docs: improve CONTRIBUTING.md (#277)

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# Fork Status
# Contribution guidelines
## Pull Requests
First off, thank you for considering contributing to Ratatui.
**All** pull requests opened on the original repository have been imported. We'll be going through any open PRs in a timely manner, starting with the **smallest bug fixes and README updates**. If you have an open PR make sure to let us know about it on our [discord](https://discord.gg/pMCEU9hNEj) as it helps to know you are still active.
If your contribution is not straightforward, please first discuss the change you wish to make by
creating a new issue before making the change, or starting a discussion on
[discord](https://discord.gg/pMCEU9hNEj).
## Issues
## Reporting issues
We have been unsuccessful in importing all issues opened on the previous repository.
For that reason, anyone wanting to **work on or discuss** an issue will have to follow the following workflow :
Before reporting an issue on the [issue tracker](https://github.com/tui-rs-revival/ratatui/issues),
please check that it has not already been reported by searching for some related keywords. Please
also check [`tui-rs` issues](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/issues/) and link any related issues
found.
- Recreate the issue
- Start by referencing the **original issue**: ```Referencing issue #[<issue number>](<original issue link>)```
- Then, paste the original issues **opening** text
## Pull requests
You can then resume the conversation by replying to this new issue you have created.
All contributions are obviously welcome. Please include as many details as possible in your PR
description to help the reviewer (follow the provided template). Make sure to highlight changes
which may need additional attention or you are uncertain about. Any idea with a large scale impact
on the crate or its users should ideally be discussed in a "Feature Request" issue beforehand.
### Closing Issues
### Keep PRs small, intentional and focused
If you close an issue that you have "imported" to this fork, please make sure that you add the issue to the **CLOSED_ISSUES.md**. This will enable us to keep track of which issues have been closed from the original repo, in case we are able to have the original repository transferred.
Try to do one pull request per change. The time taken to review a PR grows exponential with the size
of the change. Small focused PRs will generally be much more faster to review. PRs that include both
refactoring (or reformatting) with actual changes are more difficult to review as every line of the
change becomes a place where a bug may have been introduced. Consider splitting refactoring /
reformatting changes into a separate PR from those that make a behavioral change, as the tests help
guarantee that the behavior is unchanged.
# Contributing
### Search `tui-rs` for similar work
The original fork of Ratatui, [`tui-rs`](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/), has a large amount of
history of the project. Please search, read, link, and summarize any relevant
[issues](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/issues/),
[discussions](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/discussions/) and [pull
requests](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/pulls).
### Use conventional commits
We use [conventional commits](https://www.conventionalcommits.org/en/v1.0.0/) and check for them as
a lint build step. To help adhere to the format, we recommend to install
[Commitizen](https://commitizen-tools.github.io/commitizen/). By using this tool you automatically
follow the configuration defined in [.cz.toml](.cz.toml). Your commit messages should have enough
information to help someone reading the [CHANGELOG](./CHANGELOG.md) understand what is new just from
the title. The summary helps expand on that to provide information that helps provide more context,
describes the nature of the problem that the commit is solving and any unintuitive effects of the
change. It's rare that code changes can easily communicate intent, so make sure this is clearly
documented.
### Clean up your commits
The final version of your PR that will be committed to the repository should be rebased and tested
against main. Every commit will end up as a line in the changelog, so please squash commits that are
only formatting or incremental fixes to things brought up as part of the PR review. Aim for a single
commit (unless there is a strong reason to stack the commits). See [Git Best Practices - On Sausage
Making](https://sethrobertson.github.io/GitBestPractices/#sausage) for more on this.
### Run CI tests before pushing a PR
We're using [cargo-husky](https://github.com/rhysd/cargo-husky) to automatically run git hooks,
which will run `cargo make ci` before each push. To initialize the hook run `cargo test`. If
`cargo-make` is not installed, it will provide instructions to install it for you. This will ensure
that your code is formatted, compiles and passes all tests before you push. If you need to skip this
check, you can use `git push --no-verify`.
### Sign your commits
We use commit signature verification, which will block commits from being merged via the UI unless
they are signed. To set up your machine to sign commits, see [managing commit signature
verification](https://docs.github.com/en/authentication/managing-commit-signature-verification/about-commit-signature-verification)
in GitHub docs.
## Implementation Guidelines
### Setup
Clone the repo and build it using [cargo-make](https://sagiegurari.github.io/cargo-make/)
Ratatui is an ordinary Rust project where common tasks are managed with
[cargo-make](https://github.com/sagiegurari/cargo-make/). It wraps common `cargo` commands with sane
defaults depending on your platform of choice. Building the project should be as easy as running
`cargo make build`.
