.84 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
glass_flint {
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.503 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
glass_pyrex {
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.753 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
gypsum {
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 1.09 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
marble {
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.88 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
sand {
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.835 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
soil {
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.835 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Fundamental particles
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
# particle wavelengths: the compton wavelength of a particle is
|
||
# defined as h / m c where m is the mass of the particle.
|
||
|
||
electron {
|
||
mass const electron_mass 5.48579909070e-4 u
|
||
charge const electron_charge 1.6021766208e-19 C
|
||
radius const electron_radius ((1/4 pi epsilon0) \
|
||
charge^2 / mass c^2)
|
||
wavelength const electron_wavelength planck_constant / mass c
|
||
magnetic_moment const electron_moment -928.4764620e-26 J/T
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
electronmass mass of electron
|
||
electroncharge charge of electron
|
||
m_e electronmass
|
||
|
||
proton {
|
||
mass const proton_mass 1.007276466879 u
|
||
wavelength const proton_wavelength planck_constant / mass c
|
||
charge_radius const proton_radius 0.8751e-15 m
|
||
magnetic_moment const proton_moment 1.4106067873e-26 J/T
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
m_p mass of proton
|
||
|
||
neutron {
|
||
mass const neutron_mass 1.00866491588 u
|
||
wavelength const neutron_wavelength planck_constant / mass c
|
||
magnetic_moment const neutron_moment -0.96623650e-26 J/T
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
m_n mass of neutron
|
||
|
||
deuteron {
|
||
mass const deuteron_mass 2.013553212745 u
|
||
charge_radius const deuteron_radius 2.1413e-15 m
|
||
magnetic_moment const deuteron_moment 0.4330735040e-26 J/T
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
m_d mass of deuteron
|
||
|
||
muon {
|
||
mass const muon_mass 0.1134289257 u
|
||
magnetic_moment const muon_moment -4.49044826e-26 J/T
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
m_mu mass of muon
|
||
|
||
helion {
|
||
mass const helion_mass 3.01493224673 u
|
||
magnetic_moment const helion_moment -1.074617522e-26 J/T
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
tauparticle {
|
||
mass const tau_mass 1.90749 u
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
alphaparticle {
|
||
mass const alpha_mass 4.001506179127 u
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
triton {
|
||
mass const triton_mass 3.01550071632 u
|
||
magnetic_moment const triton_moment 1.504609503e-26 J/T
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
light {
|
||
speed const light_speed 2.99792458e8 m/s
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Celestial bodies
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
# Sidereal years from http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/phys_props_planets.html. Data
|
||
# was updated in May 2001 based on the 1992 Explanatory Supplement to the
|
||
# Astronomical Almanac and the mean longitude rates. Apparently the table of
|
||
# years in that reference is incorrect.
|
||
|
||
# The following are masses for planetary systems, not just the planet itself.
|
||
# The comments give the uncertainty in the denominators. As noted above,
|
||
# masses are given relative to the solarmass because this is more accurate.
|
||
# The conversion to SI is uncertain because of uncertainty in G, the
|
||
# gravitational constant.
|
||
#
|
||
# Values are from http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/astro_constants.html
|
||
|
||
# Mean radius from http://ssd.jpl.nsaa.gov/phys_props_planets.html which in
|
||
# turn cites Global Earth Physics by CF Yoder, 1995.
|
||
|
||
sun {
|
||
mass const solar_mass 1.9891e30 kg
|
||
?? Average earth-sun distance
|
||
distance const sun_distance 1.0000010178 au
|
||
?? Earth-sun distance at periphelion
|
||
distance_near const sun_distance_near 1.471e11 m
|
||
?? Earth-sun distance at aphelion
|
||
distance_far const sun_distance_far 1.521e11 m
|
||
radius_equatorial const sun_radius 695700 km
|
||
volume const sun_volume 1.41e18 km^3
|
||
?? Source: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.html
|
||
luminosity const solar_luminosity 384.6e24 W
|
||
|
||
# Some luminance data from the IES Lighting Handbook, 8th ed, 1993
|
||
|
||
?? Clear sky.
