feat: re-export backends from the ratatui crate (#1151)

`crossterm`, `termion`, and `termwiz` can now be accessed as
`ratatui::{crossterm, termion, termwiz}` respectively. This makes it
possible to just add the Ratatui crate as a dependency and use the
backend of choice without having to add the backend crates as
dependencies.

To update existing code, replace all instances of `crossterm::` with
`ratatui::crossterm::`, `termion::` with `ratatui::termion::`, and
`termwiz::` with `ratatui::termwiz::`.

README.md

@@ -43,10 +43,10 @@ Ratatui was forked from the [tui-rs] crate in 2023 in order to continue its deve
 
 ## Installation
 
-Add `ratatui` and `crossterm` as dependencies to your cargo.toml:
+Add `ratatui` as a dependency to your cargo.toml:
 
 ```shell
-cargo add ratatui crossterm
+cargo add ratatui
 ```
 
 Ratatui uses [Crossterm] by default as it works on most platforms. See the [Installation]
@@ -110,7 +110,8 @@ module] and the [Backends] section of the [Ratatui Website] for more info.
 
 The drawing logic is delegated to a closure that takes a [`Frame`] instance as argument. The
 [`Frame`] provides the size of the area to draw to and allows the app to render any [`Widget`]
-using the provided [`render_widget`] method. See the [Widgets] section of the [Ratatui Website]
+using the provided [`render_widget`] method. After this closure returns, a diff is performed and
+only the changes are drawn to the terminal. See the [Widgets] section of the [Ratatui Website]
 for more info.
 
 ### Handling events
@@ -125,12 +126,17 @@ Website] for more info. For example, if you are using [Crossterm], you can use t
 ```rust
 use std::io::{self, stdout};
 
-use crossterm::{
+use ratatui::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+    crossterm::{
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    ExecutableCommand,
+        terminal::{
+            disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen,
+        },
+        ExecutableCommand,
+    },
+    prelude::*,
+    widgets::*,
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
 
 fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
     enable_raw_mode()?;
@@ -161,8 +167,7 @@ fn handle_events() -> io::Result<bool> {
 
 fn ui(frame: &mut Frame) {
     frame.render_widget(
-        Paragraph::new("Hello World!")
+        Paragraph::new("Hello World!").block(Block::bordered().title("Greeting")),
-            .block(Block::bordered().title("Greeting")),
         frame.size(),
     );
 }
@@ -206,14 +211,8 @@ fn ui(frame: &mut Frame) {
         [Constraint::Percentage(50), Constraint::Percentage(50)],
     )
     .split(main_layout[1]);
-    frame.render_widget(
+    frame.render_widget(Block::bordered().title("Left"), inner_layout[0]);
-        Block::bordered().title("Left"),
+    frame.render_widget(Block::bordered().title("Right"), inner_layout[1]);
-        inner_layout[0],
-    );
-    frame.render_widget(
-        Block::bordered().title("Right"),
-        inner_layout[1],
-    );
 }
 ```
 
