# macOS Keychain

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### [WhiteIntel](https://whiteintel.io)

<figure><img src="/.gitbook/assets/image (1224).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

[**WhiteIntel**](https://whiteintel.io) is a **dark-web** fueled search engine that offers **free** functionalities to check if a company or its customers have been **compromised** by **stealer malwares**.

Their primary goal of WhiteIntel is to combat account takeovers and ransomware attacks resulting from information-stealing malware.

You can check their website and try their engine for **free** at:

{% embed url="https://whiteintel.io" %}

---

## Main Keychains

* The **User Keychain** (`~/Library/Keychains/login.keycahin-db`), which is used to store **user-specific credentials** like application passwords, internet passwords, user-generated certificates, network passwords, and user-generated public/private keys.
* The **System Keychain** (`/Library/Keychains/System.keychain`), which stores **system-wide credentials** such as WiFi passwords, system root certificates, system private keys, and system application passwords.

### Password Keychain Access

These files, while they do not have inherent protection and can be **downloaded**, are encrypted and require the **user's plaintext password to be decrypted**. A tool like [**Chainbreaker**](https://github.com/n0fate/chainbreaker) could be used for decryption.

## Keychain Entries Protections

### ACLs

Each entry in the keychain is governed by **Access Control Lists (ACLs)** which dictate who can perform various actions on the keychain entry, including:

* **ACLAuhtorizationExportClear**: Allows the holder to get the clear text of the secret.
* **ACLAuhtorizationExportWrapped**: Allows the holder to get the clear text encrypted with another provided password.
* **ACLAuhtorizationAny**: Allows the holder to perform any action.

The ACLs are further accompanied by a **list of trusted applications** that can perform these actions without prompting. This could be:

* &#x20;**N`il`** (no authorization required, **everyone is trusted**)
* An **empty** list (**nobody** is trusted)
* **List** of specific **applications**.

Also the entry might contain the key **`ACLAuthorizationPartitionID`,** which is use to identify the **teamid, apple,** and **cdhash.**

* If the **teamid** is specified, then in order to **access the entry** value **withuot** a **prompt** the used application must have the **same teamid**.
* If the **apple** is specified, then the app needs to be **signed** by **Apple**.
* If the **cdhash** is indicated, then **app** must have the specific **cdhash**.

### Creating a Keychain Entry

When a **new** **entry** is created using **`Keychain Access.app`**, the following rules apply:

* All apps can encrypt.
* **No apps** can export/decrypt (without prompting the user).
* All apps can see the integrity check.
* No apps can change ACLs.
* The **partitionID** is set to **`apple`**.

When an **application creates an entry in the keychain**, the rules are slightly different:

* All apps can encrypt.
* Only the **creating application** (or any other apps explicitly added) can export/decrypt (without prompting the user).
* All apps can see the integrity check.
* No apps can change the ACLs.
* The **partitionID** is set to **`teamid:[teamID here]`**.

## Accessing the Keychain

### `security`

```bash
# Dump all metadata and decrypted secrets (a lot of pop-ups)
security dump-keychain -a -d

# Find generic password for the "Slack" account and print the secrets
security find-generic-password -a "Slack" -g

# Change the specified entrys PartitionID entry
security set-generic-password-parition-list -s "test service" -a "test acount" -S
```

### APIs

{% hint style="success" %}
The **keychain enumeration and dumping** of secrets that **won't generate a prompt** can be done with the tool [**LockSmith**](https://github.com/its-a-feature/LockSmith)
{% endhint %}

List and get **info** about each keychain entry:

* The API **`SecItemCopyMatching`** gives info about each entry and there are some attributes you can set when using it:
  * **`kSecReturnData`**: If true, it will try to decrypt the data (set to false to avoid potential pop-ups)
  * **`kSecReturnRef`**: Get also reference to keychain item (set to true in case later you see you can decrypt without pop-up)
  * **`kSecReturnAttributes`**: Get metadata about entries
  * **`kSecMatchLimit`**: How many results to return
  * **`kSecClass`**: What kind of keychain entry

Get **ACLs** of each entry:

* With the API **`SecAccessCopyACLList`** you can get the **ACL for the keychain item**, and it will return a list of ACLs (like `ACLAuhtorizationExportClear` and the others previously mentioned)  where each list has:
  * Description
  * **Trusted Application List**. This could be:
    * An app: /Applications/Slack.app
    * A binary: /usr/libexec/airportd
    * A group: group://AirPort

Export the data:

* The API **`SecKeychainItemCopyContent`** gets the plaintext
* The API  **`SecItemExport`** exports the keys and certificates but might have to set passwords to export the content encrypted

And these are the **requirements** to be able to **export a secret without a prompt**:

* If **1+ trusted** apps listed:
  * Need the appropriate **authorizations** (**`Nil`**, or be **part** of the allowed list of apps in the authorization to access the secret info)
  * Need code signature to match **PartitionID**
  * Need code signature to match that of one **trusted app** (or be a member of the right KeychainAccessGroup)
* If **all applications trusted**:
  * Need the appropriate **authorizations**
  * Need code signature to match **PartitionID**
    * If **no PartitionID**, then this isn't needed

{% hint style="danger" %}
Therefore, if there is **1 application listed**, you need to **inject code in that application**.

If **apple** is indicated in the **partitionID**, you could access it with **`osascript`** so anything that is trusting all applications with apple in the partitionID. **`Python`** could also be used for this.
{% endhint %}

### Two additional attributes

* **Invisible**: It's a boolean flag to **hide** the entry from the **UI** Keychain app
* **General**: It's to store **metadata** (so it's NOT ENCRYPTED)
  * Microsoft was storing in plain text all the refresh tokens to access sensitive endpoint.

## References

* [**#OBTS v5.0: "Lock Picking the macOS Keychain" - Cody Thomas**](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jKE1ZW33JpY)

### [WhiteIntel](https://whiteintel.io)

<figure><img src="/.gitbook/assets/image (1224).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

[**WhiteIntel**](https://whiteintel.io) is a **dark-web** fueled search engine that offers **free** functionalities to check if a company or its customers have been **compromised** by **stealer malwares**.

Their primary goal of WhiteIntel is to combat account takeovers and ransomware attacks resulting from information-stealing malware.

You can check their website and try their engine for **free** at:

{% embed url="https://whiteintel.io" %}

<details>

<summary><strong>Learn AWS hacking from zero to hero with</strong> <a href="https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte"><strong>htARTE (HackTricks AWS Red Team Expert)</strong></a><strong>!</strong></summary>

Other ways to support HackTricks:

* If you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks** or **download HackTricks in PDF** Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
* **Join the** 💬 [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** us on **Twitter** 🐦 [**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github repos.

</details>