|
||
illum_zenith const sun_illum_zenith 100e3 lux
|
||
illum_overcast const sun_illum_overcast 10e3 lux
|
||
luminance_zenith const sun_lum_zenith 1.6e9 cd/m^2
|
||
luminance_horizon const sun_lum_horizon 6e6 cd/m^2
|
||
?? Average, clear sky.
|
||
luminance_clear const sun_lum_clear 8000 cd/m^2
|
||
?? Average, overcast sky.
|
||
luminance_overcast const sun_lum_overcast 2000 cd/m^2
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
solarmass mass of sun
|
||
sunmass solarmass
|
||
sundist distance of sun
|
||
solarluminosity luminosity of sun
|
||
|
||
mercury_planet {
|
||
?? ±250
|
||
mass const mercury_mass solarmass / 6023600
|
||
mass_old const mercury_old 0.33022e24 kg
|
||
radius const mercury_radius 2440 km
|
||
volume const mercury_volume 6.083e10 km^3
|
||
sidereal_day const mercury_day 58.6462 day
|
||
year const mercury_year 0.2408467 julianyear
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
venus {
|
||
?? ± 0.06
|
||
mass const venus_mass solarmass / 408523.71
|
||
mass_old const venus_old 4.8690e24 kg
|
||
radius const venus_radius 6051.84 km
|
||
volume const venus_volume 9.2843e11 km^3
|
||
?? Retrograde.
|
||
sidereal_day const venus_day 243.01 day
|
||
year const venus_year 0.61519726 julianyear
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
?? ±0.02
|
||
earthmoonmass solarmass / 328900.56
|
||
?? ±3e-9
|
||
moonearthmassratio 0.012300034
|
||
|
||
earth {
|
||
mass const earth_mass earthmoonmass / ( 1 + moonearthmassratio)
|
||
radius const earth_radius 6371.01 km
|
||
volume const earth_volume 1.08321e12 km^3
|
||
sidereal_day const earth_day siderealday
|
||
year const earth_year siderealyear
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
moon {
|
||
?? Average earth-moon distance.
|
||
mass const moon_mass moonearthmassratio mass of earth
|
||
radius const moon_radius 1737.1 km
|
||
volume const moon_volume 2.1958e10 km^3
|
||
distance const moon_dist 3.844e8 m
|
||
gravity const moon_gravity 1.62 m/s^2
|
||
luminance const moon_luminance 2500 cd/m^2
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
mars {
|
||
?? ±9
|
||
mass const mars_mass solarmass / 3098708
|
||
mass_old const mars_old 0.64191e24 kg
|
||
radius const mars_radius 3389.92 km
|
||
volume const mars_volume 1.6318e11 km^3
|
||
sidereal_day const mars_day 1.02595675 day
|
||
year const mars_year 1.8808476 julianyear
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
jupiter {
|
||
?? ±0.0008
|
||
mass const jupiter_mass solarmass / 1047.3486
|
||
mass_old const jupiter_old 1898.8e24 kg
|
||
radius const jupiter_radius 69911 km
|
||
volume const jupiter_volume 1.4313e15 km^3
|
||
sidereal_day const jupiter_day 0.41354 day
|
||
year const jupiter_year 11.862615 julianyear
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
saturn {
|
||
?? ±0.018
|
||
mass const saturn_mass solarmass / 3497.898
|
||
mass_old const saturn_old 568.5e24 kg
|
||
radius const saturn_radius 58232 km
|
||
volume const saturn_volume 8.2713e14 km^3
|
||
sidereal_day const saturn_day 0.4375 day
|
||
year const saturn_year 29.447498 julianyear
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
uranus {
|
||
?? ±0.03
|
||
mass const uranus_mass solarmass / 22902.98
|
||
mass_old const uranus_old 86.625e24 kg
|
||
radius const uranus_radius 25362 km
|
||
volume const uranus_volume 6.833e13 km^3
|
||
?? Retrograde.
