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README.md

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Reversing Tools

Wasm decompiler / Wat compiler

Online:

Software:

.Net decompiler

https://github.com/icsharpcode/ILSpy
ILSpy plugin for Visual Studio Code: You can have it in any OS you can install it directly from VSCode, no need to download the git. Click on **Extensions** and **search ILSpy**.
If you need to decompile, modify and recompile again you can use: https://github.com/0xd4d/dnSpy/releases **Right Click -> Modify Method** to change something inside a function.
You cloud also try https://www.jetbrains.com/es-es/decompiler/

DNSpy Logging

In order to make DNSpy log some information in a file, you could use this .Net lines:

using System.IO;
path = "C:\\inetpub\\temp\\MyTest2.txt";
File.AppendAllText(path, "Password: " + password + "\n");

DNSpy Debugging

In order to debug code using DNSpy you need to:

First, change the Assembly attributes related to debugging:

From:

[assembly: Debuggable(DebuggableAttribute.DebuggingModes.IgnoreSymbolStoreSequencePoints)]

To:

[assembly: Debuggable(DebuggableAttribute.DebuggingModes.Default |
DebuggableAttribute.DebuggingModes.DisableOptimizations |
DebuggableAttribute.DebuggingModes.IgnoreSymbolStoreSequencePoints |
DebuggableAttribute.DebuggingModes.EnableEditAndContinue)]

And click on compile:

Then save the new file on File >> Save module...:

This is necessary because if you don't do this, at runtime several optimisations will be applied to the code and it could be possible that while debugging a break-point is never hit or some variables don't exist.

Then, if your .Net application is being run by IIS you can restart it with:

iisreset /noforce

Then, in order to start debugging you should close all the opened files and inside the Debug Tab select Attach to Process...:

Then select w3wp.exe to attach to the IIS server and click attach:

Now that we are debugging the process, it's time to stop it and load all the modules. First click on Debug >> Break All and then click on Debug >> Windows >> Modules:

Click any module on Modules and select Open All Modules:

Right click any module in Assembly Explorer and click Sort Assemblies:

Java decompiler

https://github.com/skylot/jadx
https://github.com/java-decompiler/jd-gui/releases

Debugging DLLs

Using IDA

  • Load rundll32 64bits in C:\Windows\System32\rundll32.exe and 32 bits in C:\Windows\SysWOW64\rundll32.exe
  • Select Windbg debugger
  • Select "Suspend on library load/unload"

  • Configure the parameters of the execution putting the path to the DLL and the function that you want to call:

Then, when you start debugging the execution will be stopped when each DLL is loaded, then, when rundll32 load your DLL the execution will be stopped.

But, how can you get to the code of the DLL that was lodaded? Using this method, I don't know how.

Using x64dbg/x32dbg

  • Load rundll32 64bits in C:\Windows\System32\rundll32.exe and 32 bits in C:\Windows\SysWOW64\rundll32.exe
  • Change the Command Line _File --> Change Command Line_ and set the path of the dll and the function that you want to call, for example: "C:\Windows\SysWOW64\rundll32.exe" "Z:\shared\Cybercamp\rev2\14.ridii_2.dll",DLLMain
  • Change Options --> Settings and select "DLL Entry".
  • Then start the execution, the debugger will stop at each dll main, at some point you will stop in the dll Entry of your dll. From there, just search for the points where you want to put a breakpoint.

Notice that when the execution is stopped by any reason in win64dbg you can see in which code you are looking in the top of the win64dbg window:

Then, looking to this ca see when the execution was stopped in the dll you want to debug.

ARM & MIPS

{% embed url="https://github.com/nongiach/arm_now" %}

Shellcodes

Debugging a shellcode with blobrunner

Blobrunner will allocate the shellcode inside a space of memory, will indicate you the memory address were the shellcode was allocated and will stop the execution.
Then, you need to attach a debugger Ida or x64dbg to the process and put a breakpoint the indicated memory address and resume the execution. This way you will be debugging the shellcode.

The releases github page contains zips containing the compiled releases: https://github.com/OALabs/BlobRunner/releases/tag/v0.0.5
You can find a slightly modified version of Blobrunner in the following link. In order to compile it just create a C/C++ project in Visual Studio Code, copy and paste the code and build it.

{% page-ref page="blobrunner.md" %}

Debugging a shellcode with jmp2it

jmp2it is very similar to blobrunner. It will allocate the shellcode inside a space of memory, and start an eternal loop. You then need to attach the debugger to the process, play start wait 2-5 secs and press stop and you will find yourself inside the eternal loop. Jump to the next instruction of the eternal loop as it will be a call to the shellcode, and finally you will find yourself executing the shellcode.

You can download a compiled version of jmp2it inside the releases page.

Debugging shellcode using Cutter

Cutter is the GUI of radare. Using cutter you can emulate the shellcode and inspect it dynamically.

Note that Cutter allows you to "Open File" and "Open Shellcode". In my case when I opened the shellcode as a file it decompiled it correctly, but when I opened it as a shellcode it didn't:

In order to start the emulation in the place you want to, set a bp there and apparently cutter will automatically start the emulation from there:

You can see the stack for example inside a hex dump:

Deobfuscating shellcode and getting executed functions

You should try scdbg.
It will tell you things like which functions is the shellcode using and if the shellcode is decoding itself in memory.

scdbg.exe -f shellcode # Get info
scdbg.exe -f shellcode -r #show analysis report at end of run
scdbg.exe -f shellcode -i -r #enable interactive hooks (file and network) and show analysis report at end of run
scdbg.exe -f shellcode -d #Dump decoded shellcode
scdbg.exe -f shellcode /findsc #Find offset where starts
scdbg.exe -f shellcode /foff 0x0000004D #Start the executing in that offset

scDbg also counts with a graphical launcher where you can select the options you want and execute the shellcode

The Create Dump option will dump the final shellcode if any change is done to the shellcode dynamically in memory useful to download the decoded shellcode. The start offset can be useful to start the shellcode at a specific offset. The Debug Shell option is useful to debug the shellcode using the scDbg terminal however I find any of the options explained before better for this matter as you will be able to use Ida or x64dbg.

Disassembling using CyberChef

Upload you shellcode file as input and use the following receipt to decompile it: https://gchq.github.io/CyberChef/#recipe=To_Hex('Space',0)Disassemble_x86('32','Full%20x86%20architecture',16,0,true,true)

Movfuscator

This ofuscator change all the instructions for movyeah, really cool. It also uses interruptions to change executions flows. For more information about how does it works:

If you are lucky demovfuscator will deofuscate the binary. It has several dependencies

apt-get install libcapstone-dev
apt-get install libz3-dev

And install keystone `apt-get install cmake; mkdir build; cd build; ../make-share.sh; make install`

If you are playing a CTF, this workaround to find the flag could be very useful: https://dustri.org/b/defeating-the-recons-movfuscator-crackme.html

Delphi

For Delphi compiled binaries you can use https://github.com/crypto2011/IDR

Courses

Support HackTricks and get benefits!

Do you work in a cybersecurity company? Do you want to see your company advertised in HackTricks? or do you want to have access the latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF? Check the SUBSCRIPTION PLANS!

Discover The PEASS Family, our collection of exclusive NFTs

Get the official PEASS & HackTricks swag

Join the 💬 Discord group or the telegram group or follow me on Twitter 🐦@carlospolopm.

Share your hacking tricks submitting PRs to the hacktricks github repo.