@@ -331,17 +330,14 @@ Running this example produces the following output:
 [License Badge]: https://img.shields.io/crates/l/ratatui?style=flat-square&color=1370D3
 [CI Badge]: https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/ratatui-org/ratatui/ci.yml?style=flat-square&logo=github
 [CI Workflow]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/actions/workflows/ci.yml
-[Codecov Badge]:
+[Codecov Badge]: https://img.shields.io/codecov/c/github/ratatui-org/ratatui?logo=codecov&style=flat-square&token=BAQ8SOKEST&color=C43AC3&logoColor=C43AC3
-    https://img.shields.io/codecov/c/github/ratatui-org/ratatui?logo=codecov&style=flat-square&token=BAQ8SOKEST&color=C43AC3&logoColor=C43AC3
 [Codecov]: https://app.codecov.io/gh/ratatui-org/ratatui
 [Deps.rs Badge]: https://deps.rs/repo/github/ratatui-org/ratatui/status.svg?style=flat-square
 [Deps.rs]: https://deps.rs/repo/github/ratatui-org/ratatui
-[Discord Badge]:
+[Discord Badge]: https://img.shields.io/discord/1070692720437383208?label=discord&logo=discord&style=flat-square&color=1370D3&logoColor=1370D3
-    https://img.shields.io/discord/1070692720437383208?label=discord&logo=discord&style=flat-square&color=1370D3&logoColor=1370D3
 [Discord Server]: https://discord.gg/pMCEU9hNEj
 [Docs Badge]: https://img.shields.io/docsrs/ratatui?logo=rust&style=flat-square&logoColor=E05D44
-[Matrix Badge]:
+[Matrix Badge]: https://img.shields.io/matrix/ratatui-general%3Amatrix.org?style=flat-square&logo=matrix&label=Matrix&color=C43AC3
-    https://img.shields.io/matrix/ratatui-general%3Amatrix.org?style=flat-square&logo=matrix&label=Matrix&color=C43AC3
 [Matrix]: https://matrix.to/#/#ratatui:matrix.org
 [Sponsors Badge]: https://img.shields.io/github/sponsors/ratatui-org?logo=github&style=flat-square&color=1370D3
 

examples/barchart.rs

@@ -19,12 +19,12 @@ use std::{
     time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
 use ratatui::{
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
     prelude::*,
     widgets::{Bar, BarChart, BarGroup, Block, Paragraph},
 };

examples/block.rs

@@ -20,13 +20,13 @@ use std::{
     time::Duration,
 };
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use ratatui::{
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
     prelude::*,
     widgets::{
         block::{Position, Title},

examples/calendar.rs

@@ -17,12 +17,15 @@
 
 use std::{error::Error, io};
 
-use crossterm::{
+use ratatui::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+    crossterm::{
-    execute,
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
+    prelude::*,
+    widgets::calendar::*,
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::calendar::*};
 use time::{Date, Month, OffsetDateTime};
 
 fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {

examples/canvas.rs

@@ -20,12 +20,12 @@ use std::{
     time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
-};
 use ratatui::{
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+        ExecutableCommand,
+    },
     prelude::*,
     widgets::{canvas::*, *},
 };

examples/chart.rs

@@ -19,12 +19,12 @@ use std::{
     time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
 use ratatui::{
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
     prelude::*,
     widgets::{block::Title, Axis, Block, Chart, Dataset, GraphType, LegendPosition},
 };

examples/colors.rs

@@ -23,13 +23,13 @@ use std::{
     time::Duration,
 };
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use ratatui::{
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
     prelude::*,
     widgets::{Block, Borders, Paragraph},
 };

examples/colors_rgb.rs

@@ -33,13 +33,15 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 use color_eyre::{config::HookBuilder, eyre, Result};
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
-};
 use palette::{convert::FromColorUnclamped, Okhsv, Srgb};
-use ratatui::prelude::*;
+use ratatui::{
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+        ExecutableCommand,
+    },
+    prelude::*,
+};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Default)]
 struct App {

examples/constraint-explorer.rs

@@ -18,13 +18,13 @@
 use std::io::{self, stdout};
 
 use color_eyre::{config::HookBuilder, Result};
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
-};
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use ratatui::{
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+        ExecutableCommand,
+    },
     layout::{Constraint::*, Flex},
     prelude::*,
     style::palette::tailwind::*,

examples/constraints.rs

@@ -18,12 +18,17 @@
 use std::io::{self, stdout};
 
 use color_eyre::{config::HookBuilder, Result};
-use crossterm::{
+use ratatui::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+    crossterm::{
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    ExecutableCommand,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+        ExecutableCommand,
+    },
+    layout::Constraint::*,
+    prelude::*,
+    style::palette::tailwind,
+    widgets::*,
 };
-use ratatui::{layout::Constraint::*, prelude::*, style::palette::tailwind, widgets::*};
 use strum::{Display, EnumIter, FromRepr, IntoEnumIterator};
 
 const SPACER_HEIGHT: u16 = 0;

examples/custom_widget.rs

@@ -15,15 +15,18 @@
 
 use std::{error::Error, io, ops::ControlFlow, time::Duration};
 