|
||
sidereal_day const uranus_day 0.65 day
|
||
year const uranus_year 84.016846 julianyear
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
neptune {
|
||
?? ±0.04
|
||
mass const neptune_mass solarmass / 19412.24
|
||
mass_old const neptune_old 102.78e24 kg
|
||
radius const neptune_radius 24624 km
|
||
volume const neptune_volume 6.254e13 km^3
|
||
sidereal_day const neptune_day 0.768 day
|
||
year const neptune_year 164.79132 julianyear
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
pluto {
|
||
?? ±0.07e8
|
||
mass const pluto_mass solarmass / 1.35e8
|
||
mass_old const pluto_old 0.015e24 kg
|
||
radius const pluto_radius 1151 km
|
||
?? ±0.071e9 km^3
|
||
volume const pluto_volume 7.006e9 km^3
|
||
sidereal_day const pluto_day 6.3867 day
|
||
year const pluto_year 247.92065 julianyear
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Energy densities of various fuels
|
||
#
|
||
# Most of these fuels have varying compositions or qualities and hence their
|
||
# actual energy densities vary. These numbers are hence only approximate.
|
||
#
|
||
# E1. http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/papers/misc/energy_conv.html
|
||
# E2. http://www.aps.org/policy/reports/popa-reports/energy/units.cfm
|
||
# E3. http://www.ior.com.au/ecflist.html
|
||
|
||
oil {
|
||
?? Ton oil equivalent. A conventional
|
||
?? value for the energy released by
|
||
?? burning one metric ton of oil. [18,E2]
|
||
?? Note that energy per mass of petroleum
|
||
?? products is fairly constant.
|
||
?? Variations in volumetric energy
|
||
?? density result from variations in the
|
||
?? density (kg/m^3) of different fuels.
|
||
?? This definition is given by the
|
||
?? IEA/OECD.
|
||
specific_energy energy 1e10 cal_IT / mass ton
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
tonoil energy of ton oil
|
||
toe tonoil
|
||
?? Conventional value for barrel of crude
|
||
?? oil [E2]. Actual range is 5.6 - 6.3.
|
||
barreloil 5.8 Mbtu
|
||
|
||
coal {
|
||
?? Energy in metric ton coal from [18].
|
||
?? This is a nominal value which
|
||
?? is close to the heat content
|
||
?? of coal used in the 1950's.
|
||
specific_energy energy 7e9 cal_IT / mass ton
|
||
specific_energy_bituminous energy_bituminous 27 GJ / mass_bituminous tonne
|
||
specific_energy_lignite energy_lignite 15 GJ / mass_lignite tonne
|
||
specific_energy_us energy_us 22 GJ / mass_us uston
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
naturalgas {
|
||
?? Energy content of natural gas. HHV
|
||
?? is for Higher Heating Value and
|
||
?? includes energy from condensation
|
||
?? combustion products. LHV is for Lower
|
||
?? Heating Value and excludes these.
|
||
?? American publications typically report
|
||
?? HHV whereas European ones report LHV.
|
||
energy_density_HHV energy_HHV 1027 btu / volume_HHV ft^3
|
||
energy_density_LHV energy_LHV 930 btu / volume_LHV ft^3
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
charcoal {
|
||
specific_energy energy 30 GJ / mass tonne
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
wood {
|
||
?? HHV, a cord weights about a tonne.
|
||
specific_energy_dry energy_dry 20 GJ / mass_dry tonne
|
||
?? 20% moisture content.
|
||
specific_energy_airdry energy_airdry 15 GJ / mass_airdry tonne
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 1.7 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
ethanol {
|
||
energy_density_HHV energy_HHV 84000 btu / volume_HHV usgallon
|
||
energy_density_LHV energy_LHV 75700 btu / volume_LHV usgallon
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 2.3 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
diesel {
|
||
energy_density energy 130500 btu / volume usgallon
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
gasoline {
|
||
energy_density_LHV energy_LHV 115000 btu / volume_LHV usgallon
|
||
energy_density_HHV energy_HHV 125000 btu / volume_HHV usgallon
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 2.22 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
heating_oil {
|
||
energy_density energy 37.3 MJ / volume liter
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
fueloil {
|
||
?? Low sulphur.
|
||
energy_density energy 39.7 MJ / volume liter
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
propane {
|
||
energy_density energy 93.3 MJ / volume m^3
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
butane {
|
||
energy_density energy 124 MJ / volume m^3
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# densities of cooking ingredients from The Cake Bible by Rose Levy Beranbaum
|
||
# so you can convert '2 cups sugar' to grams, for example, or in the other
|
||
# direction grams could be converted to 'cup flour_scooped'.
|
||
|
||
butter {
|
||
density mass 8 oz / volume uscup
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
butter_clarified {
|
||
density mass 6.8 oz / volume uscup
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
cocoa_butter {
|
||
density mass 9 oz / volume uscup
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
?? Vegetable shortening.
