| .. | ||
| macos-sandbox-debug-and-bypass | ||
| macos-sandbox-debug-and-bypass.md | ||
| README.md | ||
Sandbox do macOS
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Informações básicas
O Sandbox do macOS (inicialmente chamado de Seatbelt) limita as aplicações em execução dentro do sandbox às ações permitidas especificadas no perfil do Sandbox com o qual a aplicação está sendo executada. Isso ajuda a garantir que a aplicação esteja acessando apenas os recursos esperados.
Qualquer aplicativo com a permissão com.apple.security.app-sandbox será executado dentro do sandbox. Binários da Apple geralmente são executados dentro de um Sandbox e, para publicar na App Store, essa permissão é obrigatória. Portanto, a maioria das aplicações será executada dentro do sandbox.
Para controlar o que um processo pode ou não fazer, o Sandbox tem hooks em todas as syscalls em todo o kernel. Dependendo das permissões do aplicativo, o Sandbox permitirá determinadas ações.
Alguns componentes importantes do Sandbox são:
- A extensão do kernel
/System/Library/Extensions/Sandbox.kext - O framework privado
/System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/AppSandbox.framework - Um daemon em execução no espaço do usuário
/usr/libexec/sandboxd - Os containers
~/Library/Containers
Dentro da pasta containers, você pode encontrar uma pasta para cada aplicativo executado no sandbox com o nome do bundle id:
ls -l ~/Library/Containers
total 0
drwx------@ 4 username staff 128 May 23 20:20 com.apple.AMPArtworkAgent
drwx------@ 4 username staff 128 May 23 20:13 com.apple.AMPDeviceDiscoveryAgent
drwx------@ 4 username staff 128 Mar 24 18:03 com.apple.AVConference.Diagnostic
drwx------@ 4 username staff 128 Mar 25 14:14 com.apple.Accessibility-Settings.extension
drwx------@ 4 username staff 128 Mar 25 14:10 com.apple.ActionKit.BundledIntentHandler
[...]
Dentro de cada pasta de identificação de pacote, você pode encontrar o arquivo plist e o diretório Data do aplicativo:
cd /Users/username/Library/Containers/com.apple.Safari
ls -la
total 104
drwx------@ 4 username staff 128 Mar 24 18:08 .
drwx------ 348 username staff 11136 May 23 20:57 ..
-rw-r--r-- 1 username staff 50214 Mar 24 18:08 .com.apple.containermanagerd.metadata.plist
drwx------ 13 username staff 416 Mar 24 18:05 Data
ls -l Data
total 0
drwxr-xr-x@ 8 username staff 256 Mar 24 18:08 CloudKit
lrwxr-xr-x 1 username staff 19 Mar 24 18:02 Desktop -> ../../../../Desktop
drwx------ 2 username staff 64 Mar 24 18:02 Documents
lrwxr-xr-x 1 username staff 21 Mar 24 18:02 Downloads -> ../../../../Downloads
drwx------ 35 username staff 1120 Mar 24 18:08 Library
lrwxr-xr-x 1 username staff 18 Mar 24 18:02 Movies -> ../../../../Movies
lrwxr-xr-x 1 username staff 17 Mar 24 18:02 Music -> ../../../../Music
lrwxr-xr-x 1 username staff 20 Mar 24 18:02 Pictures -> ../../../../Pictures
drwx------ 2 username staff 64 Mar 24 18:02 SystemData
drwx------ 2 username staff 64 Mar 24 18:02 tmp
{% hint style="danger" %}
Note que mesmo que os links simbólicos estejam lá para "escapar" do Sandbox e acessar outras pastas, o aplicativo ainda precisa ter permissões para acessá-las. Essas permissões estão dentro do .plist.
{% endhint %}
# Get permissions
plutil -convert xml1 .com.apple.containermanagerd.metadata.plist -o -
# In this file you can find the entitlements:
<key>Entitlements</key>
<dict>
<key>com.apple.MobileAsset.PhishingImageClassifier2</key>
<true/>
<key>com.apple.accounts.appleaccount.fullaccess</key>
<true/>
<key>com.apple.appattest.spi</key>
<true/>
[...]
# Some parameters
<key>Parameters</key>
<dict>
<key>_HOME</key>
<string>/Users/username</string>
<key>_UID</key>
<string>501</string>
<key>_USER</key>
<string>username</string>
[...]
# The paths it can access
<key>RedirectablePaths</key>
<array>
<string>/Users/username/Downloads</string>
<string>/Users/username/Documents</string>
<string>/Users/username/Library/Calendars</string>
<string>/Users/username/Desktop</string>
[...]
Perfis de Sandbox
Os perfis de Sandbox são arquivos de configuração que indicam o que será permitido/proibido nessa Sandbox. Ele usa a Linguagem de Perfil de Sandbox (SBPL), que usa a linguagem de programação Scheme.