-use crossterm::{
+use ratatui::{
-    event::{
+    crossterm::{
-        self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, MouseButton, MouseEvent,
+        event::{
-        MouseEventKind,
+            self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, MouseButton, MouseEvent,
+            MouseEventKind,
+        },
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
     },
-    execute,
+    prelude::*,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    widgets::Paragraph,
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::Paragraph};
 
 /// A custom widget that renders a button with a label, theme and state.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]

examples/demo/crossterm.rs

@@ -4,12 +4,14 @@ use std::{
     time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
 
-use crossterm::{
+use ratatui::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+    crossterm::{
-    execute,
+        event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
+    prelude::*,
 };
-use ratatui::prelude::*;
 
 use crate::{app::App, ui};
 

examples/demo/termion.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 use std::{error::Error, io, sync::mpsc, thread, time::Duration};
 
-use ratatui::prelude::*;
+use ratatui::{
-use termion::{
+    prelude::*,
-    event::Key,
+    termion::{
-    input::{MouseTerminal, TermRead},
+        event::Key,
-    raw::IntoRawMode,
+        input::{MouseTerminal, TermRead},
-    screen::IntoAlternateScreen,
+        raw::IntoRawMode,
+        screen::IntoAlternateScreen,
+    },
 };
 
 use crate::{app::App, ui};

examples/demo/termwiz.rs

@@ -3,10 +3,12 @@ use std::{
     time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
 
-use ratatui::prelude::*;
+use ratatui::{
-use termwiz::{
+    prelude::*,
-    input::{InputEvent, KeyCode},
+    termwiz::{
-    terminal::Terminal as TermwizTerminal,
+        input::{InputEvent, KeyCode},
+        terminal::Terminal as TermwizTerminal,
+    },
 };
 
 use crate::{app::App, ui};

examples/demo2/app.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
 use std::time::Duration;
 
 use color_eyre::{eyre::Context, Result};
-use crossterm::event::{Event, KeyCode, KeyEvent, KeyEventKind};
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{
+    crossterm::event::{Event, KeyCode, KeyEvent, KeyEventKind},
+    prelude::*,
+    widgets::*,
+};
 use strum::{Display, EnumIter, FromRepr, IntoEnumIterator};
 
 use crate::{destroy, tabs::*, term, THEME};

examples/demo2/term.rs

@@ -4,12 +4,14 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 use color_eyre::{eyre::WrapErr, Result};
-use crossterm::{
+use ratatui::{
-    event::{self, Event},
+    crossterm::{
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+        event::{self, Event},
-    ExecutableCommand,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+        ExecutableCommand,
+    },
+    prelude::*,
 };
-use ratatui::prelude::*;
 
 pub fn init() -> Result<Terminal<impl Backend>> {
     // this size is to match the size of the terminal when running the demo

examples/docsrs.rs

@@ -15,11 +15,12 @@
 
 use std::io::{self, stdout};
 
-use crossterm::{
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
-};
 use ratatui::{
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+        ExecutableCommand,
+    },
     prelude::*,
     widgets::{Block, Borders, Paragraph},
 };
@@ -56,7 +57,6 @@ fn hello_world(frame: &mut Frame) {
     );
 }
 
