hacktricks/macos-hardening/macos-security-and-privilege-escalation/macos-proces-abuse/macos-ipc-inter-process-communication/macos-xpc

macOS XPC

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Basic Information

XPC, which stands for XNU (the kernel used by macOS) inter-Process Communication, is a framework for communication between processes on macOS and iOS. XPC provides a mechanism for making safe, asynchronous method calls between different processes on the system. It's a part of Apple's security paradigm, allowing for the creation of privilege-separated applications where each component runs with only the permissions it needs to do its job, thereby limiting the potential damage from a compromised process.

XPC uses a form of Inter-Process Communication (IPC), which is a set of methods for different programs running on the same system to send data back and forth.

The primary benefits of XPC include:

1. Security: By separating work into different processes, each process can be granted only the permissions it needs. This means that even if a process is compromised, it has limited ability to do harm.
2. Stability: XPC helps isolate crashes to the component where they occur. If a process crashes, it can be restarted without affecting the rest of the system.
3. Performance: XPC allows for easy concurrency, as different tasks can be run simultaneously in different processes.

The only drawback is that separating an application in several processes making them communicate via XPC is less efficient. But in todays systems this isn't almost noticeable and the benefits are better.

Application Specific XPC services

The XPC components of an application are inside the application itself. For example, in Safari you can find them in /Applications/Safari.app/Contents/XPCServices. They have extension .xpc (like com.apple.Safari.SandboxBroker.xpc) and are also bundles with the main binary inside of it: /Applications/Safari.app/Contents/XPCServices/com.apple.Safari.SandboxBroker.xpc/Contents/MacOS/com.apple.Safari.SandboxBroker and an Info.plist: /Applications/Safari.app/Contents/XPCServices/com.apple.Safari.SandboxBroker.xpc/Contents/Info.plist

As you might be thinking a XPC component will have different entitlements and privileges than the other XPC components or the main app binary. EXCEPT if a XPC service is configured with JoinExistingSession set to “True” in its Info.plist file. In this case, the XPC service will run in the same security session as the application that called it.

XPC services are started by launchd when required and shut down once all tasks are complete to free system resources. Application-specific XPC components can only be utilized by the application, thereby reducing the risk associated with potential vulnerabilities.

System Wide XPC services

System-wide XPC services are accessible to all users. These services, either launchd or Mach-type, need to be defined in plist files located in specified directories such as /System/Library/LaunchDaemons, /Library/LaunchDaemons, /System/Library/LaunchAgents, or /Library/LaunchAgents.

These plists files will have a key called MachServices with the name of the service, and a key called Program with the path to the binary:

cat /Library/LaunchDaemons/com.jamf.management.daemon.plist

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
<plist version="1.0">
<dict>
	<key>Program</key>
	<string>/Library/Application Support/JAMF/Jamf.app/Contents/MacOS/JamfDaemon.app/Contents/MacOS/JamfDaemon</string>
	<key>AbandonProcessGroup</key>
	<true/>
	<key>KeepAlive</key>
	<true/>
	<key>Label</key>
	<string>com.jamf.management.daemon</string>
	<key>MachServices</key>
	<dict>
		<key>com.jamf.management.daemon.aad</key>
		<true/>
		<key>com.jamf.management.daemon.agent</key>
		<true/>
		<key>com.jamf.management.daemon.binary</key>
		<true/>
		<key>com.jamf.management.daemon.selfservice</key>
		<true/>
		<key>com.jamf.management.daemon.service</key>
		<true/>
	</dict>
	<key>RunAtLoad</key>
	<true/>
</dict>
</plist>

The ones in LaunchDameons are run by root. So if an unprivileged process can talk with one of these it could be able to escalate privileges.

XPC Event Messages

Applications can subscribe to different event messages, enabling them to be initiated on-demand when such events happen. The setup for these services is done in launchd plist files, located in the same directories as the previous ones and containing an extra LaunchEvent key.

XPC Connecting Process Check

When a process tries to call a method from via an XPC connection, the XPC service should check if that process is allowed to connect. Here are the common ways to check that and the common pitfalls:

{% content-ref url="macos-xpc-connecting-process-check/" %} macos-xpc-connecting-process-check {% endcontent-ref %}

XPC Authorization

Apple also allows apps to configure some rights and how to get them so if the calling process have them it would be allowed to call a method from the XPC service:

{% content-ref url="macos-xpc-authorization.md" %} macos-xpc-authorization.md {% endcontent-ref %}

XPC Sniffer

To sniff the XPC messages you could use xpcspy which uses Frida.