|
||
shortening {
|
||
density mass 6.75 oz / volume uscup
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
vegetable_oil {
|
||
density mass 7.5 oz / volume uscup
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
olive_oil {
|
||
density mass 0.918 g / volume cm^3
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 1.97 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# The density of flour depends on the
|
||
# measuring method. "Scooped", or
|
||
# "dip and sweep" refers to dipping a
|
||
# measure into a bin, and then sweeping
|
||
# the excess off the top. "Spooned"
|
||
# means to lightly spoon into a measure
|
||
# and then sweep the top. Sifted means
|
||
# sifting the flour directly into a
|
||
# measure and then sweeping the top.
|
||
|
||
cakeflour {
|
||
density_sifted mass_sifted 3.5 oz / volume_sifted uscup
|
||
density_spooned mass_spooned 4 oz / volume_spooned uscup
|
||
density_scooped mass_scooped 4.5 oz / volume_scooped uscup
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
flour {
|
||
density_sifted mass_sifted 4 oz / volume_sifted uscup
|
||
density_spooned mass_spooned 4.25 oz / volume_spooned uscup
|
||
density_scooped mass_scooped 5 oz / volume_scooped uscup
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
breadflour {
|
||
density_sifted mass_sifted 4.25 oz / volume_sifted uscup
|
||
density_spooned mass_spooned 4.5 oz / volume_spooned uscup
|
||
density_scooped mass_scooped 5.5 oz / volume_scooped uscup
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
cornstarch {
|
||
density mass 120 grams / volume uscup
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
?? Alkalized Dutch processed cocoa.
|
||
dutchcocoa {
|
||
density_sifted mass_sifted 75 g / volume_sifted uscup
|
||
density_spooned mass_spooned 92 g / volume_spooned uscup
|
||
density_scooped mass_scooped 95 g / volume_scooped uscup
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
?? Non-alkalized cocoa.
|
||
cocoa {
|
||
density_sifted mass_sifted 75 g / volume_sifted uscup
|
||
density_spooned mass_spooned 82 g / volume_spooned uscup
|
||
density_scooped mass_scooped 95 g / volume_scooped uscup
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
heavycream {
|
||
density mass 232 g / volume uscup
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
milk {
|
||
density mass 242 g / volume uscup
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
sourcream {
|
||
density mass 242 g / volume uscup
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
molasses {
|
||
density mass 11.25 oz / volume uscup
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
cornsyrup {
|
||
density mass 11.5 oz / volume uscup
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
honey {
|
||
density mass 11.75 oz / volume uscup
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
sugar {
|
||
density mass 200 g / volume uscup
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 1.244 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
powdered_sugar {
|
||
density mass 4 oz / volume uscup
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
brownsugar_light {
|
||
?? Packed.
|
||
density mass 217 g / volume uscup
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
brownsugar_dark {
|
||
density mass 239 g / volume uscup
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
baking_powder {
|
||
density mass 4.6 grams / volume ustsp
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
salt {
|
||
density mass 6 g / volume ustsp
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
koshersalt {
|
||
?? Diamond Crystal kosher salt
|
||
density_dc dc_mass 2.8 g / dc_volume ustsp
|
||
?? Morton kosher salt
|
||
density_morton morton_mass 4.8 g / morton_volume ustsp
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
?? USA large egg.
|
||
egg {
|
||
mass_shelled const egg_shelled 50 grams
|
||
mass_white const egg_white 30 grams
|
||
mass_yolk const egg_yolk 18.6 grams
|
||
volume const egg_volume (3 ustbsp + 1|2 ustsp)