-use crossterm::event::{self, Event, KeyCode};
 fn handle_events() -> io::Result<bool> {
     if event::poll(std::time::Duration::from_millis(50))? {
         if let Event::Key(key) = event::read()? {

examples/flex.rs

@@ -18,12 +18,12 @@
 use std::io::{self, stdout};
 
 use color_eyre::{config::HookBuilder, Result};
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
-};
 use ratatui::{
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+        ExecutableCommand,
+    },
     layout::{Constraint::*, Flex},
     prelude::*,
     style::palette::tailwind,

examples/gauge.rs

@@ -18,12 +18,12 @@
 use std::{io::stdout, time::Duration};
 
 use color_eyre::{config::HookBuilder, Result};
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
-};
 use ratatui::{
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+        ExecutableCommand,
+    },
     prelude::*,
     style::palette::tailwind,
     widgets::{block::Title, Block, Borders, Gauge, Padding, Paragraph},

examples/hello_world.rs

@@ -19,12 +19,15 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 use anyhow::{Context, Result};
-use crossterm::{
+use ratatui::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+    crossterm::{
-    execute,
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
+    prelude::*,
+    widgets::Paragraph,
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::Paragraph};
 
 /// This is a bare minimum example. There are many approaches to running an application loop, so
 /// this is not meant to be prescriptive. It is only meant to demonstrate the basic setup and

examples/layout.rs

@@ -17,13 +17,13 @@
 
 use std::{error::Error, io};
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use ratatui::{
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
     layout::Constraint::*,
     prelude::*,
     widgets::{Block, Paragraph},

examples/line_gauge.rs

@@ -16,12 +16,12 @@
 use std::{io::stdout, time::Duration};
 
 use color_eyre::{config::HookBuilder, Result};
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-    ExecutableCommand,
-};
 use ratatui::{
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+        ExecutableCommand,
+    },
     prelude::*,
     style::palette::tailwind,
     widgets::{block::Title, *},

examples/list.rs

@@ -18,12 +18,16 @@
 use std::{error::Error, io, io::stdout};
 
 use color_eyre::config::HookBuilder;
-use crossterm::{
+use ratatui::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+    crossterm::{
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    ExecutableCommand,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+        ExecutableCommand,
+    },
+    prelude::*,
+    style::palette::tailwind,
+    widgets::*,
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, style::palette::tailwind, widgets::*};
 
 const TODO_HEADER_BG: Color = tailwind::BLUE.c950;
 const NORMAL_ROW_COLOR: Color = tailwind::SLATE.c950;

examples/minimal.rs

@@ -13,12 +13,16 @@
 //! [examples]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples
 //! [examples readme]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/blob/main/examples/README.md
 
-use crossterm::{
+use ratatui::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+    backend::CrosstermBackend,
-    execute,
+    crossterm::{
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
+    text::Text,
+    Terminal,
 };
-use ratatui::{backend::CrosstermBackend, text::Text, Terminal};
 
 /// This is a bare minimum example. There are many approaches to running an application loop, so
 /// this is not meant to be prescriptive. See the [examples] folder for more complete examples.

examples/modifiers.rs

@@ -25,13 +25,16 @@ use std::{
     time::Duration,
 };
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::Paragraph};
+use ratatui::{
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
+    prelude::*,
+    widgets::Paragraph,
+};
 
 type Result<T> = result::Result<T, Box<dyn Error>>;
 

examples/panic.rs

@@ -31,11 +31,11 @@
 
 use std::{error::Error, io};
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
 use ratatui::{
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
     prelude::*,
     widgets::{Block, Paragraph},
 };

examples/paragraph.rs

@@ -19,12 +19,12 @@ use std::{
     time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
 use ratatui::{
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
     prelude::*,
     widgets::{Block, Paragraph, Wrap},
 };

examples/popup.rs

@@ -18,12 +18,12 @@
 
 use std::{error::Error, io};
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
 use ratatui::{
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
     prelude::*,
     widgets::{Block, Clear, Paragraph, Wrap},
 };

examples/ratatui-logo.rs

@@ -19,10 +19,13 @@ use std::{
     time::Duration,
 };
 
-use crossterm::terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode};
 use indoc::indoc;
 use itertools::izip;
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::Paragraph};
+use ratatui::{
+    crossterm::terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode},
+    prelude::*,
+    widgets::Paragraph,
+};
 
 /// A fun example of using half block characters to draw a logo
 #[allow(clippy::many_single_char_names)]

examples/scrollbar.rs

@@ -22,12 +22,16 @@ use std::{
     time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
 
