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hacktricks/network-services-pentesting/pentesting-printers/factory-defaults.md
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2023-03-06 00:16:20 +01:00

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Resetting a device to factory defaults is a security-critical functionality as it overwrites protection mechanisms like user-set passwords. This can usually be done by pressing a special key combination on the printer's control panel. Performing such a cold reset only takes seconds and therefore is a realistic scenario for local attackers or penetration testers, who can for example sneak into the copy room at lunchtime. However, physical access to the device is not always an option.

SNMP

The Printer-MIB defines the prtGeneralReset Object (OID 1.3.6.1.2.1.43.5.1.1.3.1) which allows an attacker to restart the device (powerCycleReset(4)), reset the NVRAM settings (resetToNVRAM(5)) or restore factory defaults (resetToFactoryDefaults(6)) using SNMP. This feature/attack is supported by a large variety of printers and removes all protection mechanisms like user-set passwords for the embedded web server. While protection mechanisms can be efficiently bypassed, a practical drawback of this approach is that all static IP address configuration will be lost. If no DHCP service is available, the attacker will not be able to reconnect to the device anymore after resetting it to factory defaults.

Resetting the device to factory default can be accomplished using snmpset command as shown below (you need to know the community string, by default in most cases is public):

snmpset -v1 -c public printer 1.3.6.1.2.1.43.5.1.1.3.1 i 6

PML/PJL

In many scenarios an attacker does not have the capabilities to perform SNMP requests because of firewalls or unknown SNMP community strings. On HP devices however, SNMP can be transformed into its PML representation and embed the request within a legitimate print job. This allows an attacker to restart and/or reset the device to factory defaults within ordinary print jobs as shown below:

@PJL DMCMD ASCIIHEX="040006020501010301040106"

Anyone can reproduce this attack on HP printers, restarting or resetting the device can easily be reproduced using PRET:

./pret.py -q printer pjl
Connection to printer established

Welcome to the pret shell. Type help or ? to list commands.
printer:/> reset
printer:/> restart

PostScript

PostScript offers a similar feature: The FactoryDefaults system parameter, ‘a flag that, if set to true immediately before the printer is turned off, causes all nonvolatile parameters to revert to their factory default values at the next power-on’. It must be noted that PostScript itself also has the capability to restart its environment but it requires a valid password.
The PostScript interpreter however can be put into an infinite loop as discussed in document processing DoS attacks which forces the user to manually restart the device and thus reset the PostScript password.

Reset PostScript system parameters to factory defaults:

<< /FactoryDefaults true >> setsystemparams

Restart the PostScript interpreter and virtual memory:

true 0 startjob systemdict /quit get exec

Anyone can restart or reset a printer's PostScript interpreter can easily be reproduced using PRET:

./pret.py -q printer ps
Connection to printer established

Welcome to the pret shell. Type help or ? to list commands.
printer:/> reset
printer:/> restart

PRESCRIBE

For Kyocera devices, the PRESCRIBE page description languages may be used to reset the device to factory default from within ordinary print jobs using one of the commands shown below:

!R! KSUS "AUIO", "CUSTOM:Admin Password = 'admin00'";  CMMT "Drop the security level, reset password";
!R! ACNT "REST";                                       CMMT "Reset account code admin password";
!R! EGRE;                                              CMMT "Reset the engine board to factory defaults";
!R! SIOP0,"RESET:0";                                   CMMT "Reset configuration settings";

To reproduce this attack open a raw network connection to port 9100/tcp of the printer and send the commands documented above.

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