|
||
volume_white const egg_white 2 tbsp
|
||
volume_yolk const egg_yolk 3.5 ustsp
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
#
|
||
# Atomic weights. The atomic weight of an element is the ratio of the mass of
|
||
# a mole of the element to 1|12 of a mole of Carbon 12. The Standard Atomic
|
||
# Weights apply to the elements as they occur naturally on earth. Elements
|
||
# which do not occur naturally or which occur with wide isotopic variability do
|
||
# not have Standard Atomic Weights. For these elements, the atomic weight is
|
||
# based on the longest lived isotope, as marked in the comments. In some
|
||
# cases, the comment for these entries also gives a number which is an atomic
|
||
# weight for a different isotope that may be of more interest than the longest
|
||
# lived isotope.
|
||
#
|
||
|
||
actinium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 227.0278 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol aluminum Al
|
||
aluminum {
|
||
molar_mass mass 26.981539 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.91 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
americium {
|
||
?? Longest lived. 241.06
|
||
molar_mass mass 243.0614 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol antimony Sb
|
||
antimony {
|
||
molar_mass mass 121.760 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.21 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol argon Ar
|
||
argon {
|
||
molar_mass mass 39.948 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.5203 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol arsenic As
|
||
arsenic {
|
||
molar_mass mass 74.92159 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
astatine {
|
||
?? Longest lived.
|
||
molar_mass mass 209.9871 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol barium Ba
|
||
barium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 137.327 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.20 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
berkelium {
|
||
?? Longest lived. 249.08
|
||
molar_mass mass 247.0703 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol beryllium Be
|
||
beryllium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 9.012182 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 1.83 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol bismuth Bi
|
||
bismuth {
|
||
molar_mass mass 208.98037 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.13 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
bohrium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 272.13826 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol boron B
|
||
boron {
|
||
molar_mass mass 10.811 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol bromine Br
|
||
bromine {
|
||
molar_mass mass 79.904 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol cadmium Cd
|
||
cadmium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 112.411 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.23 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol calcium Ca
|
||
calcium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 40.078 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
californium {
|
||
?? Longest lived. 252.08
|
||
molar_mass mass 251.0796 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol carbon C
|
||
carbon {
|
||
molar_mass mass 12.011 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol cerium Ce
|
||
cerium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 140.115 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol cesium Cs
|
||
cesium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 132.90543 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.24 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol chlorine Cl
|
||
chlorine {
|
||
molar_mass mass 35.4527 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol chromium Cr
|
||
chromium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 51.9961 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.46 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol cobalt Co
|
||
cobalt {
|
||
molar_mass mass 58.93320 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.42 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
copernicium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 285.17712 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol copper Cu
|
||
copper {
|
||
molar_mass mass 63.546 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.39 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
curium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 247.0703 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
darmstadtium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 281.16451 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol deuterium D
|
||
deuterium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 2.0141017778 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
dubnium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 268.12567 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol dysprosium Dy
|
||
dysprosium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 162.50 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
einsteinium {
|
||
?? Longest lived.
|
||
molar_mass mass 252.083 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol erbium Er
|
||
erbium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 167.26 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol europium Eu
|
||
europium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 151.965 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
fermium {
|
||
?? Longest lived.
|
||
molar_mass mass 257.0951 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
flerovium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 289.19042 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol fluorine F
|
||
fluorine {
|
||
molar_mass mass 18.9984032 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
francium {
|
||
?? Longest lived
|
||
molar_mass mass 223.0197 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol gadolinium Gd
|
||
gadolinium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 157.25 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol gallium Ga
|
||
gallium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 69.723 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.37 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol germanium Ge
|
||
germanium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 72.61 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.32 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol gold Au
|
||
gold {
|
||
molar_mass mass 196.96654 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.13 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol hafnium Hf
|
||
hafnium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 178.49 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.14 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
hassium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 270.13429 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol helium He
|
||
helium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 4.002602 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol holmium Ho
|
||
holmium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 164.93032 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 5.1932 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol hydrogen H
|
||
hydrogen {
|
||
molar_mass mass 1.00794 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 14.3 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol indium In
|
||
indium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 114.818 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.24 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol iodine I
|
||
iodine {
|
||
molar_mass mass 126.90447 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 2.15 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol iridium Ir
|
||
iridium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 192.217 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.13 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol iron Fe
|
||
iron {
|
||
molar_mass mass 55.845 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.45 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol krypton Kr
|
||
krypton {
|
||
molar_mass mass 83.80 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol lanthanum La
|
||
lanthanum {
|
||
molar_mass mass 138.9055 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.195 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
lawrencium {
|
||
?? Longest lived.