-use crossterm::{
+use ratatui::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+    crossterm::{
-    execute,
+        event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
+    prelude::*,
+    symbols::scrollbar,
+    widgets::*,
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, symbols::scrollbar, widgets::*};
 
 #[derive(Default)]
 struct App {

examples/sparkline.rs

@@ -19,16 +19,16 @@ use std::{
     time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
 use rand::{
     distributions::{Distribution, Uniform},
     rngs::ThreadRng,
 };
 use ratatui::{
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
     prelude::*,
     widgets::{Block, Borders, Sparkline},
 };

examples/table.rs

@@ -17,13 +17,16 @@
 
 use std::{error::Error, io};
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
+use ratatui::{
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
+    prelude::*,
+    widgets::*,
+};
 use style::palette::tailwind;
 use unicode_width::UnicodeWidthStr;
 

examples/tabs.rs

@@ -18,12 +18,16 @@
 use std::io::stdout;
 
 use color_eyre::{config::HookBuilder, Result};
-use crossterm::{
+use ratatui::{
-    event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+    crossterm::{
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+        event::{self, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    ExecutableCommand,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+        ExecutableCommand,
+    },
+    prelude::*,
+    style::palette::tailwind,
+    widgets::*,
 };
-use ratatui::{prelude::*, style::palette::tailwind, widgets::*};
 use strum::{Display, EnumIter, FromRepr, IntoEnumIterator};
 
 #[derive(Default)]

examples/user_input.rs

@@ -29,12 +29,12 @@
 
 use std::{error::Error, io};
 
-use crossterm::{
-    event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
-    execute,
-    terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
-};
 use ratatui::{
+    crossterm::{
+        event::{self, DisableMouseCapture, EnableMouseCapture, Event, KeyCode, KeyEventKind},
+        execute,
+        terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+    },
     prelude::*,
     widgets::{Block, List, ListItem, Paragraph},
 };

src/backend/crossterm.rs

@@ -6,19 +6,19 @@ use std::io::{self, Write};
 
 #[cfg(feature = "underline-color")]
 use crossterm::style::SetUnderlineColor;
-use crossterm::{
-    cursor::{Hide, MoveTo, Show},
-    execute, queue,
-    style::{
-        Attribute as CAttribute, Attributes as CAttributes, Color as CColor, Colors, ContentStyle,
-        Print, SetAttribute, SetBackgroundColor, SetColors, SetForegroundColor,
-    },
-    terminal::{self, Clear},
-};
 
 use crate::{
     backend::{Backend, ClearType, WindowSize},
     buffer::Cell,
+    crossterm::{
+        cursor::{Hide, MoveTo, Show},
+        execute, queue,
+        style::{
+            Attribute as CAttribute, Attributes as CAttributes, Color as CColor, Colors,
+            ContentStyle, Print, SetAttribute, SetBackgroundColor, SetColors, SetForegroundColor,
+        },
+        terminal::{self, Clear},
+    },
     layout::Size,
     prelude::Rect,
     style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
@@ -45,11 +45,15 @@ use crate::{
 /// ```rust,no_run
 /// use std::io::{stderr, stdout};
 ///
-/// use crossterm::{
+/// use ratatui::{
-///     terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+///     crossterm::{
-///     ExecutableCommand,
+///         terminal::{
+///             disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen,
+///         },
+///         ExecutableCommand,
+///     },
+///     prelude::*,
 /// };
-/// use ratatui::prelude::*;
 ///
 /// let mut backend = CrosstermBackend::new(stdout());
 /// // or

src/backend/termion.rs

@@ -9,13 +9,12 @@ use std::{
     io::{self, Write},
 };
 
-use termion::{color as tcolor, style as tstyle};
-
 use crate::{
     backend::{Backend, ClearType, WindowSize},
     buffer::Cell,
     prelude::Rect,
     style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
+    termion::{self, color as tcolor, color::Color as _, style as tstyle},
 };
 
