# Abusing Tokens
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## Tokens If you **don't know what are Windows Access Tokens** read this page before continuing: {% content-ref url="../access-tokens.md" %} [access-tokens.md](../access-tokens.md) {% endcontent-ref %} **Maybe you could be able to escalate privileges abusing the tokens you already have** ### SeImpersonatePrivilege (3.1.1) Any process holding this privilege can **impersonate** (but not create) any **token** for which it is able to gethandle. You can get a **privileged token** from a **Windows service** (DCOM) making it perform an **NTLM authentication** against the exploit, then execute a process as **SYSTEM**. Exploit it with [juicy-potato](https://github.com/ohpe/juicy-potato), [RogueWinRM ](https://github.com/antonioCoco/RogueWinRM)(needs winrm disabled), [SweetPotato](https://github.com/CCob/SweetPotato), [PrintSpoofer](https://github.com/itm4n/PrintSpoofer): {% content-ref url="../roguepotato-and-printspoofer.md" %} [roguepotato-and-printspoofer.md](../roguepotato-and-printspoofer.md) {% endcontent-ref %} {% content-ref url="../juicypotato.md" %} [juicypotato.md](../juicypotato.md) {% endcontent-ref %} ### SeAssignPrimaryPrivilege (3.1.2) It is very similar to **SeImpersonatePrivilege**, it will use the **same method** to get a privileged token.\ Then, this privilege allows **to assign a primary token** to a new/suspended process. With the privileged impersonation token you can derivate a primary token (DuplicateTokenEx).\ With the token, you can create a **new process** with 'CreateProcessAsUser' or create a process suspended and **set the token** (in general, you cannot modify the primary token of a running process). ### SeTcbPrivilege (3.1.3) If you have enabled this token you can use **KERB\_S4U\_LOGON** to get an **impersonation token** for any other user without knowing the credentials, **add an arbitrary group** (admins) to the token, set the **integrity level** of the token to "**medium**", and assign this token to the **current thread** (SetThreadToken). ### SeBackupPrivilege (3.1.4) This privilege causes the system to **grant all read access** control to any file (only read).\ Use it to **read the password hashes of local Administrator** accounts from the registry and then use "**psexec**" or "**wmicexec**" with the hash (PTH).\ This attack won't work if the Local Administrator is disabled, or if it is configured that a Local Admin isn't admin if he is connected remotely.\ You can **abuse this privilege** with: * [https://github.com/Hackplayers/PsCabesha-tools/blob/master/Privesc/Acl-FullControl.ps1](https://github.com/Hackplayers/PsCabesha-tools/blob/master/Privesc/Acl-FullControl.ps1) * [https://github.com/giuliano108/SeBackupPrivilege/tree/master/SeBackupPrivilegeCmdLets/bin/Debug](https://github.com/giuliano108/SeBackupPrivilege/tree/master/SeBackupPrivilegeCmdLets/bin/Debug) * following **IppSec** in [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IfCysW0Od8w\&t=2610\&ab\_channel=IppSec](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IfCysW0Od8w\&t=2610\&ab\_channel=IppSec) * Or as explained in the **escalating privileges with Backup Operators** section of: {% content-ref url="../../active-directory-methodology/privileged-groups-and-token-privileges.md" %} [privileged-groups-and-token-privileges.md](../../active-directory-methodology/privileged-groups-and-token-privileges.md) {% endcontent-ref %} ### SeRestorePrivilege (3.1.5) **Write access** control to any file on the system, regardless of the files ACL.\ You can **modify services**, DLL Hijacking, set **debugger** (Image File Execution Options)… A lot of options to escalate. ### SeCreateTokenPrivilege (3.1.6) This token **can be used** as EoP method **only** if the user **can impersonate** tokens (even without SeImpersonatePrivilege).\ In a possible scenario, a user can impersonate the token if it is for the same user and the integrity level is less or equal to the current process integrity level.\ In this case, the user could **create an impersonation token** and add to it a privileged group SID. ### SeLoadDriverPrivilege (3.1.7) **Load and unload device drivers.**\ You need to create an entry in the registry with values for ImagePath and Type.\ As you don't have access to write to HKLM, you have to **use HKCU**. But HKCU doesn't mean anything for the kernel, the way to guide the kernel here and use the expected path for a driver config is to use the path: "\Registry\User\S-1-5-21-582075628-3447520101-2530640108-1003\System\CurrentControlSet\Services\DriverName" (the ID is the **RID** of the current user).\ So, you have to **create all that path inside HKCU and set the ImagePath** (path to the binary that is going to be executed) **and Type** (SERVICE\_KERNEL\_DRIVER 0x00000001).\ {% content-ref url="abuse-seloaddriverprivilege.md" %} [abuse-seloaddriverprivilege.md](abuse-seloaddriverprivilege.md) {% endcontent-ref %} ### SeTakeOwnershipPrivilege (3.1.8) This privilege is very similar to **SeRestorePrivilege**.\ It allows a process to β€œ**take ownership of an object** without being granted discretionary access” by granting the WRITE\_OWNER access right.\ First, you have to **take ownership of the registry key** that you are going to write on and **modify the DACL** so you can write on it. ```bash takeown /f 'C:\some\file.txt' #Now the file is owned by you icacls 'C:\some\file.txt' /grant :F #Now you have full access # Use this with files that might contain credentials such as %WINDIR%\repair\sam %WINDIR%\repair\system %WINDIR%\repair\software %WINDIR%\repair\security %WINDIR%\system32\config\security.sav %WINDIR%\system32\config\software.sav %WINDIR%\system32\config\system.sav %WINDIR%\system32\config\SecEvent.Evt %WINDIR%\system32\config\default.sav c:\inetpub\wwwwroot\web.config ``` ### SeDebugPrivilege (3.1.9) It allows the holder to **debug another process**, this includes reading and **writing** to that **process' memory.**\ There are a lot of various **memory injection** strategies that can be used with this privilege that evade a majority of AV/HIPS solutions. #### Dump memory One example of **abuse of this privilege** is to run [ProcDump](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/downloads/procdump) from the [SysInternals](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/downloads/sysinternals-suite) to **dump a process memory**. For example, the **Local Security Authority Subsystem Service (**[**LSASS**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local\_Security\_Authority\_Subsystem\_Service)**)** process, which stores user credentials after a user logs on to a system. You can then load this dump in mimikatz to obtain passwords: ``` mimikatz.exe mimikatz # log mimikatz # sekurlsa::minidump lsass.dmp mimikatz # sekurlsa::logonpasswords ``` #### RCE If you want to get a `NT SYSTEM` shell you could use: * ****[**SeDebugPrivilegePoC**](https://github.com/daem0nc0re/PrivFu/tree/main/PrivilegedOperations/SeDebugPrivilegePoC)**** * ****[**psgetsys.ps1**](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/decoder-it/psgetsystem/master/psgetsys.ps1)**** ```powershell # Get the PID of a process running as NT SYSTEM import-module psgetsys.ps1; [MyProcess]::CreateProcessFromParent(,) ``` ## Check privileges ``` whoami /priv ``` The **tokens that appear as Disabled** can be enable, you you actually can abuse _Enabled_ and _Disabled_ tokens. ### Enable All the tokens You can use the script [**EnableAllTokenPrivs.ps1**](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/fashionproof/EnableAllTokenPrivs/master/EnableAllTokenPrivs.ps1) to enable all the tokens: ```powershell .\EnableAllTokenPrivs.ps1 whoami /priv ``` Or the **script** embed in this [**post**](https://www.leeholmes.com/adjusting-token-privileges-in-powershell/). ## Table Full token privileges cheatsheet at [https://github.com/gtworek/Priv2Admin](https://github.com/gtworek/Priv2Admin), summary below will only list direct ways to exploit the privilege to obtain an admin session or read sensitive files.\\ | Privilege | Impact | Tool | Execution path | Remarks | | -------------------------- | ----------- | ----------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | **`SeAssignPrimaryToken`** | _**Admin**_ | 3rd party tool | _"It would allow a user to impersonate tokens and privesc to nt system using tools such as potato.exe, rottenpotato.exe and juicypotato.exe"_ | Thank you [AurΓ©lien Chalot](https://twitter.com/Defte\_) for the update. I will try to re-phrase it to something more recipe-like soon. | | **`SeBackup`** | **Threat** | _**Built-in commands**_ | Read sensitve files with `robocopy /b` |