|
||
molar_mass mass 262.11 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol lead Pb
|
||
lead {
|
||
molar_mass mass 207.2 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.13 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol lithium Li
|
||
lithium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 6.941 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 3.57 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
livermorium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 293.20449 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol lutetium Lu
|
||
lutetium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 174.967 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.15 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol magnesium Mg
|
||
magnesium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 24.3050 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 1.05 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol manganese Mn
|
||
manganese {
|
||
molar_mass mass 54.93805 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.48 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
meitnerium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 276.15159 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
mendelevium {
|
||
?? Longest lived
|
||
molar_mass mass 258.10 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol molybdenum Mo
|
||
molybdenum {
|
||
molar_mass mass 95.94 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.25 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol neodymium Nd
|
||
neodymium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 144.24 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol neon Ne
|
||
neon {
|
||
molar_mass mass 20.1797 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
neptunium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 237.0482 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol nickel Ni
|
||
nickel {
|
||
molar_mass mass 58.6934 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.44 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol niobium Nb
|
||
niobium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 92.90638 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol nitrogen N
|
||
nitrogen {
|
||
molar_mass mass 14.00674 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
nobelium {
|
||
?? Longest lived.
|
||
molar_mass mass 259.1009 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol osmium Os
|
||
osmium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 190.23 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.13 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol oxygen O
|
||
oxygen {
|
||
molar_mass mass 15.9994 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol palladium Pa
|
||
palladium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 106.42 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.24 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol phosphorus P
|
||
phosphorus {
|
||
molar_mass mass 30.973762 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol platinum Pt
|
||
platinum {
|
||
molar_mass mass 195.08 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.13 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol plutonium Pu
|
||
plutonium {
|
||
?? Longest lived. 239.05
|
||
molar_mass mass 244.0642 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.13 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
polonium {
|
||
?? Longest lived. 209.98
|
||
molar_mass mass 208.9824 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol potassium K
|
||
potassium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 39.0983 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.75 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol praseodymium Pr
|
||
praseodymium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 140.90765 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
promethium {
|
||
?? Longest lived. 146.92
|
||
molar_mass mass 144.9127 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
protactinium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 231.03588 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
radium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 226.0254 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
radon {
|
||
?? Longest lived.
|
||
molar_mass mass 222.0176 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol rhenium Re
|
||
rhenium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 186.207 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.14 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol rhodium Rh
|
||
rhodium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 102.90550 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.24 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
roentgenium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 280.16514 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol rubidium Rb
|
||
rubidium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 85.4678 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.36 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol ruthenium Ru
|
||
ruthenium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 101.07 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.24 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
rutherfordium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 267.12179 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol samarium Sm
|
||
samarium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 150.36 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol scandium Sc
|
||
scandium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 44.955910 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.57 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
seaborgium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 271.13393 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol selenium Se
|
||
selenium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 78.96 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.32 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol silicon Si
|
||
silicon {
|
||
molar_mass mass 28.0855 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.71 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol silver Ag
|
||
silver {
|
||
molar_mass mass 107.8682 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.23 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol sodium Na
|
||
sodium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 22.989768 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 1.21 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol strontium Sr
|
||
strontium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 87.62 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.30 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol sulfur S
|
||
sulfur {
|
||
molar_mass mass 32.066 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol tantalum Ta
|
||
tantalum {
|
||
molar_mass mass 180.9479 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.14 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
technetium {
|
||
?? Longest lived. 98.906
|
||
molar_mass mass 97.9072 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol tellurium Te
|
||
tellurium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 127.60 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol terbium Tb
|
||
terbium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 158.92534 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol thallium Tl
|
||
thallium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 204.3833 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.13 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol thorium Th
|
||
thorium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 232.0381 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.13 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol thullium Tm
|
||
thullium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 168.93421 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol tin Sn
|
||
tin {
|
||
molar_mass mass 118.710 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.21 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol titanium Ti
|
||
titanium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 47.867 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.54 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol tungsten W
|
||
tungsten {
|
||
molar_mass mass 183.84 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.13 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
ununoctium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 294.21392 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
ununpentium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 288.19274 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
ununseptium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 292.20746 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
ununtrium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 284.17873 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol uranium U
|
||
uranium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 238.0289 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.12 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
molar_mass_235 mass_235 235.0439299 g / amount_235 mol
|
||
|
||
?? Total energy from uranium fission. Actual efficiency of
|
||
?? nuclear power plants is around 30%-40%. Note also that some
|
||
?? reactors use enriched uranium around 3% U-235. Uranium during
|
||
?? processing or use may be in a compound of uranium oxide or
|
||
?? uranium hexafluoride, in which case the energy density would be
|
||
?? lower depending on how much uranium is in the compound.