 /// A [`Backend`] implementation that uses [Termion] to render to the terminal.
@@ -40,8 +39,10 @@ use crate::{
 /// ```rust,no_run
 /// use std::io::{stderr, stdout};
 ///
-/// use ratatui::prelude::*;
+/// use ratatui::{
-/// use termion::{raw::IntoRawMode, screen::IntoAlternateScreen};
+///     prelude::*,
+///     termion::{raw::IntoRawMode, screen::IntoAlternateScreen},
+/// };
 ///
 /// let writer = stdout().into_raw_mode()?.into_alternate_screen()?;
 /// let mut backend = TermionBackend::new(writer);
@@ -243,7 +244,6 @@ struct ModifierDiff {
 
 impl fmt::Display for Fg {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        use termion::color::Color as TermionColor;
         match self.0 {
             Color::Reset => termion::color::Reset.write_fg(f),
             Color::Black => termion::color::Black.write_fg(f),
@@ -269,7 +269,6 @@ impl fmt::Display for Fg {
 }
 impl fmt::Display for Bg {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        use termion::color::Color as TermionColor;
         match self.0 {
             Color::Reset => termion::color::Reset.write_bg(f),
             Color::Black => termion::color::Black.write_bg(f),

src/backend/termwiz.rs

@@ -7,20 +7,19 @@
 
 use std::{error::Error, io};
 
-use termwiz::{
-    caps::Capabilities,
-    cell::{AttributeChange, Blink, CellAttributes, Intensity, Underline},
-    color::{AnsiColor, ColorAttribute, ColorSpec, LinearRgba, RgbColor, SrgbaTuple},
-    surface::{Change, CursorVisibility, Position},
-    terminal::{buffered::BufferedTerminal, ScreenSize, SystemTerminal, Terminal},
-};
-
 use crate::{
     backend::{Backend, WindowSize},
     buffer::Cell,
     layout::Size,
     prelude::Rect,
     style::{Color, Modifier, Style},
+    termwiz::{
+        caps::Capabilities,
+        cell::{AttributeChange, Blink, CellAttributes, Intensity, Underline},
+        color::{AnsiColor, ColorAttribute, ColorSpec, LinearRgba, RgbColor, SrgbaTuple},
+        surface::{Change, CursorVisibility, Position},
+        terminal::{buffered::BufferedTerminal, ScreenSize, SystemTerminal, Terminal},
+    },
 };
 
 /// A [`Backend`] implementation that uses [Termwiz] to render to the terminal.

