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123 lines
9.2 KiB
Markdown
123 lines
9.2 KiB
Markdown
# Unicode Normalization
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<details>
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<summary><a href="https://cloud.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-cloud/pentesting-cloud-methodology"><strong>☁️ HackTricks Cloud ☁️</strong></a> -<a href="https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch 🎙️</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
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* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
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* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
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* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
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* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
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* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) **and** [**hacktricks-cloud repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud).
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</details>
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## Background
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Normalization ensures two strings that may use a different binary representation for their characters have the same binary value after normalization.
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There are two overall types of equivalence between characters, “**Canonical Equivalence**” and “**Compatibility Equivalence**”:\
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**Canonical Equivalent** characters are assumed to have the same appearance and meaning when printed or displayed. **Compatibility Equivalence** is a weaker equivalence, in that two values may represent the same abstract character but can be displayed differently. There are **4 Normalization algorithms** defined by the **Unicode** standard; **NFC, NFD, NFKD and NFKD**, each applies Canonical and Compatibility normalization techniques in a different way. You can read more on the different techniques at Unicode.org.
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### Unicode Encoding
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Although Unicode was in part designed to solve interoperability issues, the evolution of the standard, the need to support legacy systems and different encoding methods can still pose a challenge.\
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Before we delve into Unicode attacks, the following are the main points to understand about Unicode:
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* Each character or symbol is mapped to a numerical value which is referred to as a “code point”.
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* The code point value (and therefore the character itself) is represented by 1 or more bytes in memory. LATIN-1 characters like those used in English speaking countries can be represented using 1 byte. Other languages have more characters and need more bytes to represent all the different code points (also since they can’t use the ones already taken by LATIN-1).
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* The term “encoding” means the method in which characters are represented as a series of bytes. The most common encoding standard is UTF-8, using this encoding scheme ASCII characters can be represented using 1 byte or up to 4 bytes for other characters.
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* When a system processes data it needs to know the encoding used to convert the stream of bytes to characters.
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* Though UTF-8 is the most common, there are similar encoding standards named UTF-16 and UTF-32, the difference between each is the number of bytes used to represent each character. i.e. UTF-16 uses a minimum of 2 bytes (but up to 4) and UTF-32 using 4 bytes for all characters.
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An example of how Unicode normalise two different bytes representing the same character:
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.png>)
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**A list of Unicode equivalent characters can be found here:** [https://appcheck-ng.com/wp-content/uploads/unicode\_normalization.html](https://appcheck-ng.com/wp-content/uploads/unicode\_normalization.html) and [https://0xacb.com/normalization\_table](https://0xacb.com/normalization\_table)
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### Discovering
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If you can find inside a webapp a value that is being echoed back, you could try to send **‘KELVIN SIGN’ (U+0212A)** which **normalises to "K"** (you can send it as `%e2%84%aa`). **If a "K" is echoed back**, then, some kind of **Unicode normalisation** is being performed.
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Other **example**: `%F0%9D%95%83%E2%85%87%F0%9D%99%A4%F0%9D%93%83%E2%85%88%F0%9D%94%B0%F0%9D%94%A5%F0%9D%99%96%F0%9D%93%83` after **unicode** is `Leonishan`.
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## **Vulnerable Examples**
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### **SQL Injection filter bypass**
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Imagine a web page that is using the character `'` to create SQL queries with the user input. This web, as a security measure, **deletes** all occurrences of the character **`'`** from the user input, but **after that deletion** and **before the creation** of the query, it **normalises** using **Unicode** the input of the user.
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Then, a malicious user could insert a different Unicode character equivalent to `' (0x27)` like `%ef%bc%87` , when the input gets normalised, a single quote is created and a **SQLInjection vulnerability** appears:
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 (1).png>)
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**Some interesting Unicode characters**
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* `o` -- %e1%b4%bc
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* `r` -- %e1%b4%bf
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* `1` -- %c2%b9
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* `=` -- %e2%81%bc
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* `/` -- %ef%bc%8f
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* `-`-- %ef%b9%a3
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* `#`-- %ef%b9%9f
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* `*`-- %ef%b9%a1
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* `'` -- %ef%bc%87
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* `"` -- %ef%bc%82
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* `|` -- %ef%bd%9c
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```
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' or 1=1-- -
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%ef%bc%87+%e1%b4%bc%e1%b4%bf+%c2%b9%e2%81%bc%c2%b9%ef%b9%a3%ef%b9%a3+%ef%b9%a3
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" or 1=1-- -
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%ef%bc%82+%e1%b4%bc%e1%b4%bf+%c2%b9%e2%81%bc%c2%b9%ef%b9%a3%ef%b9%a3+%ef%b9%a3
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' || 1==1//
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%ef%bc%87+%ef%bd%9c%ef%bd%9c+%c2%b9%e2%81%bc%e2%81%bc%c2%b9%ef%bc%8f%ef%bc%8f
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" || 1==1//
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%ef%bc%82+%ef%bd%9c%ef%bd%9c+%c2%b9%e2%81%bc%e2%81%bc%c2%b9%ef%bc%8f%ef%bc%8f
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```
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#### sqlmap template
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{% embed url="https://github.com/carlospolop/sqlmap_to_unicode_template" %}
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### XSS (Cross Site Scripting)
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You could use one of the following characters to trick the webapp and exploit a XSS:
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 (1).png>)
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Notice that for example the first Unicode character purposed can be sent as: `%e2%89%ae` or as `%u226e`
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 (1).png>)
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### Fuzzing Regexes
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When the backend is **checking user input with a regex**, it might be possible that the **input** is being **normalized** for the **regex** but **not** for where it's being **used**. For example, in an Open Redirect or SSRF the regex might be **normalizing the sent UR**L but then **accessing it as is**.
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The tool [**recollapse**](https://github.com/0xacb/recollapse) \*\*\*\* allows to **generate variation of the input** to fuzz the backend. Fore more info check the **github** and this [**post**](https://0xacb.com/2022/11/21/recollapse/).
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## References
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**All the information of this page was taken from:** [**https://appcheck-ng.com/unicode-normalization-vulnerabilities-the-special-k-polyglot/#**](https://appcheck-ng.com/unicode-normalization-vulnerabilities-the-special-k-polyglot/)
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**Other references:**
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* [**https://labs.spotify.com/2013/06/18/creative-usernames/**](https://labs.spotify.com/2013/06/18/creative-usernames/)
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* [**https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/48879/why-does-directory-traversal-attack-c0af-work**](https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/48879/why-does-directory-traversal-attack-c0af-work)
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* [**https://jlajara.gitlab.io/posts/2020/02/19/Bypass\_WAF\_Unicode.html**](https://jlajara.gitlab.io/posts/2020/02/19/Bypass\_WAF\_Unicode.html)
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<details>
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<summary><a href="https://cloud.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-cloud/pentesting-cloud-methodology"><strong>☁️ HackTricks Cloud ☁️</strong></a> -<a href="https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch 🎙️</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
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* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
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* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
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* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
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* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
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* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) **and** [**hacktricks-cloud repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud).
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</details>
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