```shell
git clone https://github.com/tui-rs-revival/ratatui.git
cd ratatui
cargo make build
```
### Tests
The [test coverage](https://app.codecov.io/gh/tui-rs-revival/ratatui) of the crate is reasonably
good, but this can always be improved. Focus on keeping the tests simple and obvious and write unit
tests for all new or modified code. Beside the usual doc and unit tests, one of the most valuable
test you can write for Ratatui is a test against the `TestBackend`. It allows you to assert the
content of the output buffer that would have been flushed to the terminal after a given draw call.
See `widgets_block_renders` in [tests/widgets_block.rs](./tests/widget_block.rs) for an example.
When writing tests, generally prefer to write unit tests and doc tests directly in the code file
being tested rather than integration tests in the `tests/` folder.
If an area that you're making a change in is not tested, write tests to characterize the existing
behavior before changing it. This helps ensure that we don't introduce bugs to existing software
using Ratatui (and helps make it easy to migrate apps still using `tui-rs`).
### Use of unsafe for optimization purposes
**Do not** use unsafe to achieve better performances. This is subject to change, [see.](https://github.com/tui-rs-revival/tui-rs-revival/discussions/66)
The only exception to this rule is if it's to fix **reproducible slowness.**
## Building
[cargo-make]: https://github.com/sagiegurari/cargo-make "cargo-make"
`ratatui` is an ordinary Rust project where common tasks are managed with [cargo-make].
It wraps common `cargo` commands with sane defaults depending on your platform of choice.
Building the project should be as easy as running `cargo make build`.
## :hammer_and_wrench: Pull requests
All contributions are obviously welcome.
Please include as many details as possible in your PR description to help the reviewer (follow the provided template).
Make sure to highlight changes which may need additional attention or you are uncertain about.
Any idea with a large scale impact on the crate or its users should ideally be discussed in a "Feature Request" issue beforehand.
## Committing
To avoid any issues that may arrise with the CI/CD by not following the [conventional commit](https://www.conventionalcommits.org/en/v1.0.0/) syntax, we recommend to install [Commitizen](https://commitizen-tools.github.io/commitizen/).\
By using this tool you automatically follow the configuration defined in [.cz.toml](.cz.toml).
Additionally, we're using [cargo-husky](https://github.com/rhysd/cargo-husky) to automatically load pre-push hook, which will run `cargo make ci` before each push. It will load the hook automatically when you run `cargo test`. If `cargo-make` is not installed, it will install it for you.\
This will ensure that your code is formatted, compiles and passes all tests before you push. If you want to skip this check, you can use `git push --no-verify`.
We don't currently use any unsafe code in Ratatui, and would like to keep it that way. However there
may be specific cases that this becomes necessary in order to avoid slowness. Please see [this
discussion](https://github.com/tui-rs-revival/ratatui/discussions/66) for more about the decision.
## Continuous Integration
We use Github Actions for the CI where we perform the following checks:
- The code should compile on `stable` and the Minimum Supported Rust Version (MSRV).
- The tests (docs, lib, tests and examples) should pass.
- The code should conform to the default format enforced by `rustfmt`.
- The code should not contain common style issues `clippy`.
You can also check most of those things yourself locally using `cargo make ci` which will offer you a shorter feedback loop.
You can also check most of those things yourself locally using `cargo make ci` which will offer you
a shorter feedback loop than pushing to github.
## Tests
## Relationship with `tui-rs`
The test coverage of the crate is far from being ideal but we already have a fair amount of tests in place.
Beside the usual doc and unit tests, one of the most valuable test you can write for `ratatui` is a test against the `TestBackend`.
It allows you to assert the content of the output buffer that would have been flushed to the terminal after a given draw call.
See `widgets_block_renders` in [tests/widgets_block.rs](./tests/widget_block.rs) for an example.
This project was forked from [`tui-rs`](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/) in February 2023, with the
[blessing of the original author](https://github.com/fdehau/tui-rs/issues/654), Florian Dehau
([@fdehau](https://github.com/fdehau)).
The original repository contains all the issues, PRs and discussion that were raised originally, and
it is useful to refer to when contributing code, documentation, or issues with Ratatui.
We imported all the PRs from the original repository and implemented many of the smaller ones and
made notes on the leftovers. These are marked as draft PRs and labelled as [imported from
tui](https://github.com/tui-rs-revival/ratatui/pulls?q=is%3Apr+is%3Aopen+label%3A%22imported+from+tui%22).
We have documented the current state of those PRs, and anyone is welcome to pick them up and
continue the work on them.
We have not imported all issues opened on the previous repository. For that reason, anyone wanting
to **work on or discuss** an issue will have to follow the following workflow:
- Recreate the issue
- Start by referencing the **original issue**: ```Referencing issue #[<issue number>](<original
issue link>)```
- Then, paste the original issues **opening** text
You can then resume the conversation by replying to this new issue you have created.