Aqui você pode encontrar um exemplo:
(version 1) ; First you get the version
(deny default) ; Then you shuold indicate the default action when no rule applies
(allow network*) ; You can use wildcards and allow everything
(allow file-read* ; You can specify where to apply the rule
(subpath "/Users/username/")
(literal "/tmp/afile")
(regex #"^/private/etc/.*")
)
(allow mach-lookup
(global-name "com.apple.analyticsd")
)
{% hint style="success" %} Confira esta pesquisa para verificar mais ações que podem ser permitidas ou negadas. {% endhint %}
Serviços importantes do sistema também são executados dentro de seus próprios perfis de sandbox personalizados, como o serviço mdnsresponder. Você pode visualizar esses perfis de sandbox personalizados em:
/usr/share/sandbox/System/Library/Sandbox/Profiles- Outros perfis de sandbox podem ser verificados em https://github.com/s7ephen/OSX-Sandbox--Seatbelt--Profiles.
Os aplicativos da App Store usam o perfil /System/Library/Sandbox/Profiles/application.sb. Você pode verificar neste perfil como as permissões, como com.apple.security.network.server, permitem que um processo use a rede.
O SIP é um perfil de sandbox chamado platform_profile em /System/Library/Sandbox/rootless.conf
Exemplos de Perfil de Sandbox
Para iniciar um aplicativo com um perfil de sandbox específico, você pode usar:
sandbox-exec -f example.sb /Path/To/The/Application
{% code title="touch.sb" %}
Sandboxed touch utility
(version 1)
(deny default)
(import "system.sb")
;; Allow reading and writing to the user's home directory (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/$") (regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Desktop/$") (regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Documents/$") (regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Downloads/$") (regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Pictures/$") (regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Music/$") (regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Movies/$") (regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Public/$") )
;; Allow reading and writing to /tmp (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/tmp/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /var/folders (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/var/folders/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /Library/Preferences (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/Library/Preferences/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /Library/Caches (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/Library/Caches/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /usr/share (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/usr/share/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /usr/local/share (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/usr/local/share/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /Applications (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/Applications/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /System/Library (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/System/Library/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/folders (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/folders/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/tmp (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/tmp/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/tmp (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/tmp/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/uuidtext (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/uuidtext/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/diagnostics (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/diagnostics/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/displaypolicyd (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/displaypolicyd/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/fseventsd (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/fseventsd/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/mds (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/mds/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/Spotlight (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/Spotlight/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/TimeMachineResults (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/TimeMachineResults/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/lockdown (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/lockdown/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/locationd (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/locationd/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/ConfigurationProfiles (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/ConfigurationProfiles/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/DuetKnowledge (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/DuetKnowledge/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/Contacts (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/Contacts/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/Events (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/Events/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/Places (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/Places/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/Topics (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/Topics/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/Addresses (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/Addresses/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/EmailAddresses (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/EmailAddresses/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/PhoneNumbers (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/PhoneNumbers/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/Photos (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/Photos/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/Relationships (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/Relationships/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/JobTitles (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/JobTitles/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/Addresses (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/Addresses/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/EmailAddresses (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/EmailAddresses/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/PhoneNumbers (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/PhoneNumbers/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/Photos (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/Photos/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/Relationships (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/Relationships/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/JobTitles (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/JobTitles/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/Addresses (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/Addresses/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/EmailAddresses (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/EmailAddresses/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/PhoneNumbers (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/PhoneNumbers/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/Photos (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/Photos/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/Relationships (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/Relationships/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/JobTitles (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/JobTitles/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/Addresses (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/Addresses/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/EmailAddresses (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/EmailAddresses/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/PhoneNumbers (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/PhoneNumbers/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/Photos (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/Photos/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/Relationships (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/Relationships/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/JobTitles (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/JobTitles/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/Addresses (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/Addresses/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/EmailAddresses (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/EmailAddresses/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/PhoneNumbers (allow file-read* file-write* (regex #"^/private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/WorkHistory/Workplaces/PhoneNumbers/"))
;; Allow reading and writing to /private/var/db/CoreDuet/PeopleSuggester/People/WorkHistory
(version 1)
(deny default)
(allow file* (literal "/tmp/hacktricks.txt"))
{% endcode %} (This is not a text to be translated, it's a markdown tag)
# This will fail because default is denied, so it cannot execute touch
sandbox-exec -f touch.sb touch /tmp/hacktricks.txt
# Check logs
log show --style syslog --predicate 'eventMessage contains[c] "sandbox"' --last 30s
[...]
2023-05-26 13:42:44.136082+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: sandbox-exec(41398) deny(1) process-exec* /usr/bin/touch
2023-05-26 13:42:44.136100+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: sandbox-exec(41398) deny(1) file-read-metadata /usr/bin/touch
2023-05-26 13:42:44.136321+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: sandbox-exec(41398) deny(1) file-read-metadata /var
2023-05-26 13:42:52.701382+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) 5 duplicate reports for Sandbox: sandbox-exec(41398) deny(1) file-read-metadata /var
[...]