# Install
pip3 install xpcspy
pip3 install xpcspy --no-deps # To not make xpcspy install Frida 15 and downgrade your Frida installation

# Start sniffing
xpcspy -U -r -W <bundle-id>
## Using filters (i: for input, o: for output)
xpcspy -U <prog-name> -t 'i:com.apple.*' -t 'o:com.apple.*' -r

C Code Example

{% tabs %} {% tab title="xpc_server.c" %}

// gcc xpc_server.c -o xpc_server

#include <xpc/xpc.h>

static void handle_event(xpc_object_t event) {
    if (xpc_get_type(event) == XPC_TYPE_DICTIONARY) {
        // Print received message
        const char* received_message = xpc_dictionary_get_string(event, "message");
        printf("Received message: %s\n", received_message);

        // Create a response dictionary
        xpc_object_t response = xpc_dictionary_create(NULL, NULL, 0);
        xpc_dictionary_set_string(response, "received", "received");

        // Send response
        xpc_connection_t remote = xpc_dictionary_get_remote_connection(event);
        xpc_connection_send_message(remote, response);

        // Clean up
        xpc_release(response);
    }
}

static void handle_connection(xpc_connection_t connection) {
    xpc_connection_set_event_handler(connection, ^(xpc_object_t event) {
        handle_event(event);
    });
    xpc_connection_resume(connection);
}

int main(int argc, const char *argv[]) {
    xpc_connection_t service = xpc_connection_create_mach_service("xyz.hacktricks.service",
                                                                   dispatch_get_main_queue(),
                                                                   XPC_CONNECTION_MACH_SERVICE_LISTENER);
    if (!service) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to create service.\n");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    xpc_connection_set_event_handler(service, ^(xpc_object_t event) {
        xpc_type_t type = xpc_get_type(event);
        if (type == XPC_TYPE_CONNECTION) {
            handle_connection(event);
        }
    });

    xpc_connection_resume(service);
    dispatch_main();

    return 0;
}

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="xpc_client.c" %}

// gcc xpc_client.c -o xpc_client

#include <xpc/xpc.h>

int main(int argc, const char *argv[]) {
    xpc_connection_t connection = xpc_connection_create_mach_service("xyz.hacktricks.service", NULL, XPC_CONNECTION_MACH_SERVICE_PRIVILEGED);

    xpc_connection_set_event_handler(connection, ^(xpc_object_t event) {
        if (xpc_get_type(event) == XPC_TYPE_DICTIONARY) {
            // Print received message
            const char* received_message = xpc_dictionary_get_string(event, "received");
            printf("Received message: %s\n", received_message);
        }
    });

    xpc_connection_resume(connection);

    xpc_object_t message = xpc_dictionary_create(NULL, NULL, 0);
    xpc_dictionary_set_string(message, "message", "Hello, Server!");

    xpc_connection_send_message(connection, message);

    dispatch_main();
    
    return 0;
}

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="xyz.hacktricks.service.plist" %}

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd"> <plist version="1.0">
<dict>
<key>Label</key>
<string>xyz.hacktricks.service</string>
<key>MachServices</key>
    <dict>
        <key>xyz.hacktricks.service</key>
        <true/>
    </dict>
<key>Program</key>
    <string>/tmp/xpc_server</string>
    <key>ProgramArguments</key>
    <array>
        <string>/tmp/xpc_server</string>
    </array>
</dict>
</plist>

{% endtab %} {% endtabs %}

# Compile the server & client
gcc xpc_server.c -o xpc_server
gcc xpc_client.c -o xpc_client

# Save server on it's location
cp xpc_server /tmp

# Load daemon
sudo cp xyz.hacktricks.service.plist /Library/LaunchDaemons
sudo launchctl load /Library/LaunchDaemons/xyz.hacktricks.service.plist

# Call client
./xpc_client

# Clean
sudo launchctl unload /Library/LaunchDaemons/xyz.hacktricks.service.plist
sudo rm /Library/LaunchDaemons/xyz.hacktricks.service.plist /tmp/xpc_server

Objective-C Code Example

{% tabs %} {% tab title="oc_xpc_server.m" %}

// gcc -framework Foundation oc_xpc_server.m -o oc_xpc_server
#include <Foundation/Foundation.h>

@protocol MyXPCProtocol
- (void)sayHello:(NSString *)some_string withReply:(void (^)(NSString *))reply;
@end

@interface MyXPCObject : NSObject <MyXPCProtocol>
@end


@implementation MyXPCObject
- (void)sayHello:(NSString *)some_string withReply:(void (^)(NSString *))reply {
    NSLog(@"Received message: %@", some_string);
    NSString *response = @"Received";
    reply(response);
}
@end