src/lib.rs

@@ -20,10 +20,10 @@
 //!
 //! ## Installation
 //!
-//! Add `ratatui` and `crossterm` as dependencies to your cargo.toml:
+//! Add `ratatui` as a dependency to your cargo.toml:
 //!
 //! ```shell
-//! cargo add ratatui crossterm
+//! cargo add ratatui
 //! ```
 //!
 //! Ratatui uses [Crossterm] by default as it works on most platforms. See the [Installation]
@@ -103,12 +103,17 @@
 //! ```rust,no_run
 //! use std::io::{self, stdout};
 //!
-//! use crossterm::{
+//! use ratatui::{
-//!     event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
+//!     crossterm::{
-//!     terminal::{disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen},
+//!         event::{self, Event, KeyCode},
-//!     ExecutableCommand,
+//!         terminal::{
+//!             disable_raw_mode, enable_raw_mode, EnterAlternateScreen, LeaveAlternateScreen,
+//!         },
+//!         ExecutableCommand,
+//!     },
+//!     prelude::*,
+//!     widgets::*,
 //! };
-//! use ratatui::{prelude::*, widgets::*};
 //!
 //! fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
 //!     enable_raw_mode()?;
@@ -300,24 +305,20 @@
 //! [Termwiz]: https://crates.io/crates/termwiz
 //! [tui-rs]: https://crates.io/crates/tui
 //! [GitHub Sponsors]: https://github.com/sponsors/ratatui-org
-//! [Crate Badge]: https://img.shields.io/crates/v/ratatui?logo=rust&style=flat-square
+//! [Crate Badge]: https://img.shields.io/crates/v/ratatui?logo=rust&style=flat-square&logoColor=E05D44&color=E05D44
-//! [License Badge]: https://img.shields.io/crates/l/ratatui?style=flat-square
+//! [License Badge]: https://img.shields.io/crates/l/ratatui?style=flat-square&color=1370D3
-//! [CI Badge]:
+//! [CI Badge]: https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/ratatui-org/ratatui/ci.yml?style=flat-square&logo=github
-//!     https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/ratatui-org/ratatui/ci.yml?style=flat-square&logo=github
 //! [CI Workflow]: https://github.com/ratatui-org/ratatui/actions/workflows/ci.yml
-//! [Codecov Badge]:
+//! [Codecov Badge]: https://img.shields.io/codecov/c/github/ratatui-org/ratatui?logo=codecov&style=flat-square&token=BAQ8SOKEST&color=C43AC3&logoColor=C43AC3
-//!     https://img.shields.io/codecov/c/github/ratatui-org/ratatui?logo=codecov&style=flat-square&token=BAQ8SOKEST
 //! [Codecov]: https://app.codecov.io/gh/ratatui-org/ratatui
 //! [Deps.rs Badge]: https://deps.rs/repo/github/ratatui-org/ratatui/status.svg?style=flat-square
 //! [Deps.rs]: https://deps.rs/repo/github/ratatui-org/ratatui
-//! [Discord Badge]:
+//! [Discord Badge]: https://img.shields.io/discord/1070692720437383208?label=discord&logo=discord&style=flat-square&color=1370D3&logoColor=1370D3
-//!     https://img.shields.io/discord/1070692720437383208?label=discord&logo=discord&style=flat-square
 //! [Discord Server]: https://discord.gg/pMCEU9hNEj
-//! [Docs Badge]: https://img.shields.io/docsrs/ratatui?logo=rust&style=flat-square
+//! [Docs Badge]: https://img.shields.io/docsrs/ratatui?logo=rust&style=flat-square&logoColor=E05D44
-//! [Matrix Badge]:
+//! [Matrix Badge]: https://img.shields.io/matrix/ratatui-general%3Amatrix.org?style=flat-square&logo=matrix&label=Matrix&color=C43AC3
-//!     https://img.shields.io/matrix/ratatui-general%3Amatrix.org?style=flat-square&logo=matrix&label=Matrix
 //! [Matrix]: https://matrix.to/#/#ratatui:matrix.org
-//! [Sponsors Badge]: https://img.shields.io/github/sponsors/ratatui-org?logo=github&style=flat-square
+//! [Sponsors Badge]: https://img.shields.io/github/sponsors/ratatui-org?logo=github&style=flat-square&color=1370D3
 
 // show the feature flags in the generated documentation
 #![cfg_attr(docsrs, feature(doc_auto_cfg))]
@@ -339,3 +340,13 @@ pub mod widgets;
 pub use self::terminal::{CompletedFrame, Frame, Terminal, TerminalOptions, Viewport};
 
 pub mod prelude;
+
+/// re-export the `crossterm` crate so that users don't have to add it as a dependency
+#[cfg(feature = "crossterm")]
+pub use crossterm;
+/// re-export the `termion` crate so that users don't have to add it as a dependency
+#[cfg(feature = "termion")]
+pub use termion;
+/// re-export the `termwiz` crate so that users don't have to add it as a dependency
+#[cfg(feature = "termwiz")]
+pub use termwiz;

tests/backend_termion.rs

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ fn backend_termion_should_only_write_diffs() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::E
     }
 
     let expected = {
-        use termion::{color, cursor, style};
+        use ratatui::termion::{color, cursor, style};
         let mut s = String::new();
         // First draw
         write!(s, "{}", cursor::Goto(1, 1))?;