{% code title="touch2.sb" %}
(version 1)
(deny default)
(allow file-write*
(regex #"^/private/var/tmp/.*")
(regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Library/.*")
(regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Downloads/.*")
(regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Desktop/.*")
(regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Documents/.*")
(regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Movies/.*")
(regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Music/.*")
(regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Pictures/.*")
(regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Public/.*")
(regex #"^/Users/[^/]+/Sites/.*")
(regex #"^/Applications/.*")
(regex #"^/usr/share/.*")
(regex #"^/usr/lib/.*")
(regex #"^/Library/.*")
(regex #"^/System/.*")
(regex #"^/bin/.*")
(regex #"^/sbin/.*")
(regex #"^/usr/bin/.*")
(regex #"^/usr/sbin/.*")
(regex #"^/usr/libexec/.*")
(regex #"^/usr/local/.*")
(regex #"^/var/db/.*")
(regex #"^/var/root/.*")
(regex #"^/var/tmp/.*")
(regex #"^/var/folders/.*")
(regex #"^/dev/.*")
(regex #"^/etc/.*")
(regex #"^/tmp/.*")
(regex #"^/var/run/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/postfix/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/cups/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/fax/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucp/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/squid/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/at/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/cron/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/opendirectory/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/postgresql/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/imap/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/lpd/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/mqueue/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/samba/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/ssh/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/.*")
(regex #"^/var/spool/uucppublic/
```scheme
(version 1)
(deny default)
(allow file* (literal "/tmp/hacktricks.txt"))
(allow process* (literal "/usr/bin/touch"))
; This will also fail because:
; 2023-05-26 13:44:59.840002+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: touch(41575) deny(1) file-read-metadata /usr/bin/touch
; 2023-05-26 13:44:59.840016+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: touch(41575) deny(1) file-read-data /usr/bin/touch
; 2023-05-26 13:44:59.840028+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: touch(41575) deny(1) file-read-data /usr/bin
; 2023-05-26 13:44:59.840034+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: touch(41575) deny(1) file-read-metadata /usr/lib/dyld
; 2023-05-26 13:44:59.840050+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: touch(41575) deny(1) sysctl-read kern.bootargs
; 2023-05-26 13:44:59.840061+0200 localhost kernel[0]: (Sandbox) Sandbox: touch(41575) deny(1) file-read-data /
{% code title="touch3.sb" %}
(version 1)
(deny default)
(allow file-write*
(regex #"^/private/var/tmp/Touch3\.\d+\.tmp$")
(regex #"^/private/var/tmp/Touch3\.\d+\.tmp\.lock$"))
(allow file-read*
(regex #"^/private/var/tmp/Touch3\.\d+\.tmp$"))
(allow file-read-metadata file-write-metadata
(regex #"^/private/var/tmp/Touch3\.\d+\.tmp$"))
{% endcode %}
(version 1)
(deny default)
(allow file* (literal "/private/tmp/hacktricks.txt"))
(allow process* (literal "/usr/bin/touch"))
(allow file-read-data (literal "/"))
; This one will work
{% endcode %} {% endtab %} {% endtabs %}
{% hint style="info" %} Observe que o software desenvolvido pela Apple que roda no Windows não possui precauções de segurança adicionais, como o sandboxing de aplicativos. {% endhint %}
Exemplos de bypasses:
- https://lapcatsoftware.com/articles/sandbox-escape.html
- https://desi-jarvis.medium.com/office365-macos-sandbox-escape-fcce4fa4123c (eles conseguem escrever arquivos fora do sandbox cujo nome começa com
~$).
Depurar e Bypass Sandbox
Os processos não nascem sandboxed no macOS: ao contrário do iOS, onde o sandbox é aplicado pelo kernel antes da primeira instrução de um programa ser executada, no macOS um processo deve optar por se colocar no sandbox.
Os processos são automaticamente sandboxed a partir do userland quando iniciam se tiverem a entitlement: com.apple.security.app-sandbox. Para uma explicação detalhada desse processo, verifique:
{% content-ref url="macos-sandbox-debug-and-bypass/" %} macos-sandbox-debug-and-bypass {% endcontent-ref %}
Verificar Privilégios PID
De acordo com isso, o sandbox_check (é um __mac_syscall), pode verificar se uma operação é permitida ou não pelo sandbox em um determinado PID.
A ferramenta sbtool pode verificar se um PID pode executar uma determinada ação:
sbtool <pid> mach #Check mac-ports (got from launchd with an api)
sbtool <pid> file /tmp #Check file access
sbtool <pid> inspect #Gives you an explaination of the sandbox profile
sbtool <pid> all
SBPL personalizado em aplicativos da App Store
Pode ser possível para empresas fazer seus aplicativos rodarem com perfis de Sandbox personalizados (em vez do padrão). Eles precisam usar o direito com.apple.security.temporary-exception.sbpl que precisa ser autorizado pela Apple.
É possível verificar a definição desse direito em /System/Library/Sandbox/Profiles/application.sb:.
(sandbox-array-entitlement
"com.apple.security.temporary-exception.sbpl"
(lambda (string)
(let* ((port (open-input-string string)) (sbpl (read port)))
(with-transparent-redirection (eval sbpl)))))
Isso avaliará a string após essa permissão como um perfil de Sandbox.
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