@interface MyDelegate : NSObject <NSXPCListenerDelegate>
@end


@implementation MyDelegate

- (BOOL)listener:(NSXPCListener *)listener shouldAcceptNewConnection:(NSXPCConnection *)newConnection {
    newConnection.exportedInterface = [NSXPCInterface interfaceWithProtocol:@protocol(MyXPCProtocol)];

    MyXPCObject *my_object = [MyXPCObject new];

    newConnection.exportedObject = my_object;

    [newConnection resume];
    return YES;
}
@end

int main(void) {

    NSXPCListener *listener = [[NSXPCListener alloc] initWithMachServiceName:@"xyz.hacktricks.svcoc"];

    id <NSXPCListenerDelegate> delegate = [MyDelegate new];
    listener.delegate = delegate;
    [listener resume];

    sleep(10); // Fake something is done and then it ends
}

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="oc_xpc_client.m" %}

// gcc -framework Foundation oc_xpc_client.m -o oc_xpc_client
#include <Foundation/Foundation.h>

@protocol MyXPCProtocol
- (void)sayHello:(NSString *)some_string withReply:(void (^)(NSString *))reply;
@end

int main(void) {
    NSXPCConnection *connection = [[NSXPCConnection alloc] initWithMachServiceName:@"xyz.hacktricks.svcoc" options:NSXPCConnectionPrivileged];
    connection.remoteObjectInterface = [NSXPCInterface interfaceWithProtocol:@protocol(MyXPCProtocol)];
    [connection resume];

    [[connection remoteObjectProxy] sayHello:@"Hello, Server!" withReply:^(NSString *response) {
        NSLog(@"Received response: %@", response);
    }];

    [[NSRunLoop currentRunLoop] run];

    return 0;
}

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="xyz.hacktricks.svcoc.plist" %}

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd"> <plist version="1.0">
<dict>
<key>Label</key>
<string>xyz.hacktricks.svcoc</string>
<key>MachServices</key>
    <dict>
        <key>xyz.hacktricks.svcoc</key>
        <true/>
    </dict>
<key>Program</key>
    <string>/tmp/oc_xpc_server</string>
    <key>ProgramArguments</key>
    <array>
        <string>/tmp/oc_xpc_server</string>
    </array>
</dict>
</plist>

{% endtab %} {% endtabs %}

# Compile the server & client
gcc -framework Foundation oc_xpc_server.m -o oc_xpc_server
gcc -framework Foundation oc_xpc_client.m -o oc_xpc_client

# Save server on it's location
cp oc_xpc_server /tmp

# Load daemon
sudo cp xyz.hacktricks.svcoc.plist /Library/LaunchDaemons
sudo launchctl load /Library/LaunchDaemons/xyz.hacktricks.svcoc.plist

# Call client
./oc_xpc_client

# Clean
sudo launchctl unload /Library/LaunchDaemons/xyz.hacktricks.svcoc.plist
sudo rm /Library/LaunchDaemons/xyz.hacktricks.svcoc.plist /tmp/oc_xpc_server

Client inside a Dylb code

// gcc -dynamiclib -framework Foundation oc_xpc_client.m -o oc_xpc_client.dylib
// gcc injection example:
// DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES=oc_xpc_client.dylib /path/to/vuln/bin

#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>

@protocol MyXPCProtocol
- (void)sayHello:(NSString *)some_string withReply:(void (^)(NSString *))reply;
@end

__attribute__((constructor))
static void customConstructor(int argc, const char **argv)
{
        NSString*  _serviceName = @"xyz.hacktricks.svcoc";

        NSXPCConnection* _agentConnection = [[NSXPCConnection alloc] initWithMachServiceName:_serviceName options:4096];
    
        [_agentConnection setRemoteObjectInterface:[NSXPCInterface interfaceWithProtocol:@protocol(MyXPCProtocol)]];
    
        [_agentConnection resume];

        [[_agentConnection remoteObjectProxyWithErrorHandler:^(NSError* error) {
            (void)error;
            NSLog(@"Connection Failure");
        }] sayHello:@"Hello, Server!" withReply:^(NSString *response) {
            NSLog(@"Received response: %@", response);
    }    ];
        NSLog(@"Done!");

    return;
}

☁️ HackTricks Cloud ☁️ -🐦 Twitter 🐦 - 🎙️ Twitch 🎙️ - 🎥 Youtube 🎥

• Do you work in a cybersecurity company? Do you want to see your company advertised in HackTricks? or do you want to have access to the latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF? Check the SUBSCRIPTION PLANS!
• Discover The PEASS Family, our collection of exclusive NFTs
• Get the official PEASS & HackTricks swag
• Join the 💬 Discord group or the telegram group or follow me on Twitter 🐦@carlospolopm.
• Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the hacktricks repo and hacktricks-cloud repo.