- May be more interesting if you can read %WINDIR%\MEMORY.DMP

- SeBackupPrivilege (and robocopy) is not helpful when it comes to open files.

- Robocopy requires both SeBackup and SeRestore to work with /b parameter.

| | **`SeCreateToken`** | _**Admin**_ | 3rd party tool | Create arbitrary token including local admin rights with `NtCreateToken`. | | | **`SeDebug`** | _**Admin**_ | **PowerShell** | Duplicate the `lsass.exe` token. | Script to be found at [FuzzySecurity](https://github.com/FuzzySecurity/PowerShell-Suite/blob/master/Conjure-LSASS.ps1) | | **`SeLoadDriver`** | _**Admin**_ | 3rd party tool |

1. Load buggy kernel driver such as szkg64.sys
2. Exploit the driver vulnerability

Alternatively, the privilege may be used to unload security-related drivers with ftlMC builtin command. i.e.: fltMC sysmondrv

|

1. The szkg64 vulnerability is listed as CVE-2018-15732
2. The szkg64 exploit code was created by Parvez Anwar

| | **`SeRestore`** | _**Admin**_ | **PowerShell** |

1. Launch PowerShell/ISE with the SeRestore privilege present.
2. Enable the privilege with Enable-SeRestorePrivilege).
3. Rename utilman.exe to utilman.old
4. Rename cmd.exe to utilman.exe
5. Lock the console and press Win+U

|

Attack may be detected by some AV software.

Alternative method relies on replacing service binaries stored in "Program Files" using the same privilege

| | **`SeTakeOwnership`** | _**Admin**_ | _**Built-in commands**_ |

1. takeown.exe /f "%windir%\system32"
2. icalcs.exe "%windir%\system32" /grant "%username%":F
3. Rename cmd.exe to utilman.exe
4. Lock the console and press Win+U

|

Attack may be detected by some AV software.

Alternative method relies on replacing service binaries stored in "Program Files" using the same privilege.

| | **`SeTcb`** | _**Admin**_ | 3rd party tool |

Manipulate tokens to have local admin rights included. May require SeImpersonate.

To be verified.

| | ## Reference * Take a look to this table defining Windows tokens: [https://github.com/gtworek/Priv2Admin](https://github.com/gtworek/Priv2Admin) * Take a look to [**this paper**](https://github.com/hatRiot/token-priv/blob/master/abusing\_token\_eop\_1.0.txt) about privesc with tokens.
HackTricks in 🐦 Twitter 🐦 - πŸŽ™οΈ Twitch Wed - 18.30(UTC) πŸŽ™οΈ - πŸŽ₯ Youtube πŸŽ₯ * Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)! * Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family) * Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com) * **Join the** [**πŸ’¬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.** * **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the [hacktricks repo](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) and [hacktricks-cloud repo](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud)**.