|
||
specific_energy_235_fission fission_energy 200 MeV / mass ((235.0439299 g/mol) / avogadro)
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol vanadium V
|
||
vanadium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 50.9415 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.39 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol xenon Xe
|
||
xenon {
|
||
molar_mass mass 131.29 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol ytterbium Yb
|
||
ytterbium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 173.04 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol yttrium Y
|
||
yttrium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 88.90585 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.30 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol zinc Zn
|
||
zinc {
|
||
molar_mass mass 65.39 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.39 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol zirconium Zr
|
||
zirconium {
|
||
molar_mass mass 91.224 g / amount mol
|
||
specific_heat specific_energy 0.27 J g^-1 / temperature K
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# The atmospheric composition listed is from NASA Earth Fact Sheet (accessed
|
||
# 28 August 2015)
|
||
# http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html
|
||
# Numbers do not add up to exactly 100% due to roundoff and uncertainty Water
|
||
# is highly variable, typically makes up about 1%
|
||
|
||
?? Average molecular weight of air.
|
||
air 78.08 % nitrogen 2 \
|
||
+ 20.95 % oxygen 2 \
|
||
+ 9340 ppm argon \
|
||
+ 400 ppm (carbon + oxygen 2) \
|
||
+ 18.18 ppm neon \
|
||
+ 5.24 ppm helium \
|
||
+ 1.7 ppm (carbon + 4 hydrogen) \
|
||
+ 1.14 ppm krypton \
|
||
+ 0.55 ppm hydrogen 2
|
||
|
||
# Various abbreviations used in organic chemistry.
|
||
|
||
!symbol methyl Me
|
||
methyl {
|
||
molar_mass mass 15.03482 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol ethyl Et
|
||
ethyl {
|
||
molar_mass mass 29.0617 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol acetyl Ac
|
||
acetyl {
|
||
molar_mass mass 43.04522 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!symbol phenyl Ph
|
||
phenyl {
|
||
molar_mass mass 77.1057 g / amount mol
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
!endcategory
|
||
|
||
############################################################################
|
||
#
|
||
# Unit list aliases
|
||
#
|
||
# These provide a shorthand for conversions to unit lists.
|
||
#
|
||
############################################################################
|
||
|
||
!unitlist hms hr;min;sec
|
||
!unitlist time year;day;hr;min;sec
|
||
!unitlist dms deg;arcmin;arcsec
|
||
!unitlist ftin ft;in;1|8 in
|
||
!unitlist inchfine in;1|8 in;1|16 in;1|32 in;1|64 in
|
||
!unitlist usvol cup;3|4 cup;2|3 cup;1|2 cup;1|3 cup;1|4 cup;\
|
||
tbsp;tsp;1|2 tsp;1|4 tsp;1|8 tsp
|
||
|
||
############################################################################
|
||
#
|
||
# The following units were in the unix units database but do not appear in
|
||
# this file:
|
||
#
|
||
# wey used for cheese, salt and other goods. Measured mass or
|
||
# waymass volume depending on what was measured and where the measuring
|
||
# took place. A wey of cheese ranged from 200 to 324 pounds.
|
||
#
|
||
# sack No precise definition
|
||
#
|
||
# spindle The length depends on the type of yarn
|
||
#
|
||
# block Defined variously on different computer systems
|
||
#
|
||
# erlang A unit of telephone traffic defined variously.
|
||
# Omitted because there are no other units for this
|
||
# dimension. Is this true? What about CCS = 1/36 erlang?
|
||
# Erlang is supposed to be dimensionless. One erlang means
|
||
# a single channel occupied for one hour.
|
||
#
|
||
############################################################################
|